north and south take different paths. a revolution in technology industrial revolution machines...
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A Revolution in Technology Industrial Revolution
Machines taking the place of hand tools. Power now provided first by flowing water, and now through steam engines rather than by human or animal
Began in Britain Textile mills were the first factories to
benefit 1760s – Spinning Jenny 1764 – Water Frame
Spinning Jenny Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764 (patented)
Took multiple strands of cotton and spun them onto spindles vast improvement on the spinning wheel which only made 1
spindle Allowed spinners to keep up with weavers It spun a weak yarn, that was suitable for filling in the main part
of fabric
Water Frame Invented by Richard Arkwright in 1768 (patented in 1769)
I know your book says 1764 Made single strands of thread – but very high strength Used water power to work – more efficient than human Samuel Crompton combined the Jenny and the Frame into one
machine – many threads of high strength
Historical Note: Both inventions were stolen from Thomas Highs
Created a new system of working Factory System
Brings workers and machines together in one place Instead of cottage industry – workers showed up at
the factory Capital Problems
Factory Systems were the wave of the future Startup costs were very high Required investments from Capitalists
People who invest money in a business to turn a profit
Steam Power When was it invented? Give me some years
Would you believe Heron of Alexandria @ 50AD He invented a Steam Rocket
Steam Power contd. Improvements were made… many
improvements Thomas Newcomen made the first one for use James Watt made one that could be used in
industry
The American Industrial Revolution All of these advances were happening in England Until… 1789
Samuel Slater – apprentice of Richard Arkwright moved to the U.S. He partnered with Moses Brown (a wealthy Merchant) Brown rented a textile mill and Slater constructed a spinning
machine based in Arkwright’s The Lowell Mills
Francis Cabot Lowell – visited England and left with Ideas Founded a mill in Waltham, Massachusetts
Brought spinning and weaving together Lowell Girls
Women employed in the mills After work they could attend classes and read books Education advances for women
The Revolution Takes Hold Mass Production
Rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical objects Interchangeable Parts (Eli Whitney)
Identical pieces that can be assembled quickly by unskilled workers
Factory Life Not everyone was like Lowell
Child Labor Textile mills, coal mines, steel foundries
Children as young as 7 No education Unsafe conditions
Factory Conditions Poorly lighted Little fresh air Machines did tasks – not protect workers 12-14 hour workdays (if the machines don’t run
there’s no profit)
Northern Cities
Growth of Cities Urbanization
Increased city population due to movement of people from rural areas to cities
Immigrants spread westward as eastern cities became crowded Vast numbers came to America
Urban Problems Bad conditions
Dirty streets- poor sewage – lack of clean water = disease Fires were common – wooden structures close together
Growth of Northern Industry The Telegraph
Invented by Samuel Morse Device that used electrical signals to send messages Series of dots and dashes that represent numbers and letters
.... . .-.. .-.. --- / - .... .. ... / .. ... / -- --- .-. ... . / -.-. --- -.. . / .. - / -.-. --- -. - .- .. -. ... / .- / ... . .-. .. . ... / --- ..-. / -.. ---
- ... / .- -. -.. / -.. .- ... .... . ... / . .- -.-. .... / .-. . .--. .-. . ... . -. - ... / .- / .-.. . - - . .-. /
--- ..-. / - .... . / .- .-.. .--. .... .- -... . – In English?
Hello this is morse code it contains a series of dots and dashes each represents a letter of the alphabet
Advances in Agriculture Cyrus McCormick
Mechanical Reaper Cut stalks of wheat many times faster than humans
could Allowed larger farms to be worked by fewer people This meant more food for everyone
Threshers Separate the grains from the rest of the plant Grains were sent to mills to be ground up and
processed Eventually Reapers which cut stalks and Threshers which
separated grains from chaff were combined into one piece of equipment What was it called?
Advances in Manufacturing Elias Howe invented a machine that could sew
seams in cloth Isaac Singer improved on this design
Sewing machines were born This allowed mass production of clothing
By 1860 there was $1 billion dollars invested in business 90% of that was in the North
What would this mean for the South in the coming Civil War?
Transportation Revolution Steamboats and Clipper Ships
1807 Robert Fulton build the Clermont First practical steam powered ship Had a large paddle wheel for propulsion They were not practical for the oceans, only rivers
Clipper Ships Long, thin, sleek vessels with very tall masts Not much cargo, but very very fast boats Dominated ocean travel for a short time, until England
began making ocean going steam boats
Railroads The greatest advance in transportation of goods
and materials in the 19th century First railroad contained tracks and carts pulled
by horses Later in 1830 Peter Cooper build a steam locomotive Tom Thumb
New Wave of Immigrants The Great Hunger
Potato famine in Ireland in 1845 Caused millions to leave Ireland
A million more died of starvation Irish workers flooded to America
Many had been farm laborers at home
German newcomers Fled to the U.S. after failed rebellions
Came from all walks of life Rich and poor alike
Many settled in the Ohio River Valley and Great Lakes areas
Reaction against Immigrants Nativists
Wanted to preserve the country for white American born protestants.
