ncs teaching kit 2 edb
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2
“”
1665
45%22%5%
5
IranianIndo-Aryan,
IndicHindiUrdu
NepaliBengali
TsouicPaiwanic
Malayo-PolynesianTagalog
Indonesia
1945
SiniticTibeto-BurmanTai
Miao-Yao / Hmong-Mien
/ /
73%
”“”
25%
40%2006
1.6%
2008
100
2008
……
……
……
”
IPA)
19
b p m f d t n l g k ng h gw kw w z c s j
ba
pa
ma
fa
da
ta
na
la
ga
ka
nga
ha
gwa
kwa
wa
za
ca
sa
ya
9 8
aa i u e o a yu oe eo saa sing sung sei sou san syu hoe seon
-p -t -k -m -n -ng -i -u sap sat sak sam san sang sai sau
54
- i u m n ng p t k
aa aa aai aau aam aan aang aap aat aak
a - ai au am an ang ap at ak
e e ei eu * em * - eng ep * - ek
i i - iu im in ing ip it ik
o o oi ou - on ong - ot ok
oe oe - - - - oeng - - oek
eo - eoi - - eon - - eot -
u u ui - - un ung - ut uk
yu yu - - - yun - - yut - - - - m - ng - - -
*
17
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 3 6 fan1 fan2 fan3 fan4 fan5 fan6 fat1 faat3 fat6
19
ng→ø
ø →ng
gw→g
kw→k
= = =
-k →-t = = =
= = =
20
3 6
3 5
“
869
“”
”“” 1956
1986
1986
53,525
49,905
54,678 85,568
2,5001,000
2,500 97.97%1,000
3,500
3,171
2,1691,002
26
2,5001,000
27
500
“”“”
3.2.4
3,500 7
20 40 10 20
5 10 5
30
5 854 70,312
1,056
3,000
”
3,000
4,792
“”
“”“”“” “ ”“”
“”“ ”
“”
“”“”“”“”
“”
32
“”
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”
()
1.
2.
3.
4.
[3]
34
2.
3.
4.
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1.
3. )
()
1.
()
1.
2. 12152 5
3.
5. )
35
()
1.
2.
3.
()
1. ()
2. ()
3.
4. ()
5.
()
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. …………
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2.
()
2.
36
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()
()
3.
)
7. “”
37
“”
4.
B
()
*1. ,
46
47
48
“ ”
1987 12 18
215
230
258
“”
“……”“……”
1.
“”“”“”“”“……”“……”
1. +/
1.
SOV
human / non-human
VSO
58
62
—
) (
L1 L2 [5] 1993“” 201-214
65
“”
(
“”
“”“”
“”(top-down model)
“”
Reading and understanding: an introduction to the
psychology of reading
71
73
”“”
78
•
5.1
“”
Lado
……
2.
……
4.
……
1.
82
”()Krashen“”
1
(directed language learning strategies)
(in-directed learning strategies)
1. (memory strategies)
85
3. (social
strategies)
“
91
Output
“
(Tyler,1949)
•
•
•
7-27
6.2.2
proficiency
6.2.3
6.2.4
105
5 10
2000“”
1993 2
2007
2005
1985
2005
112
1980
Bachman, L.F. & Palmer, A.S. (1996) Language Testing in Practice. Hong
Kong: Oxford University Press.
Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Bialystok, E. (1978) A theoretical model of second language learning.
Language Learning, 28, 69-83.
Ed.). Sydney: Prentice Hall.
Campbell, George L. (2000) Compendium of the World’s Languages (2nd
ed). London and New York: Routledge.
Chamot, A.U. (1987) "Inferencing: Testing the 'hypothesis-testing'
hypothesis." In A. Wenden & J. Rubin (Eds.), Learner strategy in
language learning (pp. 71-83). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Chomsky, Noam. (1986) Knowledge of Language: its Nature, Origin, and Use.
New York: Praeger.
Comrie, Bernard ed. (1987) The World’s Major Languages. London and
Sydney: Croom Helm.
