nghien cuu su mon hong cua choong khoan
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n tt nghip Trng i hc M - a cht
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M U
Cng nghip du kh l ngnh kinh t mi nhn v non tr ca t
nc ta. Sn lng du th khai thc t m Bch H khng ngng tng, cngvi sn lng t cc m v ang c pht hin nh m i Hng, Rng,
Rng ng ng gp mt phn khng nh cho s pht trin ca nn
kinh t quc dn. Ngoi t thu v cho t nc t vic sut khu du th
t hn 1 t USD/nm. N hn vo nhng con s thng k ta thy c s pht
trin vt bc ca ngnh cng nghip du kh trong iu kin c s vt cht
v trang thit b phc v cho cng tc tm kim, thm d v khai thc du kh
cn nhiu hn ch so vi cc nc khc trong khu vc v trn th gii
khng nh c s trng thnh ca ngnh trong thi gian qua.
t c nhng mc tiu ra th nhim v cp bch ca ngnh
du kh l tip tc y mnh cng tc tm kim thm d cc b trm tch v
khn trng a cc m pht hin tr lng thng mi vo khai thc, y
l mt thch thc ln i vi ngnh, l biu hin tp trung cao v u t (
hng t USD) thc hin mt khi lng cng vic khng l m thc t
chng ta mi tin hnh c mt phn trong nhng nm va qua.
Mt khc do iu kin a cht c th ca vng m, ch yu du kh
c khai thc t tng mng su ln c nhit v p sut cao. Cho nn
vic tin hnh khoan cc l khoan thm d v khai thc du kh gp khng tkh khn phc tp, i hi phi c trnh khoa hc k thut cao cng vi
trang thit b hin i nng cao tc khoan nhm tng hiu qu v rt
ngn thi gian thi cng. Mt trong nhng dng c khoan quan trng quyt
nh n s thnh cng ca qu trnh khoan l chong khoan. Trong nhng
nm gn y bn v tui th ca chong khoan c tng ln ng k
do s dng ngy cng rng ri cc loi chong kiu mi c gn rng hp kim
cng v vt liu siu cng cho hiu qu khoan cao.
Chong chp xoay l loi dng c ph hy t ch yu thi cng
cc ging khoan tm kim, thm d v khai thc du kh, trong loi chongba chp xoay t ra hiu qu hn c, chim khong 86% - 95% khi lng cc
chong khoan c s dng trong ngnh du kh. Trc y ta thng dng
cc loi chong khoan do Lin X (c) sn sut, nhng nhng nm gn y
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s dng rng ri cc loi chong khoan ca M, Php, N ht N hn chung
cc loi chong ca M t ra u vit hn chong khoan ca N ga song khng
n nh bng: C chong khoan c 600m n 800m, c chong ch khoan
c 50m n 70m. L do chnh l cc nh sn xut chong khoan cha c
nhng thit k ph hp vi iu kin a cht v thi cng ti vng m ca
nc ta, ng thi vic la chn chong khoan nc ta cng cha c c
s khoa hc v thc tin. V vy, vic nh gi hiu qu lm vic ca chong
khoan chp xoay c th s dng chng mt cch hp l l nhim v cp
bch hng u nhm nng cao hiu qu khoan, gim gi thnh khoan thm d
v khai thc du kh Vit N am.
L sinh vin thuc b mn Thit b Du kh v Cng trnh, khoa Du
Kh, trng i Hc M - a Cht H N i sau mt thi gian hc tp vnghin cu ti trng cng nh c thc tp ti X nghip khoan v sa
ging ca Vietsovpetro, c s hng dn nhit tnh ca thy N guyn Vn
Gip em quyt nh chn ti:
ghin cu s mn ca chong khoan trong khoan du kh.
Tnh ton s dng hp l chong khoan .
N him v ca ti trc ht l gii thiu s b v chng loi cng
nh cu to ca mt s loi chong . Tng hp, phn tch l thuyt v thc t
v chong chp xoay nh gi hiu qu lm vic ca chong , t lm c
s cho vic la chn chong khoan thch hp vi iu kin a cht v k
thut c th ca nc ta nhm t nng sut khoan cao, tit kim chi ph, h
gi thnh khoan.
Cu trc ti bao gm phn m u, 4 chng ni dung, phn kt
lun, ti liu tham kho, c trnh by trong 84 trang vi 14 bng biu, 42
hnh v. ti c hon thnh ti trng i hc M - a Cht di s
hng dn ca thy guyn Vn Gip- B mn Thit b Du kh v Cng
trnh.
Tc gi xin by t lng bit n su sc v li cm n chn thnh tithy gio guyn Vn Gip- B mn Thit b Du kh v cng trnh, cng
cc anh ch thuc x nghip khoan v sa ging ca Vietsovpetro, cc thy c
gio trong b mn Thit b Du kh v Cng trnh, b mn Khoan Khai
thc, b mn C kh, b mn My Thit b M trng i Hc M - a
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Cht H N i cng ton th cc bn sinh vin gip tc gi hon thnh tt
ti ny.
Trong qu trnh lm ti, do mc tm hiu mi dng nguyn l,
ti liu cng cn hn ch v cha c trc tip s dng trong thc t nn
ti cn nhiu thiu st. Rt mong c s gp ca cc thy c v cc bn
ng nghip.
Xin chn thnh cm n !
H ni, thng 5 nm 2011
Sinh vin thc hin
guyn Vn Hi
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CHG 1
TG QUA V S DG CHOG KHOA
VIETSOVPeTRO
1.1. Cc loi chong thng c s dng Vietsovpetro
1.1.1. Tng quan v chong khoan
Chong khoan l mt dng c khoan, l b phn c lp t di
cng ca t hp thit b y vi chc nng chnh l ph hy t to
thnh l khoan phc v cho cng tc tm kim thm d v khai thc cc
khong sn c ch trong v tri t.
Trong cng tc khoan thm d v khai thc du kh th chong khoan
ng 1 vai tr quan trng quyt nh n thnh cng ca qu trnh khoan.
Chnh v vy m vic la chn s dng chong khoan 1 cch hp l v c
hiu qu c quan tm ng mc trong cng tc khoan.
1. Chong khoan
2. Cn nng
3. Cn khoan
4. ng chng5. Gi ng cn
6. i p
7. Thp khoan
8. Sn khoan
9. Rng rc tnh
10. Cp khoan
11. Bn xoay
12. Ti khoan
13. My bm14.My pht in
Deleted: m
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Hnh 1.1. V tr ca chong khoan trong t hp thit b khoan
V mt cu trc th chong khoan u gm 3 b phn chnh l : Phn
hot ng, b phn dn dung dch v phn lp ni. Ring i vi loi chong
chp xoay th cn c thm b phn c th l h thng ta ca chp xoay.
- Phn lp ni: L b phn ni chong khoan vi phn di ca ct
cn khoan v chuyn nng lng cn thit cho phn hot ng thng qua cc
u ni trc tip bng ren, c th l ren ngoi hoc ren trong ty theo kch
thc ca chong. N u chong c kch thc ln th ni bng ren trong cn
chong c kch thc nh th ni bng ren ngoi
- Phn hot ng: L phn tc dng trc tip vi t ph hy,
chng c th lm bng rng dng nm li ct, rng hp kim cng nh hnh,
hoc bng ht kim cngChng c b tr theo cc mt tip xc vi yv thnh l khoan nhm to cho l khoan c hnh dng v ng knh nht
nh. c tnh v nguyn tc ca phn hot ng ph thuc vo t .
- H thng dn dung dch: L khong trng gia cc thn chong cng
vi cc l dn cht lng xung y c b tr vi tc dng gii phng mn
khoan, lm sch y l khoan ng thi c tc dng lm mt chong khoan.
N u nh tc dng cht lng i qua khi vi di 70m/s c xem l h
thng ra thng, vi dn lin vi thn chong. Cn vi dng cht lng i
qua khi vi tng ln t 70-130m/s c gi l mi khoan kiu vi phun, lc
vi c ch to t vt liu bn mn nh hp kim gm, thp gi,thnhmt chi tit ring c th thay th c .
Trong thc t ca cng tc khoan hin nay ti Vietsovpetro ph bin nht
l 3 loi chong khoan c s dng l :
Chong khoan dng li ct: Dng khoan t mm do, lm
vic theo nguyn l ct - v.
Chong khoan dng hp kim cng hoc chong kim cng : Dng
khoan t t cng n rt cng, lm vic theo nguyn l mi-ct-v.
Chong khoan chp xoay: C th s dng vi nhiu loi t khc
nhau t mm n cng, lm vic theo nguyn l p-v.
Sau y ta s trnh by c th hn v tng loi chong.
1.1.2. Cc loi chong thng c s dng Vietsovptro
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1.1.2.1. Chong khoan li ct
c ch to theo kiu 2 hoc 3 li ct, k hiu 2L, 3L. Chng gm
thn pha trn c u ni ren v phn di l cc li ct. Pha trc ca li
ct u c l thot cht lng ra sch y l khoan trong qu trnh khoan.
Thn v li ct c ch to t thp hp kim yu hoc trung bnh theo
phng php rn hoc dp. Ring mi khoan 2L c thn v li ct c ch
to lin nhau cn loi 3L thn c ch to ri sau li ct c hn vo
cch nhau 1200. tng cng bn cho li ct th mt trc v mt bn
c khm hp kim cng dng bt hoc dng tm kiu cc bt vonfram ti
mt chiu cao no .
N goi ra mi khoan li ct cn c h thng thot nc ra c tc dng
hng dng cht lng t cn khoan chy trc tip ln y khong cch 2/3bn knh t tm mi khoan vi mc ch m bo lch dng chy v mt
trc ca li ct ra sch y v lm mt li ct.
Loi mi khoan 2L cn c gi l mi khoan ui c thng c ng
knh t 76-161(mm ) hoc ln hn khoan trong t mm v thng
khng c dng trong khoan tua bin v m men ph hy ln.
4
3
2
1
Hnh v 1.2. Chong khoan 2 li ct
( 1- Thn chong; 2 - Cnh; 3 - Rng; 4 - Tm ct)
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Loi mi khoan 3L (hoc nhiu hn) tuy c gi thnh ch to cao hn
loi 2L nhng c u vit hn do to s nh tm tt, c bn mn cao hn,
c th khoan vi cc cp ng knh ln hn t 120-750 mm. Chnh v vy
m mi khoan cn c gia c bng hp kim cng vi chiu dy c th ti
1,5mm. N goi ra cn ch to loi li khoan 3L dng trong cng tc khoan
ly mu vi cht lng m bo.
1.1.2.2. Chong khoan hp kim v chong khoan kim cng
*Chong khoan hp kim
c s dng khoan hiu qu i vi cc tng t c nhiu xen kp
cng v mi mn. N guyn l ph hy ca mi khoan l mi-ct, chnh s lm
vic c hiu qu ca loi chong khoan ny thc y qu trnh nghin cu
hon thin cu trc ca chong khoan hp kim. in hnh l loi DIR( caN ga ), t 1 thn c ngi ta hn vo 6 li ct c cc mp ct b tr chiu
cao khc nhau so vi y, do chng ln lt c tham gia vo qu trnh
ph hy t , khi cc mp di mn ht th c cc mp trn thay th. Cc
li ct c gn rng hp kim cng hnh tr, cc rng c p thnh tng
hng sao cho cc hng tip theo cao hn hng trc n khong 1/3 chiu cao
ca rng, mt sau v mt bn (phn doa thnh ) cng nh gia cc rng
phn trc u c gia c bng hp kim cng.
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Hnh 1.3. Chong khoan hp kim
( 1- Thn c; 2- Khun u; 3- Rng ct )
Qu trnh lm sch y l khoan c tin hnh thng qua 4 vi phun
bng hp kim gm, trong c 1 vi phn b gia v 3 vi cn li c
phn b u gia cc li ct khong cch 2/3 bn knh t tm chong m
bo cho qu trnh lm sch y c hon ton.
N goi ra cn 1 s loi chong c cu trc c bit khi cc rng
c b tr thnh 3 hoc 4 mc chiu cao v t ra c hiu qu i vi t
mm v trung bnh.
* Chong khoan kim cng
Chong khoan kim cng lm vic theo nguyn l ct-v, c dng
khoan trong t t trung bnh n rt cng, c th khoan c c l khoanthng ng v nh hng. Dng c cho tt c cc phng php khoan c
bit l khoan tua bin v t c vn tc quay cao. N u s dng chong kim
cng 1 cch hp l th n cho nhng ch tiu khoan tt, c th l tin
khoan cao, gim c thi gian ko th, gim c cong trong khoan nh
hng. Tuy nhin, vic s dng chong ny ch yu ph thuc tnh cht ca
t v tnh ton kinh t.