They were especially against the Irish immigrants They were roman catholic
One NY band formed a secret order Know nothings
African Americans in the North Faced more discrimination than immigrants
Denial of equal rights or treatment to certain groups of people Many freed African Americans were at a disadvantage
Unable to vote Not allowed to work in factories or skilled labor Other employers hired new immigrants over African Americans
This discrimination led to racial segregation
Homework: Read pages 396-398, explain how cotton began to effect the south. How did slave labor contribute to the “cotton kingdom”?
Do Now: Take out page 395, 1 & 2 from Friday
The Cotton Kingdom The Cotton Gin
Removed seeds from cotton fibers Before the gin, the seeds had to be
removed by hand This was a very slow and labor
intensive process It limited the availability of cotton The Gin allowed greater
production – lowering prices of clothing and letting cotton growers produce more
Slave Labor In order to grow more cotton, planters used
more slaves In 1790 there were 498,000 slaves By 1860 there were 4 million
Cotton was the greatest source of wealth for the U.S. Enriched planters, ship owners, bankers, and merchants
Society was divided States that raised cotton had large numbers of slaves Other states didn’t
Defending Slavery Many southerners accepted the
system as it was Many northerners urged that
slavery be banned Supporters argued:
More humane than factory conditions in the north
Slaves never had to worry about unemployment
Critics argued: Northern workers were free to quit a
job and take another People held in slavery were open to
physical abuse There was no substitute for freedom
The original caption on this 1863 photograph of a slave read: "Overseer Aarayou Carrier whipped me. I was two months in bed sore from the whipping. My master come after I was whipped; he discharged the overseer The very words of Peter, taken as he sat for his picture."
African Americans in the South Restrictions on free African Americans
Laws denied basic rights to even freed African Americans Excluded from all but the most menial jobs Children could not attend public schools Could not vote Could not serve on juries Could not testify against whites in court Freed African Americans were discouraged from even
traveling Still, free African Americans made valuable
contributions to society Norbert Rillieux
Revolutionized the way sugar was refined Henry Blair
Developed a seed planting device that reduced time a farmer spent sowing a crop
Life Under Slavery Slave Codes
Laws that controlled every aspect of a slave’s life 1828 Kentucky Court Ruling – A slave by our code is not
treated as a person but as a thing. Some slaves were skilled workers on plantations The majority did heavy farm labor Slaves had only one protection from major mistreatment
Owners considered them valuable property This was only true as long as the slave could continue to
work Families were often broken up
Children were sold No more slaves could be imported after 1808 (legally
anyway) This cut contact with others coming from Africa
Still their culture survived
Many slaves composed spirituals Religious folk songs that blended biblical themes with the
realities of slavery Resistance to Slavery
Many slaves resisted the slave holders Some worked slowly Some pretended not to understand what they were being
told to do Some deliberately broke equipment Many fled their owners and went to the north
Occasionally there were rebellions Nat Turner
Led the most famous revolt He and his followers killed @60 whites In retaliation, many innocent African Americans were killed
Turner was executed in 1831
Moving West Daniel Boone – famous early pioneer
Cleared the wilderness road A growing population
Steady growth of western territories led to new states 8 new states from 1792 – 1818
KY, TN, OH, LA, IN, MS, IL, AL Travel was difficult
Paths west had begun as animal trails Soon wagons were rolling over them
Turnpikes Toll roads
Privately owned roads built by companies that charged people to travel over them
Corduroy Roads Roads made of sawed off logs laid side by side –
used for traveling over marshy areas The National Road
First federally funded road Began in 1811 by Cumberland, MD and reached
Wheeling, WV (1818) and to Vandalia, IL in 1850
Canals Channel that is dug across land and filled
with water DeWitt Clinton
Governor of NY who proposed to dig a canal from Lake Erie to the Hudson River
Work began in 1817 – critics called it Clinton’s Ditch
Canal contained many locks By 1825 the canal had paid for itself NY became a very rich state and city
Extension of Slavery In 1819 there were 11 slave states and 11 free
states Missouri had been seeking admission to the
Union as a slave state since 1817 Allowing Missouri in would upset the ‘balance’
Make the south more powerful than the north
James Tallmadge (NY) made a proposal MO admitted as a slave state – but no more slaves
brought into that state Resolution passed in the house – failed in the senate
Southern Senators felt that it threatened slavery and thus the southern economy
The Missouri Compromise 1820 – Henry Clay
Permitted Main to be admitted to the Union as a free state Missouri admitted as a slave state Louisiana Territory divided at 36° 30’
North of that line would be free South would be slave
Also gave southern slave owners the right to pursue escaped slaves into free regions and return them to slavery
The slavery debate re-ignited an old debate – States Rights The issue of states rights would continue to divide the nation
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