Eggleston, J. (Ed.). (1980) School-based curriculum development in Britain: A
collection of case studies. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Ellis, R, 1985Understanding Second Language Acquisition. London,
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fromkin, Victoria, et al. (2007) An Introduction to Language (8th ed).
Boston: Thomson.
Course (2nd ed). Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Glatthorn, A.A. (1987) Curriculum leadership. Glenview, Ill: Scott Foresman
& Co.
Goodlad, J.L. et al. (1979) Curriculum inquiry: The Study of curriculum
practice. New York; McGraw-Hill.
Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005) Ethnologue: Languages of the World.
Dallas: SIL International.
Cambridge University Press.
Jen, Theresa (2001) Error Analysis in Chinese Language Acquisition. Wuhan:
Wuhan University Press.
Katzner, Kenneth. (1995) The Languages of the World (3rd ed). London and
New York: Routledge.
New York: Oxford University Press.
Krashen, S. D., 1992The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications, New
York: Michigan.
school-based curriculum development. New York: Falmer.
OECD (1979) School-based curriculum development. France: OECD.
O’Grady, William. (1997) Syntactic Development. Chicago: Chicago
University Press.
O'Malley, J. M., & Chamot, A. U. (1990) Learning strategies in second
language acquisition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Oxford, R.L. (1990) Language learning strategies: What every teacher should
know. Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle Publishers.
Rubin, J. (1975) “What the 'good language learner' can teach us”, TESOL
Quarterly, 9, 41-51.
Rubin, J. (1987) “Learner strategies: Theoretical assumptions, research history
and typology”. In A. Wenden & J. Rubin (Eds.), Learner strategies in
language learning (pp. 15-30). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Skilbeck, M. (1984) School-based curriculum development. London: Harper
& Row.
Stenhouse, L. (1975) An introduction to curriculum research and development.
London: Heinemann.
Taba, H. (1962) Curriculum development, theory and Practice. New York:
Harcourt, Brace, and World, Inc.
Tyler, R. W. (1949) Basic principles of curriculum and instruction. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Weinstein, C., & Mayer, R. (1986) “The teaching of learning strategies”. In M.
115
New York: Macmillan.
2
“”
1665
45%22%5%
5
IranianIndo-Aryan,
IndicHindiUrdu
NepaliBengali
TsouicPaiwanic
Malayo-PolynesianTagalog
Indonesia
1945
SiniticTibeto-BurmanTai
Miao-Yao / Hmong-Mien
/ /
73%
”“”
25%
40%2006
1.6%
2008
100
2008
……
……
……
”
IPA)
19
b p m f d t n l g k ng h gw kw w z c s j
ba
pa
ma
fa
da
ta
na
la
ga
ka
nga
ha
gwa
kwa
wa
za
ca
sa
ya
9 8
aa i u e o a yu oe eo saa sing sung sei sou san syu hoe seon
-p -t -k -m -n -ng -i -u sap sat sak sam san sang sai sau
54
- i u m n ng p t k
aa aa aai aau aam aan aang aap aat aak
a - ai au am an ang ap at ak
e e ei eu * em * - eng ep * - ek
i i - iu im in ing ip it ik
o o oi ou - on ong - ot ok
oe oe - - - - oeng - - oek
eo - eoi - - eon - - eot -
u u ui - - un ung - ut uk
yu yu - - - yun - - yut - - - - m - ng - - -
*
17
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 3 6 fan1 fan2 fan3 fan4 fan5 fan6 fat1 faat3 fat6
19
ng→ø
ø →ng
gw→g
kw→k
= = =
-k →-t = = =
= = =
20
3 6
3 5
“
869
“”
”“” 1956
1986
1986
53,525
49,905
54,678 85,568
2,5001,000
2,500 97.97%1,000
3,500
3,171
2,1691,002
26
2,5001,000
27
500
“”“”
3.2.4
3,500 7
20 40 10 20
5 10 5
30
5 854 70,312
1,056
3,000
”
3,000
4,792
“”
“”“”“” “ ”“”
“”“ ”
“”
“”“”“”“”
“”
32
“”
“”“
”
()
1.
2.
3.
4.
[3]
34
2.
3.
4.
()
1.
3. )
()
1.
