ntanelx 3650 kh - inspectionpanel.org · vi tidæpabtueta...
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r)aykarN_elx 58016 - KH
RkumGFikarkic©
r)aykarN_esIubGegát
RbeTskm<úCa³ KeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al
¬\NTanelx 3650 – KH¦
éf¶TI 23 Ex viciäka qñaM 2010
i
GMBIGFikarkic©
GFikarkic©RtUv)anbegáIteLIgcab;taMgBIExkBaØa qñaM 1993 edayRkumRbwkSanaykRbtibtiþrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak
kñúg tYnaTICaynþkarÉkraCmYyedIm,IFanaGMBIKNenyüPaBkñúgRbtibtiþkarrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakedIm,IeqøIytbeTA
nwgeKalneya)ay nignitIviFIrbs;xøÜn. RkumGFikarkic©KWCaEpñkmYysRmab;RkuménRbCaBlrdæ 2 b¤eRcInnak;Edl
eCOfaxøÜneK b¤plRbeyaCn_rbs;BYkeKKBugRtUv)an b¤)anxUcplRbeyaCn_edayskmµPaBEdlKaMRThirBaØvtßúeday
FnaKarBiPBelak edIm,IbgðajBIkarRBYy)armÖrbs;eKtamry³sMeNIesñIsMueFVIGFikarkic©. srubmkvij GFikarkic©
pþl;CabNþajmYyrvagFnaKarBiPBelak nigRbCaCnEdlTMngCaTTYlrgplb:HBal;edayKeRmagEdlKaMRTeday
xøÜn.
smaCikénRkumGFikarkic©RtUv)aneRCIserIs {edayEp¥keTAelIsmtßPaBkñúgkaredaHRsayeBlelj nigmanPaB
yutiþFm’ CamYynwgsMeNIEdl)andak;esñIeTABYkKat; mansuRkitPaB nigPaBÉkraCBIfñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPB
elak ehIynwgbTBiesaFn_rbs;BYkKat;cMeBaHbBaðaGPivDÆn_ niglkçxNÐrs;enA kñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_}.1
smaCikTaMgbIrUbpþl;siTi§GMNac edaypþl;[edayRkumRbwkSanaykRbtibtiþ edIm,IesIubGegátbBaðaEdlmankar
ecaTRbkan;Edl )anekIteLIgecjBIlT§plmYyénkarGnuvtþedaybraC½yedIm,IGnuelameTAtameKalneya)ay
RbtibtiþpÞal;xøÜn nignitIviFIrbs;xøÜn.
kargarrbs;GFikarkic©epþateTAelIeKalkarN_CaRKwHénPaBCaÉkraC suRkitPaB nigminlMeGog. eKalkarN_
sñÚlTaMgenHGacbgá[RkumGFikarkic©edIm,IeqøIyeTAnwgbBaðaEdl)anelIkeLIg nigedIm,Ipþl;bec©keTsd¾RbesIr kar
vaytémøRbkbÉkraC eTAdl;RkumRbwkSaPi)alrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak.
sRmab;dMeNIkaresñIsMu
bnÞab;BIRkumGFikarkic©TTYl)ankaresñIsMueFVIGFikarkic© KWmandMeNIrkardUcxageRkam³
RkumGFikarkic©seRmcfaetIsMeNIrelIkdMbUgvasmRsbeTAnwgkarBicarNrbs;RkumGFikarkic©b¤ya:gNa
RkumGFikarkic©)ancuHelxsMeNI KWmannitIviFIrdæ)aledaysucritmYy
RkumGFikarkic©epJIsMeNIeTAfñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarBiPBelak Edlmanry³eBl 21 s)þah_¬éf¶eFIkar¦
edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgkarecaTRbkan;EdleFVIeLIgedayGñkesñIrsMu.
bnÞab;mkeTotRkumGFikarkic©cab;epþImerobcMeFVIkarvaytémøEdlmanry³eBl 21s)þah_ ¬éf¶eFVIkar¦
edIm,IkMNt;GMBIPaBsmRsbNamYyénGñkesIñsMu nigsMeNIresñIrsMu.
