natural language processing >> morphology

Natural Language Processing>> Morphology <<

Prof. Dr. Bettina Harriehausen-MühlbauerUniv. of Applied Science, Darmstadt, Germany

https://www.fbi.h-da.de/organisation/personen/harriehausen-muehlbauer-bettina.html

Bettina.Harriehausen@h-da.de

winter / fall 2012/201341.4268

WS 2012/2013 - Natural Language Systems - Harriehausen

1 morphemes

2 compounds / concatenation

3 idiomatic phrases

4 multiple word entries (MWE)

5 spell aid

6 regular expressions

7 Finite State Automata (FSA)

content

1 morphemes

3 idiomatic phrases

5 spell aid

content

Morphemes

morpheme = smallest possible item in a language that carries meaning

• lexeme (man, house, dog,...)• inflectional affixes (dog-s, want-ed,...)• other affixes (pre-/in-/suff-): unwanted, atypical, antipathetic,...

esp. in technical language (-itis = „infection“, gastro = stomach...gastroenteritis)

definition

morphemes

free morphemes : stand-alone, carry lexical and morphological meaning (e.g. house= sing, neuter, nominative ; case/number/gender)

bound morphemes : legal wordform only in combination with another morpheme, stand-alone, carry lexical and morphological meaning.Various combinations exist:

bound + free: e.g. un-happy,

all bound: e.g. gastro-enter-itis

morphemes

inflectional morphemes : create words and carry morphological meaning (e.g. dogs, laughed, going

derivational morphemes : create wordforms and carry morphological meaning ( happily, intellectually, instruction, instructor, insulator, the pounding, limpness, blindness...)

Question: which string (~morpheme) do we include in our dictionary ?• full form dictionary vs.• base form dictionary (lemmas)

1 morphemes

2 compounds / concatenation / decompounding

3 idiomatic phrases

5 spell aid

content

Definition: a compound is a lexeme that consists of more than one stem.

Compounding or composition is the word formation that createscompound lexemes (= compounds).

There is no clear upper limit in number of roots allowed in English compounds. It usually doesn‘t exceed 3 morphemes, but it is

clearly astylistic issue.

Some compounds are written as one word: blackbird. Some are written with hyphens: mother-in-law. Most are written as separate words: smoke screen.

Typically not spelling, but stress and word-internal sound rules distinguish

compounds from non-compounds: Compare white house with White House.

compounds / concatenation

Question:What do we put into our dictionary ?

Compounding follows rules.

e.g. from chemical compounds. (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/)

Substitutive nomenclatureThis naming method generally follows established IUPAC organic

nomenclature. E.g.:Hydrides of the main group elements (groups 13–17) are given -

ane base names, e.g. borane (BH3), oxidane (H2O), phosphane (PH3) .

The compound PCl3 would be named substitutively as trichlorophosphane.

Additive nomenclatureThis naming method has been developed principally for

coordination compounds. An example of its application is:[CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2 pentaamminechloridocobalt(III) chloride

Example of a chemical compoundComponents of Phane Parent Names

bicyclo[8.6.0]hexadecaphane

• The prefix "bicyclo" indicates that there are two rings (bi-cyclo).

• The bridge descriptor describes the ring structure in terms of a sixteen-membered main ring [8 + 6 + 2 (the bridgehead nodes)] with a bridge consisting of a bond, i.e., zero nodes, which divides the main ring into an eight-membered and a ten-membered ring.

• The numerical term "hexadeca" denotes the presence of sixteen skeletal nodes.and

• the term "phane" indicates that at least one node represents a multiatomic (cyclic) structural unit.

[http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/phane/PhI2.html]

Example of a medical compoundMedical compounds are usually composed of a prefix + root +suffix, where neither of the components can be used stand-alone.

nephritis: inflammation of the kidneysupra-renal: situated above the kidneysnephrologist: a kidney doctorgastroenteritis : inflammation of stomach and intestines

nephr- 2 roots: Greek (νεφρός nephr(os)) , Latin (ren(es)). = kidneygastr- ancient Greek γαστήρ (gastēr), γαστρ- = stomach,

belly -o- linking 2 body parts (linguistically)enter- ancient Greek ἔντερον (énteron) = intestine -itis = inflammationsupra- = above- ologist = person

studying a certain body part

formation of compounds: synthesis and agglutination

Compound formation rules vary widely across language types.Examples of formation processes (usually linked to the language

type):

• synthesis (typically with synthetic languages, i.e. languages with a high morpheme-per-word ratio): e.g. German: Kapitänspatent = Kapitän (sea captain) + Patent (license) joined by an -s- (originally a genitive case suffix); „patent of a sea captain“Latin:paterfamilias = pater (father) + familias (genitive of the lexeme familia (family)); „father of a family“

formation of compounds:

It can get more difficult: (German -> English)

Aufsichtsratsmitgliederversammlung => Auf = onsicht+s =view + “Fuge-s“rat+s = council + „genitive-s“mit = withglied + er = link + „plural“ver = „completion“samml (stem = sammeln) = collect ung = „noun“

On-view-council-with-link-collect ??????????????????= "meeting of members of the supervisory board"

Notice:"with" and "link" form a derivation that is the German word for "member"; "completion", "collect" and "noun" form a derivation that means "meeting"

formation of compounds: synthesis and agglutination

• agglutination (usually with agglutinative languages, which tend to create very long words with derivational morphemes), e.g.