()
1.
2. 12152 5
3.
5. )
35
()
1.
2.
3.
()
1. ()
2. ()
3.
4. ()
5.
()
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. …………
()
2.
()
2.
36
()
()
()
3.
)
7. “”
37
“”
4.
B
()
*1. ,
46
47
48
“ ”
1987 12 18
215
230
258
“”
“……”“……”
1.
“”“”“”“”“……”“……”
1. +/
1.
SOV
human / non-human
VSO
58
62
—
) (
L1 L2 [5] 1993“” 201-214
65
“”
(
“”
“”“”
“”(top-down model)
“”
Reading and understanding: an introduction to the
psychology of reading
71
73
”“”
78
•
5.1
“”
Lado
……
2.
……
4.
……
1.
82
”()Krashen“”
1
(directed language learning strategies)
(in-directed learning strategies)
1. (memory strategies)
85
3. (social
strategies)
“
91
Output
“
(Tyler,1949)
•
•
•
7-27
6.2.2
proficiency
6.2.3
6.2.4
105
5 10
2000“”
1993 2
2007
2005
1985
2005
112
1980
Bachman, L.F. & Palmer, A.S. (1996) Language Testing in Practice. Hong
Kong: Oxford University Press.
Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Bialystok, E. (1978) A theoretical model of second language learning.
Language Learning, 28, 69-83.
Ed.). Sydney: Prentice Hall.
Campbell, George L. (2000) Compendium of the World’s Languages (2nd
ed). London and New York: Routledge.
Chamot, A.U. (1987) "Inferencing: Testing the 'hypothesis-testing'
hypothesis." In A. Wenden & J. Rubin (Eds.), Learner strategy in
language learning (pp. 71-83). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Chomsky, Noam. (1986) Knowledge of Language: its Nature, Origin, and Use.
New York: Praeger.
Comrie, Bernard ed. (1987) The World’s Major Languages. London and
Sydney: Croom Helm.
Eggleston, J. (Ed.). (1980) School-based curriculum development in Britain: A
collection of case studies. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Ellis, R, 1985Understanding Second Language Acquisition. London,
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fromkin, Victoria, et al. (2007) An Introduction to Language (8th ed).
Boston: Thomson.
Course (2nd ed). Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Glatthorn, A.A. (1987) Curriculum leadership. Glenview, Ill: Scott Foresman
& Co.
Goodlad, J.L. et al. (1979) Curriculum inquiry: The Study of curriculum
practice. New York; McGraw-Hill.
Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005) Ethnologue: Languages of the World.
Dallas: SIL International.
Cambridge University Press.
Jen, Theresa (2001) Error Analysis in Chinese Language Acquisition. Wuhan:
Wuhan University Press.
Katzner, Kenneth. (1995) The Languages of the World (3rd ed). London and
New York: Routledge.
New York: Oxford University Press.
Krashen, S. D., 1992The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications, New
York: Michigan.
school-based curriculum development. New York: Falmer.
OECD (1979) School-based curriculum development. France: OECD.
O’Grady, William. (1997) Syntactic Development. Chicago: Chicago
University Press.
O'Malley, J. M., & Chamot, A. U. (1990) Learning strategies in second
language acquisition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Oxford, R.L. (1990) Language learning strategies: What every teacher should
know. Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle Publishers.
Rubin, J. (1975) “What the 'good language learner' can teach us”, TESOL
Quarterly, 9, 41-51.
Rubin, J. (1987) “Learner strategies: Theoretical assumptions, research history
and typology”. In A. Wenden & J. Rubin (Eds.), Learner strategies in
language learning (pp. 15-30). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Skilbeck, M. (1984) School-based curriculum development. London: Harper
& Row.
Stenhouse, L. (1975) An introduction to curriculum research and development.
London: Heinemann.
Taba, H. (1962) Curriculum development, theory and Practice. New York:
Harcourt, Brace, and World, Inc.
Tyler, R. W. (1949) Basic principles of curriculum and instruction. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Weinstein, C., & Mayer, R. (1986) “The teaching of learning strategies”. In M.
115
New York: Macmillan.
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