new and renewable energy systems new -re-invented or revitalized as new technologies often using...

New and Renewable Energy Systems NEW - re-invented or revitalized as

new technologies often using age-old principles but using new and

more efficient, advanced engineering principles

RENEWABLE - Often renewed in a short span of time

SOLAR - Renewed on a daily cycle WIND - At least on a seasonal cycle BIOMASS - Within a few years

ALSO KNOWN AS •Non conventional sources

• Alternative sources of energy

MISNORMS AND MISCONCEPTIONS• Appropriate technologies • Rural Technologies

SALIENT FEATURES • Inexhaustible in nature • Renewable • Environmentally less harmful

DRAW BACKS

•High development cost

•Advanced engineering principles

•Skilled manpower requirement for assembly installation and maintenance

• Often deliver low quantities of output

• Diluted and dispersed form

CHARACTERISTICS• Seasonality• Variability • Unreliability • Irregularity

What are the most common NRSE technologies pursued at present?• Solar• Wind• Biomass Conversion – Biogas, Producer Gas, Briquettes etc.• Geo Thermal• Micro/Min Hydro (Major hydro being renewable but conventional) • Ocean Related Energy Sources

OTEC – Ocean thermal energy conversion Tidal Wave

SUN IS THE ENGINE OF LIFE

Solar Radiation – Direct Solar Radiation, Diffused and Reflected Solar Radiation

Two Main collection processes Technical CollectionNatural Collection

Tropical belt has enough sun shine to harness for the production of useful energy

TWO BASIC PARAMETERS ARE IMPORTANT Solar irradianceSun shine hours

Extra Terrestrial Irradiation 1.35kW/m2Spectral irradiance – important to analyze the behavior of conversion devices and for the design of conversion devices

PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR CONVERSION SYSTEMS DEPEND ON • Direct irradiance (Temporal and Geographic) • Diffused irradiance• Spectral distribution

AVERAGE DATA IN SRI LANKA• 1kW/m2 irradiance on a bright sunny mid day • 1780 kWh/m2 per day or• 5.6 kWh/m2 per day

The Solar Spectral Distribution• Solar spectral distribution closely follows the Planks Law of Black Body Radiation

Plank’s Law:

SOLAR THERMAL APPLICATIONS• Solar flat plate collectors• Solar dryers • Solar cookers • Solar ovens • Solar stills• Solar ponds • SEGS - solar concentrators

(parabolic and dish)• Solar refrigerators etc.

MOST COMMON APPLICATIONS ARE Solar flat plate collectors for hot water in domestic, hotel and industrial applications.

MAIN FEATURES

• Collector plate - usually cu - selectively coated • Firmly bounded water conduits• Single or double glassing for green house effect • Well insulated encasing • Top and bottom water header• Water tank well insulated and insulated pipe connections • Auxiliary electric heater – if desired• Primary and secondary fluids in special cases

Main Features • Solar DryerSolar Collector surface selectively coated or simply painted in a non reflective black coating generally large collector area using low cost polythene or glass Grain storage bins or trays placed in a chamber where grain or food is placed for drying in perforated trays to allow warm air to pass through

Tall Chimney to expel humid air ( chimney effect )

Blackened rock bed heat storage (optional)

SOLAR CROP DRYING – FOR BETTER QUALITY GRAIN

• Clean • Well dried • Free from pests • Reduced grain loss due to excessive breakages• Prevents outer crust roasting and provides uniform

slow moisture removal

BASIC PRINCIPLES

• Green house effect• Mass transfer

SOLAR DISTILLATION / DESALINATION Cheap efficient way of providing distilled or potable water Designs vary from small distilling units to large scale destination pants.

Solar Photovoltaics

Phenomenal Price Reduction of Solar Photovoltaics

Phenomenal growth of installation of Solar Photovoltaics

Mainly Due to massive production of SPV in China

Basic Features of Solar pV pV systems have no fuel requirement in

remote areas diesel or kerosene fuel supplies are erratic and often very expensive. The recurrent costs of operating and maintaining pV systems are small.

pV systems are modular – A solar array is composed of individual pV moduels so each system can be sized to meet the particular demand.

pV systems can be used to improve quality of life - for example the provision of lighting in a rural school allows evening educational or community activities. Refrigeration at a health centre improves effectiveness of immunization programmes.

pV Systems are highly reliable – the reliability of pV systems are significantly higher that of diesel or any similar generators

pV Systems are easy to maintain – Operation and routing maintenance requirements are simple.

pV modules have long life – There is little degradation in performance of over 15 yrs.

pV systems provide national economic benefits – Reliance on imported fuel such as coal and oil is reduced.

pV systems are environmentally begin – There is no harmful pollution through the use of a pV system.

Pv systems are economically viable – On a life cycle cost basis and taking into consideration the higher reliability of PV many small scale applications can be more economically powered by PV than with diesel systems or some other small systems.

Applications of Photovoltaics

RURAL ELECTRIFICATION(EITHER GRID CONNECTED OR OFF GRID)

SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS (SHS) WATER PUMPING AND TREATMENT

SYSTEMS HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS COMMUNICATIONS MID SEA BUOYS CATHODIC PROTECTION

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• grid )

Solar cell capacity: 3.4kWWind Power capacity: 1.8kW Inverter capacity: 5kVA

Stationary power station (Off grid or mini grid)

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• Stationary power station (Grid connected )

Site: Funafuti TuvaluInstallation: Feb. in 2008Capacity: 40kWPurpose: Grid connected power supply for fuel conservation

and CO2 reduction.

Solar array

Solar arraySolar array

Solar array

Controller

Light

Storage battery

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• Roof top of school ,community-center building.(For education and emergency power)

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Roof top of residence ( Grid connected )

Most popular installation style in Japan.(Almost 85% PV in Japan )

Owner can sell excess power to power utility.

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Distant and independent power supply ( Off grid )

Relay station on top of mountain

Advertising sign beside highway

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Solar Home Systems in remote locations

• Mountain lodge ( Off grid )

1.2kW system

Inverter and controller

Technical Comparison of off grid energy System

Off Grid Systems – Diesel Generators Advantages Widespread Operating and maintenance experience Moderate capital cost Easy to install Can be a combined power supply for additional uses Disadvantages Creates noise and fume pollution Requires a reliable fuel supply High running costs High maint. Costs Low operating efficiency

Automotive Battery RechargingAdvantages Low capital cost Easy to install Batteries locally available Disadvantages Relies on transportation to charging

centres High charging fees often apply Short battery life times

Photo – Voltaics High reliability Low maintenance requirements Low running costs Suited to most locations Long life expectancy for main components Involves the introduction of a new and poorly

understood technology High capital cost Not physically robust so vulnerable to damage Specialized batteries not widely available

Micro Hydro Systems Uses simple engineering principles hence widely

accepted technology Locally available skills only required for most applications Robust machinery used Most village level and local technicians can do

maintenance Relatively high capital cost Generation depends on availability of water Control gear may require sophisticated components Conflicting water users may hinder total potential

unlisation

Solar PV is a very good substitute

for Kerosene lighting !