German Farbfernsehgerät = color television setFunkfernbedienung = radio remote controlDonaudampfschifffahrtsgesellschaftskapitänsmütze = Danube

steamboat shipping company Captain's hat

Finnish hätä-uloskäytävä = emergency exitLentokone-suihku-turbiini-moottori-apu-mekaanikko-aliupseeri-

oppilas = Airplane jet turbine engine auxiliary

mechanic non-commissioned officer student

Swedishrörelseuppskattningssökintervallsinställningar = Motion

estimation search range settings

Samples for long compounds in German

• die Armbrust• die Mehrzweckhalle• das Mehrzweckkirschentkerngerät• die Gemeindegrundsteuerveranlagung• die Nummernschildbedruckungsmaschine• der Mehrkornroggenvollkornbrotmehlzulieferer• der Schifffahrtskapitänsmützenmaterialhersteller• die Verkehrsinfrastrukturfinanzierungsgesellschaft• die Feuerwehrrettungshubschraubernotlandeplatzaufseherin• der Oberpostdirektionsbriefmarkenstempelautomatenmechaniker• das Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz• die Donaudampfschifffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft

Wolkenkratzer 'skyscraper': wolken 'clouds', + kratzer 'scraper' Eisenbahn 'railway': Eisen 'iron', + bahn 'track' Kraftfahrzeug 'automobile': Kraft 'power', + fahren/fahr 'drive', + zeug 'machinery' Stacheldraht 'barbed wire': stachel 'barb/barbed', + draht 'wire' Rinderkennzeichnungs- und Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz:

literally, Cattle marking and beef labeling supervision duties delegation law

Samples for long compounds in different languages

(see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_%28linguistics%29) Chinese (Cantonese Jyutping):學生 'student': 學 learn + 生 grow 太空 'universe': 太 t great + 空 emptiness 摩天樓 'skyscraper': 摩 touch + 天 sky + 樓 building (with more than 1 storey) 打印機 'printer': 打 strike + 印 stamp/print + 機 machine 百科全書 'encyclopaedia': 百 100 + 科 (branch of) study + 全 entire/complete + 書 book Dutch:Arbeidsongeschiktheidsverzekering 'disability insurance': arbeid 'labour', +

ongeschiktheid 'inaptitude', + verzekering 'insurance'. Rioolwaterzuiveringsinstallatie 'wastewater treatment plant': riool 'sewer', +

water 'water', + zuivering 'cleaning', + installatie 'installation'. Verjaardagskalender 'birthday calendar': verjaardag 'birthday', + kalender

'calendar'. Klantenservicemedewerker 'customer service representative': klanten 'customers',

+ service 'service', + medewerker 'worker'. Universiteitsbibliotheek 'university library': universiteit 'university', + bibliotheek

'library'. Doorgroeimogelijkheden 'possibilities for advancement': door 'through', + groei

'grow', + mogelijkheden 'possibilities'.

Finnish:sanakirja 'dictionary': sana 'word', + kirja 'book' tietokone 'computer': tieto 'knowledge, data', + kone 'machine' keskiviikko 'Wednesday': keski 'middle', + viikko 'week' maailma 'world': maa 'land', + ilma 'air' rautatieasema 'railway station': rauta 'iron' + tie 'road' + asema 'station' suihkuturbiiniapumekaanikkoaliupseerioppilas: 'Jet engine assistant mechanic NCO

student' atomiydinenergiareaktorigeneraattorilauhduttajaturbiiniratasvaihde: some part of a

nuclear plant Korean:안팎 anpak 'inside and outside': 안 an 'inside' + 밖 bak 'outside‚

Spanish:Ciempiés 'centipede': cien 'hundred', + pies 'feet' Ferrocarril 'railway': ferro 'iron', + carril 'lane' Paraguas 'umbrella': para 'to stop, stops' + aguas '(the) water'

(see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_%28linguistics%29)

Icelandic:járnbraut 'railway': járn 'iron', + braut 'path' or 'way' farartæki 'vehicle': farar 'journey', + tæki 'apparatus' alfræðiorðabók 'encyclopædia': al 'everything', + fræði 'study' or 'knowledge', + orða 'words', + bók 'book' símtal 'telephone conversation': sím 'telephone', + tal 'dialogue'

