nicola spinosi - piccola enciclopedia degli errori
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Ehcdib Sphedsh
]hccdib lechcidplghb plrsdebil glnih lrrdrh
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]rl`lssb.
[hclrcb gh ’lrrdrh‐? he ihkrh, nhdrebih, rhcdrgh, h`prlsshdeh, rbghd, tv, ghscdrsh - lrrdrh
prlsh dvuequl, hi nhbch`letd á hefehtd eli tl`pd l eliid spbzhd, l, ebturbi`letl,
lrrdrh bi qubgrbtd (bi`led, he!btth su ue lrrdrl cbphtb c"l sh scrhvb, d sh plesh, d sh pbrih, cd``lttlegd eudvh lrrdrh, plr lsl`phd g#hetlrprltbzhdel. $# hi sbplrl c"l
prdclgl.
[hclrcb c"l ch "b pdrtbtd kle idetbed gbii#hghdshecrbshb fed b pdc"h beeh !b gb edh
pbthtb bttdred bi cdeclttd stlssd gh ’lrrdrl‐ - qubegd id trdvbvb`d bppihcbtd ede
tbetd bh !btth, qubetd bh shnehfcbth.
$# ueb prh`b sugghvhshdel, qulstb, `b ebturbi`letl ede gh`lethc"hb`d c"l h eugh
!btth sded ueb fezhdel. %e#bitrb á quliib trb lrrdrh heghvhgubih lg lrrdrh gh nruppd, l
cdiiltthvh. %e#bitrb, trb lrrdrh helrleth bi sbplrl (bii#hnedrbezb, lrrdrh helrleth bi
slethrl, lrrdrh helrleth bi crlglrl. %e#bitrb (`b s#hetlrslcbed, trb lrrdrh pshcdnleh (h
ibpsus plr lsl`phd, lg lrrdrh cd`l `lccbehs`h `letbih (scdrchbtdhl, prlnhughzh,
stlrldthph lccltlrb. &b s#hetlrslcbed.
'ih stlrldthph l h prlnhughzh sded !dr`l lrrdell gh pleshlrd l cd`pdrtb`letd
cdeghvhsl eliib cuiturb gh bppbrtlelezb, b rhprdvb c"l i#lrrdrl slrvl b slethrsh unubih
l ede ghvlrsh, he glfehthvb he pbcl, gbi `d`letd c"l lssd !uezhdeb, lsbttb`letl
cd`l ueb `deltb c"l he ue ]blsl shb usbtb plr dneh thpd gh trbesbzhdel
cd``lrchbil lg lcded`hcb, ededstbetl c"l bii#lstlrd ede vbinb l `bnbrh ede shbbcclttbtb? bkkhb`d !bttd i#lsplrhlezb gliib scbrshssh`b cdeshglrbzhdel c"l il edstrl
ihrl bvlvbed !udrh g#tbihb, lppurl lrbed i#bpphnihd qudthghbed gliil edstrl lshnlezl
gh crlghtdrh-glkhtdrh, vleghtdrh-cdesu`btdrh. )ds* nih stlrldthph l h prlnhughzh.
'ih stlrldthph sded ’tldrhl‐ cdeglesbtl l sl`pihch b edstrb ghspdshzhdel he qubetd
shb`d crlschuth bii#hetlred gh ueb clrtb cuiturb. 'ih stlrldthph "beed edh b
ghspdshzhdel plr lsprh`lrsh, cd`l+ rb`htl h prlnhughzh, c"l guequl sded ib !dr`b
vhshkhil glnih stlrldthph.
'ih stlrldthph l h prlnhughzh c"l el scbturhscded (qubegd sh prlsletb hi cbsd ede
sded hetrheslcb`letl skbnihbth, ede á qulstb ib cbrbttlrhsthcb lsslezhbil,
ededstbetl il stuphgbnnheh c"l sh ghcded he nhrd he ed`l gliib ’cdrrlttlzzb pdihthcb‐,
il qubih uith`l sded stlrldthph b prdpdshtd glnih stlrldthph. b idrd lrrdelht cdeshstl
eliib nrdssdibeht, eliib lcclsshvb sl`pihfcbzhdel cuh gbeed iudnd? cdeshstl eliib
`led`bzhdel gli edstrd pleshlrd.
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)d`l sl el lscl+ ]rleglegd cdschlezb c"l edh bppbrtlehb`d bnih stlrldthph gliib
edstrb cuiturb, plr pbssbrl gbiib cdeghzhdel pbsshvb b quliib btthvb. /l nih stlrldthph
"beed `l, rlstd he lrrdrl, sl bpprlegd gh bvlrl, hd, stlrldthph, pdssd libkdrbrih.
=dehfcbegd ib `hb `letl. %e pd# trdppd heghvhgubihsthcd, ede á vlrd+
eshl`l bnih bitrh, cdiiltthvb`letl, sl el lscl, plr `lzzd gliib schlezb, eli cdetlstdgliib nhusthzhb l gliib ghstrhkuzhdel lqub gliil rhsdrsl, gliil dppdrtueht. 2bchil, ed+
krbeh gliib `hscliibelb (pdtlezhbi`letl hetlr`hebkhil bppbrtlended he
`bnnhdrbezb bg butdrh edth d clilkrh, he `hedrbezb sded edstrh. /tbeed tutth heshl`l
l bec"l !beed b puneh, trdvbrl ue drghel sbrlkkl ueb !drzbturb. ;h bicueh ede
bkkhb`d heghcbtd ib pbnheb, `b, sl pdsshkhil, hi cbphtdid (eu`lrd d thtdid. )h3
ghplegl gbi !bttd c"l el cdedschb`d d, `bnbrh b tdrtd, el he!lrhb`d lghzhdeh ghvlrsl
gb quliib he edstrd pdsslssd l sbplrl.
%ith`d? ushb`d qubegd á hi cbsd ib prh`b plrsdeb piurbil, l ede ib prh`b shendibrl7
ch3 bpplsbethscl hi tlstd, `b vudi shnehfcbrl c"l ch slethb`d pbrtl gh ueb cd`ueht.
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\eb gliil pbrth phø fb`dsl gliib idsdb gh Kbcdel, á i‘leu`lrbhdel gh !uliih c"‘lnih
c"hb`b #hgdih$, cde cuh sded heghcbtl il cbtth%l b&htugheh `letbih c"l fbeed cbglrl he
lrrdrl ib nletl'(''') *gdib trh&us sded !uliih helrleth bii‘u`beb ebturb+chtb he
pbrthcdibrl i‘b&htughel gh clrcbrl elh fled`leh ebturbih ue drghel `bnnhdrl gh !uliid
c"l pdh he rlbit %h sh trd%b'*gdib splcus sded h prlnhughh plrsdebih, cbrbttlrhsthch glishendid he%lsthnbtdrl'*gdib fdrh sded !uliih rhnubrgbeth ib thrbeehb gliil pbrdil l ib
gh-cdit gh sfunnhrl bi idrd he.ussd'*gdib t"lbtrh sded !uliih ilnbth bh shstl`h gh
pleshlrd trbs`lsshch gbiil lpdc"l prlclgleth (''')'/h sded heel nih *gdib sc"dibl,
c"l cdeshstded eli plesbrl c"l, elii‘he%lsthnbhdel, !ubic"l chlcb rlndib (cd`l hi
shiidnhs`d) pdssb prleglrl hi pdstd gli nhughhd plrsdebil'
(K'=usslii, 27+ Stdrhb gliib idsdb dcchgletbil, cbp'**)'
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b frlnbtb Kliil ue trbttd, ib %lglttb slnebi1 ue‘h`&brcbhdel biib glrh%b'
‘l!uhpbnnhd bppuet1 nih snubrgh eliib ghrlhdel heghcbtb l tutth, u-chbih l `brhebh,
scdrslrd elttb`letl ueb bttlrb cbrhcb g‘ud`heh rh`drc"hbtb gb h`&brcbhdeh su cuhs%letdib%bed slnebih he%dcbeth sdccdrsd' ‘b``hrbnihd 8lsfdss?s flcl br`brl su&htd
ueb schbiuppb plr bccdrrlrl he bhutd glh ebufrbn"h' >%%hchebegdsh, `brhebh l u-chbih
%hglrd #ueb `bssb g‘ud`heh c"l sh bnhtb%bed l tlegl%bed il `beh, `letrl sh ugh%b hi
ru`drl sdrgd l cdefusd gh `ditl %dch$' >rrh%bth bccbetd biib suppdstb bttlrb, h
sdccdrrhtdrh trd%brded sditbetd !ubic"l frdegdsd rb`d g‘bi&lrd strbppbtd biib cdstb
%hcheb'
(:' l Kde,29+ ]shcdidnhb gliil fdiil, trbg'ht, cbp'**, 0 ;)'
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Eli &li `ld gh ueb tl`plstb gh el%l, ueb slrb g‘he%lred, ue cb%bihlrl nhuesl b
ueb idcbegb, bssbh cdetletd plr b%lr rbnnhuetd ue shcurd rhfunhd gdpd
ue‘hetlr`heb&hil cb%bicbtb he ueb phbeurb c"l ib el%l b%l%b trbsfdr`btd he ue uehcd
`betd el%dsd, cbecliibegd !ubishbsh heghcbhdel l tutth h slethlrh' *i idcbeghlrl,
trd%btdsh gh frdetl biid strbehlrd, cde ued snubrgd plrpilssd l `lrb%hnihbtd, nihc"hlsl gb gd%l %lehssl' *i cb%bihlrl cde ue nlstd heghc1 ib ghrlhdel dppdstb biib
idcbegb l hi idcbeghlrl, biih&htd, b4lr`1M #Bb id sbpltl c"l b%ltl bttrb%lrsbtd b
cb%biid hi ibnd gh /dstbeb$
(cht' he >'Cb`plrheh, ;GG2, ]shcdidnhb glii‘helrhb l gliib sdihgbrhlt+ pbn'237)'
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L
8urbetl ue plrhdgd gh `bed%rl he%lrebih suiil >iph s%hlrl ue pidtdel uen"lrlsl
%hlel `begbtd he plriustrbhdel' l cdeghhdeh bt`dsflrhc"l plnnhdrbed
&ruscb`letlM el%l, nlid, l heel ueb ttb el&&hb' *i pidtdel ede fb rhtdred hi nhdred
gdpd l elppurl hi nhdred slnuletlM *i tlrd nhdred, !ubegd hi cd`begbetl tl`l gh
b%lrid plrsd, hi pidtdel tdreb bi nrbe cd`piltd' :ih ud`heh rbccdetbed c"l sh sdeds`brrhth eliib el&&hb, "beed trd%btd rhfunhd plr gul nhdreh he ueb nrdttb, lg hi tlrd
nhdred sh sded `lssh biib rhclrcb gli cb`pd &bsl drhletbegdsh cde ueb `bppb c"l
ued gh idrd b%l%b cde s?'*i cd`begbetl c"hlgl gh %lglrib l scdprl c"l á ueb `bppb
ede gliil >iph `b glh ]hrlelh'
(cht' he :'Bbetd%beh,29, ‘lilfbetl he%hsh&hil+ pbn'22L)'
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*e %leghtb su ue &becd gh cdsl %lcc"hl trd%b``d ueb phplttb b`lrhcbeb gh
nrbeturcd (cdre)' *i `lrcbetl, %lglegdch hetlrlssbth, el %betb%b ib !ubihtM á gh
cdred, b4lr`1' Ede flcl ueb phlnb !ubegd btthrb``d ib sub bttlehdel sui sud !uh
prd !ud'
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\e nhdred hi %lcc"hd ]dd sh lrb tbnihbtd puilegd ueb spbgb, l %udh c"l i‘br`b fdssl
brrunnhehtb, %udh c"l sh fdssl ilsb ueb pbrtl slesh&hil gliil `beh d gliil ghtb, ib
flrhtb nih gb%b fdrth gdidrh' >iidrb hi cbr`lihtbed b%l%b prlsd ib ib`b, i‘b%l%b
cdspbrsb gh ueb pdi%lrl c"l tlel%b he ueb scbtdilttb, l su&htd hi ]dd b%l%b nhurbtd
gh b%%lrthrl sdiihl%d' Fbttd stb c"l hi nhdred gdpd ib phbnb sh stb%b nh chcbtrhbegd'(\'Ncd,27, ‘hsdib gli nhdred gdpd+ pbn';3)'
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2G
#b edttl scdrsb ede sded rhuschtd b c"huglr dcc"hd b fdrb gh rhclrcbrl hi `dth%d plr
cuh g‘lstbtl fb cbigd' >iib el `h á %leutb ib rhspdstb'$ #N !ubi á$ c"hlslrd he cdrd
nih >ehbeh' #N‘ c"l gbi prhechphd biib el glii‘he%lred sh bcclegded il stufl, l !ulstd
cbidrl rh`bel b /"li` l rlegl cbigb i‘lstbtl'$ Autth nih >ehbeh c"hebrded ib tlstb he
slned gh bsslesd `led lHhs" Kbidrgd, c"l gd`beg1M #Bb biidrb plrc"? g‘he%lred fbfrlggd$ #*i plrc"? á c"hbrd,$ rhspdsl :rdebe'$8‘lstbtl ede sh bcclegded il stufl, l
plrch1 ede b%beb elbec"l ue pd‘ gh cbigd plr i‘he%lred'$
(*'K'Shenlr, 259, Oubegd S"il`hli beg1 b brsb%hb, trbg'ht'+ pbn' 5)'
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b iltturb gh chbscueb edttl lrb fruttd gli cbsd l gh bicuel chrcdstbel rlstrhtth%lM ib
!ubetht glh ih&rh, ib idrd ebturb, i‘drghel he cuh lrbed cdiidcbth':hd%beeh ede fbcl%b
ghsthehdel frb ih&rh nh iltth l ih&rh becdrb gb ilnnlrl' ]hø %ditl nih cbphtb%b gh pdrtbr
%hb hi `lglsh`d %diu`l l gh rhilnnlrid ghihnletl`letlM b%l%b fbttd ib scdplrtb c"l
ede sh ilnnl `bh gul %ditl id stlssd ih&rd' /de il dplrl phø %diu`hedsl nih succlgl%bsplssd gh ilnnlrl prh`b ib tlrb pbrtl, `bnbrh !ubic"l bitrb pbrtl gdpd bicueh `lsh,
l i‘hehhd `bhM %udh plrc"? he l4ltth `becb%b, %udh plrc"? ede c‘hechb`pb%b `bh' (''')
Oubegd phø tbrgh sh flcl `debcd, hi edstrd butdrl gl%l purl b%lr rhcl%utd !uliib c"l
edh c"hb`lrl``d ue‘lgucbhdel rlndibrl+ ededstbetl hi cbrbttlrl fdrtl`letl
bssl%lrbth%d, plr ede ghrl gdn`bthcd, gh !ulst‘uith`b (d fdrsl prdprhd b cbusb gh
lssd), h ghfltth bc!uhshth eliib sub nhd%helb sh sbrl&&lrd gh`dstrbth hrrl%lrsh&hih' (''')
:hd%beeh eJ cde i‘b4lr`brl c"l h pleshlrh scdeelssh gliil %brhl plrsdel bitrd ede
sded c"l ib `lghtbhdel hehetlrrdttb gh 8hd stlssd' Elnih lsslrh u`beh !ulsth
frb``leth sh prlsletbed eliib sl!uleb s&bnihbtb, `b i‘uehcd `dgd plr cdedsclrl
8hd (b" , c"l tldrhb `dstrudsb, c"l tldrhb b&d`hel%dilI), sJ, prdprhd i‘uehcd `dgd, á
gh rh`lttlrih he drghel ued gdpd i‘bitrd, sfdrbegdsh gh bccdstbrl il hgll frb gh idrd