1 esckþIseRmcrbs; IBRD elx 93-10 nig esckþIseRmc IDA elx 93-6
ii
RbsinebIpþl;[mankaresuIbGegátmYy ehIyRkumRbwkSaPi)al)anGnum½t RkumGFikarkic©nigdwknaM[man
karesIubGegáteBjelj edayminkMNt;eBlevlaeT.
RbsinebIRkumGFikarkic©minesñI[mankaresIubGegát enaHRkumRbwkSanaykRbtibtiþenAEtbgÁab;bBa¢a[man
karesIubGegátmYyRbsinebImankarGnuBaØat.
3 éf¶bnÞab;BIRkumRbwkSaPi)alseRmccitþfa etImankaresIubGegát b¤minmankarGegátmYykþI r)aykarN_
rbs;RkumGFikarkic© ¬edayrYmTaMgkaresñIsMueFVIGFikarkic© nigkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg¦ KWRtUvdak;
pSBVpSayCasaFarN³tamry³evsayrbs;RkumGFikarkic© nigelxaFikardæan mNÐlB½t’mansaFarN³
rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak nigkariyal½yFnaKarBiPBelakenAtamRbeTs.
enAeBlEdlRkumGFikarkic©bBa©b;karesIubGegátmYyenaH BYkeKnwgepJIkarrkeXIjrbs;xøÜn nigkarsnñidæan
sþIBIbBaðaEdl)anecaTRbkan;enAkñúgkaresñIsMu[eFVIGFikarkic©eTARkumRbwkSaPi)al k¾dUcCafñak;RKb;RKg
FnaKarBiPBelak.
fñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakmaneBl 6 s)þah_ edIm,Idak;nUvGnusasn_rbs;eKeTARkumRbwkSaPi)al
sþIGMBIskmµPaBEdlFnaKarBiPBelaknwgeFVI edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgkarrkeXIj nigkarsnñidæanrbs;Rkum
GFikarkic©.
bnÞab;mkRkumRbwkSanwgeFVIkarseRmccitþcugeRkaysþIGMBIfaetIGVIEdlKYnwgeFVIedayEp¥keTAelIkarrkeXIj
nigGnusasn_rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarBiPBelak.
3 éf¶bnÞab;BIkarseRmccitþrbs;RkumRbwkSaBi)al r)aykarN_GFikarkic© nigGnusasn_rbs;fñak;RKb;RKg
nwgdak;CUnCasaFarN³tamry³evsayrbs;GFikarkic© nigelxaFikardæan evbsayKeRmagmNÐl
B½t’mansaFarN³rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak nigmNÐlB½t’manrbs;xøÜnenAtamRbeTsEdlmankaresIub
GegátenH.
iii
esckþIEføgGMNrKuN
karerobcMr)aykarN_enHnwgminGacekIteLIg)aneTRbsinebIKµankarKaMRT nigkarcUlrYmcMENkd¾mantémøBImnusS
CaeRcIn. RkumGFikarkic©sUmGNrKuNpgEdrdl;Gñk)andak;sMeNI nigshKmn_nanaenAeRkamKeRmagenH
Edl)anGnuBaØat[RkumGFikarkic©CYb .
RkumGFikarkic©sUmsMEdgGMNrKuNpgEdrcMeBaHm®nþIraCakarTaMgenAfñak;Cati nigfñak;mUldæanenARbeTskm<úCa
Edl)anGnuBaØat[RkumGFikarkic¨CYb. BYkKat;)anpþl;nUvB½t’man nigehtukarN_d¾mantèmø. RkumGFikarkic¨k¾sUm
EføgGMNrGKuNcMeBaHkarCYysRmbsRmYlBIm®nþIFnaKarRbcaMRbeTs.