Italian:Millepiedi 'centipede': mille 'thousand', + piedi 'feet' Ferrovia 'railway': ferro 'iron', + via 'way' Tergicristallo 'windscreen wiper': tergere 'to wash', + cristallo 'crystal, glass'

Japanese:目覚まし（時計） mezamashi(dokei) 'alarm clock': 目 me 'eye' + 覚まし samashi (-zamashi) 'awakening (someone)' (+ 時計 tokei (-dokei) clock) お好み焼き okonomiyaki: お好み okonomi 'preference' + 焼き yaki 'cooking' 日帰り higaeri 'day trip': 日 hi 'day' + 帰り kaeri (-gaeri) 'returning (home)' 国会議事堂 kokkaigijidō 'national diet building': 国会 kokkai 'national diet' + 議事 giji 'proceedings' + 堂 dō 'hall'

(see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_%28linguistics%29)

formation of compounds and their structure:

Most compounds are 2-root-compounds, but they come with a number of

different structures: Nouns – Adjectives - VerbsA. Nouns

(see: http://public.wsu.edu/~gordonl/S05/256/compounds.htm)

In each of these cases, the syntactic class of the compound is the same as the syntactic class of the final element of the compound.

Noun-Noun Adjective-Noun Preposition-Noun Verb-Noun

apron string high school overdose swearword

hubcap smallpox underdog whetstone

bedroom poorhouse uptone scrubwoman

schoolteacher bluebird afterthought rattlesnake

In each of these cases, the syntactic class* of the compound is the same as the syntactic class of the final element of the compound.

* syntactic class = part-of-speech, such as noun, verb, adjective,…

Rule: • Germanic languages (e.g. English, German) are left-

branching (the modifiers come before the head). Schoolteacher = teacher of a school, bluebird = bird of blue color

• Romance languages ( e.g. French, Spanish) are usually right-branching; i.e. they are often formed by left-hand heads with prepositional components inserted before the modifier:chemin-de-fer = railway (lit. 'road of iron')moulin à vent = windmill (lit. 'mill (that works)-by-means-of wind')

Noun-Noun Adjective-Noun Preposition-Noun Verb-Noun

schoolteacher bluebird afterthought rattlesnake

B. Adjectives

Noun-Adjective Adjective-Adjective Preposition-Adjective

headstrong white-hot overwide

skin-deep widespread ingrown

nationwide bittersweet underripe

earthbound hardworking above-mentioned

formation of compounds and their structure:B. Adjectives : hardworking

The internal structure may be complex:

hard + work + ing -> hardwork + ing OR hard + working

- ing is typically the aspect-suffix that gets added to the verb (root): e.g. play-ing, laugh-ing, ask-ing,…

As a rule, we can form other wordforms (inflections, due to different tenses) from those roots, following the same inflectional pattern, i.e. verbal root + tense-marking-suffix, or insertion of modal verb:

Simple Present: He play-s. He laugh-s. He ask-s.Simple Past: They play-ed. They laugh-ed. They ask-ed.Simple Future: I will play. I will laugh. I will ask.

B. Adjectives : hardworking

* He hardworks. * They hardworked. * I will hardwork.

-> hardwork + ing

i.e. hardwork is not a verb by itself

B. Adjectives : hardworking

* He hardworks. * They hardworked. * I will hardwork.

-> hardwork + ing

hard work ing

verb suffix

Adv Adj

C. Verbs

Noun-Verb Adjective-Verb Preposition-Verb

Verb-Verb

spoonfeed dry-clean outlive sleepwalk

aircondition whitewash overdo

window-shop broadcast uproot

semantics of compoundsSemantic classification : it it common to classify compounds into 4 types:

• endocentric description: A+B denotes a special kind of B• exocentric• copulative• appositional

Endocentric compounds consist of a head and modifiers, which restrict this meaning. Endocentric compounds tend to be of the same part of speech (word class) as their head.

Examples:- doghouse, where house is the head and dog is the modifier; i.e. a house intended for a dog-darkroom, where dark modifies room; i.e. a type of a room (usually used in photography)

semantics of compounds

Semantic classification : it it common to classify compounds into 4 types:

• endocentric• exocentric description: (one) whose B is A • copulative• appositional

Exocentric compounds have an unexpressed semantic head (e.g. a person, a plant, an animal...), and their meaning is often not transparent from its constituent parts. Examples: ●white-collar is neither a kind of collar nor a white thing,

but the collar's colour is a metaphor for socioeconomic status

● red-neck only indirectly refers to a neck, but refers to a working

person (e.g. farmer) ● skinhead, may refer to a bald head but also refers to a

certain group of people

● paleface, native American Indians call the White Man a paleface

Semantic classification : it it common to classify compounds into 4 types:• endocentric• exocentric• copulative description: A+B denotes 'the sum' of what A and B denote• appositional

Copulative compounds are compounds which have two semantic heads.