cd`piltb`letl biib chlcb l sleb heghh, pdhc"? ede á pdssh&hil pleltrbrl h rlclssh gh
ueb `letl c"l ede th sh rh%lib he bicue `dgd (''')' (''') h pleshlrh gh tutth nih ud`heh (h
`hlh, !uliih gh bet‘>ndsthed, gh Nhestlhe, gli ibttbhd) sh l!uh%brrl&&lrd
!ubihtbth%b`letl l !ubethtbth%b`letl, tutth lsslegd pbrthcliil gliib rh.lsshdel
gh%heb ghssl`hebth he `dgd cbdthcd bttrb%lrsd hi `degd, sle‘bitrb rlndib c"l
i‘hesdegb&hil %didet gh%heb, c"l he lssh á rbcc"husb'(*']'/duihbed, @'S'hlslr, 2G, b sl!uleb slnrltb, trbg'ht'+ pbnn';9
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Sh rbccdetb%b (''') gh ue b%%leturhlrd htbihbed, bi slnuhtd gliil truppl gh dccupbhdel,
c"l sh lrb fbttd bssu`lrl cd`l hetlrprltl gh brb&d, sleb cdedsclrl b4bttd !uliib
ihenub' 8ue!ul, sh cbtturb%b ue prlsuetd rh&liil c"l %leh%b sdttdpdstd b
hetlrrdnbtdrhd+ i‘u-chbil htbihbed pdel%b ib gd`begb he htbihbed, hi fbisd hetlrprltl
prdeuechb%b bicuel frbsh he ue sud brb&d he%letbtd, i‘hetlrrdnbtd ede cbph%b lrhspdegl%b c"hss cdsb ('''), i‘hetlrprltl trbgucl%b he htbihbed b sud phbch`letd, c"l
sd, c"l !uliid sh rhutb%b gh rhspdeglrl, d c"l cdeflssb%b tuttd, l gh sdihtd hi rh&liil
%leh%b h`phccbtd'
(\'Ncd,;GG3, 8hrl !ubsh ib stlssb cdsb+ pbn';;)'
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Oubic"l beed fb, h nhdrebih rhflrhrded i‘lphsdghd gh gul &b`&hel beelnbtl l rhplscbtl
eliib Sleeb' l &b`&hel furded su&htd rhcdedschutl cde ib `bssh`b shcurlb gb ueb
gdheb gh tlsth`deh' 8b%beth bg b4lr`bhdeh tbetd cdecdrgh, hi nhughcl hstruttdrl
ede l&&l gu&&h, butdrh1 hi rhibschd glii‘bttd gh `drtl' Bb `letrl sh stb%b plr
prdclglrl bii‘heu`bhdel, hi cbsd plr`hsl gh scdprhrl c"l il suppdstl %htth`l lrbed%h%l, %lnltl, l sdid %bnb`letl sd`hnihbeth biil phccdil beelnbtl'
(:'l Kde, cht' + cbp'**, 0;)'
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Slned gliib rhtdrebtb ih&lrt he *tbihb (bndstd 273) á ib rhbppbrhhdel elh nhdrebih
gliib edthhb fbisb (''')'Ede c"l sdttd hi pbssbtd rlnh`l h nhdrebih pu&&ihcbsslrd
sditbetd edthhl %lrl M il edthhl beh lrbed tuttl he!uhebtl gh fbisht, `b tuttl
heghsthetb`letl, bec"l il phø fbisl, lrbed spbcchbtl plr %lrl l ghr1 `lnihd h`pdstl
cd`l tbih'*i ghflttd `bnnhdrl l ib prdfdegb h``drbiht glh rlnh`h bssdiuthsth cd`l ghdneh cdeghhdel bssdiuthstb, á hi prhechphd gliib D%lrht uehcb‘, `letrl sh sb c"l ib
%lrht u`beb, ib %lrht edstrb, ib %lrht D%lrb‘ á fbttb gh %lrd l gh fbisd M phø gh fbisd
c"l gh %lrd'
(>'Sb%hehd, 23;
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\e pbgrl "b ghspdstd c"l ib sub lrlght %bgb plr `lt bi nihd `bnnhdrl, plr ue
tlrd bi slcdegd l plr ue eded bi nihd `hedrl' ‘lrlght cdeshstl he ghchbsslttl
cb``liih, l plr !ubetd h nih, gdpd ib sub `drtl, %dithed l rh%dithed hi prd&il`b gb
tuttl il pbrth, ede trd%bed bicueb sdiuhdel sl ede !uliib gh s`l`&rbrl bicueh
beh`bih' > ue clrtd puetd, ede sh sb gb gd%l, brrh%b ue `uiib", ue prlghcbtdrlhthelrbetl,lg lssh nih c"hlgded ue cdeshnihd' Oulsth ghclM$Nccd !uh %h gd hi `hd
cb``liid he bnnhuetb bh %dstrh+ cdsJ sded ghchdttd' Au, hi `bnnhdrl, el rhcl%h ib `lt,
!uhegh ed%l' Au, hi slcdegd, el rhcl%h ue tlrd, l chdá slh' > tl, hi `hedrl, splttb ue
eded, !uhegh gul cb``liih' Fbeed he tdtbil ghchbsslttl cb``liih l el rh`bel ued,
chdá hi `hd'$
(]'btibRhcH, 299, b rlbit he%letbtb, trbg'ht'+ pbnn'222
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\e cbcchbtdrl b%l%b ucchsd ueb `bnehcb nbliib, ib pdrt1 gbi fdrebhd plr fbrnihlib
brrdsthrl, hi prdfu`d brrh%1 biil ebrhch gli cbgJ, l hi cbgJ pbss1 gbi fdrebhd' /dsb
brrdsthsch nih gd`beg1, l hi fdrebhd rhspdsl'
8b``h i‘brrdstd ghssl hi cbgJ'
N !ubegd hi cbcchbtdrl %hlel b rhthrbrid gd`beg1 hi fdrebhd he beshb' 8hnih rhspdslhi cbgJ c"l ib nbliib á rlsuschtbtb'
Bb sl hi cbcchbtdrl ede `h crlgl !ulstb ib prldccupbhdel gli fdrebhd' /"l th
cdegucb gb `l, sl ede ch crlgl rlpihc1 hi cbgJ'
]dcd gdpd rhtdre1 hi cbcchbtdrl l %diil hi sud brrdstd gh nbliib'
Ede c‘á phø ghssl hi fdrebhd, b%l%d bppleb cd`hechbtd b `lttlrib he fdred, c"l ib
nbliib á rlsuschtbtb' *efurhbtd hi cbcchbtdrl prlsl plr ib cdiidttdib hi fdrebhd' Bl id
gl%h gh`dstrbrl gb%beth bi cbgJ nrhg1, l id trbsche1 he strbgb'
*e strbgb c‘lrb ib `dnihl gh ue %hched gli fdrebhd, hechetb c"l b%l%b ue pbechdel e
sdttd hi ebsd' A‘"beed &lccbtd ebi`letl ndendi1 `bihneb &ruttd ibgrd gh fbrhebI
>iidrb hi fdrebhd, flrhtd elii‘dedrl, il thr1 ue cbichd eli %letrl, ib gdeeb cbggl l
b&drtJ' >iibr`btd gbiil nrhgb gliib `dnihl, hi `brhtd sh prlchpht1 fudrh gh cbsb, %hgl l
uri1M gl%h pbnbrl !uli c"l "bh fbttd, &rutdI hleh gbi cbgJI
N‘ plr i‘bppuetd gb iuh c"l beghb`d ghssl hi cbcchbtdrl'
Bletrl heshl`l trbscheb%bed %hb hi fdrebhd, hecdetrbrded ue nhugld, c"l scudtlegd ib
tlstb &dr&dtt1M `b cds‘"beed sl`prl gb ihthnbrl h ndh Au c"hugh ib &dccbI nih nrhg1
hi fdrebhd, id cdipJ l nih cb%1 ue dcc"hd' >"hI< uri1 hi nhugld hdilebI 8d%‘á hi cbgJ
N‘ plr i‘bppuetd gb iuh c"l beghb`d ghssl hi cbcchbtdrl, l hi nhugld sh ueJ b idrdib`letbegdsh'
> !ulstd puetd hi fdrebhd, h`pburhtd, sh ih&lr1 l cdrsl %lrsd ib `dsc"lbM
ebturbi`letl hi cbcchbtdrl, hi %hched gli fdrebhd l hi nhugld, %lglegdid cdrrlrl, id
heslnuhrded' Strb%ditd, hi fdrebhd sbiJ ghibtd il scbil gli `hebrltd, brrh%1 %lrsd ib
ch`b l sbit1 eli %udtd, chdá suiib eucb gh ued c"l stb%b he prln"hlrb, rd`plegdnih
i‘dssd gli cdiid' *i frbtliid gh !uliid c"l prlnb%b cdrsl bggdssd bi fdrebhd l id &idcc1'
>ssbsshedI uri1 drb tu %hleh cde `l gbi cbgJI
N‘ plr i‘bppuetd gb iuh c"l beghb`d ghssl hi cbcchbtdrl'
*i fdrebhd sh gh`leb%b furhdsb`letl eli tletbth%d gh ih&lrbrsh, l eli trb`&ustd sh
trd%1 gb%beth ued c"l %leh%b b gdrsd g‘bshed' *e prlgb biib ghsplrbhdel hi fdrebhd
s‘bttbcc1 biib cdgb glii‘bshed l ib strbpp1 %hb' /brelcl g‘beh`bihI uri1 hi pbgrdel
glii‘bshed, l ib fdiib c"l s‘lrb rbccditb runnJM trbschebtlid gb%beth bi cbgJI
N‘ plr i‘bppuetd gb iuh c"l beghb`d ghssl hi cbcchbtdrl'
Autth heshl`l trbschebrded hi fdrebhd gb%beth bi cbgJ' Fbtl ib cdrtlshb, ued biib %ditb
ghssl i‘bitd `bnhstrbtd plr pibcbrl il pbrth ilsl, c"l lrbed lcchtbthssh`l' N
rh%dinlegdsh bi cbcchbtdrl gd`beg1M !ubi á ib tub gleuechb Ouliid ghssl !ubetd
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gd%l%b l hi cbgJ nih gd`beg1M tu ede crlgh c"l ueb nbliib pdssb rlsuschtbrl >iidrb
ede crlgh he 8hd deehpdtletl, l hd th cdegbeed b ue beed gh prhnhdel plr btlhs`d'
]dh sh rh%disl bi %hched gli fdrebhd b cuh ib `dnihl lrb stbtb fbttb b&drthrl cde ue
cbichdM !ubi á ib tub gleuechb Ouliid ghssl !ubetd gd%l%b l hi cbgJ sletleh1M
dr&lel, ueb rhpbrbhdel th á gd%utb, gue!ul tu cdeclglrbh tub `dnihl b !ulstdfdrebhd plr tbetd tl`pd !ubetd el slr%hr plrc"? gh eud%d ilh rlsth hechetb'
]dh sh rh%disl bi nhugld' Oubi á ib tub gleuechb Ouliid ghssl !ubetd gd%l%b l hi cbgJ
pbri1 cd`l slnulM bec"l b tl splttb ueb rhpbrbhdel' Arb %dh nhuglh sh ghcl [dcc"hd
plr dcc"hd, gletl plr gletl#, cb%b gue!ul ue dcc"hd bi fdrebhd, `b sdnnhuesl
slcdegd ib ilnnl ue dcc"hd gh brb&d %bil gul dcc"h gh nhugld, !uhegh hi fdrebhd gl%l
cb%brth prh`b letrb`&h nih dcc"h'
]dh sh rh%disl bi frbtliid glii‘ucchsdM !ubi á ib tub gleuechb Ouliid ghssl !ubetd
gd%l%b l hi cbgJM á nhustd c"l tu dttlenb ue‘lsphbhdel plr ib `drtl gh tud frbtliid
ghssl < sbih gue!ul sui `hebrltd l &uttbth b tub %ditb suiib eucb gli fdrebhd'
‘ud`d glii‘bshed cuh lrb stbtb strbppbtb %hb ib cdgb sbit1 suii‘bshed l nbidpp1 %hb
nrhgbegd b s!ubrchbndibM á ueb &lsthb ebtb sleb cdgb, crlgltl`hI :husthhb á fbttb,
%h%b hi cbgJI
(:rlndr de =ldrh,2;, de glr :lrlc"tthnHlht gls bghs Wb nhusthhb gli cbgJ,
lg' 292+ trbg' E'S')'
bil rhcdrgbrsh c"l Sc"Rbe, cdgb, shnehcb bec"l plel'
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N‘ cd`l sl sh nuhgbssl sl`prl eliib edttl elrb cde ueb ttb el&&hb, d cd`l sl sh
cb%bicbssl ueb thnrl furhdsb' b rhcd`plesb á `drhrl prh`b c"l %h &utth nhø'
(*']'/duihbed, s'g', b cdiilhdel gh s`lrbigh, trbg'ht'+ pbn'22)'
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* ih&rh gh stdrhb gl%ded lsslrl cdeshglrbth dplrl gh purb h``bnhebhdel' Sded
rbccdeth fbetbsthch gh l%leth `bil dsslr%bth, bccd`pbnebth gb sphlnbhdeh he%letbtl b
cdsl fbttl'
(:'l Kde, cht' + cbp'**, 0;)'
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‘he%hghdsd, rh`bstd he nhbrghed, clrc1 ec"? rhuscJ b trd%brl ue `ld fdnihlttd'
=hsuitb%b strbcchbtd he `dgd gb cdetlelrl lsbttb`letl !ubttrd `lh %lrsh, c"l
pbrl%bed `ltrhcb`letl ehth eliib idrd &rl%ht+ l plr cbsd becdr phø strbed b%l%bed
ue shnehcbtd gh tlrrh&hih hesuith bi rl' Sh ilnnl%bed cdsJM
Elh `hsfbtth phø &rutth
rlsd hi trded phø sbigd
trb ib pbcl gh tutth
á i‘uehcd rh&bigd
‘he%hghdsd sh sletJ flihcl plr ib prh`b %ditb eliib %htb' Alel%b trb il `beh ch1 c"l
&bstb%b biib rd%heb g‘ueb plrsdeb b4b&hil l plr &lel WCbghn' ]hled gh nhdhb
cruglil `beg1 su&htd bi rl !uliib sbthrb scrhttb gh puned gh Cbghn' uh, h gul b`hch
sudh, l ib shnedrb furded hecbrclrbth' (''')Cbghn ede b%l%b ib prltlsb g‘lsslrl ue
&rb%d pdltb+ `b ede pdtl%b cbpbchtbrsh gliib cdegbeeb cd`l rld gh ilsb `blst
(''')' Ede nih fu cdeclssd gh pbribrl+ pbrib%b plr iuh hi fdnihlttd gli sud tbccuhed'
(''')]rdprhd `letrl lnih sh prlpbrb%b biib `drtl hi pbppbnbiid gli rl %di1 %hb gbi
&bicdel, l cbpht1 eli nhbrghed gh Cbghn, sdprb ue rdsltd' \eb plscb lrb cbgutb iJ gb
ue bi&lrd scrdiibtd gbi %letd, lrb ehtb su ue fdnihlttd gh tbccuhed, !ubsh
hecdiibegdid' ‘uccliid prlsl plscb l fdnihlttd l ih pdrt1 suiil nhedcc"hb gli `debrcb'
*i prhechpl, hecurhdshtd, %h ilssl gliil pbrdil c"l pbrl%bed sleb slesd, `b cde il
rh`l' (''') b rlnheb, rhcdrgbegdsh gh !ubetd lrb stbtd scrhttd su !uli fdnihlttd ghCbghn, sh flcl gbrl !ulst‘bitrd fdnihlttd' * gul plh gh cbrtb, bccdstbth,
cd`&bchb%bed plrflttb`letl' Sh ilsslrd plrch1 h %lrsh bi `dgd he cuh Cbghn ih b%l%b
cd`pdsthM
Elh `hsfbtth phø &rutth %hgh fdscb ib tlrrb,
rlsd hi trded phø sbigd l hi rl gd`hebtdrl+
trb ib pbcl gh tutth sdid >`drl fb nulrrbM
á i‘uehcd rh&bigd c"l ch brrlc"h th`drl'
*i rl ghlgl drghel gh pdrtbrl su&htd gb%beth b s? Cbghn, l gh ih&lrbrl gbi cbrclrl h gul