RkumGFikark¾sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHm®nþIFnaKarBiPBelakRbcaMenAkariyal½yTIRkumva:siunetan nigkariyal½y
RbcaMRbeTskm<úCasRmab;karCYyerobcMkmµviFInana. RkumGFikarkic©k¾sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHfñak;RKb;RKg nig
m®nþIFnaKarBiPBelak sRmab;karCYykñúgkarpþl;Éksarnana pþl;B½t’mandl;RkumGFikarkic nwgmankareqøIytb
ya:grh½scMeBaHsMeNIrCalaylkçGkSr . RkumGFikarkic©k¾sUmEføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHsmaCikGgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil
EdlkMBugeFVIkarenARbeTskm<úCa.
RkumGFikarkic©k¾EføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHkarpþl;dMbUnµanÉkeTsedayelak eCRhVI paj nigsUmekatsresIrcMeBaHkar
vinic½äy nigviC¢aCIv³EdlelakEtgEtpþl;CUnCaerogral;eBl. cugbBa©b; RkumGFikarkic©sUmsMEdgnUvkardwgKuN
nigkarekatsresIrdl;smaCikénelxaFikardæansRmab;CaFnFand¾mann½y edIm,IerobcMkaresIubGegátenH Ca
Biess sUmGKuNelakRsI DIelk )alas nayikargelxaFikarRbtibtiþ nigelakRsI katarIn Qug nigelakRsI
ECnIehVI hac CaCMnYykarEpñkxagRsavRCav.
iv
BakübM®BYj nigGkSrkat;
ADB FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu
BP eKalneya)ayFnaKar
BTO r)aykarN_RbLb;mkkariyal½yvij
BKL bwgkk;
CAS yuT§sa®sþCMnYyRbcaMRbeTs CIDA TIPñak;garGPivDÆn¾GnþrCatiénRbeTskaNada
CLP RkumRbwkSaeKalneya)aydIFøI
COHRE mCÄmNÐlsiTi§lMenAdæan nigkarbeNþjecj
DCA kic©RBmeRBog\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ
DfID TIPñak;garGPivDÆn¾GnþrCaticRkPBGg;eKøs
DPM ]bknaykrdæm®nþI
EA karvaytémøbrisßan
ERM ebskkmµBinitüemIleLIgvijsRmab;elIkkm<s;KeRmag
ESG eKalkarN¾ENnaMsþIBIbrisßan nigsgÁm
GTZ Pñak;garshRbtibtþikarGPivDÆn_GaløWm:g
IDA smaKm¾GPivDÆn¾GnþrCati
LMAP KeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al
LRT RkumcuHbBa¢IdIFøI
MEF RksYgesdækic©nighirBaØvtßú
MLMUPC RksYgRKb;RKgEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg;
MPP salaRkugPñMeBj
MR kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKbRKg
MTR karBinitüemIleLIgvijBak;kNþalGaNtiþKeRmag
NALDR GaCJaFrCatisRmab;edaHRsayCemøaHdIFøI
NCRUDC KN³kmµakarCatisRmab;GPivDÆn_tMbn; nigTIRkug nigsMNg;
NGO GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al OD eKaledARbtibtiþkarN_
OP eKalneya)ayRbtibtþikarN¾
v
PACP karcUlrYmrbs;shKmn_sRmab;karyl;dwgCasaFarN³
PAD ÉksarvaytémøKeRmag
PMO kariyal½yRKbRKgKeRmag
RGC raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa
ROW siTi§cMNIpøÚv
RPF Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)alkartaMgTIlMenACafµI
RVP GnuRbFanRbcaMtMbn;
SA karvaytémøsgÁm
SDR siT§idkR)ak;Biess (Special Drawing Rights)
TOR muxgar nigParkic©
TWG-L Rkumkargarbec©keTsdIFøI
UN GgÁkarshRbCaCati
