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Neuroscience Tutorial I
Francisco J. Flores
11 – Aug – 2018
What is Neuroscience?
Neuroscience is the study of the processes by which we perceive, act, learn, and remember.
Kandel et al. 2015
Kandel, Schwarz, and Jessel “Principles of Neural Science” 2015
What is Neuroscience?
Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system.
Flores, today.
What is the nervous system?
• Most living organisms have a sensory surface and a motor surface.
• Some multicellular organisms developed a neuron-based link between the sensory and motor surfaces.
• We call this link the nervous system.
• The role of the nervous system is to perform sensory-motor integration.
Unicellular: Protozoa.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMysTA
Unicellular: Protozoa.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMysTA
Unicellular: Bacteria.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEcRNucFZ-c
Multicellular: Hydra.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfaafxnnJlY
Multicellular: Hydra.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Anatomy-of-a-hydrozoan-polyp-AA-Hydra-polyp-is-essentially-a-two-layered-tube-with-a_fig3_50351101
Multicellular: Hydra.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Anatomy-of-a-hydrozoan-polyp-AA-Hydra-polyp-is-essentially-a-two-layered-tube-with-a_fig3_50351101
The Neuron.
Dendrites
Soma
Axon
Terminals
The Neuron.
Dendrites
Soma
Axon
Terminals
RanvierNodes
Mouse cortical neuron.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidal_cell#/media/File:GFPneuron.png
The Neuron.
“Sensory”
Integrative
“Motor”
Conductive
Diversity of neurons.
https://canvas.brown.edu/courses/851434/pages/looking-at-neurons?module_item_id=6586407
Membrane Potential
Membrane potential
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidal_cell#/media/File:GFPneuron.png https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3032610
Membrane potential
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3032610
intracellular extracellular
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Membrane potential
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3032610
intracellular extracellular
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Membrane potential
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3032610
intracellular extracellular
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Membrane potential
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3032610
intracellular extracellular
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Membrane potential
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3032610
intracellular extracellular
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Membrane potential
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3032610
intracellular extracellular
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Resting Ion Channels.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Sodium-potassium_pump_and_diffusion.png
The inside is negative because of the imbalance between Na+ and K+ ions
Membrane potential
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Membrane potential
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Membrane potential
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Membrane potential
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Membrane potential
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Action Potential
Voltage-gated ion channels.
http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/projects/quek/alfasub.jpg
Action potential
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Action potential
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Action potential
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Action potential
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Action potential
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Action potential
Na+ influx
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Action potential
Na+ influx K+ efflux
Refractory period
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The Neuron.
“Sensory”
Integrative
“Motor”
Conductive
Membrane and action potentials
Kodandaramaiah, Flores, et al. 2017, eLife
AP propagation
https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/34075/how-to-conceptualize-the-action-potential
Synapses.
The Neuron.
“Sensory”
Integrative
“Motor”
Conductive
Electrical Synapse
https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/synapse-28463798.jpg
Chemical Synapse
https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/synapse-28463798.jpg
Excitatory synapses.
Bear et al., 2016 Neuroscience: Exploring the brain.
EPSP
+I
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Inhibitory synapse.
Bear et al., 2016 Neuroscience: Exploring the brain.
Membrane potential
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Real Neural Networks.
https://canvas.brown.edu/courses/851434/pages/neural-circuits
Sensory Systems.
Eye and Retina.
http://sips.inesc-id.pt/~pfzt/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Sagschem.jpeg
Visual pathway.
http://www.csus.edu/indiv/w/wickelgren/psyc103/visualpathways.jpg
Neurons in Primary Visual Cortex.
https://goodpsychology.wordpress.com/2013/03/13/235/
Receptive field of V1 neurons.
Receptive field of V1 neurons.
x
xx
xx
△△ △
△△△
http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/images/a/ad/05-Simple-cell.png
Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
http://www.csus.edu/indiv/w/wickelgren/psyc103/visualpathways.jpg
Receptive field of thalamic neurons.
Feedforward model.
Visual system.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ventral-dorsal_streams.svg/2000px-Ventral-dorsal_streams.svg.png
Where
What
Action in visual perception.
https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox/FMfcgxvxBXrxWZBNZcGJfjcCrpHwXqzl
Action in Visual Perception.
https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox/FMfcgxvxBXrxWZBNZcGJfjcCrpHwXqzl
Auditory system.
Bear et al, Neuroscience, 2015
Olfactory system.
Bear et al, Neuroscience, 2015
Motor system
Bear et al, Neuroscience, 2015
Neuronal tuning to movement direction.
Bear et al, Neuroscience, 2015
Sensory-motor integration.
Hydra.
The reflex arc
https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/_/viewer.aspx?path=MosbyMD&name=reflex-arc.jpg
Sensory-motor integration.
http://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/reflex-pathway_med.jpeg
Functional closure.
Sensory
surfaceMotor
surface
Nervous
System
Environment
Sensory-motor decoupling.
Sensory
surfaceMotor
surface
Nervous
System
Environment
X
Sleep
https://pixel.nymag.com/imgs/daily/strategist/2017/11/03/sleep-aid/03-sleep-aid-lede.w710.h473.jpg
Self-generated activity.
https://www.sleepdream.uni-osnabrueck.de/our_sleep_lab.html
Final remarks.
• Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system.
• In animals, the nervous system provides a fast and sophisticated link for sensory-motor integration.
• Learning, memory, attention, etc. emerge in the nervous system within the process of sensory-motor integration.
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