Cu trc ca chong khoan kim cng gm phn thn, li thp, khun
u v kim cng.
- Thn c ch to t thp hp kim kt cu hoc l thp crom 40X vihm lng cc bon 0,3-0,4%, phn trn c tin ren ni vi cn khoan .
- Khun u l ni gn kt ca cc ht kim cng v b tr cc rnh
thot nc, n l b phn quan trng nht ca chong khoan. Vt liu v cht
lng ca khun u quyt nh n hiu qu hot ng ca chong kim
cng. Chnh v vy m khun u phi c gin n nhit ging nh kim
cng v c mn t l vi kim cng. N u khun u mm qu s mn
nhanh dn n hin tng kim cng d b trc, ri. N u khun u cng qu
s lm cho kim cng kh nh ln mt ca chong khoan tham gia vo
qu trnh ph hy.
Hin nay khun u c ch to t vt liu c s l bt cacbit volfam
v 1 cht chy, sau khi nung nng trong kh tr mt hp kim theo yu cu,
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cc cht chy thng dng nht l N i, Mn, Co, Mo. Ty theo t l ca cht
chy m ta c th thay i c cng ca khun u.
1. u ni
2.Thn
3. Rnh thot
4. Khun u
5,7. Rng ct
6. Vi phun
8. Gc thot dungdch
Hnh 1.4. Cu to chong kim cng(PDC)Bng 1.1. Cc thng s thit k cho mt s loi chong kim cng ( Hughes
tool company)
M IADC M142 M342 M132 M133 M333 M433 M122
S li ct 4 6 5 4 8 10 4
S vi phun 4 4 4 - 6 4 6 8 4
ng knh 63/4 11-12 12-14 63/4
B mt ca khun u c hnh dng khc nhau to nn do cc rnh
thot nc c mt tip xc vi t , c th l rnh xon hoc rnh qut
hng tm. Thng qua cc rnh xon ny m cht lng c hng t cn
khoan ra khong khng vnh xuyn. Trong thi gian gn y ngi ta cn
Formatted:Centered
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thit k cu trc rnh thot nc bo m lm sch, lm mt tt nhng khng
gy si l kim cng, chiu di v hnh dng phi la chn sao cho vi tc
chy nh th no vn m bo c 1 s gim p trn mi khoan khong 15-
30KG/cm2. N goi ra cn cc rnh chy qua thn hng trc tip cht lng ln
mt hot ng.
- Phn hot ng ca mi khoan l kim cng dng ht hoc dng bt.
S phn b kim cng trn khun u c th theo cc s khc nhau nh:
xon, bn c, hng tmTy theo tnh cht t , h thng dn nc, kch
thc hnh dng, loi kim cng m b tr nh ca ht trn mt khun l
1/3-1/8 kch thc ht. Vic sp sp ht kim cng trn 1 chong khoan cng
khc nhau, chng hn mt trc phn b cc ht c kch thc t 0,2-0,34
cara, cn cc mt bn v cn pha trong th c ht nh hn t 0,1-0,25cara.
Chong khoan kim cng c ch to theo cc phng php khc
nhau nh: khm, c v luyn kim bt
+ Khm l phng php luyn c in hin nay t c s dng, ch
yu dng ch to cc kiu mi khoan ly mu. Trn mt ca khun u
c c sn cc l sau khm ht kim cng v theo phng php th
cng.
+ Phng php c c s dng ch to chong khoan, nh cc
khun c c th bng than ch, khi cc ht kim cng s c sp sptheo s nht nhv rt hp kim nh vo sau c gn vi li v thn
chong.
+ Phng php luyn kim bt c tin hnh bng cch gn cc ht kim
cng theo s vo mt khun sau hn hp bt carbit volfram.
+ Phng php mi nht hin nay l thm nhim c tin hnh bng
cch t kim cng vo khun v hn hp bt carbit volfram vo, tip l
ph ln trn n bt hp kim lin kt c nhit nng chy thp hn ri tin
hnh p v nung, khi hp kim lin kt s chy v thm vo bt vt liu c
s ri lin kt chng li vi nhau to thnh khi thng nht.
Phm vi s dng ca chong kim cng c s dng trong nhiu loi
t khc nhau: mm, trung bnh, cng vi cng dng khc nhau: ph ton
y hoc ly mu. Cc ch tiu k thut ca mi khoan lin quan n tnh cht
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ca t v ch khoan l: cng v bn mi ca khun u, ht,
s phn b v nh ca kim cng cng nh h thng thot nc ra.
+ i vi mm: S dng loi chong c gn ht kim cng ln.
Rnh thot nc kch thc ln, hng tm phn b xen k ng u gia
cc hng kim cng.
+ i vi trung bnh v cng nhng khng mi mn th s dng
loi chong c gn ht kim cng t 6 n 8 ht/cara v mt u c bc cho
php lm mt tt nht cc ht kim cng. Chong khoan loi ny c s
dng cho hiu qu tt nht trong cc va macma, dolomite, anhydrite, sa thch
mm
+ i vi cng mi mn th khun u cn phi rt cng, gm 6-9
rnh thot nc dng xon, ty theo yu cu m ch to nhiu kiu cu trckhc nhau.
Hn ch ca chong kim cng l s dng khng t hiu qu cao trong
t cng cng vi nt n, v chng c th lm cho ht kim cng b va p
mnh. Cc loi t cha la hoc pirit lm gim tui th ca chong
kim cng, v khi cc mnh vn bt ra s ln di chong v ph hng cc
ht kim cng.
Hnh 1.5. Cu to chong kim cng t nhin
( 1-u ni; 2-Thn; 3-Rnh thot dung dch;4-Khun u;
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5- ng dn dung dch ra khi chong )
Hnh 1.6. Mt ct chong kim cng
Bng 1.2. Cc b phn chong khoan kim cng
STT Tn STT Tn
1 u mi khoan 9 ng ra ca dung dchkhoan
2 Cnh mi khoan 10 Rng ct
3 ng knh 11 Vi phun
4N i ghi cc s liu, ng knh,
ren, s l sn xut12 Li ct
5 Ren API 13 Rnh thot dung dch
6 u ni 14 Rnh thot dung dch
7 Thn 15 Khun u ( ni gn kimcng )
8 Matrix 16ng ra ca dung dch
khoan
1.1.2.3. Chong khoan chp xoay
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Chong khoan chp xoay l 1 dng c cng ngh thi cng cc
ging khoan tm kim thm d v khai thc cc khong sn c ch. Chong
chp xoay a vo s dng t nhng nm u th k 19 v c dng
rng ri trong cng ngh khoan du kh v cho hiu qu tt. Hin nay gn
95% s mt khoan du kh u s dng chong chp xoay. So vi cc loi
chong khoan khc th chong chp xoay c u im l:
Tuy c din tch tip xc vi y l khoan nh hn nhiu (so vi
chong cnh dt) nhng di mt lm vic li ln hn v vy hiu sut ph
hy cao hn.
Do c cu to c bit, cc chp xoay ln trn t trong qu trnh
ph hy nn rng chong t b mi mn hn.
ph hy t cn m men quay nh hn v vy hn ch c hintng kt chong trong qu trnh khoan.
c trng ca loi chong l s chuyn ng tng i ca phn hot
ng ( rng chong ) so vi thn to ra cho n c 3 bc t do l quay v
tnh tin theo trc mi khoan, ng thi cn thc hin cc chuyn ng quay
quanh trc ca chp xoay. Trong thc t c th ch to theo phng n
chong 1 chp xoay v nhiu chp xoay khoan ly mu hoc ph hy y.
Hnh dng ca chp c th l n cn hoc a cn, y l 1 c cu rt phc
tp gm nhiu khu c kch thc ng v gc lin quan cht ch vi nhau,
l 1 trong nhng mt hng c kh i hi cng ngh gia cng kh khn vphc tp nht.
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Hnh 1.7. Chong khoan chp xoay
( 1- Chong rng phay, 2- Chong rng nh)
Bng 1.3. Cc thng s k thut c bn ca chong chp xoay
Loi chong AIDCTi trng cho php
( lb/in )
S vng quay
( vg/ph )
ATM-1 116 2000-5000 300-80
ATM-G1(S) 117 2000-5000 300-80
ATM-G3 137 2000-5000 300-80
ATM-05 417 2000-5000 280-70
ATJ-55A 637 3000-6000 70-35
ATJ-77 737 3000-6000 65-35
ATJ-99 837 4000-6500 55-30
MAX-G3 135 1000-4000 350-80
MAX-05 415 1000-3500 350-80
JG2 127 2000-5500 150-70
J3 136 2000-6000 120-60
JG3 137 2000-6000 120-60
JG4 217 3000-7000 90-50
J7 316 3000-7500 80-50
S80F 417 1000-5000 160-70
Hughes tool company)
1.1.2.4. Cc loi Chong c bit
Chong u nhn: Dng khoan chuyn ng knh t ln sang nh,
khoan ph nt xi mng trong ng chng, khoan cu s c.
Chong lch tm: Dng khoan m l nhnh trong trng hp cn c l
khoan ng knh ln hn ng knh cho.
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Chong li xon: Dng khoan xin ging khoan trong trng hp
khoan bng phng php khoan roto c s dng mng nghing.
Chong doa rng: L chong dng m rng ng knh thn l
khoan. Thng c hai loi, loi c cnh doa trong t mm, loi c cu
to chp xoay doa trong t cng.
Chong khoan ly mu: L loi chong ph hy t y theo hnh
vnh khn st thnh l khoan li mu li gia. Chong ly mu c nhiu
kiu cu trc khc nhau, loi li ct kim cng, loi bn chp xoay c
cng khc nhau ph hp vi nhiu loi t khc nhau.
Hnh 1.8. Cc loi chong c bit
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( 1- Chong u nhn; 2- Chong lch tm; 3- Chong doa
4- Chong xon; 5- Chong ly mu)
1.2. hng kt qu t c v 1 s tn ti
1.2.1. Kt qu
Vietsovpetro l X nghip Lin doanh u tin ca Vit N am vi nc
ngoi trong lnh vc du kh v l mt biu tng ca tnh Hu ngh Vit
N am - Lin Bang N ga.
X nghip Lin doanh du kh Vit -X c thnh lp trn c s cc
Hip nh Vit - X v hp tc thm d, khai thc du kh trn thm lc a
Vit N am k ngy 03/07/1980 v Hip nh Lin Chnh ph Vit N am - Lin
X k ngy 19/06/1981 v vic thnh lp Lin doanh du kh Vit - X.
Trong gn 30 nm hot ng, Viesovpetro kho st 115.000 kilmttuyn a chn, trong c 71.000 kilmt tuyn a chn khng gian 3
chiu.
khoan 368 ging, bao gm 61 ging khoan tm kim, thm d v 307
ging khoan khai thc.
Ti hai m Bch H v m Rng, xy dng trn 40 cng trnh bin
trong c cc cng trnh ch y nh: 12 gin khoan-khai thc c nh, 10
gin nh, 02 gin cng ngh trung tm, 02 gin nn kh, 04 gin duy tr p
sut va, 03 trm rt du khng bn.
Tt c cc cng trnh c kt ni thnh mt h thng ng ng ngmni m lin m di trn 400 killomet.
t c mc tiu ra th nhim v cp bch ca ngnh du kh
l tip tc y mnh cng tc tm kim thm d du kh cc b trm tch v
khn trng a cc m pht hin tr lng thng mi vo khai thc, y
l mt thch thc ln i vi ngnh, l biu hin s tp trung cao v u t
hng t USD thc hin mt khi lng cng vic khng l m thc t
chng ta mi tin hnh c mt phn trong nhng nm qua.
Mt khc do iu kin a cht c th ca vng m, ch yu du kh
c khai thc tng mng su c nhit v p sut cao. Cho nn vic
tin hnh khoan cc l khoan thm d v khai thc du kh gp khng t kh
khn phc tp, i hi phi c trnh khoa hc k thut cao cng vi trang
thit b hin i nng cao tc khoan nhm tng hiu qu v rt ngn thi
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gian thi cng. Mt trong nhng dng c quan trng quyt nh n s thnh
cng ca qu trnh khoan l chong khoan. Trong nhng nm gn y
bn v tui th ca chong khoan c tng ln ng k do s dng ngy
cng rng ri cc loi chong kiu mi c gn rng hp kim cng v vt liu
siu cng cho hiu qu khoan cao.