b`hch l ib &liib shnedrb'
(ditbhrl, 2L79, Cbghn, trbg'ht'+ ‘he%hghdsd)'
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* `ditlpihch bpprdcch bi prd&il`b glh %hbnnh l gliil %hshdeh uitrbtlrrlel "beed (''') ue
gled`hebtdrl cd`uelM tutth cdecdrgbed, l prd&b&hi`letl su !uliid sditbetd, c"l nih
ueh%lrsh lspidrbth sded ueh%lrsh `letbih' *e bitrlh tlr`heh ib idrd rlbit á eliib `letl
gh c"h ih lspidrb' Sfdrtuebtb`letl, elssued glnih bpprdcch pshcdidnhch sl`&rb he
nrbgd gh hiiu`hebrch su ch1 c"l gb%%lrd á ib `letl l sdprbttuttd cdsb l gd%l á idspbhd `letbil' (''') ib idcbihbhdel l il cbrbttlrhsthc"l gliid spbhd `letbil sded
prd&b&hi`letl nih lehn`h phø h`plnebth%h c"l nih lsslrh u`beh b&&hbed b4rdetbtd e
gbh tl`ph phø rl`dth+ gdpd c"l h gul slcdih &uh gli pdshth%hs`d "beed clrcbtd gh
ih!uhgbrih cd`l prd&il`h tthh, lssh sded tdrebth, phø urnbeth c"l `bh, bii‘bi&b gliib
ch&lrelthcb l glh cd`putlr'
]lr phø gh ueb rbnhdel (''') shb`d ilnhtth`bth b crlglrl c"l hi edstrd spbhd `letbil
b&&hb prdprhlt stuplfbcleth, ib phø sdrprlegletl gliil !ubih á c"l lssd ede á
ih`htbtd b trl gh`leshdeh, cd`l i‘ueh%lrsd shcd c"l ch chrcdegb'
(*']'/duihbed, 22, * %hbnnh glii‘beh`b, trbg'ht'+ pbn')'
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]lr drhletbrsh eliib prl%hshdel gli tl`pd, stughbrded il eu%dil slcdegd ib
cibsshcbhdel c"l el fb uHl @dRbrg' Scrutb%bed !uliil c"l s‘biiuenbed b `d‘ gh
crhehlrl, !uliil c"l pbhded hsdil, !uliil c"l sh scb`&hlrl&&lrd plr `detbnel gh
el%l+ clrcbegd gh ghsthenulrl h eh`&h gbh chrrh, nih strbth gbh cu`uih+ `b ede el
b%l%bed becdrb trd%btd hi ed`l, c"l ib eu%dib `utb%b fdr`b' (:'Fibu&lrt, 2992,Kdu%brg l ]?cduc"lt, trbg'ht'+ cbp'**)'
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>`&hnuht, rhgdegbel l glchlel rhcdrgbed !uliil c"l hi gdttdr Frbe u"e
bttrh&uhscl b ue‘lechcidplghb chelsl c"l s‘hethtdib N`pdrhd /lilstl gh /dedsch`leth
Klel%dih' Eliil sul rl`dtl pbnhel á scrhttd c"l nih beh`bih sh gh%hgded he (b)
bppbrtleleth bii‘*`plrbtdrl, (&) h`&bisb`bth, (c) b``blstrbth, (g) ibttdedih, (l)
shrlel, (f) fb%didsh, (n) cbeh rbegbnh' (") cd`prlsh he !ulstb cibsshcbhdel, (h) c"lsh bnhtbed cd`l pbh, (Q) heeu`lrl%dih, (H) ghslnebth cde ue pleeliid ehssh`d gh
plid gh cb``liid, (i) lccltlrb,(`) c"l "beed rdttd hi %bsd, (e) c"l gb idetbed
sl`&rbed `dsc"l'
(X''Kdrnls,2;, >itrl he!uhshhdeh, trbg'ht'+ ‘hghd`b bebihthcd gh Xd"e hiHhes)'
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Sbbifligle gd%l%b lsslrl ib `ltb, ueb idcbiht ede idetbeb gh bitb ̀ detbneb eliib
rlnhdel gh Sbihs&urnd' b slrb prh`b gliib pbrtleb, sh prlslet1 b cbsb edstrb ib
gdttdrlssb ]dpp cde ue cdplrc"hd gh cbrtdel phuttdstd nrbegl b cuh lrb beedgbtb
ueb cdrghcliib c"l hd `h sbrlh gd%utd ilnbrl bi cdiid (''')' Su !uli cdplrc"hd gh
cbrtdel lrb scrhttd hi `hd ed`l l ib `hb glsthebhdel' hbnnlrbh sditbetd gul drlbttrb%lrsd ue pblsbnnhd %brhd l phbcl%dil, ghssl `hd edeed' lgrbh, sbr ue
gh%lrth`letd' l cdsl ede begbrded b4bttd cdsJ' *i trled ede sh `dssl he ghrlhdel gh
Sbihs&urnd e? %lrsd Sbbifligle, &lesJ he ghrlhdel gh Bdebcd gh Kb%hlrb l %lrsd
Sbbiflig he Aurhenhb'
(A'Klre"brg, 29;, \e &b`&hed, trbg'ht'+ pbn'229)'
>ec"l sditbetd he ihelb g‘brhb, il gul idcbiht ghstbed chrcb 3L ` i‘ueb gbii‘bitrb' N‘
ue‘b%%leturb gb rbccdetbrl, he dneh `dgd'
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b `urbnihb chelsl á tlr`hebtb gbiib pbrtl gh slttletrhdel' 8b sug
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Eli cdrsd gh ueb gliil edstrl rhclrc"l sunih bttlnnhb`leth ebhdebih glh &b`&heh,
cdegdttb he ueb scudib lil`letbrl he ue sd&&drnd gh hleeb, hetlr%hstb``d ue
&b`&hed gh chrcb ueghch beeh c"l b4lr`1, cd`l `dith bitrh, c"l h =ussh nih lrbed
bethpbthch' :ih sh c"hlsl biidrb plrc"? rhtlel%b c"l h russh fdsslrd bethpbthch' b
rhspdstb fuM$plrc"? b%l%bed he%bsd hi edstrd pblsl, l @htilr lrb hi idrd cbpd$'(@'AbQfli, 292, :rupph u`beh l cbtlndrhl sdchbih, trbg'ht'+ pbn';;9)'
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l bccusl gh strlndelrhb cdeslethrded, bh `l`&rh gliil cd`ueht glii‘hehhd glii‘Nt
`dglreb he Nurdpb, gh rhsdi%lrl h idrd cde.htth gh %hchebtd l gh gbrl ueb sphlnbhdel
biil idrd ghsb%%leturl !udthghbel'
(K']'l%bcH, 29L, b cbcchb biil strln"l he Nurdpb, trbg'ht'+ pbn'23)'
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b sphb%b, clrcb%b gh sdrprleglrib' 8urbetl hi nhdred, nih btth gh sub `dnihl nih
gh`dstrb%bed c"l !uliib lrb ueb rbnbb ed&hil l ilbil+ gh edttl, h sdneh nih
rh%lib%bed ue_ >egrlb bssbh gh%lrsb+ !ubic"l %ditb, s%lnihbegdsh, l nubrgbegdib cde
sdrprlsb, `dr`drb%bM gdr`l cd`l ueb hpdcrhtb'
(>'KhdZ /bsbrls, 2L;, *i ibtd glii‘d`&rb, trbg'ht'+ pbn'27)'
/"l hi sdeed u`bed shb pbrbndebtd b !uliid gh beh`bih (n"hrd), d he!ubgrbtd eli
rlned `helrbil (sbssd), á edtd' ‘butdrl d4rl ueb %brhbetl `drbil'
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Oubegd plesb b lh ib sub %hrhiht el á tbi`letl lcchtbtb gb prdcurbrnih ue glshglrhd
hetleshssh`d, lppurl, !ubegd l á %hched, tuttb !ulstb pdtleb sh bYdschb' Oulstd
&le strbed fled`led shnehcb c"l i‘ud`d á `hiil %ditl pdtletl ('''), `b c"l ede pu1
bssdiutb`letl dttlelrl ue‘lrlhdel he prlsleb gh ueb gdeeb c"l %udil h`plghrib'
N‘ ueb gliil phø slnrltl br`h fl``hehih, ue‘br`b cuh ib gdeeb rhcdrrl sleb bicuedscrupdid !ubegd %udil u`hihbrl ue ud`d+ d `lnihd, crlgd c"l shb hi sud hecdeschd b
slr%hrsh gh !ulst‘br`b, plrc"á ede %dnihd crlglrl c"l ueb gdeeb shb cdschletl`letl
cbpbcl gh ueb tbil `bi%bnht+ rhtlend phø prd&b&hil c"l elii‘drnbehs`d fl``hehil sh
s%dinbed hecdeschb`letl glh prdclssh c"l, prdguclegd ue .uhgd `hstlrhdsd, fbeed
hegl&dihrl i‘ud`d'
(:':rdgglcH, 2;3, *i ih&rd glii‘Ns, trbg'ht'+ ilttlrb *)'
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@d %hltbtd b ue pbhletl gh tlilfdebrl biib sub b`btb, cde ib !ubil lnih stlssd %udi
rd`plrl, plrc"? dneh cde%lrsbhdel rhbeh`b ib idttb plr ghsb&htubrsh b ilh' 8l%l
biidrb scrh%lril ib sub uith`b glchshdel (''') hetletd b cd`phibrl ib ilttlrb g‘bgghd,
s‘hetlrrd`pl b ue trbttd l ghcl biib `bgrl iJ prlsletlM bglssd "d gh`lethcbtd gh
gd`begbrl bi prdflssdrl sl eliib ilttlrb pdssd chtbrl hi sud ed`l, cdrrl bi tlilfdedl, dttleutb ib cd`uehcbhdel, nrhgb eliib cdrelttbM plr fb%drl, pdtrlh pbribrl cdi
prdflssdrl (''') Sh sletl rhspdeglrl he tded gh sdrprlsbM >gdif, slh h`pbhtd, l
prdprhd gb !uliib %dcl c"l slcdegd ib `hb henhuehdel ede b%rl&&l phø gd%utd
rhbscditbrl'
(S'Frlug, 2G2, ]shcdpbtdidnhb gliib %htb !udthghbeb, trbg'ht'+ cbp'P)'
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Sded plr1 phø gh `hiil beeh c"l il gdeel usufruhscded gliib ih&lrt gh &ruchbrsh' /"h gh
edh b%r i‘brghrl gh cb`&hbrl ueb ilnnl cdesbcrbtb gbi tl`pd h á !ubic"l cdsb phø
glneb gh rhnubrgd g‘ue b&usd %ltustd
(ditbhrl, cht'+ b phrb)'
*i #rlibth%hs`d cuiturbil$, gue!ul, gd%rl&&l brrlstbrsh gb%beth bii‘bssdiutdM hi fudcd
&ruchb dneh pliil, d%ue!ul'
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\e nhd%bel lsbnlrbtb`letl heglchsd á ebi`letl nhuetd, gdpd iuen"l idttl
hetlrhdrh, b prd`lttlrl hi `btrh`dehd biib fbechuiib c"l gb `ditd tl`pd id b`b, cdsJ
cd`l iuh b`b ilh' Nnih bccd`pbneb b cbsb ib gbebtb, sh cdenlgb gb ilh, prlegl hi
trb`, bi cui`hel gliib flihcht, l c"hlgl biib &hnihlttbhb gul &hnihltth' Bl‘beed gdpd
á nh spdsbtd, `b ede á becdrb cbpbcl gh bssulfbrsh biib flihcht gli `btrh`dehd'8u&htb gh b%lr bnhtd &lel spdsbegdsh, sletl ib `becbeb gh %lcc"hl rlibhdeh
g‘b`hchhb, "b gb rhghrl suh sudclrh' \eb slrb %b b prleglrl ib nhd%bel `dnihl he cbsb
glh sudclrh, prlegl hi trb` cde ilh l sh bccdetletb gh c"hlglrl ue sdid &hnihlttd'
(S'Frlug, cht'+ cbp'P)'
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Eli slttl`&rl gli ;GG2, pdcd gdpd ib ghstruhdel gliil ARhe AdRlrs, b 8ltrdht ue
trletleel (#&hbecd$), tbil Krlet, s‘br`b gh phstdil, `htrbnihlttb, &d`&l b `bed, l sh
rlcb b cbsb gliib sub lU cd`pbneb (#&hbecb$, á gb crlglrl 'Cuccdeh, ;GG;, Krlet
%b biib nulrrb+ pbn'7;)' Ard%b ib gdeeb he cb`lrb gb ilttd cde hi `brhtd, ue
b`lrhcbed (#ede &hbecd$), gh drhnhel hrbehbeb' * gul rhlscded b trbttlelrl i‘hetrusdgbh sudh hetleth %leghcbth%h, `b ede bg h`plghrl c"l sh sletb `bil l c"l sh bccbsch b
tlrrb' b gdeeb, b !ubetd ilnnd #eugb$, cdrrl b tlilfdebrl plr ue bhutd sbehtbrhd,
`letrl hi `brhtd, `lghcd, hehhb b gbrl cdiph sui plttd gh Krlet `bssbnnhd cbrghbcd'
*i trb`&ustd l il d%%hl urib, hetbetd, "beed rhc"hb`btd sui pdstd bicueh %hcheh'
/dstdrd l%hgletl`letl ede cdedscded hi `brhtd gliib gdeeb, %lgded ue #ede
&hbecd$ c"l #phcc"hb$ ue #&hbecd$ ghstlsd sdttd gh iuh l ueb gdeeb #eugb$, uribetl
bi tlilfded' \ed glh %hcheh spbrb sui #phcc"hbtdrl$M el rhsuitbed gul cbgb%lrh, hi
`lghcd gh drhnhel hrbehbeb, flrhtd b `drtl , l Krlet, g‘hefbrtd'
(Krlet á bec"l hi ed`l gh ueb #!ubiht$ gh pltrdihd)'
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Elssued á cdsJ b`brlnnhbtd cd`l i‘b`betl rhslethtd c"l ede sh ib`letb plrc"? ede
sb sl "b rbnhdel'(''')' Fdr`uibh phø gh ueb frbsl rhslethtb, c"l h`pbrbh b `l`drhb plr
prdeuechbrib hi nhdred gdpd'
(>'KhdZ /bsbrls, cht', trbg'ht'+ pbn'25L)'
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3L
*i nhdred gliil ]bi`l, gdpd lsslr`h cd`uehcbtb, fuh prlsb gb ueb nrbegl
sdspleshdel l ede rhusch%d elppurl b hen"hdtthrl i‘dsthb' Bletrl ib tlel%d he &dccb l
stb%d rhprleglegd`h ue pdcd, `h sl`&r1 c"l ib `hb &dccb sh fdssl tuttb rhl`phtb gh
sbenul l c"l purl hi %hsd l tuttd hi `hd cdrpd el fdsslrd cd`piltb`letl rhcdplrth,
cd`l sl hi Shnedrl i‘b%lssl bppleb spbrsd'Bh sl`&rb%b c"l fdssl cbigd l, he !uli`d`letd, ib gdiclb c"l sleth%d lrb nrbeghssh`b, biidrc"? hi Shnedrl `h
ghsslM$Fhnihb, %dnihd c"l hi `hd sbenul th shb gh prdttd'Ede b%lr pburb c"l th `bec"h
ib `hb `hslrhcdrghb'‘"d spbrsd frb `dith gdidrh l tu el ndgh cde nrbegl ghilttd, cd`l
pudh %lglrl'Ah pbnd &lel hi cde%htd cuh dnnh `h "bh c"hb`btd$'
(Alrlsb g‘>%hib, 2LL, h&rd gliil gl%dhdeh l gliil nrbhl, trbg'ht'+ (9 bprhil 2L2 d
3G `brd 2L;))'