UNCHS GgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúkkmµviFIlMenAdæanrbs;RbCaBlrdæ¼mCÄmNÐl
sRmab;lNenAdæanRbCaBlrdæ (UN HABITAT)
UNDP kmµviFIGPivDÆn¾GgÁkarshRbCaCati
US$ duløarGaemrik
vi
TidæPaBTUeTA
RkumGFikarkic©)anerobcMr)aykarN_esuIbGegátenH edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgsMeNIeFIVGFikarkic©Edl)anTTYlenAéf¶TI4
ExkBaØa qñaM2009 BImCÄmNÐlsRmab;siT§ilMenAdæan nigkarbeNþjecj ¬COHRE¦ Edl)andak;sMeNICMnYs[
shKmn_Edl)anGHGagfa TTYlrgplb:HBal;BIKeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al ¬cab;BIeBlenH sMedAehAfa
{KeRmag} b¤ {LMAP}¦ kñúgRbeTskm<úCa . shKmn_TaMgenH manmUldæanenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; ¬BKL¦ enAkñúg
sgáat;RsHck xNÐdUneBj raCFanIPñMeBj . m©as;sMeNI)anesñIsuM[RkumGFikarkic©minbeBa©jeQµaHrbs;RbCaCn
EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal; nigPUmiEdleKrs;enA . RkumGFikarkic© )aneFIVkarcuHbBa¢IeTAelIsMeNIsuMeFIVGFikarkic©enA
éf¶TI 24 ExkBaØa qñaM2009 . fñak;RKb;RKg)anpþl;kareqøIytbrbs;xøÜncMeBaHsMeNIenAéf¶TI 2 Exvicäika qñaM2009 .
RkumGFikarkic©mYy)ancuHmkeFIVTsSnkic© enAéf¶TI 16-19 Exvicäika qñaM2009 edIm,IeFIVkarkMNt;eTAelIlkçxNÐ
smRsbénsMeNI . RkumGFikarkic©)andak;r)aykarN_ nigGnusasn_rbs;xøÜnEdlmanlkçxNÐsmRsb CUneTA
RkumRbwkSanaykRbtibtþi enAéf¶TI 2 ExFñÚ qñaM2009 . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa sMeNImanlkçxNÐsmRsb
bu:EnþBuMTan; h‘anpþl;Gnusasn_enAeBlenaH faetIRtUvFana[mannUvkaresuIbGegátenAeLIyenaHeT eday)aneFIVkar
kt;smÁal; fa eKrMBwgfanwgeFIVkarseRmccitþRtwméf¶TI 31 Exmina qñaM2010 . eyagtamTsSn³rbs;Rkum
esuIbGegát TegVIEbbenH nwgpþl;»kasbEnßmeTotdl;fñak;RKb;RKg edIm,IbegáIt[mannUvkic©snÞnamYyCamYyraC
rdæaPi)alkm<úCa nigédKUGPivDÆdéTeTot edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðakgVl;rbs;m©as;sMeNI . RkumRbwkSanaykRbtibtþi
)anGnum½tyl;RBmeTAelIGnusasn_rbs;RkumGFikarkic© enAéf¶TI 16 ExFñÚ qñaM2009 eRkammUldæanénkarmin
CMTas; .
RkumGFikarkic© )anpþl;r)aykarN_cugeRkayrbs;xøÜnGMBIlkçxNÐsmRsb CUneTAnaykRbtibtþi enAéf¶TI 31
Exmina qñaM2010 . RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa BuMmanvDÆnPaBNamYYyEdlRtUv)aneFIVeLIg edIm,IGnuvtþ
skmµPaBEdleK)anesñIenAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðakgVl;rbs;m©as;sMeNIeLIy .
dUecñH RkumGFikarkic©)anpþl;Gnusasn_[KN³naykRbtibtþiGnum½tyl;RBm[mannUvkaresuIbGegát eTAelIkar
GHGag nigbBaðaEdl)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgsMeNIeFIVGFikarkic© . RkumRbwkSanaykRbtibtþi)anGnuum½tyl;RBmeTAelI
Gnusasn_rbs;RkumGFikarkic© edIm,I[mannUvkaresuIbGegátmYyedayRkumGFikarkic© enAéf¶TI 13 Exemsa
qñaM2010 eRkammUldæanénkarminCMTas; .