N h gii thiu phn mt th c nhiu loi chong c s dng
ph hy t . N hng chong chp xoay l loi c s dng nhiu nht v
n c hiu qu hn c, chim khong 86%- 95% khi lng cc chong
khoan c s dng. Trc y thng s dng cc loi do Lin X sn xut,
nhng nhng nm gn y ta s dng rng ri cc loi chong khoan ca
M, Php, N htN hn chung cc loi chong ca M hiu qu hn ca N ga
nhng khng n nh: C chong khoan c 600m n 800m, c chong chkhoan c 50-70m.
T nhng mt khoan u tin n nay x nghip Vietsovptro khoan
thm d v khai thc hng ngn ki l mt di lng t. Khai thc hng triu
thng du v kh s dng cho ni a v sut khu thu v ngun ngoi t di
do, ng vai tr ln cho s nghip pht trin kinh t t nc.
Trong cng tc khoan th thi gian nng th b khoan c chim n 40%
tng thi gian khoan. V vy rt ngn thi gian nng th l yu t lun c
quan tm. n nay nhiu cng ngh mi c ci tin, cc loi chong
c sn xut vi cng ngh hin i hn tng bn nhit, mi mn gp phn rt ngn thi gian cht trong qu trnh nng th do t phi thay
chong. N h s ng dng ca mt s loi chong kim cng..vv..
S ng dng ca nhiu cng ngh mi trong thm dm kho st a cht
gip tm hiu ng hn v cu trc a tng t ti vng khoan. T c
th phn loi la chn chong khoan ph hp vi tng loi a tng c th
gip rt ngn thi gian khoan, gim ri ro cho chong, tng tui th lm vic.
Hin nay nhiu loi chong vi cu to v vt liu mi c ng dng
nhiu hn nng cao hiu qu cng tc khoan. Khoan cc ging su hn vi
cc loi chong c gia c bng cc loi vt liu cng, chu nhit chng mi
mn nh kim cng, gip rt ngn thi gian nng th.
1.2.2. hng tn ti
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Hin ti cng tc khoan thm d v khai thc du kh ca Vit N am ch
yu c thc hin trong vng thm lc a tri di trong c nc. C rt
nhiu cc cng ty trong v ngoi nc tin hnh khoan cc ging khoan
thm d v khai thc du kh, c ging khoan t ti chiu su trn 5000m.
Tuy c nhiu s tin b trong cng tc khoan v thm d du kh nhng bn
cnh vn cn mt s tn ti.
Trong qu trnh thi cng cc ging khoan vic s dng chong khoan
cha c quan tm ng mc dn n hiu sut lm vic ca chong cha
cao, c rt nhiu nguyn nhn khch quan cng nh ch quan lm gim hiu
sut ca chong. Cho nn ti mt s cng trnh khoan xy ra s lng ph
ln trong vic s dng chong khoan lm cho gi thnh khoan tng cao.
Trc khi tin hnh khoan th cng tc la chn chong khoan cha ththp l, bi v bn thn chng ta cha ch to c chong khoan m phi
mua t cc cng ty ca nc ngoi cho nn cc chng loi ca chong khoan
cha tht ph hp vi c im a cht v iu kin lm vic ca Vit N am
v du ch yu c khai thc t tng mng c nhit v p sut cao, iu
kin lm vic ngoi bin rt phc tp v kh khn.
Trong qu trnh khoan th trc khi tin hnh th chong cha kim tra
k tnh trng lm vic ca chong dn n mt s chong c ko ln sm
v b s c. Sau khi ko chong ln th vic nh gi chat lng ca chong (
tnh trng mn, d v hng ) cha c quan tm ng mc. Cho nn victm ra nguyn nhn ti sao gy ra s c hng chong khng c thc hin
nghim tc lm c s khoa hc v thc tin trong vic la chn chong
khoan cho cc ging khoan tip theo.
t c v tn ti ci g? Chng ny ang ni v tng quan s dng
choong, vy, kt lun v vic s dng n ti Vietsov ch
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CHG 2
CU TO V GUY L PH HY CA
CHOG KHOA
2.1. Phn loi chong Cu to v nguyn l ph hy th cn g phn loi?
Phn tng quan v s dng choong ti Vietsov c nu cc loi choong ri,
khng cn nu li phn loi na.
2.1.1. Phn loi chung
Do tnh cht a dng ca cng tc khoan, tnh cht c l ca t vcc yu cu trong qu trnh thi cng m chong khoan c ch to theo
nhiu cch khc nhau. Chnh v vy m vic phn loi chong khoan cng
da trn nhiu quan im khc nhau nh: mc ch khoan, nguyn l ph hy
t , hnh dng cu trc ca chong, tnh cht ca t tt c h thng
phn loi ny u ph thuc ln nhau v khng c 1 thang phn loi no
chim d c v tr ch o. Diu quan trng nht l ngi s dng phi
chn c loi chong khoan ph hp vi iu kin khoan c th p ng c
v mt kinh t cng nh k thut ca cng tc khoan. Hin nay c th phn
loi chong khoan theo 1 s quan im sau:2.1.1.1. Theo mc ch ca cng tc khoan
Li khoan ly mu: Dng cho cng tc khoan thm d kho st vi
mc ch ly c mu trong qu trnh khoan phn tch theo yu cu ca
cng tc khoan.
Chong khoan ph y: Ton b t y l khoan s b chong ph
hy hon ton to thnh ging khoan.
N hng loi chong khoan c cng dng c bit nh chong dng
doa rng thnh l khoan, chong dng khoan nh hng, chong dng
cu cha s c, ph cu xi mng
2.1.1.2. Theo nguyn l ph hy t
Di tc dng ca chong khoan t b ph hy theo nhng nguyn l
ph hy khc nhau v c cc loi chong tng ng:
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Chong khoan kiu p - v: in hnh cho loi ny l chong khoan
chp xoay. t b ph hy di tc dng ca lc p v xoay.
Chong khoan kiu ct - v: t b ph hy di tc dng ch yu
ca lc ct v in hnh trong nhm ny l chong cnh.
Chong khoan kiu mi - ct: Ch yu trong nhm ny l li khoan
c gn hp kim cng hoc ht kim cng c kh nng chu mi mn cao.
2.1.1.3. Theo hnh dng cu trc
Chong cnh: c khoan trong t mm, b ri.
Chong chp xoay: c dng khoan trong t t trung bnh n
cng.
Chong kim cng: c dng khoan trong t cng.
2.1.1.4. Theo tnh cht c l ca t Do t c cng khc nhau cho nn ngi ta cng ch to ra cc
loi chong tng ng cho ph hp vi tng loi t nh: chong mm,
chong cng, chong trung bnh v cc loi chong trung gian k cn. N goi
ra cn c loi chong chu mi mn v chong t chu mi mn.
2.1.2. Phn loi theo IADC
c im cu to ca chong khoan chp xoay c trng bi ng
knh, hnh dnh, kiu dng, kiu rng, kiu v c cu bi trn. V vy,
cc hng ch to chong khoan cc nc u c cc k hiu ring cho
chong ca mnh v do i vi cng mt loi t m c nhiu kiu khiu chong khc nhau.
N m 1972 Hip hi Quc t cc nh thu khoan ( vit tt ting anh
IADC ) thng nht xy dng 1 bng phn loi i vi cc chong khoan.
N i dung ch yu ca bng phn loi ny l mi chong s c k hiu bng
3 ch s v mt ch ci. V d 123A.
- Ch s u tin c nh s t 1 n 8: Cung cp thng tin v kiu b
phn ct : kiu rng, cng, mi mn, v sc chu nn.
S 1,2,3 : Chong rng phay bng thp, c s dng khoan a
tng mm(1), trung bnh(2), n cng (3).
S 4,5,6,7,8 : Chong rng nh, rng cacbit vonfram, khoan trong t
c cng tng dn (t 4-mm n 8-rt cng ).
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- Ch s th 2 : c nh s t 1n 4: Ch cng ca loi t
thch hp khoan c hiu qu, t mm(1) n rt cng(4).
S 1: t mm
S 2: t mm n trung bnh
S 3: t cng
S 4: t rt cng
- Ch s th 3 c nh s t 1 n 7: Quy nh loi v mc
bo v thn chp xoay.
S 1: bi a, h, khng bo v thn chp xoay, thng c ng
knh calip bng ng knh chong.
S 2: bi a, h, khng bo v. Dng c c thit k khoan
thi kh (trn thc t hu ht dng c khoan thi kh c bo v chng nmn nhng tr trng hp ny ).
S 3: bi a, h, c bo v calip chng n mn. Thng l
chong c ng knh 12.1/4.
S 4: bi a, kn, khng c bo v calip. Rt him gp loi ny,
khng thc t .
S 5: bi a, kn, c bo v calip (c s dng nhiu ).
S 6: trc ma st, kn, khng bo v calip (him gp, ko thc t,
c thit k khoan trong thi gian di )
S 7: trc ma st ,kn ,c bo v calip (ng dng thc t nhiu ).- K hiu cc ch ci: Cc ch ci quy nh cc chc nng m rng ca
chong khoan.
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Bng 2.1. Bng cc ch ci trong h thng phn loi chong chp xoay
STTCh
ciCc chc nng m rng
1 A Thit k c bc v vi phun ra bng kh
2 B ln c bit
3 C Chong c vi phun trung tm
4 D Kim sot lch chong
5 E Vi phun ko di hn bnh thng
6 G Chng mi mn ng knh v thn chong
7 H Thit k dnh cho khoan nganh hoc khoan nh hng
8 M Chong thch hp dng cho ng c y
9 S Rng phay dng chun
10 T Chong hai chp xoay
11 W Rng chng mi mn
12 X Rng nh dng c
13 Y Rng nh dng nn
14 Z Rng nh dng khc
V d 1: C 1 chong khoan vi k hiu IADC nh sau 737Y . Yu cu
chng ta c v hiu ngha cc con s nh sau :
Ch s u tin 7 (7>3) : Chong kiu rng nh
Ch s th hai 3 : Chong c kh nng khoan nhng thnh h cng ,n
mn trung bnh v n mn .
Ch s th ba 7 : Dng trc ma st v c bo v calip
Ch ci Y : Rng nh dng nn
2.2. Cu to chung chong chp xoayChong chp xoay c cu to bng 3 phn chnh l: thn chong,
phn lm vic, h thng bi trn( nu c), b phn ta v h thng dn
nc ra:
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- Thn chong c ch to bng thp hp kim theo hai kiu: thn ri v
thn lin:
Loi thn lin: Thn chong c c lin khi sau hn cc chn
vo( trn c np cc chp xoay, trong thn chong c hn 1 tm c cc
l hng dng nc ra theo yu cu, pha trn ca thn chong l phn u
ni c tin ren cn bn trong ni vi cn khoan, chong nhm ny
thng c ng knh 354 490mm.
Loi thn ri: Thn chong c hnh thnh bng cch hn cc chn
chong li vi nhau, trn c np cc chp xoay v c l thot nc ra,
u trn ca chong c tin ren ngoi ni vi cn khoan, loi thn ri
thng c ng knh 76 320mm.
- Phn lm vic ( bao gm chp xoay, cc rng ca chp xoay), bn trongl cc ng ln ngoi ca ta, cc rng c xp thnh tng hng vng
quanh cc chp xoay. Cc rng ca chp xoay ny xen k vi cc rng ca
chp xoay bn cnh. Cc rng bng thp c phay ngay trn chp xoay hoc
bng cacbua volfram nh vo cc l trn b mt cc chp.
1. Chp xoay 1
2. Chp xoay 2
3. Chp xoay 3
4. Hng rng ngoi
5. Sng rng nh
6. Hng rng nh
Hnh 2.1. B phn rng ct
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Trong qu trnh lm vic th chp xoay va quay quanh trc ca
chong v t quay quanh trc ca chp ng thi b trt khi quay nn va
c tc dng p va c tc dng ct hu hiu vi t mm.
- B phn ta gm cc vng bi cu hoc bi a v vng trt. Ty
theo kiu chong v iu kin s dng m cu to ca chp xoay cng
khc nhau. Cc vng bi cu chu ti trng chiu trc l ch yu, cn cc vng
bi a chu ti trng hng tm l ch yu.
1. Tai mi khoan
2. bi a3. bi cu
4. Chp xoay
5. Rng ct
Hnh 2.2. B phn ta
- H thng cch ly v bi trn ln: H thng bi trn ln khng c
ng dng trong tt c cc loi chong. Ty thuc mc ch s dng v c
tnh cu to ca tng loi chong m ngi ta c hay khng ng dng h
thng bi trn thy lc ny. H thng bi trn thy lc thng c np t
trong cc c np vng m kn. H thng bi trn thy lc thng bao gm:
C cu b tr p sut bng mng cao su (1).