Examples:

- bittersweet; having both tastes- sleepwalk; sleeping while walking OR walking in your sleep

Semantic classification : it it common to classify compounds into 4 types:• endocentric• exocentric• copulative• appositional description: A and B provide different descriptions for the same referent; the meaning of which can be characterized as 'a AS WELL AS'.

Appositional compounds refer to lexemes that have two (contrary) attributes which classify the compound.

Examples:

- actor-director; an actor who also plays the role of the director- maidservant; a maid who is also a servant OR a servant who is also a maid- Player-coach; someone who is a player as well as a coach

semantics of compounds (ambiguities)

When - in Germanic languages (e.g. German, English) - compound words are formed by prepending a descriptive word in front of the main word, the description or meaning between the components may be ambiguous. This is a problem for decompounding or translation.

-> the orange bowl problem

Can you please bring me the orange bowl ?

bowl filled with oranges

bowl having the shape of an orange bowl with an

orange pattern

bowl of orange colour

bowl that was formerly / usually filled with oranges

semantics of compounds (ambiguities)

compounding - decompounding

decompounding -> follows rules

principles / rules:

FANO rule: „the analysis is unambiguous, when a morpheme is not the beginning of another morpheme“

(= principle of longest match)

e.g. but / butter

(Orthographic) Ambiguities in segmentation :

horseshoe: horses – hoe (?) vs. horse-shoe

(the FANO rule would lead to the incorrect/unlikely segmentation)

Segmentation has to be done recursively in order to find all possibilities:

English:

petshopping: pet-shopping vs. pets-hopping

egg roll: Chinese food vs. rolling egg

a green ´house vs. a ´greenhouse

The white ´house vs. The ´White House

compounding - decompoundingGerman:Staubecken: Stau-becken = a reservoir

Staub-ecken = dusty cornersWachstube: Wach-stube = die Stube einer Wache (the room of a guard)

Wachs-tube = eine Tube, in der Wachs aufbewahrt wird (a tube

filled with wax)Gelbrand: Gelb-rand = gelber Rand (a yellow border)

Gel-brand = Brand eines Gels (burning of a gel)Tonerkennung: Toner-kennung = die Kennung eines Toners (the identifier of a

toner) Ton-erkennung = das Erkennen von Tönen (the identification

of tones)Lachen: Lache-n = mehrere Pfützen (multiple puddles of water)

Lachen = eine menschliche Lautäußerung wie Gelächter (laughter)Druckerzeugnis: Druck-erzeugnis = Gedrucktes (printed matter)

Drucker-zeugnis = Zeugnis für einen Drucker (certificate for a

printer)beinhalten : bein-halten vs. be-inhalten (imagine: Beinhalten….)Abteilungen : Abtei-lungen vs. Abteil-ungen

context or stress (in spoken language) is needed for disambiguation

(problems with )concatenation

SummarySummary

Structural as well as semantic challenges with compounds:

• ambiguities in meaning (orange bowl)

• ambiguities in hyphenation points (Staubecken)

• not all morphemes can form a compound (sheepchops)->

(problems with )concatenation

compounds -> MWE -> idiomatic phrases

In addition to the compounds that have one of the four descriptions (endocentric, exocentric, copulative, appositional), i.e. stick to the original lexical meaning of at least one of its components, we need to consider „multiple morpheme strings / multi word expressions (MWE)“ (fixed phrases) that have „lost“ the original lexical meaning of its components. Those MWE are called idiomatic phrases or idioms.

ity • compounding: combination of

lexical meanings: carseat, houseboat, cellar door,...

• compounding: not a combination of

the lexical meanings: starfish, paperback, ladybug,...

• depending on the context: bite the dust, lose face, kick the bucket,...

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idiomatic phrases (http://www.geo.de/GEOlino/mensch/redewendungen/englisch)

• Out of the blue• To be on Cloud Nine• A leopard cannot change its spots• Head over heels• Fair Play• As cool as a cucumber• The early bird catches the worm• As fit as a fiddle• Beat about the bush• The Big Apple• The apple of my eye• Wet behind the ears• A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush• It's raining cats and dogs

idiomatic phrases (http://www.geo.de/GEOlino/mensch/redewendungen/deutsch)

• Wie bei Hempels unterm Sofa • Schmetterlinge im Bauch• Jemanden übers Ohr hauen• Ein Bäuerchen machen • Mit jemandem durch dick und dünn gehen• Seine Pappenheimer kennen• Jemandem die Würmer aus der Nase ziehen• Die Arschkarte ziehen• Mit jemandem Pferde stehlen können• Sich aus dem Staub machen• Hummeln im Hintern haben• Im siebten Himmel sein• Viele Wege führen nach Rom• Mit einem lachenden und einem weinenden Auge• Nah am Wasser gebaut haben• Da ist der Bär los• Nachtigall, ick hör dir trapsen• Mein lieber Scholli!