karGHGagsMxan;²Edl)anbgðajCUnRkumGFikarkic© ³ enAkñúgsMeNIsuM[mankareFIVGFikarkic© m©as;sMeNI)an
ecaTRbkan;fa skmµPaBeRkamKeRmag LMAP Edlpþl;hirBaØb,TanedayFnaKarBiPBelak )anbNþal[
shKmn_bwgkk; EdlmanRKYsarRbmaN 4>250RKYsar rgeRKaHy:agF¶n;F¶rBIkarerobcM nigkarGnuvtþKeRmagenH.
m©as;sMeNI)anGHGagfa karbeNþjecj nigRBwtþikarN_Bak;B½n§enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; manTMnak;TMngeTAnwgKeRmag
vii
ehIyBYkeKRtUv)aneKbdiesFcMeBaHkarvinicä½yeTAelIkarTamTarsiTi§elIkmµsiTi§rbs;BYkeK eRkamKeRmag LMAP .
m©as;sMeNI)anEføgfa tMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)aneFIVkarEbgEckcMNat;fñak;CafµIeLIgvij edIm,IbgálkçN³[mannUv
karGPivDÆ edayGñkGPivDÆn_ÉkCnmYy Edlminpþl;»kas[shKmn_ EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;TTYl)annUvkar
BicarNaeTAelIsiT§idIFøIrbs;BYkeK eRkamKeRmagenHeLIy nignaM[QaneTAdl;karbgçMbeNþjBYkeKecjBIlMenA
dæan. BYkeK)anGHGagfa mincMeBaHfa sßanPaBkmµsiT§iPaBeTAelIdIFøImanlkçN³dUcemþceLIy RbCaBlrdæ
enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; )annigkMBugRtUv)anbeNþjecjBIlMenAdæanrbs;BYkeKkñúglkçN³mYy EdlrMelaPbMBaneTAelI
eKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ nigRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay
sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij ¬RPF¦EdlRtUv)anÉkPaBsRmab;KeRmagenH .
m©as;sMeNI)anGHGagfa KeRmag {min)aneFIV[kmµsiT§idIFøIrbs;BYkeKmanlkçN³pøÚvkareLIy} nigmin)an {epÞrsiT§i
TUeTArbs;BYkeK eRkambøg;dIEdlRtUv)anerobcM[manlkçN³pøÚvkar} EdlCaehtueFIV[cuHexSayeTAelIkmµsiT§idIFøI
rbs;RbCaCnEdlmanRsab; kalBImun . CacugeRkay m©as;sMeNI)anGHGagfa shKmn_déTeTotenAkñúgextþ
rbs;KeRmag BuMGacmanlT§PaBTTYl)anbøg;dIenAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½yrbs;KeRmag LMAP eLIy RBmTaMgRtUv)anbgçM
beNþjecjBIlMenAdæaneTotpg . bBaðaEdl)anelIkeLIgmanBak;B½n§eTAnwgsMnYrmUldæanGMBIsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøI nig
snþisuxkmµsiT§idIFøIrbs;shKmn_EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal; .
KMehIjrbs;RkumGFikarkic©GMBIPaBGnuelam nigkarxUcRbeyaCn_ ³ r)aykarN_enH bgðajGMBIKMehIjrbs;
RkumGFikarkic© kñúgkareqøIytbeTAnwgkarGHGagTaMgenH CaBiess KWeqøIytbeTAnwgbBaða faetIkarxUcxat
RbeyaCn_Edl)anecaTRbkan;bNþalmkBIbraC½yd¾F¶n;F¶r ¬TaMgRsug b¤ EpñkNamYy¦ rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak
kñúgkarRtYtBinitüeTAelIeKalneya)ay nignItiviFIRbtibtþirbs;xøÜn EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarerobcMKeRmagkarvay
témø nig¼b¤ karGnuvtþ . eKalneya)ayEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgkaresuIbegátenH rYmmankarvaytémøKeRmag
kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ karRtYtBinitüeTAelIKeRmag .