Hc m cha cht bi trn t ngay sau b b p sut (2)
ng dn dung dch: Rnh nh c thng t va du bi trn n
bi trn cho cc ln (3).N guyn tc lm vic: H thng bi trn lm vic di tc dng ca
p lc dung dch khoan trong y ging khoan. Thng qua c cu b tr (1)
c tc dng y lm p sut trong hc m lun bng vi p sut ca dung
dch khoan trong y ging. B b p sut nhn p lc t dung dch khoan
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y ging, y cht bi trn trong va du (2) qua ng dn dung dch (3) ti
chn ln( du i theo hnh mi tn nh hnh v) v bi trn cho cc ln.
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1. C cu b tr p sut
2. Hc m bi trn
3. ng dn
4,6. Cc bi
5. m kn
7. Chp xoay
8. Mng cn bng
9. Chn mi khoan
Hnh 2.3. B phn bi trn ln
- H thng dn nc ra ( h thng vi ra): c b tr thn chong
v cc b phn dn dung dch xung y nhm mc ch ra sch y l
khoan v lm mt chong khoan. C th phn ra 2 h thng ra l ra thng
v ra thy lc.H thng ra thng: L thot nc ra c thit k tm ca
chong thng c tit din trn. H thng ra thng thng c c trng
bi vn tc ca dng dung dch thot ra l thot l v < 70 m/s.
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H thng ra thy lc: c trng bi vn tc dng nc ra thot ra
t 70-130 m/s c tc dng lm sch y tc bi 3 vi phun lm bng hp kim
gm s chng mi mn v c th thay th c.
Hnh 2.4. H thng vi phun (1)Kch thc ca cc chi tit cu thnh chong ph thuc vo loi t
cn khoan. Chong khoan trong t mm cn ti trng b th c cc ln
nh hn, cc chp xoay km dy hn v cc chn rng c tit din b hnchong khoan trong t cng. Cc chong khoan trong t cng cn
lm vic vi ti trng ln hn, c cc chi tit ct gt t hn, cc ln ln hn
v thn chong vng chc hn.
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Hnh 2.5. H thng bi trn, ln, vi phun
1. Khe h dn du bi trn 6. u vi phun
2. Hc m bi trn 7. Vng chn
3. C cu b tr 8. chn
4. M bo v 9. bi cu
5. H thng vi phun
N goi ra chong chp xoay cn nhiu b phn nh khc. Di y l
hnh v m t chi tit cc thnh phn cu to ca mt loi chong chp xoay
rng nh.
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Hnh 2.6. Cu to chi tit chong chp xoay
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Bng2.2. Cc b phn ca chong chp xoay
STT Cc b phn STT Cc b phn
1 Vu nh tm 15 Thn chong
2 Vng 16 Vnh ngoi
3 Bc bng ng 17 Rng cc bt vonfram
4 Lp kim loi c bit 18 Vi phun
5 Giong hnh xuyn 19 G vi phun
6 C cu iu ha p lc 20 Mt chp xoay
7 B phn bo v 21 Hng rng gia8 Hc m 22 V bc chp
9 N i nghi nhn hiu 23 Hng rng nh
10 Ren ni 24 u rng
11 Vi phun 25 nh chp
12 Giong hnh xuyn 26 Hng rng gia
13 Vng gi vi phun 27 Hng rng ngoi
14 G vi phun 28 Cc loi rng
2.3. Quy lut ph hy t c bn ca chong chp xoay
Chong khoan chp xoay ph v t y ch yu nh 2 chuyn
ng chnh l chuyn ng tnh tin t trn xung di do tc dng ca p lc
chiu trc v chuyn ng quay ca chong do tc dng ca roto hoc tuc
bin. Trong qu trnh lm vic cc chp xoay va quay xung quanh trc ca
mnh va quay xung quanh trc ca chong khoan. Khi quay xung quanh trc
ca mnh cc chp xoay lc th t 1 rng lc th t 2 rng ln y lkhoan(hnh v), v vy trong qu trnh quay c s dch chuyn ln xung ca
rng chong, chnh s dch chuyn ny to ra qu trnh va p tng phn
ln y, cho nn cc chp xoay tc dng ln y l khoan c ti trng tnh
v ti trng ng. Ty theo hnh dng ca chp v v tr tng i gia trc
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chong v trc chp m tc dng ca rng chong ln t l p thun ty
hay p cng vi ct trong qu trnh khoan v khi cc chp xoay thc
hin 1 chuyn ng rt phc tp c th hin trong hnh v sau.
Khi quay xung quanh trc ca chong ( trc OA ) theo chiu kim ng
h vi tc l OA, th cc chp xoay s ln v quay quanh trc OB ngc
chiu kim ng h, vi tc l OB (tc tng i). N h vy chuyn
ng tuyt i ca chp xoay ( tng hp ca 2 chuyn ng trn) l chuyn
ng quay quanh trc tc thi MN vi tc l MN . Trc MN i qua giao
im O ( ca trc chong v trc chp xoay ) v i qua im O1 l tip im
gia u rng chong vi mt y l khoan. Mi im nm trn trc quay tc
thi u ng yn, mi im nm ngoi trc quay tc thi MN u chuyn
ng trn ng trn, bn knh bng khong cch t im n trc MN .Khi chuyn ng quay quanh trc tc thi, cc chp xoay s ct t .
Hnh 2.7. Phn tch s chuyn ng ca chp xoay
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Cng ct( trt )ca mt chong c nh gi bng h s trt K.
H s trt bng t l gia tng din tch trt trn t ca chong sau mt
vng quay v din tch y l khoan. Trong trng hp cc ng sinh ca
chp xoay nm trn trc quay tc thi th h s trt bng khng. H s trt
K c xc nh theo cng thc 2.1:
(2.1)
Trong : At - l tng din tch trt trn t ca chong sau 1
vng quay.Ad - din tch y l khoan
Trong s cc loi chong chp xoay c s dng trong cng tc khoan
th loi chong 3 chp xoay t ra c u vit hn c, n c th khoan c
nhiu loi t . Chnh v vy m loi chong ny c dng nhiu nht
trong khoan du kh chim khong 95% tng s chong c s dng.
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CHG 3
GHI CU S M HG CA CHOG KHOA
3.1. Tnh cht a tng m Bch H
Bng3.1. Cu trc a cht m Bch H
Da vo cc c im thch hc, c sinh, ti liu Karota ging khoan ca
m Bch H, cc nh a cht phn chia v gi tn cc phn v a tng
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theo tn a phng cho cc cu to a cht vng m Bch H. T trn
xung ct a tng tng hp ca m Bch H c m t nh sau:
3.1.1. Trm tch eogen v t* Trm tch Plioxen- T (ip Bin ng):Trm tch Bin ng
ph bt chnh hp ln trm tch Mioxen. Thnh phn thch hc gm ct, st
v st bt xen k si mu xm, mu vng v mu vng xanh. Thng gp
y nhiu mnh vi sinh vt bin. Ln trn thnh phn gm ct b ri xen k
vi st mu xm sng v xm xanh vi mt t mc n, c mt s lng ln
foraminifera. Chiu dy ca ip t 550- 600m.
* Ph thng Mioxen trn (ip ng ai):ip ng N ai gm cc lp
ct b ri v ct khng gn kt mu xanh ln xt nhiu mu. Chiu dy ip
t 600- 650m. B dy tng dn ra pha cnh ca lp cu to v ph dy lntrm tch ip Cn Sn.
* Ph thng Mioxen trung (ip Cn Sn): Phn di ca ip ny
c cu to bi cc lp ht th mu xm v xm trng vi st mu nu ,
trong st c lp kp than. y l nhng t lc nguyn dng khi, b ri.
Thnh phn chnh l thch anh chim 80%, Fenspat v cc phun tro, xi
mng st v st vi c mu loang l, b ri mm do. t ny to trong
iu kin bin nng, mui trung bnh, chu tc ng ca dng bin, ni
lng ng kh gn ca ngun vt liu. B dy ca ip t 800- 900m.
* Ph thng Mioxen di (ip Bch H):ip Bch H l s xen kp
cc lp ct, st v st bt, ct xm sng, xm, st mu sc s loang l kt dnh
do (c bit l tng trn ca ip- tng st Rotalia). bt xm, nu
phn di ca ip. y l tng chn mang tnh cht khu vc rt tt.
bt kt xm v nu . phn di ca ip chiu dy lp kp ct kt tng
ln, y l tng sn phm cha du 23, 24, 25. Cn c vo c im thch hc
v c sinh ngi ta chia ip Bch H ra thnh 2 ph ip: Ph ip Bch
H trn v ph ip Bch H di. Ph ip Bch H trn st chim u th,
ph ip Bch H di l s xen k ct kt v st kt, u th ct tng ln. Bdy ca ip l 600 700m.
3.1.2. Cc trm tch Paleogen
* Tp trm tch Oligoxen thng (ip Tr Tn):Trm tch ny bao
gm cc lp ct kt ht mn n trung, mu xm sng xen k vi cc tp dy
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n tt nghip Trng i hc M - a cht
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st kt mu nu chuyn dn sang en v pha di. c bit pht hin
trong tng trm tch ny cc thn phun tro c thnh phn thay i. dy
ca lp trm tch Tr Tn gim dn phn vm ca cu to m Bch H v
tng t ngt phn cu to. Trong ip Tr Tn c cc tng sn phm bo
ho du l: IB, IA, I, II, IV, V. Chiu dy trm tch ca ip thay i t 50 -
1400m.
* Tp trm tch Oligoxen h (ip Tr C):Trm tch ny bao gm cc
lp ct st xen k ht trung v ht nh mu nu xm ln vi bt kt mu nu
b nn nn cht nhiu v nt n. y ca ip gp si kt v cc mnh
mng to thnh tp lt y ca lp ph trm tch. B dy ca tp lt y
ny bin i trong cc ging khoan t 0 170m, tng dn theo hng ln
chm ca mng cn vm th vng mt hon ton. N gi ta nhn cdu tp lt ny. N goi ra cn pht hin lp kp phun tro mt s ging
khoan. Tng a chn phn x 11 trng vi nc ip Tr C. Cc tng ct kt
cha du cng nghip (t trn xung): VI, VII, VIII, IX, X c xc nh.
l cc tp ct kt mu xm sng, ht t trung bnh n mn, chn la
tt, c rng bin i t 10 20%.
3.1.3. mng trc Kainozoi
mng trc Kainozoi ch yu l cc th xm nhp granitoit, granit
v granodiorit. Thnh phn khong vt ch yu l thch anh (10 30%),
Fenspat (50 80%), Mica v Amphibol (t him ti 8,9%) v cc khong vt
ph khc. Tui ca mng l Jura mun v Kreta sm (tui tng i l t
107 - 108 triu nm). mng c b dy phn b khng u v khng lin
tc trn cc a hnh. B dy lp phong ho c th ln ti 160m. Kt qu phn
tch khng gian rng trong mng cho thy rng trong phn b khng
u, trung bnh t 3- 5%. Quy lut phn b rng rt phc tp. Hin nay
mng l ni cung cp du th rt quan trng ca m Bch H. Du t phun
vi lu lng ln t mng l mt hin tng c o, trn th gii ch gp
mt s ni nh: Bombay (n ), High (Libi). Ging khoan su 900m vo mng kt tinh m Bch H vn cha tm thy ranh gii du - nc.
gii thch cho hin tng tr du th trong mng kt tinh, ngi ta tin
hnh nhiu nghin cu v u ra kt lun s hnh thnh khng gian rng cha
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du trong mng granitoit m Bch H l do tc ng ca nhiu yu t a
cht khc nhau.
3.2. Cc dng mn ca chong khoan, nguyn nhn v cch nhn bit
3.2.1. S mn hng do qu trnh sn xut, vn chuyn
Chong b hng hc khuyt tt trong qu trnh ch to, ( lng rng, chp
b mo, chp xoay b kt trong , cc li v ln ). Cc s c i vi
chong khi hot ng nh b v chong, t thn, v vng bi, tut u ni. S
c xy ra nhiu nht vn l ri chp y l khoan, do mn bt thng ta
hay ngng trc..
Do c li trong qu trnh gia cng vt liu, cc vt liu c gia cng
khng ng quy trnh k thut dn n khng m bo cc yu cu v
cng, chu mi mnca vt liu lm chong.Hoc chong c th b st m, cong vnh do va p trong qu trnh vn
chuyn hoc kim tra.
3.2.2. Cc dng mn hng do qu trnh s dng v vn hnh
3.2.2.1. Mn chong
- Mn rng: Cc rng b mn theo dng trn, phn mi b mn, khng
cn kch thc nh bnh thng nhng phn lng c th vn nm trong kch
thc bnh thng. Chong vn khoan c bnh thng nhng kh nng
m xuyn b gim mnh do cm su ca rng chong vo t b hn
ch. Mi ca rng chong b mi trn nguyn nhn ch yu l khi khoan vot mi mn cao, vi tc vt qu cho php hay khoan m rng di
y ging.