• Jemandem einen Denkzettel verpassen • Sich auf den Schlips getreten fühlen• Alles für die Katz• Wo drückt denn der Schuh?• Gegen den Strich gehen• Den Faden verlieren• Etwas ausbaden müssen• Einen Stein im Brett haben• Bahnhof verstehen• Der springende Punkt• Der Sündenbock sein• Einen Ohrwurm haben• Das ist doch zum Mäusemelken!• Schmiere stehen• Den Teufel an die Wand malen• Auf dem Holzweg sein• Eselsbrücke• In der Kreide stehen

• Die Ohren steif halten• Auf Vordermann bringen• Um die Ecke bringen• Hals- und Beinbruch• Auf dem Kerbholz haben• Eine Schlappe einstecken • Frosch im Hals• Es zieht wie Hechtsuppe• Jemandem einen Bärendienst erweisen• Damoklesschwert• Tomaten auf den Augen haben• Jemandem raucht der Kopf• Für 'n Appel und 'n Ei• Etwas an die große Glocke hängen• Das ist Jacke wie Hose• Etwas aus dem Ärmel schütteln• Ein X für ein U vormachen• Jemandem nicht das Wasser reichen können

• Alles im grünen Bereich• Die Hand ins Feuer legen• Das kann kein Schwein lesen!• Auf Draht sein• Sein blaues Wunder erleben• Der hat es faustdick hinter den Ohren• Mein Name ist Hase, ich weiß von nichts• Aus dem Stegreif• Der Groschen ist gefallen• Einen Vogel haben• Den Kürzeren ziehen• Bis in die Puppen• Etwas hinter die Ohren schreiben• Ins Fettnäpfchen treten• Beleidigte Leberwurst• Jemanden auf dem Kieker haben• Ich verstehe immer nur Bahnhof! • Die Katze im Sack kaufen

• Bekannt wie ein bunter Hund• Den Kopf in den Sand stecken• Mit dem ist nicht gut Kirschen essen• Aller guten Dinge sind drei• Lampenfieber• Das kommt mir spanisch vor• Schwein haben• Das hast du dir selbst eingebrockt• Seinen Senf dazugeben• Jemandem ist eine Laus über die Leber gelaufen• Kalte Füße bekommen• Im Stich lassen• Schwedische Gardinen• Alles in Butter• Geld auf den Kopf hauen• Das Handtuch werfen• Sich mit fremden Federn schmücken

idiomatic phrases – and their morpho-syntax

Idiomatic expressions are extremely rigid, in that morpho-syntactic modifications are not allowed (without a change in meaning) :

GERMAN

Singular - Plural

• Bekannt wie ein bunter Hund• ??? Bekannt wie bunte Hunde.• * Bekannt wir 2 bunte Hunde.

adjectival modification

• Den Kopf in den Sand stecken.• Den Kopf in den weichen Sand stecken.

idiomatic phrases – and their morpho-syntaxIdiomatic expressions are extremely rigid, in that morpho-

syntactic modifications are not allowed (without a change in meaning) :

ENGLISH

Adjectival modification:

• to be on cloud nine –> * to be on cloud eight

Singular – Plural:

• The early bird gets the worm. -> ? The early birds get the worm.

• It's raining cats and dogs. -> * It's raining 2 cats and 3 dogs.

Neither adjectival modification nor change of subject:• He kicked the bucket.• * He kicked the green bucket.• * It kicked the bucket.

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multiple word entries (MWE)

We have already looked at the semantics / meaning of compounds and idioms.

But what about the relationship within the MWE ?

Problems: the relationships among the components change

the „Schnitzel“ problem

• Schweineschnitzel / -steak

• Pfefferschnitzel / -steak

• Wienerschnitzel

• Soyaschnitzel

• Rückensteak, Lendensteak, Ribeyesteak

• Minutenschnitzel / -steak

• Jäger Schnitzel

• Zigeuner Schnitzel

• Tiefkühl-Schnitzel

• Schweineschnitzel / -steak made of pork meat

• Pfefferschnitzel / -steak garnished / spiced with pepper

• Wienerschnitzel a certain recipe

• Soyaschnitzel made of soy

• Rückensteak, Lendensteak, Ribeyesteak body part

• Minutenschnitzel / -steak time / length of cooking

• Jäger Schnitzel a certain recipe

• Zigeuner Schnitzel a certain recipe

• Tiefkühl-Schnitzel status (frozen)

Even though the single lexical meanings remain untouched in the compound, the relationshipsrelationships between the compounds vary tremendously !

the 3 main relationships (default ?) between parts of a compound word: (the role of global knowledge in decompounding)

compoundmeaning relationshipdoorknob knob of the door is-a / is-part-of/

carseat seat of the car genitive

glasdoor door made of glas made from / material

nutbread ‡ bread of the nut

waterglas glas filled with water used for

oiltruck truck that carries oil

‡ truck made of oil

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spell aid

in NLP, decompounding algorithms are essential for spell-checking / spell aid :spell-checking / spell aid :

How do we define a lexical error in NLP terms ?