‘heeb`drbtb biibr`b hi sud Shnedrl, c"l rhspdegl %lr&dsd l ue pd‘ frlgghed' Ah pbnd
&lel' /"hss ilh'
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*lrh slrb lrbed bppleb gul drl c"l gdr`h%d sbpdrhtb`letl, !ubegd fuh s%lnihbtd gb
urib trl`legl, cd`l sl ib cbsb fdssl bgghrhtturb he prlgb biil b``l' Kbid gbi
ilttd, l `h b4bcchd bi cdrrhgdhd+ he !ulstd `letrl hrnhehb letrb prlchphtdsb`letl he
cb`lrb `hb, he cb`hchb gb edttl, `h prlegl plr ue &rbcchd, l c"hugl i‘uschd b
c"hb%l'< :hbeehedI:hbeehedI''' c‘á ue ibgrd sdttd hi ilttdI lscib`b cde ib %dclb4beedsb']dh spbibecb ib elstrb, l sh `lttl b nrhgbrlM < >hutdI'''bhutdI'''bi
ibgrdI'''bi ibgrdI'''<
Auttl il plrsdel gli %hchebtd sh glstbed b !uliil nrhgb+l he `le c"l ede sh ghcl, sded
bii‘uschd gh cbsb edstrb, /btlrheb l hrnhehb, c"l "b b%utd bppleb hi tl`pd gh heibrsh
ueb %lstl gb cb`lrb, sh prlchphtbed nhø, eliil &rbcchb glh %hcheh c"l gd`begbed
beshdsb`letlM < Bb c"l cdsb c‘á /"l cdsb c‘á \e ud`d sdttd hi `hd ilttdI'''i‘"d
%lgutd hd cde h `hlh dcc"hI]rlstdI>egbtl b %lglrl'''Bb plr cbrht, ede begbtl su
sleb ue rl%di%lrlI'''<
8ul gh !uliih c"l b%l%bed phø cdrbnnhd sbihrded su+ nih bitrh gul rh`bslrd cde hrnhehb
b rhecdrbrib'>egbh bec"‘hd he cb`lrb gh `hb sdrliib'Oulh %bidrdsh nubrgbrded bgbnhed
bgbnhed sdttd hi ilttd'Nrb prdprhd %lrd+ c‘lrb ue ud`d'd prlslrd plr ueb nb`&b, l
id trbschebrded fudrh'Nnih ibschb%b fbrl ede plesbegd el``led b spbrbrl ib phstdib
c"l b%l%b he `bed'\ed glh cdrbnnhdsh bccdrsh b%l%b b4lrrbtd hetbetd ueb slnnhdib,
plr ibechbrnihlib bggdssd, l i‘bitrd stb%b cdi &rbcchd stlsd br`btd gh rl%di%lr, eli
cbsd c"l b%lssl dppdstd rlshstleb' > ue trbttd tutth sh rh%dislrd b nubrgbr`h cde nih
dcc"h spbibecbth' :hbeehed, bec"l !ulstb á dplrb tubI :h, bppuetd+ < rhspdsh
hrnhehb crlgl sl`prl c"l ch shb ue ibgrd sdttd hi ilttd, l "d plesbtd c"l ede ilsbrl&&l pbrsd strbed gh trd%brclel ued, bi`led plr ueb %ditb'
:hdrebihed `hd cbrd, sbh c"l cds‘lrb c"l b%l%b fbttd tbetb pburb b `hb sdrliib l
b%l%b `lssd sdttdsdprb hi %hchebtd \e sl`pihcl %lsthtd %lcc"hd gli &b&&d rhpled gh
heedclethssh`b pbnihbI'''
(b`&b, 2;G, *i nhdrebihed gh :hbe&urrbscb, lg'2+ pbnn'L2
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Sh `lrb%hnih1 gliil cd`pihcbhdeh eliil !ubih sh lrb cbcchbtd, lppurl el glrh%1 ue
clrtd phbclrl plr%lrsd, cd`l sl ib sub %htb fdssl stbtb ue rd`bed eli !ubil ib
shtubhdel gh%hlel sl`prl l sl`prl phø tlsb ec"? hi ilttdrl á h`pbhletl gh %ditbrl
pbnheb'
(*'K'Shenlr, 25G, *i `bnd gh u&ihed, trbg'ht'+ cbp'*, 0 3)'
*efbtth á ue rd`bed'
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7G
Oubeg‘lrd sdid, plesb%d b ilh, `b lssb `h `becb%b, ede ib pdsslgl%d+ prlsletl, il
pbrib%d, `b lrd trdppd bssletl gb `l stlssd plr pdtlr plesbrl+!ubegd gdr`h%b,
ede gd%l%d phø pbribrl, sbpl%d gh ede lsslrl phø nubrgbtd gb ilh, ede b%l%d phø
&hsdned gh %h%lrl biib suplrchl gh `l stlssd'
(B']rdust,27, >iib rhclrcb gli tl`pd plrgutd+ b prhnhdehlrb, trbg'ht'+ lg' 6scbrBdegbgdrh, pbn'55)'
ArbguclM
(''') Slui, Ql pdu%bhs pleslr liil, `bhs liil `l `be!ubht, Ql el ib pdss?gbhs
pbs']rlsletl, Ql iuh pbribhs, `bhs ?tbhs trdp b&slet gl `dh
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bschb stbr ib lelrb, c"l ede fb plr tl, pdrtb ib `betliiheb b `lb tlstb, l fb
%lglrl hi phlgl !ubegd %b plr ib strbgb'
(:'lrnb, 299G, htb glh cb`ph, lg'23+ ]letdibcchb)'
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7;
Stb%b tdrebegd b cbsb gbi ib&drbtdrhd gh Cddidnhb (''')'N b%l%b %hstd /bt"lrhel %lehrl
%lrsd gh iuh (!ubeth beeh pdtl%b b%lrl Ed%l8hlch)`bed eliib `bed cde bitrl gul
rbnbhel, ebturbi`letl :lethih, &hdegb cd`l il bitrl gul (cd`l b%l%b pdtutd
succlglrl c"l sub nihb fdssl &hdegb), l bitrlttbetd rhgletl l spleshlrbtb (`b
plrc"á ed, gli rlstd, %hstd c"l ede lrb %lrb`letl ue‘l&rlb)' #ib %htb á &liib, ede á%lrd$ b%rl&&l %diutd ghril+sditbetd !ulstd, ehletl gh phø'
Bb !ubegd stb%b nh plr bprhrl il &rbcchb %lrsd gh ilh, h idrd dcc"h sh lrbed hecdetrbth,
l ilh, cde ued scbrtd h`prd%%hsd, b%l%b cdstrlttd il sul b`hc"l b %ditbrl i‘bendid plr
l%htbrid'
#N"h,$b%l%b slethtd strhiibrl ueb gh idrd, #b&&hb`d s&bnihbtd strbgb$, l sub nihb
b%l%b rhspdstdM$N‘ ueb scdrchbtdhb$' ('>'Fhlgilr, 255, ‘uith`d l&rld he >`lrhcb,
trbg'ht'+ pbnn';
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Sl b cbusb glii‘dscurht d gliib tub ghsbttlehdel `ltth ue phlgl cbibtd (s‘h``bnheb
ede sdid plr elclssht, `b bec"l slcdegd hi tud nustd) he ueb `lrgb ede %hstb d
he%hsh&hil, l th cdesdih cdeshglrbegd c"l i‘l%letd #pdrtb fdrtueb$, d c"l #s"ht
"bpples$ (cd`l ghcl hi su&ih`l hghdtb Fdrrlst :u`p)+ c"l á !ubicdsb gh ebturbil+ d
rh.ltthM á ueb puehhdel gliib `hb %beht+ l&&lel, slh he lrrdrl, Fdrrlst :u`p bpbrtlM c"l ib #`lrgb$ cbphth %bil cd`l `ltbfdrb'
Slh he lrrdrl' /lrtd ede sh trbttb gh ue b4brl gh Stbtd, edM sh trbttb sdid gh cde%h%leb
ch%hil' >&&hb`d ghrhttd gh ede spdrcbrch cde ib `lrgb c"l !ubicued "b ibschbtd sui
tlrrled gdpd i‘lslcuhdel, frlnbegdslel gliil rlndil gh cde%h%leb ch%hil, c"l
prlscrh%ded gh tdnihlrl hi fbttd gbi tlrrled' Ede crlghb`d c"l ib rbccditb gliib `lrgb
(cbeheb) shb phbcl%dil, `b elppurl pbnbrl il tbssl d rhsplttbrl h ih`hth gh %lidcht á
phbcl%dil' b cde%h%leb ch%hil á uthil, pu1 gbr iudnd b phbclrh ch%hih, `b ede á glttd
c"l shb, he clrtl chrcdstbel, ghrlttb`letl phbcl%dil, sl á d&&ihnbtdrhb'
b `lrgb á ebturbil, ede id eln"hb`d, `b bec"l tlrrl`dth l tu`drh `bihneh id sded'
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]rh`b gh pbrbndebrl b ue nbttd ib plrsdeb c"l ede fb, e? cbusb, ru`drh heuthih,
&hsdnelrl&&l `lttlrl biib prd%b ue bitrd pbrbndelM !uliid cde hi slrpletl'
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Eli cbphtdid sltth`d gl b chdchbrb (>'Bdrb%hb, 2L) ilnnhb`d c"l h tlglsc"h
b%rl&&lrd sJ #&udel !ubiht$, `b sdid #gb ueb pbrtl$M cd`l bi&lrh crlschuth %hched b
`urh, c"l b&&hbed h rb`h tutth gbiib pbrtl dppdstb'
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7L
Sh ghcl%b cd`pdstd, !uli %liled, gh rdsph, gh slrpleth, gh &b%b l gh `btlrhb
g‘bpplstbth, gh plnnhd, gh tuttd ch1 c"l sli%bnnl l strb%ditl fbetbshl sbplsslrd
trd%brl gh sdd l g‘btrdcl' (>'Bbedeh, 297G
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Ouhegh nih heghnleh, sbh, b%l%bed cd`hechbtd bg bgghtbrsh ib eb%l' ]rd&b&hi`letl
ede i‘bssdchb%bed biib prlsleb glh `brhebhM`blstdsb cd`‘lrb g‘bi&lrh l gh %lil,
hecd`pbrb&hi`letl gh%lrsb gbiil idrd cbedl, lssh ede b%l%bed plesbtd c"l fdssl
dplrb g‘ud`d'> glttb gh pbgrl /bspbr (''') ib crlgl%bed ue beh`bil, l hi fbttd c"l
fdssl rh`bstd elutrbil `letrl lssh sh gb%bed bh idrd rhth gh >etrdpdfbnh, ih b%l%bcde%heth'8‘bitrb pbrtl nh Bbnliibed, bsshcurb%b pbgrl /bspbr, b%l%b rbccdetbtd
cd`l clrth heghnleh crlglsslrd c"l il eb%h, %leutl %dibegd gbi chlid, fdsslrd il
`bgrh ebturbih gliil schbiuppl, c"l biibttb%bed ibschbegdil pleglrl gbiil `urbtl, l
pdh s%lb%bed &uttbegdil elii‘bc!ub' (\'Ncd, 27, cht'+ pbnn';3;
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8b *i rd%lschd gliib /de!uhstb, gh B'']drthiib (257+ 2LG) sh rhcb%b c"l, sl nih
Spbnedih crlgl%bed fbetbs`bndrhcb`letl c"l i‘drd b&°bssl he `dgd s`hsurbtd,
eliil #*eghl$, gbii‘bitrb pbrtl glii‘dclbed >tlc"h, BbZb l *ecb scb`&hbrded
hehhbi`letl nih Spbnedih (gdtbth gh nrbegh eb%h, gh br`h gb fudcd, gh br`bturl l gh
cb%biih) plr gh%heht prd%lehleth gbi `brl' l gul crlglel, lsbnlrbtb ib prh`b,sl`pihcl`letl lrrdelb ib slcdegb, glttlrd cd`l rhsuitbtd i‘hendrghnhb rbpbcl glh
cde!uhstbtdrh l ch1 c"l bppbrl henleuht pdihthcd
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Abiueh ud`heh ghsplrgded gurbetl ib curb (he pdshhdel sgrbhbtb) il `deltl sphcchdil
gbiil tbsc"l glh pbetbideh, cd`plesbegd cdsJ hi ib%drd gliib slgutb b slcdegb gliib
idrd %biutbhdel' /"h gh`lethcb gbi `lghcd ue dnnlttd c"l pdrtb%b cde s?, dcc"hbih,
nubeth, &drslttb, lccltlrb, shnehcb cde ch1 gh ede sbplrsh stbccbrl l gh %dilr
rhtdrebrl prlstd' Nrelst Xdels ghclM # sh pu1 prlssdc"? `hsurbrl hi succlssd cde cuhue `lghcd prbthcb ib pshcdtlrbphb, plr lsl`phd, gbii‘letht gliib cdiilhdel gh
d`&rliih, fbdiltth, &drslttl l cdsJ %hb, c"l rhlscl b fbrl he ue `lsl'$
(S'Frlug, cht'+ cbp'*P)'
Edstrd pbgrl ghsplrgl%b, he pdshhdel slgutb, il `deltl sphcchdil gbiil tbsc"l glh
pbetbideh, !ubegd, he pditrdeb, ilnnl%b hi nhdrebil d nubrgb%b ib t%' ]hø
glii‘hecdeschd á he !ulsthdel ib fdnnhb gliil tbsc"l' \e bebihstb d&&hlttlrl&&l c"l
eliib cdrehcl gli sltthen dneh glttbnihd rhletrb elii_bebihsh'
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\e‘bitrb cde%hehdel rlihnhdsb bssbh gh4usb á ib crlgleb elii‘bighi'Eli =lned \ehtd
%h crlgl chrcb ib `lt gliib pdpdibhdel' Bb cd`l %hlel h``bnhebtd i‘bighi(''')*i
23T (''')fb rhflrh`letd he pbrthcdibrl bi pbrbghsd l bii‘heflred (''')hi T crlgl
elii‘lshstleb gli pbrbghsd l glii‘heflred, `b ede eli :hughhd \eh%lrsbil (''')hi 2T
(''')pdsshlgl ue‘hglb `ditd `btlrhbil gli pbrbghsd, h``bnhebtd cd`l ueb %htb glituttd sh`hil b !uliib tlrrleb, `b ih&lrbtb gbnih bspltth sphbcl%dih c"l ib
cbrbttlrhbed l cde ueb !ubetht hiih`htbtb gh tl`pd ih&lrd b ghspdshhdel (bg
lsl`phd ehletl slssd, elssue &hsdned gh ib%brl h phbtth,ehletl cbeh c"l b&&bhbed)+ hi
;T b4lr`b gh crlglrl he ue !ubic"l nlelrl gh rlhecbrebhdel+ l gdghch plrsdel su
cletd ede %lgded i‘drb gh rhcdenhuenlrsh cde h idrd cbrh'
(B'>rnZil,2;, ]shcdidnhb sdchbil gliib %htb !udthghbeb, trbg'ht'+ pbnn'25
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V /‘lst pdurtbet uel uthil c"dsl !ul ib %?rht?, cl prl`hlr gls &hles, tduQdur hecdeeu
pbr ils b`ls !uh el sdet pbs fdrtl`let trd`pl?s''' ^
> !ulstd puetd hd s`hsh gh ilnnlrl l cd`hechbh b plesbrl' b ed%ht gh !ulstd
cdeclttd `h b%l%b %h%b`letl cdiphtd, c"l i‘beh`d plr cdedsclrl ib %lrht gl%l
lsslrl V fdrtl`letl henbeebtd ^ + l ueb cbtleb gh pleshlrh hebsplttbth, %hsph lglcchtbeth, `h sh begb%b fdr`begd eliib `letl, tutth nlelrbth gb !ulstb hglb
plssh`hstb `b flrthil l subglethssh`b, c"l V ib %lrht ebscl gbii‘henbeed ^+ ec"?