Hnh 3.1. Mn rng
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- Mn chp xoay: Chp xoay b mi mn trong mn khoan tc cao.
Do tc ng ca dng xoy nn bn khoan c th lm mn v chp xoay t b
mt tip xc trc tip vi dng dung dch i ra t vi phun. Trn chong c
gn cacbua vonfram, v chp xoay b mn c th dn n lm mn chn rng,
l nguyn nhn ch yu dn n mt rng ct. Xi mn thng l vn lin
quan n thy lc. Vi cc thng s thy lc khng ph hp bn khoan c th
lm xi mn v chp xoay nhanh hn mc bnh thng. Mt khc vic d
tha nng lng thy tnh c th dn n xi mn cht lu cao. Kt hp vi
vic mi mn do tip xc vi va dn n xi mn cc rnh ca chp xoay.
- Mn calip (vt chong): Chong b vt khi n b p nh hn kch c
ban u bng cc lc c hc. Cc lc p c th b gy ra bi s b hp ca
thnh ging khoan khi khoan vo thnh h mm, d st l. Khi chong b pnh hn kch thc ban u, hu ht cc g ca rng s b mn theo hnh
vng trn. Bnh thng n b ph hy theo ng vung gc vi lc gy mi
mn.
Hnh 3.2. Chong b vt
N guyn nhn khc ca chong b vt l do p chong vo ging nh hn
kch thc chong, a chong chp xoay vo lm vic trong vng ging
khoan m thch hp khoan vi chong kim cng, hoc chong b vt do thit
b g hc chong khoan.Chong b vt c th dn n rng b t gy, vt rng, chp xoay b dnh
vi nhau, khi chp s trt (ko lt) lm cc b phn ct b mi mn nhanh
chng.
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- Xi l mi hn: Xy ra bt k lc no trong qu trnh hot ng ca
chong. N u mi hn ca chong xp, rng hay khng kn, chong s bt u
b xi l mi hn ngay khi bt u qu trnh vn hnh.
Thng thng mi hn kn nhng s nt gy trong qu trnh hot ng
do cc va chm vi y ging khoan hoc cc mu trong qu trnh nng
th. V khi xy ra nt v bt u tun hon dung dch, qua vt nt s xi mn
xy ra nhanh hn.
Xi l mi hn c th do dng chy ca dung dch khoan trong y
ging hoc do p lc thy tnh ngay trong ct cn khoan.
Hnh 3.3. Xi l mi hn
3.2.2.2. Hng cc b cc b phn chong
- Hng rng: N hng cnh sc ca nhng vt m trn nn xoay cho thy
s mn hng ca rng vo thi k cui ca chong khoan.
Hnh 3.4. Hng rng
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mt vi thnh h rng b hng l do c dim mi mn bnh thng
ca rng cacbua vonfram gn vo chong, khng phi l vn do hot ng
ca chong. Vi chong gn rng cacbua vonfram, iu ny cng xy ra
thng xuyn khi bn nn ca t ln hn ca rng ct. Cn i vi
rng thp th n khng c coi l hin tng mn bnh thng. N l do s
ng dng hay cc thng s hot ng ca chong khng thch hp. V d nh
khi khi khoan vi ti trng vt qu mc l nguyn nhn dn n hng ch
yu vi cc hng rng gia. Cn khoan vi s vng quay vt qu mc th
ch yu lm hng hng rng ngoi cng.
N goi ra rng c th b t gy do y ging cn ln ph phm hoc va
chm vi cc mu trong qu trnh nng th( cc mu thng sut hin
trong thnh h mm, do s chnh lch v trng lng nn b nh ra khi thnhging), hoc do chong t ngt chm vo y, hay cc c tnh ca chong
khng thch hp s dng ph hy t trong mi trng . V d nh
khoan vo va qu cng i vi cng ca chong ang c s dng cng
c th lm t gy rng.
- N t chp xoay: Xut hin vt nt trn quanh chp xoay( nh hnh v)
Cc vt nt sinh ra do v chp b mn, lm gim dy ca v c bit
l rnh ca chp. Hoc nhit lng pht ra do s mi mn va trong qu
trnh hot ng c bit l qu trnh khoan hoc nng th lch tm cng l
nguyn nhn gy ra vt nt. N goi ra chp xoay cng c th b nt do phphm di y ging khoan, hay chong va chm vo cc mu , hoc ct
cn b ri, hoc nn xoay c th b nt gy b dn do hidro sunfua.
Hnh 3.5. Chp xoay b nt
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- V chp xoay: Chp xoay b v mt phn nhng vn cn kh nng xoay
nhng km hiu qu, cn phi kim tra va c bin php khc phc ngay v khi
mt phn chp xoay b v s ri xung y ging v va chm vi cc rng ct
trong qu trnh khoan lm mn rng nhanh chng.
Chp xoay b hng c th do b gin bi hidrosunfua, mt loi kh c
c cng thc ha hc H2S c th t sinh ra trong du th v khi gp nc to
thnh axit c kh nng n mn cc hp cht kim loi.
Hnh 3.6. Hng chp xoay
Chp xoay cng c th b hng do gp phi mu trong khi ko th. Sva chm vi cc mu c cng cao c th lm nt,v chp xoay. Hay cc
chp xoay b dnh hoc va chm vo nhau khi trc cc chp xoay b vnh hay
b mt ng knh trc.
- Hng tai mi khoan: Mn tai mi khoan c th dn ti hng b phn bt
kn trong cc ta, c th lm ph hy ta. N guyn nhn chnh l do ph
phm vn trong ging, hay trong qu trnh khoan m rng y ging c
ng knh nh hn ng knh ca chong khoan, do cc va t gy lm
tn hi n tai mi khoan phn ngoi cng ca chong. l mt vi
nguyn nhn gy hi n tai mi khoan.
- Chong tr li ra ngoi: Chong tr li ra ngoi khi phn mi b hng.
Khi phn mi b mi mn qu mc do cng ca t va ln hn sc chu
mi mn ca chp xoay.
Deleted:
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Hnh 3.7. Chong tr li ra ngoi
3.2.2.3. Mt cc b phn chong khoan- Mt rng: Ch xy ra vi chong rng nh khi c b phn rng ct b
bt ra ngoi.
N guyn nhn ch yu do s ni lng ca vng kp cc rng ca chp
xoay, do lm mt 1 vi rng ca chp xoay, hoc c th do v chp xoay b
mn lm tr chn rng ra ngoi.
i vi chong c gn rng cacbua vonfram, s mt rng thng xy
ra vi hng rng gia ca chp xoay. N guyn nhn ny lin quan trc tip n
cc loi ph phm cn li trong y ging khoan.
Hnh 3.8. Mt rng
Mt rng xy ra nhanh hn khi cc rng quay quay vi tc cao, cng
vi vic xi mn chp xoay. N goi ra vic sut hin cc vt nt chp xoay
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n tt nghip Trng i hc M - a cht
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- T mi nhn: T mi nhn l hin tng rng chong b mi nhn u
v c v nh vn gi c hng dng nh ban u thm tr c sc bn hn.
Khi t mi nhn gip duy tr tc m xuyn tt hn t u n cui
qu trnh hot ng nhng rng s yu hn. c tnh ny thng cho thy s
la chn chong ph hp vi cc thng s hot ng. C chong rng nh
cacbon vonlfram v chong rng phay thp u c hin tng t mi nhn.
Hnh 3.12. T mi nhn
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0
Vch
G
A
B
G GA B
C
C1
2
C3
Q
Q
Q
1
2
3
CHG 4
CC BI PHP G CAO TUI TH
CA CHOG
4.1. nh hng ca cc thng s ch khoan n cc ch tiu lm vic
ca chong
4.1.1. nh hng ca ti trng y n cc ch tiu lm vic ca chong
S ph hy t y l khoan l kt qu n t ca rng chong vo
t v s chuyn di trn mt phng y ca chong khoan ( chuyn ng
quay). ngp ca rng chong ph thuc vo ti trng ln chong,
cng ca t , hnh dng v mn ca rng. Ti trng cng ln th chiu
su ngp ca rng cng ln. N h vy ti trng cng tng th vn tc c hccng tng.
Ti trng ring: Gr = ; (4.1)Atx: Din tch tip xc ca rng chong vi t .
xt s nh hng ca ti trng n ch tiu lm vic ca chong ta
gi cho s vng quay( n ) khng i.
Hnh 4.1. th nh hng ca ti trng y n
cc ch tiu lm vic ca chong
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+ Gr< (on O-A)
N u ti trng ging nh hn cng ca t ( ), t b ph
min b mt ph hy. Trong min ny s tng ca vn tc c hc V chv tng
ti trng y theo mt ng thng rt thp. Hiu qu ph hy t thp,
chong b mi mn nhanh chng.
+ Gr> ( on B-C)
t b ph hy trng phm vi ca min ph hy th tch. Trong phm
vi ny gi tr vn tc c hc Vchtng ln rt nhanh cng vi s gia tng ca ti
trng theo ng BC. Trong min ny nng lng ph hy t cng t
hn, vn tc mi mn cng b hn.
+ on A-B
Gia hai min ny l min ph hy do hin tng mi ng cong AB.N u nh theo di ti trng ring ti im C, dng cho mi lu lng Q.
Vn tc c hc s tng ln rt chm v c xu hng gim. N guyn nhn l khi
tng G, lng mn khoan s nhiu hn v lu lng khng ra sch y
l khoan. t b ph hy s li y lm gim kh nng m xuyn ca
rng chong vo va. Do vn tc c hc s khng tng ln c v c xu
hng gim.
4.1.2. nh hng ca s vng quay n ch tiu lm vic ca chong
Kt qu nghin cu ch ra rng : Khi khoan bng chong chp xoay,
nu tng s vng quay n th s gim ngp su ca rng chong vo t .
N gc li khi tng s vng quay s tng s ln va p ca rng chong v t
. Do ty thuc vo yu t ny hay yu t khc n s lm tng hiu sut
lm vic ca chong, nhng li lm gim tui th ca n rt nhiu. N h vy
khi tng tc vng quay ca chong chp xoay th tc c hc khoan c
th tng hoc gim xung ty theo yu t no ( trong cc yu t ni trn ) c
u th hn trong iu kin cho.
Khi khoan trong t gin hoc gin - do, m h s do khng ln
lm th tc khoan cc i c th t c vi s vng quay ln nht ( hngnghn vng trn mt pht).
Cn i vi t do, c bit l t khng b ph hy gin th tc
khoan cc i c th t c vi s vng quay nh.
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cT
ch
cTch
n
Hnh 4.2. th nh hng ca s vng quay n cc ch tiu
lm vic ca chong
4.1.3. nh hng ca cc thng s thy lc n cc ch tiu lm vic cachong
Hai chc nng quan trng nht ca dung dch khoan l:
- Ra sch y l khoan.
- Vn chuyn t ph hy y l khoan ln mt t.
Qua ra sch y l khoan chng ta hiu rng cn phi thc hin mt
tun hon dung dch khoan vi lu lng, vn tc vi phun v tnh cht ca
dung dch m bo tch v cun sch mn khoan y ging mt cch nhanh
chng.. Trong trng hp ny vn tc c hc s l cc i. Trng hp ngc
li di y l khoan s tch ly mn khoan gy ln hin tng bt chong
khoan, lm gim chiu su ngp ca rng v vn tc c hc s gim. Tm li
chng ta phi s dng mt lu lng v vn tc vi phun ln m bo vic
sch y l khoan.
4.1.3.1. nh hng ring bit ca lu lng v vn tc vi phun
*nh hng ca lu lng
Gi s vng quay n v ti trng Gckhng i. Chng ta nhn thy rng
vn tc c hc tng vi s tng ca lu lng Q. Vi mt gi tr no th
vn tc (v) khng tng c na bi v chng tha mn vi mt ti trngv s vng quay khng i.
Bin thin gia vn tc c hc v lu lng theo cng thc sau y:
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ch V
Q
(m/s)j
V70 130
ch V
(4.2)
Trong : V: vn tc c hcQ: lu lng dung dch khoan
a,b l hai hng s ph thuc vo cc tnh cht c l ca
t, v cc i lng Q,n v tng loi cu trc ca chong.
Hnh 4.3. th nh hng ca lu lng n cc ch tiu
lm vic ca chong
*nh hng ca tia dung dch khi ra khi chong khoan
Qua vic tng vn tc ca dung dch ra khi vi phun chong, ngay ctrong lc gi Q khng i, vn tc c hc cng tng khi vj = 70 - 80 m/s, n
c tc dng tch cc mng b ph hy y l khoan. Tng vjc hiu
lc tt hn tng Q bi v vjcn c tc dng khng cho mn khoan bt chong.