eyagtamkarGHGagfa RBwtþikarN_enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; manTMnak;TMngeTAnwgKeRmag RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa
tMbn;enaHsßitenAkñúgextþKeRmagmYy RBmTaMgRtUv)anRbkasfaCatMbn;vinicä½yeRkamKeRmag LMAP dUecñHskmµPaB
EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarepÞógpÞat;eTAelIkmµsiT§idIFøI nigkmµsiT§iPaBeRkaykarCUndMNwgGMBIkarvinicä½y manTMnak;TMng
edaypÞal;eTAnwgKeRmag . cMNucenH mansgÁtPaBeTAnwgCMhrrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg .
eyagtamkarGHGagfa RbCaBlrdæenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;RtUv)anbdiesFcMeBaHkarvinicä½yeTAelIkarTamTarGclnRTBü
rbs;BYkeKeRkamKeRmag RkumGFikarkic©)aneFIVesckþIsnñidæanfa RbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)an
bdiesFmin[TTYl)andMeNIrkarvinicä½ysmRsbeTAelIkarTamTarGclnRTBürbs;BYkeK . RkumGFikarkic©man
TsSn³yl;eXIjfa vaCakarRtwmRtUvehIy EdlRbCaBlrdærs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;rMBwgfa karTamTardIFøIrbs;BYkeK
viii
manlkçxNÐsmRsb edIm,IeFVIkarBicarNaeRkamkarpþl;bøg;dIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ nigbEnßmBIenHeTot ral;kar
TamTardIFøITaMgGs;enAkñúgsgáat; RtUveFIVkarvinicä½yedayeyageTAtamnItiviFI nigdMeNIrkarsRmab;vinicä½yeTAelIkar
TamTarRTBüsm,tþi EdlRtUv)anÉkPaBKña rvagraCrdæaPi)al FnaKarBiPBelak nigédKUGPivDÆ EdlKaMRTdl;
KeRmag LMAP . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa PaBminc,as;las;enAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwg
karkMNt;eTAelItMbn;vinicä½y nigkaredaHRsayvivaTrvagGgÁPaBrdæ nigbuKÁlÉkCn kñúgGMLúgeBléndMeNIrkar
vinicä½y )anrYmcMENkmYyEpñkcMeBaHkarxUcRbeyaCn_Edlm©as;sMeNIkMBugCYbRbTH . elIsBIenHeTot Rkum
GFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgmin)aneF IVskmµPaBeTAelIB½t’man enAeBlEdleKraykarN_elIkdMbUg
GMBIbBaðaEdl)anekIteLIgenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; CUndl;fñak;RKb;RKg ehIykarRtYtBinitürbs;fñak;RKb;RKgenAkñúg
lkçxNÐenH BMumansgÁtPaBeTAnwglkçxNÐtRmUvéneKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak . xN³eBlEdl
karRtYtBinitünaeBlfµI²enHrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAelIKeRmag GMBIbBaðaEdlsMeNI)anelIkeLIg manPaBGnuelam
eTAnwgeKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak RkumGFikarkic©yl;RsbeTAnwgkarvaytémørbs;m©as;sMeNIfa
{Cak;EsþgskmµPaBEdlfñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak)anGnuvtþ KWyWteBleBkeTAehIy edIm,IbgáarkarxUc
RbeyaCn_EdlkMBugekIteLIgenAeBlenH} .
