musculo-skeletal system fungal infections of the skin

Musculo-Skeletal System

Fungal Infections of the Skin

Dermatophytes

superficial infections of the skin

Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton.

slowly progressive eruptions of the skin

The manifestations : erythema, induration,

itching, and scaling.

ringworm

Describe some of the

most prominent

features of these

infection

ringworm and the Latin term tinea (worm),

EPIDEMIOLOGY

ecologic and geographic differences

Reservoir may be human, animal, or soil.

Human-to-human transmission usually requires close

contact with an infected subject.

Transmission requires contact with intact or detached skin

or hair such as that in barber shops and locker rooms

DERMATOPHYTOSES:

CLINICAL ASPECTS

Discomfort and disfiguration.

Dermatologists often give each infection its own

“disease” name, for example, tinea capitis (scalp),

tinea pedis (feet, athlete’s foot), tinea manuum

(hands), tinea cruris (groin), tinea barbae (beard,

hair), and tinea unguium (nail beds).

Clinical forms

Tinea pedis or

Athlete’s foot

Tinea corporis

& crurisTinea capitis Tinea unguinum

Toes web Body & groin

area

Head Nail

8itching and hair loss

Athlete's foot in a toe web space

scaling and splitting of the skin between the toes, is commonly known as

athlete’s foot. Moisture and maceration of the skin provide the mode of entry.

Multiple lesions can fuse to form unusual

geometric patterns on the skin. Lesions are

common in moist, sweaty skin folds.

Obesity and the wearing of tight apparel increase

susceptibility to infection in the groin and

beneath the breasts.

onychomycosis typically presents as a chronic

and painless thickening of the nail plate with an

accumulation of scaling debris in the nail bed this

debris often includes a mixture of human and

fungal almonds

Nail bed infections first cause discoloration of the

subungual tissue, then hyperkeratosis and

apparent discoloration of the nail plate by the

underlying infection follow.

Hyperkeratosis can dislodge the nail bed.

Tinea capitis

DIAGNOSIS

Infections caused by bacteria, other fungi, and

noninfectious disorders (psoriasis, contact

dermatitis) may have similar features.

KOH mounts of skin scrapings and infected hairs

demonstrate hyphae.

Some species fluoresce by a U.V. lamp.

Culture is used when KOH preparations are negative.

TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

resolve spontaneously.

Topical use of tolnaftate, allylamines, or azoles is

usually sufficient .

Nail bed and more extensive skin infections

require systemic therapy

No specific preventive measures such as

vaccines exist.

Other Superficial Mycoses

Pityriasis (tinea) versicolor

discrete areas of hypo- or hyperpigmentation

associated with induration and scaling.

Malassezia furfur is the most common

cause

Tinea nigra

Another tropical infection, characterized by brown

to black macular lesions, usually on the palms or

soles.

The cause, Hortaea werneckii, is a black-

pigmented fungus found in soil and other

environmental sites.

Piedra

Is an infection of the hair characterized by black or

white nodules attached to the hair shaft.

White piedra (caused by Trichosporon

cutaneum) light, soft and loosely attached

Black piedra (caused by Piedraia hortae)

dark, hard.

SUBCUTANEOUS FUNGI

Introduced traumatically through the skin and are typically

limited to subcutaneous tissues, lymphatic vessels, and

contiguous tissues.

They rarely spread to distant organs.

The diseases they cause include

sporotrichosis, chromoblastomycosis,

and mycetoma.

Only sporotrichosis has a single specific

etiologic agent, Sporothrix schenckii.

Chromoblastomycosis and mycetoma are

clinical syndromes with multiple fungal

etiologies.

SPOROTRICHOSIS

EPIDEMIOLOGY

S. schenckii is a ubiquitous saprophyte particularly

found in hay, moss, soil, and decaying vegetation,

and on the surfaces of various plants.

Infection is acquired by traumatic inoculation

through the skin of material containing the

organism.

Occupational disease of gardeners and farmers.

CLINICAL ASPECTS

MANIFESTATIONS

A painless papule that develops a few weeks to a

few months after inoculation that eventually

ulcerates.

Lymphatic involvement.

Multiple ulcers

Chromoblastomycosisa tropical disease caused by multiple

species of pigmented saprophytic fungi.

It appears as papules that develop into

scaly, wart-like structures, usually under

the feet.

it is slow and painless

and does not involve the lymphatic

vessels.

The organisms are found in the soil of

endemic areas, and most infections occur

in individuals who work barefoot.

Mycetoma

is a clinical term for an infection associated

with trauma to the foot that causes

inoculation of any of a dozen fungal

species.

The typical clinical appearance is of

massive induration with draining sinuses.

CANDIDA

Candida species grow as typical 4-6 μm, budding,

round, or oval yeast cells under most conditions

and at most temperatures.

Most Candida species grow rapidly on

Sabouraud’s agar and on enriched media

producing colonies resembling staphylococci.