Chng ta thy rng tng vjqu ln th Vchtng v dn n tn tht p sut ln
chong.
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3
2
1
H
T
Hnh 4.4. th nh hng ca vn tc dng chy n cc
ch tiu lm vic ca chong
4.1.3.2. nh hng phi hp gia lu lng v vn tc vi phun
Cng sut thy lc chong:
N t=Q.Pc (4.3)
Pc: tn tht p lc chong khoan. (4.4)
.h s lu lng vi ( = 0,42 0.48).
Vy ta c: (4.5)
N h vy chng ta thy rng vn tc c hc s tng cng vi s tng ca N tdo tng vi tch Q.vj
2.
4.1.4. nh hng ca cht lng dung dch khoan n cc ch tiu lm
vic ca chong
*Trng lng ring ca dung dch
Chng ta nhn thy rng nu khoan vi dung dch khoan c khi lng
ring . Vn tc c hc s ln, thi gian khoan s gim. nh hng ca i
vi Vch c gii thch bng p sut chnh lch y lm mn khoan kh
tch ra v t y cn b nn cht hn nht l t mm
1.Khoan bng dung
dch st
2. Khoan bng nc l
3. Khoan bng thi kh
Hnh 4.5. th nh hng ca trng lng ring dung dch
n cc ch tiu lm vic ca chong
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p sut chnh lch y: P = Ptt - Pv (4.6)
Ptt- p sut thy tnh do ct p ca dung dch khoan trong l khoan.
Pv- p sut va.
H,T l su thc t ca ging v thi gian thc t khoan.
p sut chnh lch c nh hng n tc c hc khoan theo hai yu t.
- Thay i cng ca t
cng ca t y l khoan c xc nh bng cng thc:
= o + k( Ptt - Pv) (4.7)
o : cng ca t iu kin kh quyn
K l h s ph thuc vo tng loi chong khoan
Chong chp xoay K= 5,5
Chong kim cng K = 6,5Chong khoan li ct K=5
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Hnh 4.6. nh hng ca cng t n
cc ch tiu lm vic ca chong
- Thay i lc gi gia mng t b ph hy y ging khoan
N u mt rng ca chong cm vo . Bn cnh phn b v pha di
rng chong phn a n cn ko theo mt th tch b ph hy xung quanh n
phn b ln hn th tch phn a rt nhiu ln.
p sut chnh lch gia dung dch khoan v cht lng trong va c xuhng gi mng t b ph hy. trong thi gian tc ng ca rng, t
y ln rt kh do lc ma st. p sut chnh lch cng ln bao nhiu, lc
ma st cng ln by nhiu. Sau khi rng chong ri ra khi chng, mng b
ph hy cun i di tc dng ca dng dung dch li cng kh do lc ma st
v lc vung gc vi n nh ni trn. mng b ph hy d dng
cun i di tc dng ca dng dung dch hay ca rng, p sut b mt trt
phi tng ln v cn bng vi p sut thy tnh ca ct dung dch. Cn bng
p sut xy ra do:
Dung dch khoan thm vo l hng, khe nt ca mng b ph hy, ni
tm li gim ti trng ring ca dung dch khoan tc l gim p sut chnh
lch Ptt - Pvcn gi l p sut gi. Lm tng hiu qu ph .
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Hnh 4.7: Biu phn b lc quanh vngph hy ca rng chong.
* thot nc ca dung dch
N h ta bit thot nc ca dung dch cng ln th p sut chnh
lch Ptt - Pvcng b. Bi v vn tc cn bng p sut cng ln. Do dng
nc l khoan ta thu c vn tc ln Vch.
N hng dung dch c thot nc b n s li mt mng st c
thm b v n s gy mt gradient p sut ln trong chiu su ngp ca rng
chong. Hn na mng st y s lm chm s tip xc gia rng v v
chng hn hp vi mn khoan to nn mt hn hp do gy kh khn cho sra ca dung dch. Do nu t thnh l khoan n nh c th nn
khoan vi dung dch c thot nc ln.
*Hm lng cht rn
Hm lng cht rn bao gm st, barit, ct v mn khoan trong qu trnh
khoan. Tng hm lng cht rn tc l tng t trng ca dung dch a n
tng p sut chnh lch Ptt=Pv, hu qu l gim Vch. Hm lng cht rn s
gy mi mn cc b phn trong h thng tun hoan. Bm, ct cn khoan,
chong khoan v.v..
4.2. La chn chong khoan ph hp vi a tng
4.2.1. Cc c im ca chong
4.2.1.1. Chong khoan chp xoay
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Chong khoan chp xoay ph hy t theo nguyn l p-v. C hai
loi c bn l chong rng nh v chong rng phay.
Chong khoan rng phay, nn c c lin khi ri phay thnh cc
rnh rng, nh vy vt liu ch yu lm t thp cc bon c cng cao, cng
loi vt liu vi thn chong. N goi ra trn b mt c ph mt lp hp kim
cng chng mi mn.
Chong rng nh c rng lm t hp kim cc bon vonfram c cng
v chng mi mn cao. Rng c ch to v c nh vo chp xoay theo
mt quy trnh cng ngh ring. Do c tnh ca vt liu rng chong m
chong rng nh thng c dng khoan trong t c cng t
trung bnh n rt cng.
Kch thc, hnh dng, dy tha ca rng chong ph thuc phn lnvo tnh cht ca t va.
+ Trong t mm, yu cu ti trng nh, chong thng c kch
thc ln nh, chp xoay nh hn, s lng rng t i, khong cch cc
rng ln, hnh dng rng nhn hn d m xuyn vo t v ct mt
lng ln t trong mt vng quay.
+ N gc li trong t cng kch thc ln s ln hn chu ti
trng ln, v vy m chp xoay cng ln hn. S lng rng trn mt chp
xoay s nhiu hn gim ti trng ln rng dng thi khong cch rng s
dy hn, rng t hn gim kh nng b mi mn.
Hnh 4.8. Cc c im ca rng chong cho tng loi a tng
( hm 1- t mm; nhm 2- t cng)
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mi li ct c nh s lng rng ct nhiu hn va kch thc rng ct
nh hn. Cc chong ny thch hp cho khoan va t cng dn t 2 n 4.
Hnh 4.10. Cc loi chong kim cng (PDC)
4.2.2. guyn tc la chn chong khoan
la chn chong khoan ph hp cho tng khong khoan nhm nng
cao hiu qu ph hu t v y nhanh tin thi cng ging khoan ngi
ta thng la chn chong khoan da vo cc yu t sau:
* cng ca t : Cc loi chong khoan khc nhau c c ch ph
hu t khc nhau. Chong chp xoay ph hu t theo c ch p-v
v mi mn, chong cnh dt ph hu t theo c ch ct-v, chong kim
cng ph hu t theo c ch mi-ct. Chnh v vy, i tng t
s dng cc loi chong khoan ny cng khc nhau.
t c cng cao s khng thch hp cho c ch ph hu ct, do
chong kim cng c s dng khoan qua cc tng t cng n rt
cng.
t mm do s thch hp cho c ch ph hu ct-v nn chong
cnh dt thch hp khoan qua cc tng t ny.
Chong chp xoay ph hu t theo c ch p-v v mi mn nn
i tng ph hu ca loi chong ny a dng hn. Loi chong chp xoayc th c la chn ph hu t t mm do n cng hoc rt cng.
Tuy nhin, vi t rt cng th hiu qu s dng chong chp xoay khng
bng chong kim cng.
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* H dung dch: Loi dung dch khoan v cc c tnh ca n c nh
hng n tc khoan nh kh nng ra sch y ging khoan. Mt khc p
sut y do ct dung dch to ra lun ln hn p sut thnh h, iu ny lm
gim hiu qu ph hu t ca chong khoan. V vy la chn mt chong
khoan ng thi ph hp vi cc c tnh ca t va v h dung dch
khoan l rt quan trng.
* Phng php khoan: Cc phng php khoan khc nhau s c cc
thng s ch khoan khc nhau, v d nh: khoan r to hay khoan bng
ng c chm, cc ch ti trng v s vng quay, cc c tnh khoan
nghing hay thngDo tu thuc vo tng phng php khoan m ta la
chn chong khoan cho ph hp.
Khi la chn chong khoan cn la nhng c im sau:Chong kim cng, do c tnh ca kim cng cng nhng gin nn
chu lc ct v va p thp, do khi khoan bng chong kim cng phi
khoan vi ti trng thp. Tin khoan ca chong kim cng ln lm gim
thi gian ko th khi phi thay chong l mt nhn t tch cc khi s dng
chong khoan kim cng.
i vi chong PDC: Khi s dng phng php khoan bng ng c
y nn dng chong c s rng nhiu hn trung ho s mi mn do tc
quay ln, khi khoan bng phng php khoan roto (hoc Top Drive) nn dng
chong c h thng vi phun nhm m y ging v mt chong.
4.2.3. Chn chong khoan cho Ging khoan 10003 BK10
4.2.3.1. Mt ct a cht ging khoan 10003 v cc tnh cht
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a
cht
chi
usu
c t a t ng
tng
phn
x
g r a d ien p
sut v a v p
sut v v a
tr-c
kainozoi
a
cht
Plioxenv
t
mioxen
n2+q
N1
2
N1
1
mz
N1
3
c 1
c 2
c 3
cr-oligoxen
p23
pv pv v
pv = ptt
pv v =1,3Ptt
c 5
c 7
Hnh 4.11. S mt ct a cht ca ging 10003 BK10
* Ranh gii a tng
T 85- 700m l trm tch T v N eogen.
T 700- 1280m l trm tch Mioxen trn.T 1280- 2170m l trm tch Mioxen trung.
T 2170- 2980m l trm tch Mioxen di.
T 2980- 3190m l tng Oligoxen.
T 3190m tr xung di l tng mng.
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* hit va
Gradien nhit ca va: 2,50C/100m.
* cng ca t
T su 85 2170m: t mm v b ri, c cng t I II
theo khoan.
T su 2170 2980m: t tng Mioxen h mm v trung bnh
cng. cng t III IV theo khoan.
T su 2980 3190m: t tng Oligoxen trung bnh cng n
cng. cng t V VIII theo khoan.
T su 3190m tr xung di: t mng kt tinh t cng n
rt cng. cng t VIII IX theo khoan. t n nh v bn vng.
4.2.3.2. La chn cu trc ging khoanDa vo cc c im phn tch v iu kin a cht trn ta c th la
chn cu trc ging 4 ct ng l:
Ct ng chng nh hng: Da vo kinh nghim khoan ca cc ging
m Bch H, ta thng s dng ct ng cch nc loi 72016D. Thi
cng bng phng php ba my ng ng xung su 120m di y
bin.
Ct ng chng dn hng: Theo kinh nghim th lp t t b ri
mi hnh thnh, c gn kt km nn thnh ging khoan d sp l khi tathay i ch khoan. V vy ta thng chn chiu su ca ct ng ny ti
chiu su 400 m, trm xi mng ton b chiu di ct ng.
Ct ng trung gian th nht: Do khoan qua vng bin ng t l ct
st ht trung t mm n trung bnh, c hin tng mt dung dch nh nn ta
tin hnh chng ng chng trung gian n chiu su 2170m, trm xi mng
ton b chiu di ct ng.
Ct ng trung gian th hai: trnh hin tng sp l thnh ging
khoan t su 2170 - 2980m khi khoan qua tng Mioxen ta cn tin hnh
chng ct ng trung gian th hai n ht su 2980m, tin hnh trm ximng mt phn, t su 1970 2980m.
Ct ng trung gian th ba (ct ng chng lng): T on 2980m -
3190m c hin tng sp l thnh ging khoan mnh nn ta tin hnh chng
ct ng chng lng on ny, t su 2970 3190m.
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Khi khoan m va on mng phong ho, t su 3190m do t
y cng v n nh nn ta tin hnh khoan qua v khng chng ng
chng on ny nhm khai thc ging thn trn vi chiu dy 1850m.
4.2.3.3. La chn ng knh chong cho qu trnh khoan
Chn ng knh ca chong khoan ch yu da vo ng knh mufta
ca ng chng (Dm) v khong h trm xi mng gia mufta v thnh ging
khoan ().
ng knh ca chong khoan (Dc) c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Dc= Dm+ 2.= Dm+ (4.8)
Trong : Dc: ng knh chong khoan
Dm: ng knh mufta.