eyagtamkarGHGagfa RbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anCemøósedayhwgSabMBaneTAelIeKal
neya)ayEdl)anÉkPaBKña sRmab;kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa esckþI
seRmckñúgkarerobcMRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij manPaBRsbKñaeTAnwgbTb,BaØtþiéneKal
neya)ayEdlGacykmkGnuvtþ)an nigkarRKb;RKgsmRsb edIm,IBRgIkvisalPaBénsßanPaBEdleKGnuvtþ
Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij EdlqøúHbBa©aMgGMBIkarKitKUfµI²enAkñúgFnaKarBiPBelak enA
eBlenH Tak;TgeTAnwgkarGnuvtþsmRsb nUvkic©karBarsuvtßiPaBrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak . ebIeTaHCadUecñHkþI
GaRs½yedayPaBminc,as;las; EdlTak;TgeTAnwgrebob EdleKKYrCRmuj nigGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBI
kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa karerobcMRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIg
vijxVHbTb,BaØtþimYycMnYnEdleK)anrMBwgTukenAkñúg OD 4.30 EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwg {karerobcMeKalkarN_ karerobcM
sßab½n nigkarerobcMlkçxNÐvinicä½y} . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjPsþútagenAkñúgkMNt;ehtuRtYtBinitü Edlfñak;
RKb;RKg enAkñúg»kasCaeRcIn)anelIkeLIgGMBIbBaðaEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ EdlmanPaBBak;B½n§Ca
skþanuBlsRmab;karGnuvtþ RPF RBmTaMg)anekatsresIrFnaKarBiPBelak cMeBaHkarbnþbBaðaeKalneya)ay
d¾lM)akenH enAkñúgbribTRbeTskm<úCa . ebIeTaHCadUecñHkþI RkumGFikarkic©k¾)anrkeXIjkrNIbeNþjRbCaBlrdæ
ecjBIdIrdæ EdlbNþal[mannUvkarxUcxatF¶n;F¶rcMeBaHRKYsarEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal; ehIyRkbx½NÐeKalneya-
)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij KYrRtUv)aneKykmkGnuvtþenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; . CaTUeTA RkumGFikarkic©man
TsSn³yl;eXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak KYr)ankMNt;rkeXIjbBaðaF¶n;F¶rnana EdlRbCaCnenA
kñúgtMbn;bwgkk;CYbRbTHtaMgBIdMNak;kaldMbUg nigBicarNarkcMNat;karsmRsb . karxkxanmin)anGnuvtþy:ag
ix
dUecñH BuMRsbeTAnwgeKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakeLIy .
eyagtamkarGHGagfa dMeNIrkarpþl;bøg;dIEdlGnum½tedayKeRmag )aneFIV[cuHexSayeTAelIsiT§ikmµsiT§idIFøIEdl
mankalBImun RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa cenøaHRbehagénkarerobcMKeRmag)anbNþal[mannUvkardkecjnUv
dIFøIBIdMeNIrkarpþl;bøg;dIeTAtamcitþcg; ehIy)anbdiesFkñúgkarpþl;»kasdl;RbCaBlrdæTamTar nigeFIV[manPaB
Rsbc,ab;nUvsiT§irbs;BYkeK EdlmanRsab;kalBImun tamry³karvinicä½yeRkamKeRmag LMAP . RkumGFikar
kic©manTsSn³yl;eXIjfa cMNucenHpÞúyeTAnwgeKalbMNgrbs;KeRmagEdl)anEcgsMedAeFIV[RbesIreLIgnUv
snþisuxkmµsiT§idIFøI CaBiessKWsnþisuxkmµsiT§idIFøIsRmab;CnRkIRk nigCngayrgeRKaH nigCalT§plRkumGFikarkic©
)anrkeXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgBuM)anGnuvtþRsbeTAtameKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak sþIBIkarvaytémø
KeRmag . RkumGFikarkic©k¾)anrkeXIjpgEdrfa BuMEmnRKb;viFankarTaMgGs; EdlRtUv)anerobcMeLIgCaBiess
edIm,IKaMRTdl;RbCaCnRkIRk nigRbCaCngayrgeRKaH RtUv)anGnuvtþtamkareRKagTukeLIy . fñak;RKb;RKgmin)an
BinitütamdaneTAelIkarebþCJacitþrbs;KeRmag[)anRKb;RKan; edIm,IBRgwgkaryl;dwgsaFarN³ nigkarcUlrYmrbs;
shKmn_ Fana[mannUvkic©karBarEpñkc,ab;CUndl;RbCaBlrdæEdlRbQmeTAnwghaniP½yénkarbeNþjecj nig
pþl;lT§PaBRKb;RKan;kñúgkarTTYl)annUvynþkaredaHRsayvivaT EdlcMNucenH BuMRsbeTAnwgeKalneya)ayrbs;
FnaKarBiPBelak . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa kgVHkic©KaMRTsRmab;CnRkIRkEdlbNþalmkBIkarGnuvtþ
smasFatuCaeRcInrbs;KeRmagmin)aneBjelj nigmin)anRKb;RKan;)aneFIV[BYkeKmanPaBgayrgeRKaH cMeBaH
karTamTardIrbs;BYkeK . enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜn fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa skmµPaBTaMgenH Edlmansar³
sMxan;cMeBaHkarGnuvtþKeRmag[)aneBjelj RtUv)anBnüaeBl b¤minRtUv)anGnuvtþ.