An error is a string that cannot be found in / matched with a dictionary entry.

It is not necessarily an incorrect word (esp. neologisms).

spell aidNeologism (Definition):

A neologism is a new term, word or phrase, that may or may not be in the process of entering common use, but has not yet been accepted into mainstream language, i.e. it has NOT entered written dictionaries (yet).

For a long time neologisms were mainly seen as pathological or deviating - Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (1966) describes neologism as „a meaningless word coined by a psychotic“.

http://www.neologisms.us/

a-er aagram aagram string aangram Aazymurgy abasureabberateur

abbrantcooty abbrhyme abched abilliant abomasum abrabro abrickity abthurt

spell aid - neologismshttp://www.wortwarte.de/

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spell aid - neologisms

AIDS LGto xerox HDGDLgoogling / to googlephotoshoppingKleenexto pampertexting / to text….

…l.o.l. OR lol LOL - laut herauslachen

spell aid – chat language (acronyms)

AFAIK -- As Far As I Know AFK -- Away From Keyboard ASAP -- As Soon As Possible BAS -- Big A** Smile BBL -- Be Back Later BBN -- Bye Bye Now BBS -- Be Back Soon BEG -- Big Evil Grin BF -- Boyfriend BIBO -- Beer In, Beer Out BRB -- Be Right Back BTW -- By The Way BWL -- Bursting With Laughter C&G -- Chuckle and Grin CICO -- Coffee In, Coffee Out

CID -- Crying In Disgrace CP -- Chat Post(a chat message) CRBT -- Crying Real Big Tears CSG -- Chuckle Snicker Grin CYA -- See You (Seeya) CYAL8R -- See You Later (Seeyalata) DLTBBB -- Don't Let The Bed Bugs Bite EG -- Evil Grin EMSG -- Email Message FC -- Fingers Crossed FTBOMH -- From The Bottom Of My Heart FYI -- For Your Information

See: http://www.chatdefinitions.com/

spell aid – chat language (symbols)

:-| -- Ambivalent o:-) -- Angelic >:-( -- Angry |-I -- Asleep (::()::) -- Bandaid :-{} -- Blowing a Kiss \-o -- Bored :-c -- Bummed Out |C| -- Can of Coke |P| -- Can of Pepsi :( ) -- Can't Stop Talking :*) -- Clowning :' -- Crying :'-) -- Crying with Joy :'-( -- Crying Sadly

:-9 -- Delicious, Yummy :-> -- Devilish ;-> -- Devilish Wink :P -- Disgusted (sticking out tongue) :*) -- Drunk :-6 -- Exhausted, Wiped Out :( -- Frown \~/ -- Full Glass \_/ -- Glass (drink) ^5 -- High Five

See: http://www.chatdefinitions.com/

spell aid

spell checking algorithmsspell checking algorithms are based on the following types of mistakes (statistics !):

• phonetic similarities (ph – f : telephone – telefone)

• deletion of multiple entries ( mouuse - mouse)

• wrong order (from – form ; mouse – muose)

• substitution of neighbouring letters on the keyboard (miuse – mouse)

• include missing letters (vowels in between consonants...) (telephne)

• typos occur towards the end of a word (assumption:first letter is correct)

• segmentation / decomposition into substrings (horses‘hoe – horse‘shoe)

spell aid

• phonetic similarities (ph – f : telephone – telefone)

• deletion of multiple entries ( mouuse - mouse)

• wrong order (from – form ; mouse – muose)

• substitution of neighbouring letters on the keyboard (miuse – mouse)

• include missing letters (vowels in between consonants...) (telephne)

• typos occur towards the end of a word (assumption:first letter is correct)

• segmentation / decomposition into substrings (horeshoe – horseshoe)

spell aid

• include missing letters

www.dositey.com/language/spelling/Mislet3.htm

spell aid

How does spell checking work (w.r.t. grammar How does spell checking work (w.r.t. grammar checking) ?checking) ?

Various degrees of „intelligence“:

System A : no match found in the dictionary -> mark entry as incorrect

System B: no match found in the dictionary. Initiate a rudimentary parse (left-right-search). Try to identify the wordclass, i.e. limit possibilities and continue a sentential analysis. e.g. the ...man (statistics: DET + ADJ + NOUN); n-gram

System C: no match found in the dictionary. Initiate a segmentation of the word to identify the wordclass, e.g. look for typical endings (-ly = adverb / capital letters = proper noun, ...). This way new wordcreations can be identified (e.g. any word ending in -ness = noun); n-gram

n-grams / language models (statistical language processing)

An n-gram is a substring of n items from a given string.

A complete string of words: w1 … wn or w1

In NLP, the items in question can be phonemes, syllables, letters, words or any substring. This depends on the application.