: khong h gia mupta v vnh ging khoan.Sau khi xc nh c ng knh chong khoan ngi ta tin hnh
xc nh ng knh ca ng chng pha trn trc n. Hiu s gia ng
knh trong ca ng chng (dtg) v ng knh chong khoan th qua n khng
c vt qu 6 8 mm:
dtg= Dc+ ( 6 8 ) mm. (4.9)
Da vo cc s liu tnh ton ta la chn ng knh chong v ng
knh ng theo kch thc gn nht.
Chng c tra theo bng 1.2 v 1.3 sau:
Bng 4.1.Bng qui chun tnh theo cp ng knh ng chng ca Gost
ng knh ng chng
(mm)
- khng ln hn
(mm)
114, 127 10 - 15
140, 146 15 - 20
168, 178, 194 20 - 25
219, 245 25 - 30
273, 299 30 - 35
324, 340, 351 35 - 45
377, 407, 426 45 - 50
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Bng 4.2. Bngkch thc ng chng v ng knh Mufta tong ng
Muftang knh ng
chng
(mm) ng knh (mm) Chiu di (mm)
114 127 159
127 142 165
140 154 171
146 166 177
168 188 184
178 196 184
194 216 190
219 245 197
245 270 197
273 299 203
299 324 203
324 351 203
340 365 203
351 376 229
377 402 229
407 432 228
426 451 229
508 533 228
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Cn c vo lu lng khai thc v c tnh cu to tng sn phm l
mng. Do ging c thit k l dng thn trn. ng knh chongkhoan m va sn phm l chong c ng knh 165,1mm.
N h vy ta tnh ton cho cc khong khoan nh sau:
*Tnh ng trung gian th 3(ng chng lng)
dtg3= 165,1 + (6 8 mm) = 171,1 173,1 mm,
Cn c vo b dy ng trung gian ta c D tg3= 194mm, tra bng ta c:
Dm(tg3)= 216mm.
Tnh ng knh chong cho on khoan ng trung gian th 3:
Ta c: Dc(tg3)= Dm(tg3)+ = 216 + 25 = 241 mm
Theo qui chun chong ta c Dc(tg3)= 243mm.
N hng thc t s dng loi chong 215,9mm khoan qua on
ny v s dng loi ng chng c ng knh 194mm.
*Tnh ng trung gian th 2
Ta c: dtg2= 215,9 + (6 8 mm) = 221,9 223,9mm,
Cn c theo b dy ca ng ta c D tg2= 245 mm, suy ra Dm(tg2)= 270mm.
Tnh ng knh chong khoan on ng trung gian th 2:
Ta c Dc(tg2)= Dm(tg2)+ = 270 + 35 = 305 mm
Theo qui chun chong ta c Dc(tg2)= 311,1 mm.*Tnh ng trung gian th nht
Ta c: dtg1= 311,1 + (6 8 mm) =317,1 319,1mm
Cn c theo b dy ca ng ta c D tg1= 340mm.
Tnh ng knh chong khoan on ng trung gian th nht:
Ta c: Dc(tg1)= Dm(tg1)+ = 340 + 45 = 395mm
Theo qui chun chong ta c Dc(tg1)= 444,5 mm.
* Tnh ng dn hng
Ta c ddh= 445 + (6 8 mm) = 451 453mm
Cn c theo b dy ca ng ta c Ddh=508 mm.Theo qui chun ta chn c chong Dc(dh)= 660,4 mm.
N h vy ta c bng cu trc ging khoan nh sau:
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Bng 4.3.Bng cu trc ging khoan 10003
Loi ng chngchiu su th
(m)
ng knh
ng (mm)
ng knh chong
(mm)nh hng 120 720 ng ba my
Dn hng 400 508 660,4
Trung gian1 2170 340 444,5
Trung gian2 2980 245 311,1
ng lng 3190 194 215,9
on ging thn trn 165,1
4.2.3.4. Phn chia khong khoan
Da trn cc s liu v a cht v dng thn ging khoan ta c cc
khong khoan cho ging 10003 nh sau:
Bng 4.4. Phn chia khong khoan ca ging khoan 10003
STTKhong khoan theo chiu su thng
ng (m)
Khong khoan theo chiu su
thn ging (m)
1 0 400 0 400
2 400 710 400 7143 710 2170 714 2237
4 2170 2351 2237 2430
5 2351 2980 2430 3072
6 2980 3190 3072 3281
7 3190 5040 3281 5131
4.2.3.5. La chn chong khoan cho tng khong khoan
* T 0 400 m
ng knh ng chng l 508mm, ng knh chong theo tnh ton l
660,4mm.
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t thuc h t v N egoxen, t mm v b ri, c cng t I
II theo khoan.
T cc d liu trn ta chn chong cho khoan tng ny l chong 660,4
3S. Chong c ng knh 660,4mm, chiu di 800mm, trng lng 617kg,
m AIDC l 121. T m hiu chong ta thy chong thuc loi rng phay c
cng trung bnh, thch hp khoan vi cc tng t mm n trung bnh,
b ri. Chong c trang b bi a, khng bo v thn chp xoay.
*T 400 714m
ng knh ng chng l 340mm, ng knh chong theo tnh ton l
444,5mm.
t thuc h t v N egoxen, phn t gm ct, st v st bt xen
k si mu xm, mm v b ri, t tng ny c cng t I II theo khoan, d ph hy nhng n nh km d sp n thnh ging khoan.
T cc d liu trn ta chn chong cho khoan tng ny l chong 444,5
3SK. Chong c ng knh 444,5mm, chiu di 520mm, trng lng 225kg.
M hiu chong l 126. T m hiu chong cho thy chong thuc loi rng
phay c cng v mi mn trung bnh. Thch hp khoan t mm n
trung bnh, t mi mn. Chong c trang b trc ma st, kn.
* T 714 2237m
ng knh ng chng trong khong khoan ny l 340mm, ng knh
chong theo tnh ton l 444,5mm.t thuc tng Mioxen trn v trung, gm cc lp ct b ri, ct khng
gn kt, d gy sp n thnh ging khoan gy kt mt b khoan c. Trong xt
i khi c ln kp than. cng ca t t I II theo khoan.
T cc d liu trn ta chn chong cho khoan tng ny l chong 444,5
3SK. Chong c ng knh 444,5mm, chiu di 520mm, khi lng 225kg.
M hiu chong l 126. T m hiu chong cho thy chong thuc loi rng
phay c cng v mi mn trung bnh. Thch hp khoan t mm n
trung bnh, t mi mn. Chong c trang b trc ma st, kn.
* T 22372430m
ng knh ng chng l 245mm, ng knh chong khoan theo tnh
ton l 311,1mm.
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t l trm tch Mioxen di, kt cu ch yu l s xen kp cc lp
ct, st v st bt, ct xm sng, xm, st mu sc s loang l kt dnh do
(c bit l tng trn ca ip). bt xm, nu phn di ca ip. y
l tng chn. cng ca t t III IV theo khoan.
T cc d liu trn ta chn chong cho khoan tng ny l chong 311,15
ATX G3. Chong c ng knh 311,1mm, chiu di 350mm, khi lng
l 100kg. M hiu chong l 135, t m hiu chong cho ta thy chong
thuc loi rng phay ,c cng kh cao, c th khoan trong t cng v
mi mn tng i. Chong c trang b bi a kn, c bo v calip gip
chng mi mn.
*T 2430 3072m
ng knh ng chng l 245mm, ng knh chong khoan theo tnhton l 311,1mm.
t l trm tch Mioxen di, kt cu ch yu l s xen kp cc lp
ct, st v st bt, ct xm sng, xm, st mu sc s loang l kt dnh do
(c bit l tng trn ca ip). bt xm, nu phn di ca ip. y
l tng chn. cng ca t t III IV theo khoan.
T cc d liu trn ta chn chong cho khoan tng ny l chong 311,15
ATX G3 . Chong c ng knh 311,1mm, chiu di 350mm, khi lng
l 100kg. M hiu chong l 135, t m hiu chong cho ta thy chong
thuc loi rng phay ,c cng kh cao, c th khoan trong t cng vmi mn tng i. Chong c trang b bi a kn, c bo v calip gip
chng mi mn.
* T 3072 3281m
ng knh ng chng l 194mm, ng knh chong khoan theo tnh
ton l 215,9mm.
t l tng Oligoxen. Thnh phn thch hc bao gm cc lp ct kt
ht mn n trung, mu xm sng xen k vi cc tp dy st kt mu nu. c
bit pht hin trong tng trm tch ny cc thn phun tro c thnh phn
thay i. i su xun gp si kt v cc mnh mng to thnh tp lt y
ca lp ph trm tch. cng t V VIII theo khoan. Vi cc c im
v a cht cho thy y l a tng kh cng, cc thnh phn ct kt d gy
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mi mn chong khoan. Thnh phn mng c cng cao c th gy va
p ph hy hoc kt mt chong khoan.
T cc d liu trn ta chn chong cho khoan tng ny l chong 215,9
GT G1 chong c ng knh 215,9mm, chiu di 350mm, trng lng
40kg. M hiu chong l 116, t m hiu chong cho ta thy chong thuc
loi rng phay, c cng cao, b mt rng v thn chong c gia c bng
vt liu chng mi mn.
* T 3281 5131m
y l tng cui cng ca ging, ging c thit k l dng thn
trn. ng knh chong khoan m va sn phm l chong c ng knh
165,1mm.
Tng sn phm l mng, t mng kt tinh t cng n rt cng. cng t VIII IX theo khoan. t n nh v bn vng.
T cc d liu trn ta chn chong cho khoan tng ny l chong chong
165,1 ATJ 22, chong c ng knh 165,1mm, chiu di 310mm, trng
lng 21kg. M hiu chong l 517, t m hiu chong cho thy chong
thuc loi rng nh. Rng c lm t vt liu cac bon vonfram c cng
v chng mi mn cao. Chong c trang b trc ma st, kn, c bo v
calip, thch hp khoan trong a tng cng, mi mn.
N h vy ta c bng tng kt la chon chong cho cc khong khoan.
Bng4.5. Bng chong chn cho cc khong khoan
Khong khoan (m) Loi chong
0 400m 660,4 - 3S
400 714m 444,5 3SK
714 2237m 444,5 3SK
2237 2430m 311,15 ATX G3
2430 3072 311,15 ATX G3
3072 3281m 215,9 GT G1
3281 5131 165,1 ATJ 22
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N h vy ta c cu trc ging s dng chong cho cc a tng nh sau:
Hnh 4.13. Cc loi chong cho khoan tng a tng
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4.2.4. Tnh cng sut ph hy t ca chong chp xoay cho cc
khong khoan
Cng thc tnh cng sut ph hy t cho chong chp xoay:
N = (3 4).10-4.P.n.Dc (4.10)
Trong : P: ti trng y (tn)
n: s vng quay chong (vg/ph)
Dc: ng knh chong (mm)
Xc nh cng sut ph hy cho khong khoan t 0 400m
* Xc nh ti trng y cho khong khoan t 0 400m
- Ti trng nh nht chong ph hu t trong min ph hu th tch
c tnh theo cng thc:
G1= F. (4.11)Trong :
: Gii hn bn nn ca t .
F: Din tch tip xc ca rng chong vi t y l khoan
2
.. KDnF ct=
(4.12)
nt: H s ph ca rng chong. n t= 1,05 2
K: H s mn ca chong. K = 11,5
Dc: ng knh chong khoan. Dc= 660,4 mm
Tra bng cc thng s ta c:
Gii hn bn nn ca t : = 10 kG/mm2
Chn nt = 1,5; K = 1,1
Thay cc thng s trn vo cng thc tnh F ta c:
283,5442
1,1.4,660.5,1mmF ==
Vy ta tnh c ti trng: G1= 10. 544,83 = 5448,3 kG = 5,4483 Tn
- Xc nh ti trng lm vic nh mc ca chong khoan G2:
G2= GT. Dc (4.13)
Trong :
GT: Ti trng ring (ti trng n v).
Tra bng ta c:
Ti trng ring: GT= 200 kG/cm
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c: H s ph thuc vo cong ca ging. Vi ging c gc
nghing 30th: c = 18,8.10-5
d: Trng lng ring ca dung dch khoan. d= 1,03 T/m
3
Dc: ng knh chong khoan. Dc= 0,6604 m
L: Chiu di thn ging. L = 400 m
+ N c: Cng sut tiu th chong
N c= 34,2.10-4.K.Gc.Dc.nmax
K: H s mn ca chong. K = 1,1
Gc: Ti trng y.Gc = 8 tn = 8000 kg.
