morphology in the lexicon ● full parsing –in comprehension words parsed into morpheme –in...

Morphology in the lexicon

● Full parsing

– in comprehension words parsed into morpheme

– in production words built out of morphemes

Morphology in the lexicon

● Full parsing

– in comprehension words parsed into morpheme

– in production words built out of morphemes● Full listing

– in comprehension people access whole words

– in production people give whole words

Morphology in the lexicon

● Race model

– in comprehension words are both parsed into morphemes and searched for as wholes

– fastest route wins

– in production (???)

Morphology in the lexicon

● Race model

– in comprehension words are both parsed into morphemes and searched for as wholes

– fastest route wins

– in production (???)● Dual route model

– in comprehension (??)

– in production regulars are built from morphemes, irregulars are retrieved as wholes from memory

Morphology in the lexicon

● Are derivation and inflection handled differently?

– Inflectional affixes: -s, -ed, -ing, -er, -est

– Derivational affixes: re-, -ment, -ly, -hood, -ate

Morphology in the lexicon

● Are derivation and inflection handled differently?

– Inflectional affixes: -s, -ed, -ing, -er, -est

– Derivational affixes: re-, -ment, -ly, -hood, -ate● Derivation changes essential meaning● Inflectional adds info like tense, number, person

Morphology in the lexicon

● Evidence that inflections are added, not preattached

– Slips of the tongue• Thank Chucks

• He's go arounding telling people . . .

• Doctrines and Covenant– Regularization

» finded, oxes, singed

Morphology in the lexicon

● Evidence that inflections are added, not preattached

– Slips of the tongue• Thank Chucks

• He's go arounding telling people . . .

• Doctrines and Covenant– Regularization

» finded, oxes, singed

– Variation• Mothers in law / mother in laws

Morphology in the lexicon

● Evidence that inflections are added, not preattached

– Slips of the tongue• Thank Chucks

• He's go arounding telling people . . .

• Doctrines and Covenant– Regularization

» finded, oxes, singed

– Variation• Mothers in law / mother in laws

• Books of Mormon / Book of Mormons

Morphology in the lexicon

– Lexical decision task• regular inflections prime,irregular don't

– plays primes play as well as plays does– sings doesn't prime sang as well as sings does

Morphology in the lexicon

– Lexical decision task• regular inflections prime,irregular don't

– plays primes play as well as plays does– sings doesn't prime sang as well as sings does

» Could this be due to orthographic similarity?

Morphology in the lexicon

– PET scan• regular and irregular inflections use different part of

brain

Morphology in the lexicon

– PET scan• regular and irregular inflections use different part of

brain– Problem: all regulars processed together, then all

irregulars» Different strategies in each case

Morphology in the lexicon

– PET scan• regular and irregular inflections use different part of

brain– Problem: all regulars processed together, then all

irregulars» Different strategies in each case» Need to intersperse them» You can't with PET scan, too slow

Morphology in the lexicon

– PET scan• regular and irregular inflections use different part of

brain– Problem: all regulars processed together, then all

irregulars» Different strategies in each case» Need to intersperse them» You can't with PET scan, too slow

– Problem: other studies found no difference

Morphology in the lexicon

● LDT

– Some find different degrees of priming for derivational and inflectional

• baker > bake

• walked > walk

Morphology in the lexicon

● LDT

– Some find different degrees of priming for derivational and inflectional

• baker > bake

• walked > walk

– Others find no difference

Morphology in the lexicon

● Prefix stripping (full parsing)

– we decompose words into morphemes then look up base in mental lexicon

• unprefixed word: skittle

• prefixed word: reissue

• pseudo prefixed word: rejuvenate, deceive

Morphology in the lexicon

● Prefix stripping (full parsing)

– we decompose words into morphemes then look up base in mental lexicon

• unprefixed word: skittle fast RT

• prefixed word: reissue fast RT

• pseudo prefixed word: rejuvenate, deceive slow RT– slow because people have stripped affix and search for

*juvenate and *ceive

Morphology in the lexicon

● Prefix stripping (full parsing)

– we decompose words into morphemes then look up base in mental lexicon

• unprefixed word: skittle fast RT

• prefixed word: reissue fast RT

• pseudo prefixed word: rejuvenate, deceive slow RT– slow because people have stripped affix and search for

*juvenate and *ceive

Morphology in the lexicon

● Full listing

– If words are built online by morphemes (which have meaning) how do you account for de- and con- that has no consistent meaning?

– Slips of tongue keep prefixes• porcupines < concubines

Morphology in the lexicon

● Full listing

– If words are built online by morphemes then you often have to change pronunciation too

• propel > propel+tion

• condense > condense+ation

• destroy > destroy+tion

• pronounce > pronounce+iation

• seduce > seduce +ion

Morphology in the lexicon

● Full listing

– If words are built online by morphemes then you often have to change pronunciation too

• propel > propel+tion

• condense > condense+ation

• destroy > destroy+tion

• pronounce > pronounce+iation

• seduce > seduce +ion

– Wouldn't it be easier to store them as wholes with surface pronunciation?

