non adversarial elections
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MUTUALISTIC, NON–ADVERSARIALELECTIONS
Peter C. Newton-Evans
November 2012
PUCE-Quito
Functions of a Group
1. To accomplish the tasks and objectivesfor which it was created
2. To create and strengthen unity among2. To create and strengthen unity amongits members
3. To develop the potentialities of itsmembers
Roles of Good Leaders
Establish the purpose for the consultation.
Emphasize the benefits of solutions that benefit all.
Assume the role of group coordinator. Assume the role of group coordinator.
Periodically summarize opinions, possibilities forconsensus and move group toward an agreement.
Give credit to group members for decisions andachievements.
Involve everyone in the work to be done.
Traditional Leadership
Style:
Authoritarian
Paternalistic
Effects:
Passive resistance
Dependency on leaderPaternalistic
Know-it-all
Manipulative
Dependency on leader
Inferiority, fear of errors
Mistrust, cynicism (incredulity)
The New Leadership Servant Leadership: an attitude of service towards others. Goal-oriented Leadership: transcends problem-oriented
activity by following a vision. People-Centered Leadership: developing abilities is at least as
important as getting the job done.important as getting the job done. Empowering Leadership: believes in and promotes the
development of man’s inherent nobility. Transformational Leadership: seeks psycho-cultural and
socio-structural change. Principle-centered Leadership: seeks to discover and apply the
truth in all situations. Moral Leadership: morality defined not only as not doing
harm, but especially seeking the wellbeing of others.
Three Types of Democracy
A commitment to an electoral process(representative democracy)
The emphasis on consensus building The emphasis on consensus building(consent-based democracy)
Participation in implementing decisions(participatory democracy)
Is democracythe solution?
Divisive Party Politics
Promoting VestedInterestsInterests
Participation afterdecision is made
Elections not truly free
Illogic of governmentversus opposition
Problems with Democracy
Electioneering leads to a lack of suitable candidates.
Narrowly focused on representative democracy andelections, ignoring the participatory dimension.
Pseudo-participation: leaders invite opinions, but Pseudo-participation: leaders invite opinions, butcontinue to impose their ideas.
Decision-making based on partisan struggles, whichdoes not lead to the common good.
Little emphasis on other capabilities needed foreffective leadership.
Against Partisan Elections
“The ideology of partisanship that has everywhereboldly assumed democracy’s name… today findsitself mired in the cynicism, apathy, and corruptionto which it has given rise. In selecting those whoto which it has given rise. In selecting those whoare to take collective decisions on its behalf, societydoes not need and is not well served by the politicaltheater of nominations, candidature, electioneering,and solicitation.”
(Bahá’í International Community,“The Prosperity of Humankind”)
Competitive ElectionsWhat type of person do they favor?
Committed to those who financedtheir campaign.
Based on short-term convenience, Based on short-term convenience,not on universal principles
Ambitious, power-hungry
Proud of themselves, critical ofothers
Is this the type of person we wantas our leaders?
Let’s Discuss
What is the purpose of holding elections?
When people seek leadership roles, whatstrategies do they use to get elected?
As a result of this, what kinds of people tend As a result of this, what kinds of people tendto get elected?
Are these the most desirable characteristics ina leader? Why or why not?
If an election produces these results, has itfulfilled its purpose?
Conclusions
The adversarial electoral system producesa “social dilemma”: when everyone actsaccording to the logic of the system, it failsto fulfill its purpose, or collapses.to fulfill its purpose, or collapses.
We need to change the rules of the game toreplace it with a mutualistic or cooperativeelectoral system.
One such system is called “Candidate-FreeElections.” Let’s give it a try!
Decide how many members to elect (#N)
Discuss their duties and the qualities theyshould have, without mentioning names
No candidates nominated: all are eligible
Electoral Method
No candidates nominated: all are eligible
Secret election: no names mentioned before,during or after voting
Each voter writes N names on the ballot slip
Those with simple majority are the members
If there is a tie, vote again among those tied
Solidarity with the common good
An open, inquisitive mind
Qualities we Seek
Justice and integrity
A spirit of service
Recognized ability
Mature experience
Non-considerations
Gender
Religion
Social class
National origin
Racial or ethnic group
Other secondary matters
De-Briefing
Having tried a “Candidate-free Election,”
What advantages does it have over the usualmethod?method?
How can we promote this approach in othergroups we belong to?
Could that provide an opportunity to talkabout what we have learned in this course?
Thank YouThank You
http://cultureofpeaceprogram.org
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