Thay cc s liu trn vo cng thc ta c:
- Cng sut tiu th b mt:
N bm= a1.nmax+ a2.nmax2
= 25.10-3
.nmax+ 0,12.10-3
.nmax2
- Cng sut quay ct cn khng ti:
N kt= 21,11. 10-3. nmax
1,7
- Cng sut tiu th chong:
N c= 34,2.10-4.K.Gc.Dc.nmax = 34,2.10
-4.1,1.8000.0,6604. nmax= 19,87. nmax
- Tc quay cc i ca chong l nghim ca phng trnh:
N max= N bm+ N kt+ N c (4.17)
1395 = 25.10-3.nmax+ 0,12.10-3.nmax
2+ 21,11. 10-3.nmax1,7+19,87. nmax
Gii phng trnh trn ta c: nmax= 68,5 v/p- T tc quay nmax tm c kt hp vi kinh nghim ca cc ging
khoan trc ta chn tc quay hp l ca chong khoan trong khong
khoan ny l: n = 50 60 v/p.V thc t cng chn tc d quay ny cho
khong khoan trn.
*h vy cng sut ph hy t cho khong khoan ( tnh cho s vng
quay v ti trng ln nht):
N = (3 4).10-4.P.n.DcN
= 3,5.10-4.8000.60.0,6604 = 111 (KW).
* Tng t nh trn, ta tnh c ti trng y, s vng quay v cng sut
ph hy t cho cc khong khoan khc, kt qu tnh ton ny c th
hin trong bng sau:
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N u khng c mt ch thit lp ph hp c th dn n ph hy
chong trong khi khoan ( nh trong trng hp vi phun ko di ), hoc
chong c th b kha li trong bn r to do thit b g hc chong khoan b
bin dng.
Bng km theo ch ra yu cu v vic thit lp m men xon cho mt s
ch ni v cc loi chong, trng hp vn khng cht hoc qu cht c
th dn n vt nt sm v phi tin hnh sa cha kp thi.
Bng 4.8. Bng thng s m men xon cho cc loi chong kim cng
Bng 4.9. Bng thng s m men xon cho chong chp xoay
ng knh
chongim ni M men xon
(in) (in) (daN .m) ( Lb.ft)3 3/4 2 3/8 400-480 3000-3500
4 5/8 2 7/8 800-950 6000-7000
5 1/8 - 7 3/8 3 1/2 950-1200 7000-9000
7 1/2 - 9 3/8 4 1/2 1600-2200 12000-16000
9 1/2 - 14 1/2 6 5/8 3800-4300 28000-32000
14 5/8 - 18 1/2 7 5/8 4600-5400 34000-40000
18 5/8 8 5/8 5400-8100 40000-60000
ng knh
chongim ni M men xon
(in) (in) (Da.n) (Lb.ft)
3 11/16 - 4 1/2 2 3/8 400 - 480 3000 - 3500
4 17/32 - 5 2 7/8 800 - 950 6000 - 7000
5 1/32 - 7 3/8 3 1/2 950 - 1200 7000 - 9000
7 13/12 - 9 3/8 4 1/2 1600 - 2200 12000 - 160009 13/12 - 14 1/2 6 5/8 3800 - 4300 28000 - 32000
14 9/16 - 18 1/2 7 5/8 4600 - 5400 34000 - 40000
18 9/16 & > 8 5/8 5400 - 8100 40000 - 60000
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N h chng ta thy thng s m men xon c chng bng mt phn hai
ch ni bnh thng( tng ng 70% i vi ch ni nh v 40% i vi
ch ni ln).
N u mt chong c c a vo khoan tip th phi ch cc im
sau:
- Kim tra k ren ni, ren ni phi m bo theo tiu chun ca API
- Bi trn li chong nu n khng c trang b m lm kn ln.
-Kim tra hot ng trc v chp xoay, c th xoay bng tay ( bi
a) hoc s dng cha vn( trc ma st), nu chng khng quay th phi
loi b.
- Kim tra m lm kn v h thng p sut b tr p sut, gip khc
phc cc ch mn gn np hoc cc l thng gi b bt do ht st hay mnkhoan.
- Cn ch n cc thng s chong ( kiu chong, s lp rp, s seri,
kch c vi phun) trn bn ghi ca chong trc khi a chong vo hot
ng, v cc thng tin lun c trn u ni ca chong v c th b ty
i do n mn.
- Trong h dung dch mn khoan gc nc v thnh h nhiu st, c s
bi trn hon ton i vi b mt chong cng vi s bi trn a nng trc
khi h xung ging c th gip vic hot ng c trn chu v h s an ton
cao hn.4.3.2. H xung
trnh nhng s c vi chong trong khi h xung:
Th chm b khoan c qua on ging cong gp, qua cc tng khng
bnh thng ca ging.
Khng cho php chong va mnh vo y, cn thn on ni cui cn
khoan. C b khoan c c di chuyn xung di mt cch t t vi s
vng quay thp v lu lng mn khoan ln. Sau tng dn ti trng v
s vng quay mt cch t t n gi tr tnh ton.
N u trc chong mt mt s ng knh cn thit, ta cn phi khoan
m rng thnh ging trn mt vi chiu di trc khi tip tc th xung y
mt ln na( thng khoan bng cc chong chuyn dng cho khoan m rng
thnh ging). Trong sut qu trnh khoan m rng, cc trc phi chu lc p
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bt thng t thnh ging, do khng nn khoan m rng lin tc trong mt
thi gian di.
N n s dng chong PDC khoan m rng. N hng ch vng calip
ngoi chong PDC s chu ti trng ln v rung cao, do c tnh ca
chong trong trng hp khoan m rng vi chiu di ln ( 500m hoc hn)
vi chong PDC, tt hn l loi ra khi ging v thay bng chong ba chp
xoay.
S dng chong PDC khoan m rng ch nn s dng nhng loi
c thit k c bit, hay c gia cng chuyn dng nh calip gn rng cc
bon vonfram c chng mi mn cao, hoc mt s loi chong c cu to
c bit gip chng s mi mn calip.
Hnh 4.15. Chong PDC c gia c calip chng mi mn
( 1- Calip c gia c rng PDC )
Trong hu ht cc trng hp khoan m rng c thc hin vi ti
trng thp v tc quay chm gim mn hng cho chong v hao ht
kch c calip( v ngay c khi ti trng nh nhng din tch y l khoan thu
hp cng s to ng sut ln).
4.3.3. Chm yTrc khi khoan phi lm sch y ging khoan. Lm sch cc ph
phm, vn cng sinh ra trong qu trnh khoan. V nu chong khoan tip
xc trc tip vi cc ph phm khi quay s nhanh chng mi mn chong c
bit l i vi chong kim cng.
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Trong giai on u ca qu trnh khoan mt chong mi s to ra khun
mu ca ging khoan nhng n y ging hnh dng s rt khc so vi khun
m ban u, do c s thay i v hnh dng ca chong lm cho hnh dng
y ging khng ging nhau. V vy khi bt u tip tc khoan khng c s
dng ti trng ln chong v s vng quay ln nht.
Khi chm n y:
- iu chnh my bm t lu lng yu cu cho ch khoan tnh
ton v kim tra p sut ng dng bn.
- Tun hon y ging lm sch y trong khong 30s.
- Chm n y mt cch nh nhng vi tc quay chm v kim tra
m men xon.
- t chong v tr cch y 30cm bng cch trng lng nhln chong( khng nh s lm chong ny ln) sau tng c tc quay v
trng lng ln chong.
- T y s tm c cc thng s kt hp gia ti trng ln chong v
tc quay hp l trong mt thnh h nht nh.
* i vi chong PDC
Vi t mm, c th tng thm mt tn ti trng ln chong ti
u tc quay.
N u va cng, khi chm y cn gim ti trng ln chong v tc
quay( khong 70 vg/ph). Sau s tng ti trng n gi tr ti u( trnhph hy u ct do va chm vi cc ph phm rn y ging khoan).
Chong nn c t ln y ging trc khi cho chong quay bnh thng.
4.3.4. Khoan
Cn thit s dng ti trng khng i trong qu trnh khoan, nu khng
c th gy ra ng sut khng cn thit ln b phn
Mt chc nng quan trng ca lu lng mn khoan l lm sch v
lm mt chong. N u v mt vi l do no m lu lng bn khoan khng
th duy tr mc thch hp, tt hn l dng khoan v sa cha. S dng cc
thng s khoan thp hn hoc thay i chong.
N n s dng ch khoan t ng cng nhiu cng tt, c bit l th
khoan khng nn iu chnh ti trng ln chong. iu ny rt quan trng v
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cc s liu ch ra khi ch khoan t ng c s dng th tui th ca
chong tng 40%, ch yu l do ti trng ln chong c gi n nh.
Vi chong PDC v m rng thm vi chong ba chp xoay, m men
xon v tc quay chong thay i bt thng, hin tng ny c gi l
stick and slip. Hin tng ny sut hin kh thng xuyn thnh h
mm. Ct cn khoan hot ng nh mt l xo khi chong cm vo va, nng
lng xon c tch tr trong ct cn khoan( lc ny tc ca chong gn
nh bng khng) v c gii phng mt cch mnh lit khi m men xon
chong tri hn va. Ti thi im ny chong v b khoan c y ging
c tc quay/pht ln nht sau t ngt dng li khi chong chun b
m vo va mt ln na. S cng hng ny c th b ph v do cch s
dng cc s kt hp khc nhau gia ti trng ln chong v s vng quay(gim ti trng,
Trong qu trnh khoan phi ch cn thn khi khoan qua cc on a
tng cha c o c, p dng ti trng v s vng quay nh phng
cc s c khng mong mun.
Mt hin tng thng xuyn xy ra trong qu trnh khoan l chong
khoan b kt mt, do t va km bn vng, hoc do sp l thnh ging.
Kt mt dn n gim m men xon, gim tc khoan v lm tng p sut
ng dng bn. Chnh v vy trong qu trnh khoan lun lun theo di xt sao
cc thng s hot ng ca chong nh s vng quay, ti trng, lu lng, psut dung dch qua vi phun. N u c s thay i bt thng cn c phn tch
ng n v c gii php khc phc.
Hin tng kt mt chong c th hn ch bng cch ko chong ln
khi vng kt mt vi tc chm, gim ti trng sau tng ng thi s
vng quay v lu lng dung dch.
4.3.5. Th nghim khoan y mn
- Th nghim khoan y mn i lc c tin hnh gip tm ra s kt
hp tt gia ti trng v tc quay.
- Th nghim khoan y mn c tin hnh trong nhng trng hp sau:
Tin hnh khoan ln u tin.
Khi va thay i.
Khi tc ct gim.
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- Trc khi khoan phi la chn, nh gi chong khoan ph hp. Thc
hin cc bin php an ton m bo hiu qu qu trnh khoan ng thi
gip nng cao tui th ca chong.
Trc khi khoan th phi c cc hot ng khoan thm d kho st t
trc hoc da vo cc s liu ca cc vng ging k cn c cc hiu bit
y v cu to a tng ca vng t cn khoan. T phn loi cng,
mi mn, sp l, kt xt... ca t .Vi mi loi a tng c dy v
c tnh ring m ta la chn chong cho ph hp tng loi a tng. V d
nh vi a tng mm, nhiu xt, d xp n ta thng dng chong khoan
chp xoay kiu rng nh cng trung bnh. Vi a tng cng, mi mn,
nhit va cao ta c th s dng chong khoan hp kim cng hoc chong
kim cng a tinh th..vv..Xc nh cc hin tng bt thng c th xy ra trong khi khoan nh
hin tng sp l thnh ging khoan, kt mt c cc bin php bo v
chong khoan nh khoan doa, gia c thnh ging trc khi khoan tip.
Lm sch y l khoan trc khi khoan: m bo l y l khoan c
sch s, khng cn cc mnh vn, ph phm rn. Cc ph phm rn c th
ph hy chong khoan trong khi khoan.
- Trong khi khoan: S dng cc thit b khoan, cc thit b ph tr ph
hp. C ch khoan vi cc thng s khoan ph hp tng loi thit b.
Vi mi loi chong khoan c th c cc nh sn xut quy nh ccthng s lm vic hiu qu nh s vng quay trn pht, ti trng ln chong,
nhit , p sut lm vicCng vic ca ngi k s khoan l kt hp cc
thng s c mt ch khoan ph hp vi tng loi a tng. Trnh vt
qua cc thng s gii hn ca chong c th ph hy chong hoc lm gim
tui th.
S dng b lc bn lc tch cc ht c kch thc kh ln, ngn
chn hin tng bt vi phun, m bo lu thng dung dch c thng sut
qu trnh khoan.
Theo di st xao qu trnh khoan, pht hin cc hin tng bt thng
khi khoan nh cc thay i v ti trng ln chong, tc
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