Morphology in the lexicon

● Full listing

– If words are built online by derivational morphemes then you would expect slips of the tongue that switch morphemes

• indulge+ment < indulge+ance

Morphology in the lexicon

● Full listing

– If words are built online by derivational morphemes then you would expect slips of the tongue that switch morphemes

• indulge+ment < indulge+ance

– Most slips of the tongue don't involve morpheme switches

• provisional < provincial

Morphology in the lexicon

● Full listing

– complex and simple words recognized equally fast• bak+er vs. motor

• dust+y vs. fancy

• print+er vs. flounder

Morphology in the lexicon

● LDT with word pairs

– non-word in pair• laftor progress

– both monomorphemic• porcupine attack

– both suffixed• builder printer

– one suffixed, one unsuffixed, but with same spelling

• slander printer

Morphology in the lexicon

● LDT with word pairs

– non-word in pair• laftor progress

– both monomorphemic• porcupine attack

– both suffixed• builder printer

– one suffixed, one unsuffixed, but with same spelling

• slander printer– These took longer to process than builder / printer– This shows we can identify morphemes, not that we

have to

Morphology in the lexicon

● Frequency affect RT

– Is it frequency of individual word (window, windows)?

– or frequency of room (freq of window+freq of windows)?

Morphology in the lexicon

● Frequency affect RT

– Is it frequency of individual word (window, windows)?

– or frequency of room (freq of window+freq of windows)?

– Cumulative frequency supports parsing

– Individual frequency supports whole word storage

Morphology in the lexicon

● Frequency affect RT

– river is more freq than rivers

– windows is more freq than window

– freq of river+rivers is same as freq of window+windows

river rivers

windows

window

Morphology in the lexicon

● Frequency affect RT

– RT to river faster than to rivers

– RT to windows faster than to river

river rivers

windows window

Morphology in the lexicon

● Frequency affect RT

– RT to river faster than to rivers

– RT to windows faster than to river

– It looks like individual words are stored, not just root

river rivers

windows window

Morphology in the lexicon

● Experiment in Spanish

– Cumulative freq of miedo(s) “fear

– Cumulative freq of labio(s) “lip”

labios 322 labio 24

miedos 25 miedo 338

Morphology in the lexicon

● Experiment in Spanish

labios 322 labio 24

miedos 25 miedo 338

singular plural800

820

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miedo(s)

labio(s)

Morphology in the lexicon

● Experiment in Spanish

labios 322 labio 24

miedos 25 miedo 338

singular plural800

820

840

860

880

900

920

940

960

980

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miedo(s)

labio(s)

Morphology in the lexicon

● What does it mean?

labios 322 labio 24

miedos 25 miedo 338

singular plural800

820

840

860

880

900

920

940

960

980

1000

miedo(s)

labio(s)

Morphology in the lexicon

● What does it mean?

● Same thing found in Dutch and Italian

labios 322 labio 24

miedos 25 miedo 338

singular plural800

820

840

860

880

900

920

940

960

980

1000

miedo(s)

labio(s)

Morphology in the lexicon

● Middle of the road approach

– Words are stored as wholes

Morphology in the lexicon

● Middle of the road approach

– Words are stored as wholes

– Words are connected to other words that are phonologically, semantically, orthographically similar

Phonology in the lexicon

● Bathtub effect

– beginnings and ends of words more salient• In ToT state people remember beginning and end

sounds more often

• This must relate to storage

Phonology in the lexicon

● Bathtub effect

– beginnings and ends of words more salient• In ToT state people remember beginning and end

sounds more often

• This must relate to storage

– rhythmic pattern is stored• In malapropisms words with similar pattern used

Phonology in the lexicon

● Syllabic information is stored

– blends keep rime intact• breakfast + lunch = brunch, *breach

Phonology in the lexicon

● Syllabic information is stored

– blends keep rime intact• breakfast + lunch = brunch, *breach

• thirsty + hungry = thungry , *thirgry

Phonology in the lexicon

● Syllabic information is stored

– blends keep rime intact• breakfast + lunch = brunch, *breach

• thirsty + hungry = thungry , *thirgry

– speech errors keep rime intact• shout + yell = shell, *shall

Phonology in the lexicon

● Syllabic information is stored

– blends keep rime intact• breakfast + lunch = brunch, *breach

• thirsty + hungry = thungry , *thirgry

– speech errors keep rime intact• shout + yell = shell, *shall

• big + strong = strig, *strog

Phonology in the lexicon

● Words with similar sounds are connected

– errors involve similar sounds• religious profession (procession) involves fricatives

Phonology in the lexicon

● Words with similar sounds are connected

– errors involve similar sounds• religious profession (procession) involves fricatives

• clogged brain (drain) involves voiced stops

Phonology in the lexicon

● Connections between similar words leads to pattern that can be generalized to other words

– tollude + ion = ?