An n-gram of size 1 is a "unigram"; size 2 is a "bigram" ; size 3 is a "trigram"; etc. … size n is an "n-gram ".

Example: „he reads a book"

For a sequence of words, the trigrams would be: "# he reads", „he reads a", „reads a book", and "a book #".

For sequences of characters, the trigrams that can be generated from „hello world" are "hel", "ell", "llo", "lo ", "o w", " wo", "wor" etc.

In practice, we often

• collapse whitespace to a single space• remove punctuation

Example of an n-gram count from the GOOGLE n-gram corpus:(http://googleresearch.blogspot.com/2006/08/all-our-n-gram-are-belong-to-you.html#!/2006/08/all-our-n-gram-are-belong-to-you.html)

File sizes: approx. 24 GB compressed (gzip'ed) text files

Number of sentences: 95,119,665,584Number of unigrams: 13,588,391Number of bigrams: 314,843,401Number of trigrams: 977,069,902Number of fourgrams: 1,313,818,354Number of fivegrams: 1,176,470,663

trigrams:

ceramics collectables collectibles 55ceramics collectables fine 130ceramics collected by 52ceramics collectible pottery 50ceramics collectibles cooking 45ceramics collection , 144ceramics collection . 247

fourgrams:

serve as the incoming 92serve as the incubator 99serve as the independent 794serve as the index 223serve as the indication 72serve as the indicator 120serve as the indicators 45serve as the indispensable 111serve as the indispensible 40

In an n-gram analysis, we compute the probability of the occurence of x (e.g. a letter or word) AFTER a certain sequence, i.e.the conditional probability of x is always given on the basis of the PREVIOUS word/character.

Example:

for ex_

In English, the probabilities for

a = 0.4b = 0.00001 all probabilities sum to 1c = 0,……

The theory behind it:

A statistical language model assigns a probability to a sequence of n words P (w1,…,wn) by means of a probability distribution. All words (or characters) depend on the last n-1 words.

More concisely, an n-gram model predicts xi based on In probability terms, this is

This is also called an n-1-order Markov Model.

In speech recognition, sequences of phonemes are often modeled using a n-gram distribution.

In an n-gram model, the conditional probability P (w1,…,wm) of observing the sentence w1,...,wm can be approximated:

It is assumed that the probability of observing the i th word wi in the context history of the preceding i-1 words can be approximated by the probability of observing it in the shortened context history of the preceding n-1 words.

In a bigram (n=2) language model, the probability of the sentence I saw the red house is approximated as:

Whereas in a trigram (n=3) language model, the approximation is:

source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchstabenh%C3%A4ufigkeit

single characters (German) (statistical language processing)

source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchstabenh%C3%A4ufigkeit

single characters (German) (statistical language processing)

1 morphemes

3 idiomatic phrases

5 spell aid

content

regular expressions (Jurafsky, section 2.1)

• In order to figure out whether something is an incorrect word, the machine has to match the string (= a sequence of symbols; any sequence of alphanumeric characters (letters, numbers, spaces, tabs, punctuation) to an entry in the dictionary

• other matches: e.g. information retrieval in www-search engines (Google, altavista,…)

• the standard notation for characterizing text sequences=regular expressions

• regular expressions are written in (regular expression) languages: e.g. Perl, grep (Global Regular Expression Print)

• formally, regular expressions are algebraic notations for characterizing a set of strings

• regular expression search requires a pattern that we want to search for (and a corpus of text to search through) (text mining !)

Example: Search for the pattern “linguistics”.• You also want to find documents with “Linguistics” and “LINGUISTICS”.

(remember: the computer does EXACTLY do what you tell him to…)• The regular expression /linguistics/ matches any string in any document

containing exactly the substring “linguistics”• Regular expressions are case sensitive• samples (Jurafsky, p. 23)

regular expression example pattern matched/woodchucks/ “interesting links to woodchucks and lemurs”/a/ “Mary Ann stopped by Mona’s”/Claire says,/ Dagmar, my gift please,” Claire says,”/song/ “all our pretty songs”/!/ “You’ve left the burglar behind again!” said Nori

linguistics - Linguistics - LINGUSTICS

to search for alternative characters “l” and/or “L” we use square brackets: [l L]

Regular expression match sample pattern

/[l L] inguistics/ Linguistics or linguistics “computational linguistics is

fun”

/[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0]/ any digit this is Linguistics 5981

to search for a character in a range we use the dash: [-]

/[A-Z]/ any uppercase letter this is Linguistics 5981

/[0-9]/ any single digit this is Linguistics 5981

/[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0]/any single digit this is Linguistics 5981

to search for negation, i.e. a character that I do NOT want to find we use the caret: [^]

/[^A-Z]/ not an uppercase letter this is Linguistics 5981

/[^L l]/ neither L nor l this is Linguistics 5981

/[^\.]/ not a period this is Linguistics 5981

\* an asterisk “L*I*N*G*U*I*S*T*I*C*S”\. a period “Dr.Doolittle”\? a question mark “Is this Linguistics 5981 ?”\n a newline\t a tab

Special characters:

to search for optional characters we use the question mark: [?]