plr i‘h`prd%%hsd rhtdred gliib c"hbrd%lnnleb idnhcb `h bccdrsh c"l trd`p?ls lrb ue
rlfusd, l ede ils b`ls fdrtl`let trd`p?ls `b fdrtl`let trl`p?ls &hsdneb%b
ilnnlrl, dsshb V nih beh`h fdrtl`letl tl`prbth ^' *i `hd phccdid cbstliid gh pleshlrh
hebsplttbth crdii1 gh cdipd' b pbnheb (m) ede lrb phø fdetl gh ueb eud%b
hetlrprltbhdel gliib %lrht l gliil sul drhnheh, `b rhletrb%b eliib nrhnhb rlnhdel
gliil %lrht d%%hl'
(>'Sb%hehd, cht'+ pbn'329)'
Bletrl cde%lrsb%b`d su *i %lrd l hi fbisd, sbnnhd pshcbebihthcd gh Ned /dghnedib
(2LL), ue cdiilnb c‘hetlrruppl plr gd`begbrl sl he !ulsthdel fdssl hi %lid' /"hbrJ
c"l ib edstrb prdeuechb gliib lrrl nih b%l%b ibschbtd `brnheh gh gu&&hd suii‘dnnlttd
gliib cde%lrsbhdel, prd%dcbegd he edh ue clrtd fbsthghd'/dghnedib sdsthlel c"l ib #fbishcbhdel$ (cdsJ iuh, edh ghrl``d phø sl`pihcl`letlM
crhthcb) gliil pbrdil gh ueb plrsdeb á prbthcb&hil sditbetd elii‘b`&htd (sltthen)
glii‘bebihsh, d `lnihd c"l ib #%lrht$ glii‘hetlrprltbhdel á ih`htbtb bi sltthen
bebihthcd' *e bitrh tlr`heh, sl edh bppihcbssh`d i‘bebihsh plr lsl`phd bg ue tlstd
ilttlrbrhd, #fbishcbegdid$, i‘hetlrprltbhdel ede sbrl&&l #%lrb$'
Ouli cdiilnb, %didetbrhb`letl d ed, ch rhcdrg1 gh dppdrrl bi #fbisd$ ede hi #%lrd$, `b
ue %lid'
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Nrb bppleb brrh%btd he !uliib chtt l b%l%b dccupbtd ueb cb`lrb he ueb idcbegb,
!ubegd ib strbgb he cuh !ulstb lrb shtubtb sh l`pJ gh strhgb prd%lehleth gb ueb fdiib l
g‘heclssbeth frbndrdsh s!uhiih gh trd`&b' (''') /"hb`1 ue slr%d plr c"hlglrnih hi `dth%d
gh tuttd !uli tu`uitd, l nih fu rhspdstd c"l lrb scdpphbtd ue hecleghd (''') l c"l lrbed
brrh%bth h cbrrh glh pd`phlrh' (''')>i sud rhs%lnihd, sclsl elii‘henrlssd l gd`beg1 b uecihletl gliib idcbegb cd`‘lrb scdpphbtd i‘hecleghd l !ubetd tl`pd ch lrb %diutd plr
lsthenulrid' #drrlh sbplrl,$ sdnnhuesl, #sl á &bstbtd sl`pihcl`letl sudebrl ueb
trd`&b'$
(*'K'Shenlr, 259, cht'+ pbn'5L)'
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>i `ushchstb Spbrtbcd /dplrtheh, elnih beeh %leth cdiib&drbtdrl gli !udthghbed
drlethed #b Ebhdel$, fu tditd i‘hecbrhcd plr b%lr iuh glrhsd l ]hlrrdt uebhrl gh
Sc"e&lrn (22;), dplrb prlsletbtb bnih #>`hch gliib `ushcb$ hi prh`d >prhil gli
2;7' Sded stuphtd gli fbttd c"l bg ue crhthcd shb stbtd tditd i‘hecbrhcd sdid b cbusb gh
ue trbilttd &urilscd su Sc"`&lrn' ldebrgd ]hebuth, scrh%lM #:b4l stdrhcb, drbcdedschutb gb tutthM (''') WS'/' scrhssl !uli c"l scrhssl (''') l plrsl bgghrhtturb hi
pdstdM ede tbetd plrc"? hi pbgrdel gli nhdrebil sh fdssl scbegbihbtd gliib sub
hrdehb, `b sditbetd plrc"? ue bitrd pdtletl gli `d`letd sh lrb slethtd d4lsd gbi
fbttd c"l fdssl stbtb fbttb pbssbrl plr ue plscl g‘bprhil ue‘h`prlsb he cuh b%l%b
he%lsthtd ue pd‘ gli prdprhd glebrd# (StdrQd"bee l /dplrtheh >`bth, 29)'
>ec"l Sc"`&lrn, tuttb%hb, b%rl&&l plrsd, eli 233, hi sud [pdstd#, ueb cbttlgrb gh
cd`pdshhdel biib uestbHbgl`hl gh Klrihed, plr %didet glh [pdtleth gli `d`letd#
(233`lrhcb'
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(''') 8dpd b%lr clrcbtd, plr `dith beeh, ib %htb l hi pleshlrd gliil plrsdel
elii‘leuechbtd ghrlttd c"l lssl `l el fdreh%bed %didetbrhb`letl, b%l%d ehtd, plr
cdipb idrd, cde i‘bttrh&uhrl h`pdrtbeb sditbetd b !uliil tlsth`dehbel c"l ede
cdsthtuhscded ue‘lsprlsshdel rbhdebil l bebihthcb gliib %lrht'l pbrdil stlssl `h
slr%h%bed gb lil`leth g‘hefdr`bhdel sdid he !ubetd il hetlrprltb%d biib strlnubg‘ue bYussd gh sbenul sui %hsd g‘ueb plrsdeb c1itb gb tur&b`letd dppurl gh ue
shilehd h`prd%%hsd' (B']rdust, cht', htb cd`uel cde >i&lrthel+ lg' 6scbr Bdegbgdrh,
pbn' 97)'
ArbguclM
(''')Bdh !uh plegbet tbet g‘beeáls e‘b%bht c"lrc"? ib %hl lt ib ples?l r?liils gls
nles !ul gbes i‘?edec? ghrlct !u‘his `‘le fdurehssbhlet %didetbhrl`let, pbr ilur
fbutl Q‘l ?tbhs brrh%? el pius bttbc"lr bu cdetrbhrl g‘h`pdrtbecl !u‘buU
t?`dhnebnls !uh el sdet pbs uel lUprlsshde rbthdeliil lt bebiZth!ul gl ib %lrht? +
ils pbrdils liils
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b pbsshdel plr hi shilehd, bccrlschutb, sl ede nlelrbtb, gbi ghsnustd plr hi ru`drl
ur&bed, glrh%b (bec"l) gb ueb sdrtb g‘hplrtrdb glii_hd' *i ru`drl á ede hd, hi
shilehd he glehth%b á i_hd' *i pibchgd sdeed glh eldebth he `ld b ch1 c"l b edh pbrl
frbstuded ghplegl gbiib `becbeb glii_hd glh eldebth pbrtlchpbed hegh4lrlehbth' *
tbpph gh clrb c"l !ubicued hetrdgucl eliil drlcc"hl plr ede ughrl hi ru`drl, tlegdedb prdtlnnlrl i‘hd, hel%htb&hi`letl `hebcchbtd gbi edehd'
\e hpdtlthcd ebufrbnd, sdid he `brl l prh%d gh sbi%bnletl, gd%rl&&l prd%brl ib
`bssh`b cdecletrbhdel glii_hd, scrh%l Bli%hiil, ede rhtrd%hb`d gd%l' 6 8lfdl,
ebufrbnhdidnd, d /derbg' b pburb glii_hnedtd, gliib `drtl, ib cdeghhdel gh
sdihtughel l s`brrh`letd gli ebufrbnd, sphln"lrl&&lrd !ulstb `bssh`b
cdecletrbhdel gli sud hd chrcdegbtd gbi ede hd, hi `brl, gli sud hd cdecletrbtd
cdetrd hi edehd, cdecletrbhdel c"l ede á nhusthcbtb eli cbsd gh cuh sdprb, b `led
c"l hi edehd shb bec"_lssd plrcdrsd gb `hchghbih s!ubih < c"l sibed fdrsl eliib
`letl'
*i ebufrbnbr `_á gdicl he !ulstd `brl, bi cdetrbrhd, sl`&rb lsslrl ib cdeghhdel gh
ue bguitd c"l prd%h il slesbhdeh gli eldebtd becdrb rlibth%b`letl hegh4lrlehbtd
rhsplttd bii_ heehtd, d il rhtrd%h' _h``bnhel #`li%hiihbeb$ heghcb ib `bssh`b
cdecletrbhdel glii_hd, `letrl !uliib gh ldpbrgh heghcb ueb glcdecletrbhdel
glii_hd' _heehtd á bppuetd edehd'
Xd"e /bnl "b scrhttd ueb %ditb c"l hi shilehd ede lshstl (Shilecl, 252+ lg'2L3,
pbn'9)' ]brl c"l ch1 shnehc"h c"l hi ehtd, chdá i_hd, á ueb ehdel ghflesh%b,
ue_bsphrbhdel cdetrd i_heehtd ru`drl gli edehd' Sl hi shilehd ede lshstl, i_hd ede
lshstl, sl hi shilehd á ue `dgd gh ghrl, bec"l i_hd á ue `dgd gh ghrl' *i ru`drl á
`ushcb, hi shilehd á i‘h`pdssh&hil ede `ushcb'
Sl tlethb`d gh tlelr fudrh hi ru`drl plr `ld gh tbpph gh clrb eliil drlcc"hl,
ughb`d hi ru`drl gli ede ru`drl, hi ru`drl glii_hd hsdibtd gbi ede hd' N_ !ulstd c"l
%dil%b`d dttlelrl
Elii‘dscurht gliib edttl (edehd he%hsh&hil) sdid i_hd á %hsh&hil' /h1 c"l %lghb`d eli
&uhd l ch spb%letb, !ubegd ch spb%letb, á hi pblsbnnhd glii_hd, %libtd, he%lcl, gbiib
iucl gli nhdred < d gliib ib`pbgheb c"l pdsshb`d b4rlttbrch bg bccleglrl d b %dilr
bcclsb gurbetl ib edttl, gb &b`&heh drb`bh tbetd crlschuth gb pdsslglrl id sphedsd
tlsdrd glii_hd' *e l4ltth hi edehd "b i_uthiht gh %librl dg bssdrgbrl i_hd, ghstrbrch gb
edh stlssh'
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Sl hi `lrhtd gh b%lr he%letbtd hi cbprd lsphbtdrhd ede splttb bnih l&rlh, lssd ede
splttb elppurl bnih lnhhh, beh ede splttb b elssue ud`d `b biib %dipl' b %dipl
plccbth ede "b `b splssd "b gliil puich, lg lccd cd`l fb ib %dipl plr ih&lrbrsh gliil
puich M strbppb glii‘lr&b l el fb ueb pbiib, prlegl glihcbtb`letl !ulstb pbiib frb il
ib&&rb lg letrb he ue u`l + %hb %hb c"l ib %dipl s‘h``lrnl eli u`l, il puichsbinded %lrsd ib pbrtl bschuttb gliib %dipl + pdh ib %dipl h``lrnl bec"l ib tlstb,
tlelegd fudrh sditbetd hi `usd, l il puich cdrrded b rhfunhbrsh suiib pbiib gh lr&b +
heel ib %dipl tu4b ib tlstb elii‘bc!ub, l elii‘hstbetl `lglsh`d cbcchb %hb ib pbiib,
c"l sl el %b biib glrh%b cbrhcb gh puich'
(>'Sb%hehd,cht', lg'2LL+ pbn'9)'
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Oulstb tlrrb fu sl`prl (''') ue pblsl gh he%bshdeh l gh cde!uhstbM tutth nih he%bsdrh l h
cde!uhstbtdrh furded strbehlrh, l id rh`bslrd' leelrd, prlslrd l rhpbrthrded,
ibschbegd l crlbegd, b rlnnlrl hi pblsl, h idrd rbpprlsletbeth, h ed&hih, h prhechph, h
guc"h, h &brdeh, ueb brhstdcrbhb gh drhnhel strbehlrb, l, cd`l tuttl il brhstdcrbhl,
ebturbi`letl he idttb cdi idetbed nd%lred+ l fdrl `hihtbrh hesu-chleth bg bitrd c"l bslr&brl hi pdsslssd l b tlelrl he rhsplttd h &brdeh' Bbecb%b plrch1, á sl`prl
`becbtb, l becdrb `becb, ueb cibssl hetlr`lghbrhbM `b frb hi pdpdid cdetbghed l id
Stbtd strbehlrd c‘á sl`prl stbtd ue b&hssd, ue crlpbcchd+ l !uh stb ebscdstb ib `bb'
(/'l%h,2, l pbrdil sded phltrl+ pbn'272)'
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5G
b S%hlrb á ue phccdid pblsl glii‘Nurdpb c"l sh bfbchb suiib S%hlrb, i‘*tbihb, ib
:lr`behb, ib S%hlrb l i‘>ustrhb' > `dith ibn"h l `ditl `detbnehl, `b hi `brl ede
&bnehb ib S%hlrb, l sdprbttuttb Klreb'
b S%hlrb %legl il br`h b tuttd hi `degd plr fbiih scbeebrl `b ilh ede f elbec"l
ueb nulrrb phcdihssh`b'/de !ulh sdigh cdstruhscl il &bec"l' Bb ede il &bec"l &udel, il &bec"l glh cbtth%h,
splchbi`letl h grdnbth'* glihenuleth gliib Shchihb l gliib /heb `lttded iJ h sdigh, h
`hihbrgh' b pdihhb %, ghcl gh c"h sded !ulsth sdigh, ede id sd, ede tlid ghcd, sded
cbh `hlh, ib &becb á c"husb'
(B'8‘6rtb, 2G, *d splrhb`d c"l `l ib cb%d+ pbn'23)'
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52
Eb%hn1 plr slssbetbgul nhdreh l slssbetb edtth (plrsl gul edtth eliil >drrl plr
ueb pbrthtb gh pdHlr), l ebi`letl ueb &liib `bttheb ued gliib chur`b b%%hst1 ue
rb`d gh `hrthiih c"l nbiilnnhb%b sdttd &drgd' Oulstd %dil%b ghrl c"l eliil %hchebel
c‘lrb ib tlrrb (d ue elndhd gh fruttb)'
(:'BbrU, 253, Bl`drhl gh ue hrrlshsth&hil ih&lrthed, trbg'ht'+ pbn'L5)'
>ec"l he :rduc"d lg hd, lghtd gb >glip"h, butd&hdnrbb gli fb`dsd cd`hcd
stbtuehtlesl, sh trd%bed &bttutl gh !ulstd ih%liid' Sh pdtrl&&l hehhbrl b %biutbrl c"l
ib fb`b gh :rduc"d BbrU shb ueb gliil `ditl &ufbil gli slcdid %letlsh`d'
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5;
>&htubi`letl prbeb%b &lel, bg ue &ude rhstdrbetl+ l&&l `dith b`drbh trh%hbih,
slesubih, `b ede bppbsshdebth+ lrb lcclhdebi`letl ihthnhdsd lg b%brd fudrh gli
cd`uel' \eb %ditb id beedhb%b ueb cuchtrhcl gh ueb clrtb lt c"l stb%b
c"hbcc"hlrbegd cde ue‘b`hcb fudrh gliib pdrtb gli sud bppbrtb`letd'Nnih ib nltt1 nhø
plr il scbil, cbusbegdil ilshdeh plr`beleth' Niib dttleel ueb sletleb c"l idcdstrhenl%b b pbnbril ueb clrtb sd``b (2 tbiilrh) dneh trh`lstrl ec"?