Phonology in the lexicon

● Connections between similar words leads to pattern that can be generalized to other words

– tollude + ion = ?• tolludion

• tollusion

• tollution

Phonology in the lexicon

● Connections between similar words leads to pattern that can be generalized to other words

– tollude + ion = ?• tolludion

• tollusion

• tollution

– This knowledge comes from• collide > collision

• delude > delusion

• deride > derision

Phonology in the lexicon

● Connections between similar words leads to pattern that can be generalized to other words

– say these words:• setty

• rotain

• fitguard

Phonology in the lexicon

● Connections between similar words leads to pattern that can be generalized to other words

– say these words:• setty flap

• rotain [t]

• fitguard glottal stop

– How do you know how to pronounce them?

Embodiment

● Idea that comprehension of sounds is aided by activation of part of brain that controls articulation

Embodiment

● Idea that comprehension of sounds is aided by activation of part of brain that controls articulation

● When you hear a word your vocal tract brain area lights up

Embodiment

● Idea that comprehension of sounds is aided by activation of part of brain that controls articulation

● When you hear a word your vocal tract brain area lights up

● When you watch a sport your muscle control areas light up

– spectators move in synch with athletes

Embodiment

● Idea that comprehension of sounds is aided by activation of part of brain that controls articulation

● When you hear a word your vocal tract brain area lights up

● When you watch a sport your muscle control areas light up

– spectators move in synch with athletes

– watching football is almost like playing it

Embodiment

● When you see someone smile, cry, laugh it makes you feel the same

Embodiment

● When you see someone smile, cry, laugh it makes you feel the same

– Experiment: people watch faces and describe what they are doing

Embodiment

● When you see someone smile, cry, laugh it makes you feel the same

– Experiment: people watch faces and describe what they are doing

– When they see a smiling face, they smile before naming the action

Embodiment

● How embodied is language?

– LDT on sentences• I take the begin for over (bad sentence)

• I take the money from Bob

• I give the money to Bob

Embodiment

● How embodied is language?

– LDT on sentences• I take the begin for over (bad sentence)

• I take the money from Bob

• I give the money to Bob– Subjects responded with joystick

» toward or away• RT when toward meant “good sentence”

– fast for “I take the money from Bob”– slow for “I give Bob the money”

Embodiment

● How embodied is language?

– LDT on sentences• I take the begin for over (bad sentence)

• The waiter carries the tray

• The boxer punches the referee– Subjects responded by hitting button with open hand or

closed fist

• RT when fist meant “good sentence” – fast for “The boxer punches the referee”– slow for “The waiter carries the tray”

Embodiment

● How embodied is language?

– LDT on sentences• I take the begin for over (bad sentence)

• The waiter carries the tray

• The boxer punches the referee– Subjects responded by hitting button with open hand or

closed fist

• RT when fist meant “good sentence” – fast for “The boxer punches the referee”– slow for “The waiter carries the tray”

• RT when open hand meant “good sentence” – slow for “The boxer punches the referee”– fast for “The waiter carries the tray”

Embodiment

● How embodied is language?

– People read sentence then saw picture• Does the picture match the sentence?

– Far and near were contrasted in sentences• The sheep walks up to you and bleats

• The sheep wanders to the other side of the hill from you and bleats

Embodiment

● How embodied is language?

– People read sentence then saw picture• Does the picture match the sentence?

– Far and near were contrasted in sentences• The sheep walks up to you and bleats

• The sheep wanders to the other side of the hill from you and bleats

– Far and near were contrasted in the pictures• Sheep close up versus sheep far away

Embodiment

● When sheep was close in sentence and picture RT was fast

● When sheep was close in sentence and far in picture RT was slower

Embodiment

● When sheep was close in sentence and picture RT was fast

● When sheep was close in sentence and far in picture RT was slower

● When sheep was far in sentence and far in picture RT was fast

● When sheep was far in sentence and close in picture RT was slower

Embodiment

● How embodied is language?

– LDT on sentences• I take the begin for over (bad sentence)

• I take the money from Bob

• I give the money to Bob– Subjects responded with joystick

» toward or away• RT when toward meant “good sentence”

– fast for “I take the money from Bob”– slow for “I give Bob the money”

• RT when away meant “good sentence” – slow for “I take the money from Bob”– fast for “I give Bob the money”

Morphology in the lexicon

● Middle of the road approach

– Words are stored as wholes

– Words are connected to other words that are phonologically, semantically, orthographically similar

– When tons of words are connected because they end in -er (verb-er), and they mean person who does X, a morpheme is identified without removing or adding it to the word during processing