/colou?r/ colour or color beautiful colour

to search for any number of a certain character we use the Kleene star: [*]

Regular expression match

/a*/ any string of zero or more “a”s

/aa*/ at least one a but also any number of “a”s

Any combination is possible

/[ab]*/ zero or more “a”s or “b”s

/[0-9] [0-9]*/ any integer (= a string of digits)

To look for at least one character of a type we use the Kleene “+”:

/[0-9]+/ a sequence of digits

The “.” is a very special character -> so-called wildcard

/b.ll/ any character ball between b and ll bell

bullbill

Will the search find “Bill” ?

Anchors (start of line: “^”, end of line:”$”)

/^Linguistics/ “Linguistics” at the Linguistics is fun.beginning of a line

/linguistics\.$/ “linguistics” at the We like linguistics.end of a line

Anchors (word boundary: “\b”, non-boundary:”\B”)

/\bthe\b/ “the” alone This is the place.

/\Bthe\B/ “the” included This is my mother.

More on alternative characters: the pipe symbol: “|” (disjunction)

/colou?r/ colour or color beautiful colour

/progra(m|mme)/ program or programme linguistics program

What does the following expression match ?

/student [0-9]+ */

Will it match “student 1 student 2 student 3” ?

Perl expressions are also used for string substitution: (used in ELIZA)

s/man/men/ man -> men

Perl expressions are also used for string repetition via memory:

(the number operator)

s/(linguistics)/wonderful \1/ linguistics-> wonderful linguisticsELIZA

s/.* YOU ARE (depressed|sad) .*/ I AM SORRY TO HEAR YOU ARE \1/ s/.* YOU ARE (depressed|sad) .*/ WHY DO YOU THINK YOU

ARE \1 ?/

1 morphemes

3 idiomatic phrases

5 spell aid

content

The regular expression is more than just a convenient metalanguage for text searching.

• First, a regular expression is one way of describing a finite-state automaton (FSA).Finite-state automata are the theoretical foundation of a good deal of the computational work we will describe and look at in this lecture. Any regular expression can be implemented as a finite-state automaton*. Symmetrically, any finite-state automaton can be described with a regular expression.

• Second, a regular expression is one way of characterizing a particular kind of formal language called a regular language. Both regular expressions and finite-state automata can be used to describe regular languages. The relation among these three theoretical constructions is sketched out in the following figure:* Except regular expressions that use the memory feature – more on that

Finite State Automata (FSA)

regular expressions

Finite regular

Automata languages

The relationship between finite state automata, regular expressions, and regular languages*

* as suggested by Martin Kay in:

Kay, M. (1987). Nonconcatenative finite-state morphology. In Proceedings of the Third Conference of the European Chapter of the ACL (EACL-87), Copenhagen, Denmark,pp. 2-10.ACL.).

Examples:Examples:

• Introduction to finite-state automata for regular expressions

• Mapping from regular expressions to automata

examples

Using a FSA to recognize sheeptalk

After a while, with the parrot‘s help, the Doctor got to learn the language of the animals so well that he could talk to them himself and understand everything they said.

Hugh Lofting, The Story of Doctor Doolittle

Using a FSA to recognize sheeptalk

Sheep language can be defined as any string from the following (infinite) set:

baa!baaa!baaaa!baaaaa!baaaaaa!....

The regular expression for this kind of sheeptalk is

/baa+!/

All regular expressions can be represented as finite-state automata (FSA):

a finite-state automaton (FSA) for the regular expression /baa+!/

1 2 3 4

start state final state/accepting state

... ... ... a b a ! b ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

a tape with cells

Example of non-finite state = rejection of the input

State b a !

0(null) 1 00

1 0 2 0

2 0 3 0

3 0 3 4

4: 0 0 0

The state-transition table for the previous FSA

function D-RECOGNIZE(tape,machine) returns accept or reject

index <- Beginning of tape

current-state <- Initial state of machine

if End of input has been reached then

if current-state is an accept state then

return accept

elsereturn reject

elseif transition-table[current-state,tape[index]] is empty then

return reject

current-state <- transition-table[current-state,tape[index]] index <- index +1

An algorithm for deterministic recognition of FSAs

... ... ... b a a a ! ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Tracing the execution of FSA on some sheeptalk

q q q q q1 2 3 4 5

Regular expressions can be represented as FSAs:

fail state

1 2 3 4

! b b bb

A non-deterministic finite-state automaton for talking sheep

A non-finite-state automaton (NFSA) for the sheep

language – having an E-transition

natural language processing >> morphology

long compounds

formation of compounds

water samples

long words

meeting slide

german die armbrust

different languages

ferro iron

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