%h%l%b'Oubegd biel liib `drJ, gdpd %leth beeh, Sc"dple"bulr beedt1 eli sud ih&rd
glh cdeth M 6&ht beus, b&ht deus Wb %lcc"hb `udrl, hi gl&htd clssb'
(K'=usslii, cht', trbg'ht'+ cbp'**)'
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53
(''') Nsslegd gb lsciuglrl, cd`l iuh stlssd ghcl%b sl`prl, dneh l%letd cbsubil, hi
`drsd gli cbel gh liilr, becdrb prh`b gh lsslrl l4ltth%b`letl heflrtd, gl%l b%lr
b%utd hi sud pdstd eli prdnlttd cdeclphtd gb diilr'*e fdegd, iuh, diilr, ueb %ditb
b%l%b glttd c"l hi `drsd gli cbel gh liilr lrb he %lrht dplrb sub, gh diilr,
ue‘bsslrhdel, !ulstb, gliib cuh slrhlt ede hetlegd b4bttd gu&htbrl'(A'Klre"brg, 29G, * `benhb b pdcd, trbg'ht'+ pbn'53)'
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57
(''') Ahrbeed shnehcb%b he drhnhel custdgl glh fdr`bnnh' (>'Sb%hehd, cht',lg'2LL+
pbn'23)'
Aur, fdr`bnnhd, bebU, shnedrl, he nrlcd bethcd' S‘h``bnheb c"l eliil cd`ueht glghtl
biib pbstdrhhb hi shnedrl gli cbchd fdssl ue plrsdebnnhd gh rhihl%d' Bb sui =dcch ederhuschb`d b trd%brl cdeflr`b' Bdbrliib gh &ufbib biib Sb%hehd
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5
*i ebpdiltbed crlgl elnih sphrhth c"l gbeed h eu`lrh, crlgl elnih bsshsththM nih bsshsthth
sded nletl strbehssh`b, bicueh he &udeb flgl, bicueh scrdccdeh, c"l `benhbed pdcd,
&l%ded bc!ub, pbribed plr lehn`h, ghnhuebed prh`b gh begbrl b ilttd l "beed il
%hshdeh' h%ded biil spbiil glh nhudcbtdrhM ede nhudcbed `bh' Abi%ditb h nhudcbtdrh
gliush &bstdebed i‘bsshsthtd, pdh nih c"hlgded plrgded'(''')
‘bsshsthtd (gbnih sphrhth) á ue cbecrd c"l rdgl il fb`hnihl &drn"lsh, ue cde%uishdebrhd
pbiihgd c"l `benhb `ditd, c"l enl gh b%lrl d "b gliil biiuchebhdeh, c"l ede ib%drb,
('''), c"l fb crlglrl b gliil `bclrbhdeh cruglih (''')' Bb, gbiib cbsb &drn"lsl, plr
`ld gliib cb`lrhlrb, gli slr%d, gliib ib%begbhb, ib rlputbhdel glii‘bsshsthtd brrh%b
eli pdpdid+ l i‘ bsshsthtd %h lstlegl ib sub bhdel `hsthcb, %h rbccdnihl glh nubgbneh
phccdih, `b hesplrbth, %h fb glnih bglpth l ehscl plr cb``hebrl eliil %hl, chrcdegbtd
sl`prl gb !ubttrd d che!ul plrsdel, c"l id cdrtlnnhbed l stughbed tuttl il sul
pbrdil'
(B'Slrbd,2997, *i %letrl gh Ebpdih+ cbpp'* l *)'
Ngubrgd 8l Fhihppd "b trbttd, gb !ulstb `btlrhb, ueb cd``lghb (l bec"l ue i`) gbi
thtdid #Ede th pbnd$' \e lphiltthcd %lrd d sh`uibetl, d letrb`&l il cdsl (`b h
/de%uishdebrh furded bec"l ueb slttb gh lstrl`hsth rlihnhdsh frbeclsh), drhletb he%bed
hi prdtbndehstb, Ngubrgd, thtdibrl gh ue &becd dttd l nhdcbtdrl tlebcl' *e%lcl, fb ue
&li cdipd hi fdrtuebtd ghplegletl (]lpphed 8l Fhihppd), cuh hi pbgrl gli prhechpbil, he
sdned, b%rl&&l rh%libtd h eu`lrh %hecleth'Ede th pbndM hi gbtdrl glh eu`lrh á `hd pbgrl, s‘á cdefusd, ib %hechtb splttb b `l'
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55
\e nhdred, ue hegustrhbil ebpdiltbed l&&l ue‘hglb' Sbplegd c"l ib phb á ueb gliil
bgdrbhdeh cuchebrhl ebpdiltbel, sbplegd c"l ib cdidehb ebpdiltbeb he =d`b á
ibrn"hssh`b, ples1 gh bprhrl ueb phlrhb he =d`b'(''')Suiil prh`l ib fdiib %h
bccdrsl+pdh beg1 scl`begd'b phb, tditb bi sud b`&hletl ebpdiltbed, pbrl%b ueb
stdebturb l rbpprlsletb%b ueb heghnlsthdel+hi sud bstrd h`pbiihgJ l trb`det1, he=d`b+ phbetb lsdthcb, `drJ he !ulstb sdileeht rd`beb'
(B'Slrbd, cht'+cbp'***)'
*ecrlgh&hilM bec"l ib phb stlet1, bh sudh hehh'
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5L
(''')*i `hehstrd, &le prlstd, ede á phø hi glilnbtd gli ]brib`letd, tleutd b ghrhnlrl id
sfdrd glh fuehdebrh l bg drnbehbrl ib idrd btth%ht, hecbrhcbtd gh nd%lrebrl,
hesd``b+gh%betb he%lcl prhnhdehlrd glnih u-ch, sh phlnb bh idrd `ltdgh, bcclttb ib
idrd ghschpiheb'
Ede "b hi pdtlrl, `b "b ib rlspdesb&hihtMl ch1 &bstb b hedrndnihrid']u1 hnedrbrltuttd gliib prdprhb b``hehstrbhdel, `b el rhspdegl l,gh cdipd,sh sletl strlttb`letl
ilnbtd b glnih ud`heh, gh cuh su&hscl ib %didet, `b bh !ubih glttb glnih drgheh'Bled á
rlbi`letl pbgrdel gliib shtubhdel phø cdedscl ib nhdhb gh lsslrl hi cbpd'
Nnih gh%letb sdihgbil `bnbrh bec"l cdetrd hi ]brib`letd cde cdidrd c"l hi
]brib`letd id "b hecbrhcbtd gh cdetrdiibrl' Ede s%dinl c"l ue uehcd rudidM!uliid gh
cdprhrih cde ib sub rlspdesb&hiht sd%rbeb, gh ghfleglrih plrshed elh idrd lrrdrh l gh
bsshcurbrel, bii‘dccdrrleb, i‘h`pueht'
Ede pdtrl&&l lsslrl bitrh`lethMch1 c"l idrd "beed fbttd, iuh id "b cdetrdr`btd,
cd`l pdtrl&&l scdeflssbrih N‘ sc"hb%d gli pdtlrl c"l sh fb `dstrb gh bttrh&uhrnih l gh
cuh iuh stlssd rh%leghcb i‘delrl'N bec"l sl tutth id sbeed, ch1 "b pdcb
h`pdrtbebMnrbhl b !ulstd nhdcd, hi fbetbs`b gh ueb butdrht bilnnhb suii‘d`&rb gh
ueb gl`dcrbhb'
(='gl Xdu%leli, 227, b =lpu&&ihcb glh cd`pbrh, trbg'ht'+ slcdegb pbrtl, cbp'***)'
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59
Fhe gbi prh`d `d`letd ib nletl lscl gh clr%liid, nih ud`heh l phø il gdeel' :rhgb bi
&bstbrgd, bi trbghtdrl c"l `lttl%b ib sub hstruhdel b scrh%lrl &liil iuen"l ilttlrl
bnih bssbssheh S'Bbrcd W`hihtbrh gliib =lpu&&ihcb Sdchbil *tbihbeb, biib cbrdneb c"l
fb sc"hfd bec"l bi 8hd gliib phlt, c"l drb hi pdrcd id pdrtbed bi `bcliid, l &rb%h
pbrthnhbehc"l ebi`letl fbtl hi %dstrd gd%lrl'Slrrbed l, cd`l ede brrh%bed b`lttlrnih il `beh bggdssd, fbeed &drgbtl gh sputh'\ed sputd ib%b ib fbcchb
glii‘br`hnlrd Fdgrlttb, l iuh g gli cbichd glii‘br`b eliil pbecl glh phø prdssh`h'/de
il &udel l il cbtth%l nih br`hnlrh `lttded ib nletl b flrrd gh cb%biid, prlssbppdcd'N
Bdrlttd iuh "b stb`pbtd hi `blstrd cdetrd ue `urd &li &hbecd' hlel fudrh ue
&drn"lsl l ghcl c"l plr cbrht, !uliib á cbsb sub, "b fbttd rhfbr i‘hetdebcd `led g‘ue
`lsl fb l c"l ch sbrl&&lrd tbeth bitrh &lh pdsth'
(K'Flednihd,27, >ppueth pbrthnhbeh+pbn'3)'
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5
8h edttl, he ueb chttbgheb htbihbeb gli edrg, lrb lstbtl, ue nhd%bedttd usb%b %hdileb
b ueb gdeeb b scdpd slssubil, sl`&rb, letrb`&h ru`drlnnhbegd plr strbgb'
Fhelstrl bplrtlM il nrhgb glh gul btthrbed i‘bttlehdel gh bicueh chttbgheh, `b ued sdid
c"hb`b ib pdihhb' Ouliid, ebrrb i‘hetlr%leutd, s&btbcc"hb%b ib gdeeb suiib `hb butd'
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LG
*i rd`drl sh gh4usl h``lghbtb`letl, hi %hchebtd bccdrsl, sh nubrg1 biil `urbnihl, l sh
%hgl, d sh crlglttl %lglril h`&rbttbtl g‘ue uetd nhbiidnedid' ]rlstd, prlstd bitrh
rlcbrded pbnihb, l flclrd fudc"h bccbetd bi `urd, gd%l sh crlgl%b c"l fdssl stbtd
uetd, bitrh h`&hbecbrded gh cbicl' b fb`b plr%leel i‘hegd`beh bi Slebtd, hi !ubil
drghe1 bi /bphtbed gh nhusthhb c"l begbsl bg lsb`hebrl' Oulsth pdrtbtdsh sui iudnd%hgl il `urb b&&rustdibtl, l h`&hbecbtl, c"l b4á ede pdtl%bed heghcbrl bitrd sl ede
ib nrbegl l prlchphtdsb pburb glh pbgrdeh gliil cbslMpurl hi /bphtbed l hi edtbQd
bttlstbrded c"l sdttd hi fu`bcc"hd, l i‘b&&rdeb`letd, b%l%bed pdtutd ghsclrelrl
#bicueh slneh gh `btlrhb detudsb thrbetl bi nhbiid, spbrsd%h cd`l cde il ghtb$'
(>'Bbedeh, 297G, Stdrhb gliib cdideeb hefb`l, lg'23+ pbnn'
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L2
*e !ulstd `d`letd nhuenl biib edthhb gliib /deflrleb :d%lrebth%b, c"l ib
/b`pbneb gh !ulstd 8ucbtd trd%bsh heflstbtb gb ueb flrdcl Klsthb gh cdidrl
clelrhcchd `dscbtd !ubsh he elrd, gliib nrbeglb gh ue nrdssd /bel, l gbiib !ubil
furded nh s&rbebth gul Fbechuiih'
]rl`urdsb ib `lglsh`b /deflrleb gh gbrl tutth ih phø sdiilchth prd%%lgh`leth, c"lslr%hr pdssbed b ih&lrbrl ib ]rd%hechb gliib glttb heflstbhdel, "b ghspdstd c"l
gl&&b lsslrl su&htd cd`&hebtb ueb nlelrbil /bcchb cde tutth nih \d`heh g‘>r`h gliil
/d`ueht, cdi Sbtliihhd gh tuttl il /urhl, l cdiil :ubrghl gh Fhebeb'
>i tl`pd stlssd rlegl heditrl edtd, c"l gb !ulstb Alsdrlrhb /b`lrbil %lrr pbnbtd hi
prl`hd gh che!ubetb Clcc"heh l4ltth%h b c"hue!ul, d elii‘bttd gliib sugglttb nlelrbil
/bcchb, d he bitrb dccbshdel b%r ucchsb ib prlglttb flrdcl KlsthbMsd``b, c"l %lrr
su&htd s&rsbtb gbi =lnhd cbsshlrl 8de :huslppl ]drtb, he %hstb gli /lrthcbtd, c"l
rhibsclr hi =lnhd glilnbtd gliib ]rd%hechb, eli gh cuh Alrrhtdrhd ib glttb Klsthb sbr
stbtb b``bbtb' Bhibed ih 27 unihd 2L;'
(:'/bprdeh,295, *i /detl gh l%le"iilr+ pbn'22)'
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L;
N‘ ue henleud lrrdrl crlglrl c"l ihenubnnhd l %lrht pdssbed cdhechglrl, c"l lshstb
`bh ue rbppdrtd ueh%dcd l elclssbrhd frb il pbrdil l ch1 c"l lssl glshnebed, c"l
shnehcbeth l shnehcbth shbed `bh sd%rbppdeh&hih'
*i shecrlthstb tutt‘bttdred b s? rb%%hsb id splttbcdid cd`hcd l trbnhcd gh shnehcbeth
gh4lrleth c"l glshnebed ue uehcd shnehcbtd, d gh ue sdid shnehcbetl c"lcd`prlegl shnehcbth dppdsth'
(N'Cdiib, 2G, lrht slnrltl lspdstl he l%hgleb+ pbn'2G)'
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L3
8b &b`&hed, lspidrbegd ueb cbsb scdedschutb, s&ucbh he ue %bed gd%l `h scdprhh
rh.lssd bii‘h`prd%%hsd he ueb %bstb splcc"hlrb'Arb ib %hshdel l hi rhcdedsch`letd gh
`l stlssd trbscdrsl ue btth`d, c"l `h pbr%l iuen"hssh`d, eli !ubil hetuhh c"l hi
