neurotransmitters presentation ms hapi practicum
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Neurotransmitters
Heather Cutler, BA, DC
How to Think About Neurotransmitters
● Measuring? ● Every brain is different● Every adaptation is different● Thoughtful explanations for patients
– Requires understanding the mechanism of neurotransmission
– Acknowledge the patient as changing, not the drug as changing the patient
The Brain Changes the Brain● Brain is adapting to the presence of the drug● Drug is not changing the brain● Cannot measure adaptation● Each patient’s brain will adapt differently to
the same drug
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Neurotransmitters are our friends,
mostly.
Chemical Synapse Allows Control
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Electrical Synapses are Automatic
YOU ARE ON FOR THE RIDE
The Chemical Synapse
Fate of NT’s in the Cleft
● Degraded by enzyme
● Reuptake of component parts by pre-synaptic neuron– Recycled
● Co-enzymes assist
Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission
•Excitatory neurotransmitters–Propagate the signal
•Inhibitory neurotransmitters–Stop the signal
Effect of NT Depends on Receptor
● Each neuron is continuously exposed to many different neurotransmitters
● Some will have an excitatory effect; some an inhibitory effect.
● In every case, the effect of the NT depends entirely on the nature or kind of receptor on the post-synaptic membrane
Major Classes of Neurotransmitters
● Acetylcholine● Biogenic amines/catecholamines● Amino acids● Neuropeptides● Dissolved gases
Common Neurotransmitters
● Norepinephrine (NE)● Acetylcholine (Ach)● Dopamine (DA)● Serotonin (5-HTP)● GABA (Gamma aminobutyric acid)
Acetylcholineuh-see-dul-COAL-lean/Southern
ah-Seh-til-KO-leen/Northern
● Cholinergic synapse● Skeletal muscle excitatory● Cardiac muscle inhibitory● Parasympathetic
– Feed & Breed, Rest & Digest
Acetylcholine to Skeletal Muscle
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Epinephrine EP-uh-nef-fren/Southern
ep-i-NEF-rin/Northern
● Noradrenaline & Adrenaline ● Adrenergic synapse● Sympathetic ● Fight or flight
– Increase heartbeat, slow or stop digestion, tunnel vision, increase respiratory rate, blood shunted to extremities
Norpinephrine NOR-ep-uh-NEF-fren/Southern
nor-ep-i-NEF-rin/Northern
Norepinephrine & Epinephrine
Dopamine DOPE-ah-mean/SouthernDO-puh-men/Northern
• Precise control of movement
• Reward pathways• Parkinson’s dz• Cocaine
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Dopamine & Parkinson’s Disease
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Serotonin sara-TONE-en/Southern ser-o-TO-nin/Northern
● Emotion● Attention span● Sleep/wake cycle● Depression● Chronic pain syndromes
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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
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Gamma Aminobutyric AcidGHAM-ah uh-MEAN-o {pause} bue-TIRE-rick
ay-sid/Southern Gyeah-ma a-ME-no-bu-TER-ik eya-cid/Northern
● GABA● Pain control● Anxiety ● Epilepsy● Migraines
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid
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References:
•Martini, FH, Nath, JL, & Bartholomew, EF.
(2012). Fundamentals of Anatomy &
Physiology (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Benjamin
Cummings.
•All clip art images herein are used with
permission from Microsoft.
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