myers exploring psychology (6th edition in modules) module 31 stress and illness james a. mccubbin,...
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Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules)
Module 31
Stress and Illness
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
Stress and Illness
Stress the process by
which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
Stress Appraisal
Stressful event(tough math test)
Threat(“Yikes! This isbeyond me!”)
Challenge(“I’ve got to apply
all I know”)
Panic, freeze up
Aroused, focused
Appraisal Response
Stress and Illness
General Adaptation Syndrome Selye’s
concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages
Stressresistance
Phase 1Alarm
reaction(mobilize
resources)
Phase 2Resistance(cope with stressor)
Phase 3Exhaustion(reservesdepleted)
The body’s resistance to stress canlast only so long before exhaustion sets in
Stressoroccurs
Stress and Health
Behavioral Medicine interdisciplinary field that integrates
behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease
Health Psychology subfield of psychology that provides
psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
Stressful Life Events Chronic Stress by Age
Stressful Life Events
Catastrophic Events earthquakes, combat stress, floods
Life Changes death of a loved one, divorce, loss of
job, promotion Daily Hassles
rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout
Perceived Control Equality and Longevity
Stress and the Heart
Hopelessnessscores
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0 Heart attack DeathLow risk Moderate risk High risk
Men who feel extreme hopelessnessare at greater risk for heart attacksand early death
Stress and the Heart
Coronary Heart Diseaseclogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
leading cause of death in many developed countries
Stress and the Heart
Type A Friedman and Rosenman’s term for
competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B Friedman and Rosenman’s term for
easygoing, relaxed people
Stress and Disease
Psychophysiological Illness “mind-body” illness any stress-related physical illness
some forms of hypertension some headaches
distinct from hypochondriasis-- misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
Stress and Disease Lymphocytes
two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow
and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
Stress and Disease
Conditioning of immune suppression
UCS(drug)
UCR(immunesuppression)
UCS(drug)
UCR(immunesuppression)
CS(sweetenedwater)
CS(sweetenedwater) CR
(immunesuppression)
Stress and Disease Negative emotions and health-related
consequences
Unhealthy behaviors(smoking, drinking,
poor nutrition and sleep)
Persistent stressorsand negative
emotions
Release of stresshormones
Heartdisease
Immunesuppression
Autonomic nervoussystem effects
(headaches,hypertension)
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