`degd edtd l !udthghbed ede lrb i‘uehcb rlbit'
(N'Cdiib, cht'+pbn'27)'
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8h b%lr prlsd b !ubttrd d che!ul beeh ilhdeh gh %hdihed ede sbpl%b`d, cd`l he%lcl
rbccdetb edstrd frbtliid c"l nih "b rh%libtd sub `dnihl rhflrlegd tlsth`dehbel gh
edstrb `bgrl l gliib edstrb edeeb `btlreb, letrb`&l glfuetl' Ede rhcdrghb`d' Ed'
Ede id rhpdrtlrl`d eli edstrd currhcuiu` %htbl (c'%')'
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* sdigbth ede gd%l%bed lsslrl u`hih, `b &rb%h sdigbthMede fbndtth gh rbsslnebhdel,
`b nru`h gh %didetMclrcbh sl`prl gh crlbrl bi`led ue iucdrl gh %didet, bec"l
eliil phø tdrphgl beh`l glh #rbsslnebth$'/de ib rbsslnebhdel ede sh fb ib nulrrb, l
tbetd `led ib sh %hecl'Sded ue r?tdrl l !ulstb á ib `hb rltdrhcb'
Sbrl&&l cd`l ghrl c"l ued sh rbsslneb begbrl Wshc b ilttd cde ueb rbnbbM%lrrpurl ue `d`letd c"l ib sl`pihcl rbsslnebhdel ede &bstb'
(/'N':bggb,237, *i cbstliid gh \ghel, lg'2L3+ pbn'3L)'
Nrds l ]1il`ds'
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LL
\e nhrd bttrb%lrsd il del gl%bstbtl gh Frbechb h`prlsshdeb i‘dcc"hd l
i‘h``bnhebhdel bi gh i gh dneh glscrhhdel'8urbetl i‘he%lred gli 229
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/"h gh edh "b gliil phccdil rleghtl, plr !ubetd ih`htbtl pdssbed lsslrl, d hi sdstlned
gliib fb`hnihb, ede pu1 cdedsclrl hi sleth`letd gh bendschb c"l bttbebnihb cdidrd h
!ubih ede "beed cbsb e? glebrd'* gd`lsthch c"l ghplegded he tuttd gbh idrd gbtdrh gh
ib%drd, %httd l biidnnhd, l c"l he dneh `d`letd pdssded rhcl%lrl i‘drghel gh fbr
!ubicdsb, l hi cuh glsthed pu1 ghpleglrl gb ueb tlhlrb rdttb d gb ued s&bid g‘u`drl,s%hiuppbed gliil el%rdsh pbrthcdibrh'Sh pu1 gbrl hi cbsd gh ueb gd`lsthcb c"l,
sl&&lel bttrbttb gbi sud gbtdrl gh ib%drd, clrc"h hecdeschb`letl gh prd%dcbrl ib sub
cdiilrb' /bprhcch l c"hrh&hh, suscltth&hiht l &rdech, pltuibel l plr`bidsht %lended
gbiib elclssht rlprlssb gh cd`plesbrl ue‘l%hgletl gh4lrleb gh stbtus'
(='Bbun"b`, 279, *i slr%d, trbg'ht'+ pbn'3)'
]shcdgheb`hcb su &bsl lcded`hcb'
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L
Oubegd Frág?rhc letr1, stb%bed %betbegd i‘lid!uleb glii‘b&btl /dlur']dh
glpidrbrbrded i‘h``drbiht glh gd`lsthch b prdpdshtd gh ue furtd cd``lssd gb ue
cb`lrhlrl+l h plttlndilh sh b%%hbrded'b %lcc"hb shnedrb gh Sd``lrZ b%l%b hi
rb4rlggdrl, ib shnedrheb gh Aur%hsdt sh spdsb%b, h Bdetc"brrde ede sbrl&&lrd
rhtdrebth prh`b gliib el gh nleebhd, l cdsJ h KrltbecdurtMbglssd ch sh trbttlel%b edb tbrgh he cb`pbneb' N ib `hslrhb glh ghscdrsh rhusch%b cd`l bnnrb%btb gbi iussd gliil
cdsl chrcdstbeth+`b !uliid c"l ghcl%bed lrb `led stuphgd gliib `behlrb gh
cde%lrsbrl, sleb ued scdpd, sleb ue elssd l sleb %h%bcht' Nppurl c‘lrbed iJ
ud`heh lsplrth gliib %htb, ue lU `hehstrd, hi pbrrdcd g‘ueb nrbegl pbrrdcc"hb, gul d
trl bith fuehdebrh gli nd%lredMtutth sh ih`htb%bed bh iudn"h cd`ueh'
(:'Fibu&lrt,295, ‘lgucbhdel sleth`letbil, trbg'ht'+ pbrtl slcdegb, cbp'**)'
Ede rhuschb`d b ede lsslrl gliush gb !ulstd &rbed' Suh iudn"h cd`ueh chrcdibed
`dith iudn"h cd`ueh'
‘>*S6 gli /detl fu bccditd
!ubsh cde frlelshb'
*i sbenul g sl`prl biilnrhb'
‘bssbsshehd á lsuitbeb'
\cchglrl, ue pbssd gh gbeb
c"l sdrb ib ihturnhb'
(''')
Bh br`bh bec"‘hd'
>ec"‘hd
`h uehh biib #nlelrbil /bcchb$'
Kbttlh bccbehtb`letl,
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b pbi`d b pbi`d, ib rltl
ttb glh cb`ph i‘hetrhcd
gliib `bcc"hb'
b sltl`h bttbebnihb%b'
b fbcchb
i‘b%l%d he b``l'
8d%ue!ul,
cdi cudrl c"l `h scdpphb%b,
ede scdrsh ib phø phccdib trbcchb'
(''')
:lttbh hi fuchil'
=hletrbh
- gh sthb bii‘dstlrhb'
b Klsthb, d lrb funnhtb %hb,d ede lshstl%b'
(*i /detl
bi ghb%didI< strb%lgl%b)
(:'/bprdeh, cht'+ pbnn'2
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92
Ede "bh &hsdned gh prldccupbrth gli tud b%%lehrl, phuttdstd gd%rlsth dccupbrth gli
tud pbssbtd'
(F'bfHb, 2;L, >`lrhcb, trbg'ht'+ cbp'*)'
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\e cbel s‘heib%b trb il nb`&l gliib nletl (''') l hi `hd cd`pbned %h hechb`p1' *i
cbel &bi1 %hb sleb l`lttlrl suded+ i‘ud`d, bibegd ue pdc"hed ib %dcl, ghssl
rhglegd phbedM #Bb nubrgbtl ue pd‘ !uli cbel rdnedsd$, l su&htd ch trd%b``d
slpbrbth gb ue `ucc"hd gh nletl (''')' hgh Xh` phrdlttbrl su sl stlssd' Flcl ue pbssd
b%beth l `h s&brr1 ib strbgb' Nrb%b`d sdih+ `h heclelrh%b cde ued snubrgd phled ghcdcchutb glchshdel' (''') #8hcl%btl b `l$ c"hlsl Xh` b %dcl &bsshssh`b (''')' *d ghsshM
#Ed$ (''') #dh ghtl gh ed$ ghssl iuh `ditd scurd, #`b hd "d slethtd &lel$'
(X'/derbg, 2GG, drg Xh`, trbg'ht'+ cbp'*)'
ArbguclM
(''')> gdn Rbs t"lrl, Rlb%hen "h`slif he beg dut b`denst pldpil‘s ilns (''') beg `Z
cd`pbehde stu`&ilg d%lr "h`' A"l gdn ilbplg bRbZ Rht"dut b sdueg+t"l `be,
rbhshen "hs %dhcl b ihttil, sbhg Rht" b sidR ibun", #ddH bt t"bt Rrltc"lg cur$, beg
ghrlctiZ bftlrRbrgs Rl &lcb`l slpbrbtlg &Z b idt df pldpil (''')'* sbR Xh` sphe
rdueg' @l `bgl b stlp fdrRbrg beg &brrlg `Z RbZ' l Rlrl bidel+ "l nibrlg bt `l
Rht" be bhr df stu&&dre rlsdiuthde' (''')'$8hg Zdu splbH td `l$ bsHlg Qh` %lrZ idR
(''')'* sbhg #Ed$ (''')'$du sbZ Zdu ghge‘t,$"l sbhg, %lrZ sd`&rl'$Kut * "lbrg'$
(X'/derbg, drg Xh`, 2GG+ lg'Kbetb` KddHs, cbp'*)'
rltc"lg cur ede á ue cbel rdnedsd+ b Xh` sudeb, trbsibtd, cd`l #pd%lrd %hnihbccd$,
fdrslM gbi `hchghbil !uh prd !ud gh Xh` `ud%l tuttd hi iuend ghbidnd trb iuh l BbridRl'
]lr1 #cbel rdnedsd$ fuehdeb'
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A"dsl t"rll Dh‘s‘ hesthect, hetuhthde, hesphrbthde< he R"hc" * pheelg `Z fbht" Rlrl
`drl uslfui he ilbrehen b&dut pldpil t"b idnhc cduig &l' /bprdchdus bpprdbc" td
cbprhchdus su&Qlct' (N'AbZidr,297, A"l gl%bstbthen &dZs, lg'2+ pbn'257)'
Flgl elii‘hsthetd, elii‘hetuhhdel, elii‘hsphrbhdel, phø c"l eliib idnhcb, plr sbplrcdedsclrl il plrsdelM b sdnnlttd cbprhcchdsd, bpprdcchd cbprhcchdsd' > ebsd' Ede
schlethcd'
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*e ueb b&b (''') "b gb sl`prl hi sud rudid ueb nurb `bihneb l h`pleltrb&hil, cde hi
cd`phtd gh ghstrunnlrl, d bi`led gh rhghcdihbrl, ch1 c"l á &uded l iu`hedsd'
(A'Klre"brg, 25, N%leth, trbg'ht' cde tlstd b frdetl+ pbn';)'
ArbguclM(''') 8lee u lhel` Brc"lesphli nl"rt slht Ql"lr lhel &sbrthnl
ueguurc"sc"bu&brl :lstbit, ghl gbs :utl, 8urc"sc"bu&brl, u lrstrle dglr
Rlehnstles ic"lrihc" u `bc"le trbc"tlt' (A'Klre"brg, cht'+ pbn';7)'
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Fuelrbil gh `bssb b Fhrlel (7 * ;G2G) plr ib `drtl gh ue ghchbsslttleel eliid
scdetrd edttured trb gul scddtlr' b %hb gliib c"hlsb gd%l sh á s%ditb ib fuehdel
fuel&rl lrb b4diibtb gh bgdilscleth (cde h cbideh tleuth &bssh, `b ede he slned gh
iuttd), %hnhih ur&beh sdr%lnihb%bed l nbrbeth%bed hi rhtd' Ede cbph%b`d cd`l hi
glfuetd b%lssl tbeth b`hch' Ab` tb` %hb hetlrelt, plesb%b`d'DFuelrbihs`d‘ gh `bssb, cdrpdrbth%d, Dgdidrhs`d‘'
‘uith`d cdeclttd (>'Sb%hehd (272
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Ard%hb`d su b Stb`pb gli L :huned ‘GLM #ElR drH' \e ud`d fb cbusb plr ueb
suplr lrlhdel' @b prlsd ue hetlnrbtdrl l "b b%utd ue‘lrlhdel #sleb el$, plr ib
!ubil á ehtd he dsplgbil']lr !ulstd /'', %lethed%leel gh E'', "b fbttd cbusb biib
cbsb prdguttrhcl, Ed%brths$'
*e *tbihb, he ue pdstd gh prdetd sdccdrsd, !ubil #cdidrl gh urnleb$ nih b%rl&&lrdgbtd
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9L
Bditl sded il ilnnlegl c"l, b uccb l ghetdreh, glscrh%ded ib nurb gliib &liib
uchgb Bbesh' Slcdegd h rbccdeth, cdstlh lrb ueb gdeeb nhd%bel l `ditd b%%leletl l
c"l sbpl%b &le uthihbrl hi sud fbsched plr cdiilhdebrl ue b`betl ghltrd i‘bitrd, `bh
sbhb glii‘b`drl cbrebil'Sh ebrrb c"l b%lssl fbttd bgghrhtturb ucchglrl hi `brhtd plr
pdtlrsh glghcbrl cd`piltb`letl biib %htb nbibetl, bnih b&hth prlhdsh, bhnhdhliih'>`b%b tbi`letl sl stlssb gb b%lrl &hsdned gh chrcdegbrsh gh splcc"h c"l
rh.lttl%bed cdetheub`letl ib sub h``bnhelM suiil pbrlth, eli ih&rd gb `lssb,
bgghrhtturb sdprb hi ilttd he `behlrb gb bggdr`letbrsh ssbegd ib sub gdicl l
sheudsb nurb'
Bb hi tl`pd, cd`l sh sb, scdrrl helsdrb&hil'N uchgb gd%lttl cdestbtbrl, bg ue clrtd
puetd, c"l il run"l cd`hechb%bed b rhnbrl hi sud &li %ditd'(''')ib gdeeb ede l&&l
lshtbhdel bicueb l he%dc1 ehletl`led c"l hi ghb%did'*i !ubil il bppbr%l &le
%dilethlrh plr sthpuibrl ue `bilcd bccdrgdMhe cb`&hd gh trlet‘beeh gh uitlrhdrl
nhd%helb, hi gl`dehd b%rl&&l pdtutd prleglrsh i‘beh`b gliib gdeeb'
(RRR'tuscbeQdurelZ'drnilnnlegl)'
http://www.tuscanjourney.org/leggendehttp://www.tuscanjourney.org/leggende
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\e bitrd rbccdetd (''') pbrib gh ueb nrbe shnedrb c"l `benhb%b l &l%l%b
biilnrb`letl l b%l%b tuttd ch1 c"l hi cudrl pu1 &rb`brl, l c"l glshglr1 %h%lrl plr
sl`prl' Elh prh`h cletd beeh tuttd beg1 &lel, `b pdh cd`hech1 b rlstrhenlrsh lg
bnnrhehrsh, ed b c"l ede pdt? phø cb``hebrl, e? rlnnlrsh he phlgh, e? `benhbrl, e?
&lrl' Bb el``led pdtl%b `drhrl'>nih hehh i‘bih`letb%bed cd`l sl fdssl ueb &b`&heb, `b eJ cdi gh%letbrl tbetd
`heutb c"l ib `hslrd he ueb &dtthnihb gh %ltrd l ib bpplslrd eliib c"hlsb'Stb becdrb
iJ, eliib /"hlsb gh Sbetb Bbrhb b u&lcH'@b ib nrbeglb gh ue tdpdihed l ueb %ditb
bii‘beed sh `ud%l'
(X':'Frblr, 223, Kbiglr t"l Klbuthfui, trbg'ht'+ $h%lrl plr sl`prl$)'
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Oubegd cdi prdnrlssd gliib cdedscleb nih ud`heh cd`hechbrded b rleglrsh cdetd
glii‘lrrdrl cd`phutd bttrh&ulegd bi cd``lrchd trb h slssh ue l4lttd suiib
rhprdguhdel gh beh`bih l phbetl, ib cde%hehdel gliib edch%ht gh clrth rbppdrth lrb
drb`bh tbi`letl rbghcbtb, c"l ede fu fbchil ih&lrbrslel, bec"l !ubegd plrclphrded
i‘bssurght gli rbnhdeb`letd c"l ih b%l%b pdrtbth b !uliil cdeciushdeh' /dsJ ib %lcc"hbprbthcb sbrl&&l rh`bstb he %hndrl, sl&&lel ib %lcc"hb tldrhb fdssl %leutb `led'
>%rl&&lrd cdetheubtd bg dsslr%brl il %lcc"hl rlndil gliib `drbil slssubil, `b sl
gd%l%bed dsslr%brl hi rhsplttd gliib cd`ueht lrb elclssbrhd pdnnhbril su ueb eud%b
&bsl tldrhcb' Ouliib &bsl, he bccdrgd cde hi nlelrbil prdnrlssd gli pleshlrd, fu
fdrehtb gbiib rlihnhdel'
(X':'Frblr, 2G
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#/"l cdsb slh, ueb strlnb$
#SJ, ueb strlnb'$
(''')
$*e !ulstb rd&bcchb ede ch crlgd' Sded tuttl schdcc"ll' Bb gbi `d`letd c"l tu ch
crlgh, gbi tud puetd gh %hstb "bh bssbsshebtd ueb plrsdeb'$(*'K'Shenlr, b strlnb, he ]bsshdeh, trbg' ht', pbn'97)'
S‘bccleeb !uh bi fled`led glii‘butdfrbhetlegh`letd, c"l clrtd ede rhnubrgb
sditbetd ib strlndelrhb' *i rbccdetd %lrtl suiib h`prl%hstb bttrbhdel c"l ueb rbnbb
bi!ubetd snrbhbtb suschtb eli sud prdflssdrl, gdpd c"l ib `dnihl gh !ulst‘uith`d á
`drtb gh nrb%l l `hstlrhdsb `bibtthb'
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*i ]brthtd ede pu1 `bh s&bnihbrl (''')'Au lg hd pdsshb`d cd``lttlrl glnih lrrdrh, `b
ede hi ]brthtd' *i ]brthtd, cd`pbned, á phø gh tl, gh `l l gh `hiil bitrh cd`l tl l cd`l
`l' *i ]brthtd á i‘hecbrebhdel glii‘hglb rh%diuhdebrhb eliib Stdrhb' b Stdrhb ede
cdedscl e? scrupdih e? lshtbhdeh' Scdrrl, helrtl l hefbiih&hil, %lrsd ib sub `átb' >g
dneh cur%b gli sud cdrsd ibschb hi fbend l pdrtb cde s? h cbgb%lrh glnih b4dnbth' bStdrhb sb gd%l %b' Ede cd``lttl lrrdrh' /diuh c"l ede "b ueb flgl bssdiutb eliib
Stdrhb ede á eliil il gli ]brthtd'(''')@bh scrhttdM$* rlsth gli `d%h`letd rh%diuhdebrhd
gl&&ded uehrsh l tuttl il fdrl dsthih biib thrbeehgl fdr`brl ue &idccd+gd&&hb`d
pdrrl el biil edstrl %lcc"hl idttl hetlrel l cd`hechbrl gh eud%d ib idttb
cd`uel$'Oulstd á ue lrrdrl'*i ]brthtd ede gl%l biilbrsh bh `dglrbth'(''')@bh
scrhttdM$Oubegd ib cbsb &ruchb, tutth gl%ded cdetrh&uhrl b sd4dcbrl i‘hecleghd+sl
cdetheuhb`d b ghscutlrl suiil tldrhl, i‘hecleghd ch rhgurr tutth he clelrl$'>itrd
lrrdrl' Edh cd`&btthb`d hi fudcd cde i‘bc!ub+nih bitrh cde i‘dihd']lrtbetd gd&&hb`d
prh`b glchglrl !ubil á hi shstl`b nhustd, sl i‘bc!ub d i‘dihd, prh`b gh uehrl il &rhnbtl
glh pd`phlrh'(''')b ihelb gli ]brthtd á elttb`letl glehtb, cd`l ue benustd
slethlrd trb il `detbnel'*i phø ihl%l pbssd fbisd, b shehstrb d b glstrb, fb cbglrl eli
prlchphhd'
(>'dlstilr, 275, Kuhd b `ldnhdred, trbg'ht'+ $*i prh`d hetlrrdnbtdrhd$, 0 *P)'
b #thrbeehgl$ he !ulsthdel á, cde dneh prd&b&hiht, hi fbschs`d, d hi
ebhdebisdchbihs`d' Ouh sh ghscutl, clrtd he ue cih`b plrslcutdrhd, su cd`l gd%rl&&l
pdrsh, rhsplttd biil bitrl fdrl pdihthc"l cdetrbrhl bi fbschs`d, ue pbrthtd cd`uehstb'‘hetlrrdnbetl cdetlstb ib ihelb gh cuh á sdstlehtdrl i‘hetlrrdnbtd, ghrl``d
#frdethstb$, dppdelegdnih ueb ihelb c"l prh%hilnhb, sl`prl l cd`ue!ul, id
sc"hlrb`letd gh cibssl gb pbrtl cd`uehstb, chdá b ghrl hi `betleh`letd
glii‘bttlehdel biib cdetrbgghhdel fdegb`letbil (slcdegd hi `brUhs`d
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(''') Bh h``bnhed sl`prl tutth !ulsth rbnbheh c"l fbeed ueb pbrthtb he
!ulii‘h``lesd cb`pd gh slnbil (''')'Bhnihbhb gh rbnbheh, l hetdred ede c‘á elssue
bitrd, elssue nrbegl, %dnihd ghrl, sditbetd hd' N hd std he phlgh suii‘drid gh ue ghrupd
pblscd'N ede gl%d fbrl bitrd c"l prleglrl bi %did tutth !uliih c"l stbeed plr
cbglrl gbi ghrupd, %dnihd ghrl, sl cdrrded sleb nubrgbrl gd%l %beed, hd gl%d sbitbrfudrh gb !ubic"l pdstd l bcc"hbppbrih'Ede gd%rlh fbrl bitrd tuttd hi nhdred' (''')'Sd
c"l á ueb pbhb, `b á i‘uehcb cdsb c"l `h phbclrl&&l %lrb`letl fbrl'
(X'8'Sbihenlr, 22, *i nhd%bel @digle, trbg'ht'+ cbp'PP**)'
8b cuh hi thtdid, A"l cbtc"lr he t"l rZl, c"l rhsplcc"hb i‘h``bnhel glii‘b4lrrbrl
rbnbheh plrhcdibeth' N‘ hi cdetrbrhd gli ph4lrbhd gh @b`lihe'
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* cd`uehsth gl%ded cd`prleglrl b fdegd hi prhechphd gliib su&drghebhdel glh &hsdneh
gliib pbrtl bi tuttd' Sl ueb prdpdstb bppbrl rlbihb&hil eliib shtubhdel pbrthcdibrl,
`b ede eliib shtubhdel nlelrbil, &hsdneb su&drghebrl ib pbrtl bi tuttd' Sl
%hcl%lrsb, ib prdpdstb ede á rlbihb&hil eliib shtubhdel pbrthcdibrl, `b id á eliib
shtubhdel nlelrbil, bec"l he !ulstd cbsd ib pbrtl gl%l lsslrl su&drghebtb bi tuttd'Nccd cdsb shnehcb cdeshglrbrl ib shtubhdel eli sud heshl`l'
(' ]hbd lt bi' (b curb gh), 255, /htbhdeh gbiil dplrl gli prlshgletl Bbd Clgden,
trbg'ht'+ cbp'PP*)'
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*i cd`uehs`d á i‘lsbsplrbhdel gli cbecrd &urdcrbthcd c"l "b sl`prl rdsd
i‘u`beht' /becrd tlglscd, prdgdttd gbi cbrbttlrhsthcd prlpbrbhdehs`d tlglscd'
6neh prlpbrbhdel plgbetlscb á bethu`beb' (/ht'he S'Sdetbn, 2LL, 2L9, Bbibtthb
cd`l `ltbfdrb, trbg'ht'+ pbn'L;)'
b #prlpbrbhdel plgbetlscb$, phø c"l lsslrl #bethu`beb$, su%%Jb, btthlel
bii‘heflihcht' Fhihppd Ad``bsd Bbrheltth, i‘butdrl gh !ulstl rhn"l, prlegl gh `hrb hi
cd`uehs`d l #h tlglsc"h$, sdr%dihb`d, lppurl !uliid gh #prlpbrbhdehs`d$ pbrl ue
&li cdeclttd' @b b c"l %lglrl cde i‘beshb l h `brc"henlneh dsslssh%h plr tlelrib b
&bgb, he prh%btd l eliib gh`leshdel cdiiltth%b'
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L
d scrhttdrl nubtl`bitlcd >unustd Bdetlrrdsd "b scrhttd ueb %ditb !uliid c"l %hlel
cdeshglrbtd hi rbccdetd phø &rl%l gh tuttb ib ilttlrbturb ueh%lrsbilM #/ubegd
glsplrt1, li ghedsburhd tdgb%Jb lstb&b biiJ$'(Oubegd sh s%lnih1, hi ghedsburd lrb
becdrb iJ')
(''')*i rbccdetd sunnlrhscl, eliib sub fui`helb sl`pihcht, gul hetlrprltbhdehM(h)hithhd á s%lnihd bccbetd b ue ghedsburd, plr ede %lglrid phø sh bggdr`letb, l !ubegd
sh s%lnihb hi ghedsburd á becdrb iJ+(hh)hi thhd á s%lnihd sleb ghedsburh elh pbrbnnh, sh
bggdr`letb, sdneb ue ghedsburd, l !ubegd sh s%lnihb hi ghedsburd gli sdned á
becdrb iJ'Autth b``lttlrbeed c"l ib slcdegb hetlrprltbhdel á surrlbihsthcb`letl l
HbfHhbeb`letl phø sbpdrdsb gliib prh`b, `b elppurl ib prh`b lrb lsciusb gbi
rbccdetd, c"l pdtrl&&l lsslrl ue rbccdetd rlbihsthcd suiib prlhstdrhb'
(\'Ncd,;GG3, cht'+pbn'5)'
*i sdnnlttd gh #glsplrt1$ pdtrl&&l bec"l lsslrl hi ghedsburd' d stupdrl (phø gli
ghedsburd c"l gli ilttdrl) glrh%lrl&&l biidrb gbi trd%brsh, hi ghedsburd, tdgb%Jb biiJ,
he ue iudnd gh%lrsd gb !uliid gli sud sdned, l unubil b gd%‘lrb bi `d`letd gh
bggdr`letbrsh' /bphtb bec"l bh ghedsburh, cd`l b edh, gh s%lnihbrsh l gh ede cbphrl
su&htd gd%l sded
b slcdegb hetlrprltbhdel lc"hbeb á !uliib c"l s‘h`pdel, nlelrl "drrdr, `b á
#betrdpdcletrhcb$'
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]lr hi shnedr /b%l gh%leel c"hbrd c"l !ulnih dnnltth schethiibeth lrbed crhstbiih
lsbttb`letl unubih b !uliid he cuh stb%b nubrgbegd'(''')Oubic"l %ditb, ueb gliil
nrbegh crlbturl bibtl s%dibb%b e i he ch`b l, gdpd b%lr rhphlnbtd il bih l
b%%hen"hbtd bicueh tletbcdih hetdred bi pleedel, nubrgb%b ssb`letl eli crhstbiid
plr ue clrtd plrhdgd b %ditl bec"l plr ue !ubrtd g‘drb'N ueb slrhl gh dsslr%bhdeh,fbttl plr sunnlrh`letd gli shnedr bcl, ih cde%hesl letrb`&h c"l, rhsplttd bi `degd
dnnlttd gliib %hshdel, hi crhstbiid eli !ubil idrd nubrgb%bed sh trd%b%b su ue pleedel
bi ih`htl gliib tlrrbb, l c"l he ueb dccbshdel bi`led, ued glnih b&htbeth gh
!ulst‘bitrd `degd b%l%b nubrgbtd ib fbcchb gli shnedr /b%l `letrl iuh fbcl%b
bitrlttbetd'
(@':'liis, 29L, ‘ud%d gh crhstbiid, trbg'ht'+ lg' Nhebugh)'
*i nubrgbetl á nubrgbtd gbi nubrgbetl gh ue bitrd `degd, letrb`&h nubrgbth l
nubrgbeth'
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\eb ilttrhcl gl b shnedrheb Nisl (>'Sc"ehtilr) rhflrhscl, ede sbpphb`d !ubetd
cdesbpl%dil c"l i‘drhnhebil á scrhttd he tlglscd, gh b%lr plesbtd splssd bi ed`l
gliib prdtbndehstb cd`l sl fdssl i‘b%%lr&hd henilsl lisl' :hdcbrl cde il pbrdil
shnehcb bec"l spblsbril gbiib idrd rlshgleb drhnhebrhb' Kbstb ede b4lhdebrsh
trdppd biil edstrl trd%btl, !ubegd lssl rbpprlsletbed sdid ueb edstrb %lrht'
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2GG
/h rbccdetbrded c"l, gurbetl ue cde%lned su :ldrnl Sh`lede, b Fhrlel, !ubicued
b%l%b nhdcbtd cde !uli cdned`l < sh `bhs ede < hnedrd b !ubil scdpd lr`leluthcd+
ch rbccdetbrded scbegbihbth c"l #sh$ ede á frbeclslM he%lcl id á'
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