karTamTarcugeRkayrbs;m©as;sMeNI KWshKmn_déTeTotenAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½yrbs;KeRmag LMAP minRtUv)aneK
rab;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgdMeNIrkarvinicä½y RBmTaMgRtUv)aneKbgçMbeNþjecjBIkEnøgrs;enA . RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;
fa karbgçMbeNþjecjBIkEnøgrs;enA BuMEmneTIbEtekIteLIgfµIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaeLIy ehIyskmµPaBenH )annig
bnþekIteLIgenAkñúgraCFanIPñMeBj cab;taMgBImuneBlerobcMKeRmagemøH . xN³eBlEdlvisalPaBénplb:HBal;
GviC¢maneTAelIRKYsarEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½y BuMRtUv)aneKdwgenAeLIy RkumGFikarkic©mankar)armÖCaxøaMgGMBI
RbCaCnCaeRcInEdlRtUv)anbgçMbeNþjecj CemøósBIkEnøgEdlBYkeKrs;enA b¤ sßiteRkamkarKMramkMEhgénkar
beNþjecjBIkEnøgrs;enA enAkñúgtMbn;KeRmag . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa GaRs½yedayxVHRbB½n§RtYtBinitü
tamdan nigvaytémørwgmaMmYysRmab;KeRmag fñak;dwknaMrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak min)andwgGMBIbBaðaKYr[kt;smÁal;
Edl)anekIteLIgbNþalmkBIKeRmag EdlcMNucenH k¾BuMRsbeTAnwgeKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak
pgEdr.
karsegátbEnßm ³ RkumGFikarkic©sUmeFIVkarKUsbBa¢ak;fa RkumGFikarkic©cat;TukfakarcUlrYmrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak
x
eTAelIbBaðadIFøIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa manPaBBak;B½n§y:agxøaMgeTAnwgkarGPivDÆrbs;RbeTs nigmansgÁtPaBeTA
nwgTsSnvis½yGPivDÆn_ry³eBlEvgrbs;raCrdæaPi)al nigGaNtþikargarTUeTArbs;FnaKarBiPBelak kñúgkarkat;
bnßyPaBRkIRk .
enAkñúgbribTenH nigedayminbnÞabsar³sMxan;énKMehIjrbs;xøÜn RkumGFikarkic©sUmekatsresIrcMeBaHkareqøIytb
rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAnwgkaresñIsuMeFIVGFikarkic© nig karvaytémøedayPaBesµaHRtg;rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAelIbBaða
eRKaHfñak; nigPaBGnuelam . RkumGFikarkic©yl;RsbeTAnwgTsSn³rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAelIbBaðacm,génTMnak;
TMngrvagKeRmag nigkarbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecjBItMbn;bwgkk; . bEnßmBIenHeTot RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa
kRmgskmµPaBEbbRbtiskmµ Edlfñak;RKb;RKg)anGnuvtþcab;BIExmkra qñaM2009 rhUtmkTl;nwgeBlbc©úb,nñenH
RsbeTAnwgbTb,BaØtþiéneKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak sþIBIkarRtYtBinitüKeRmag . CaBiess ebskkmµ
karRtYtBinitüeLIgvijsRmab;PaBRbesIrénKeRmag EdlRtUv)anGnuvtþenAkñúgExmina-emsa qñaM2009 mansar³
sMxan;Nas;kñúgkarKUsbBa¢ak;eTAelIkgVHxatCaeRcInenAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag karGnuvtþKeRmag nigkarRtYtBinitü
KeRmag . karesuIbGegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©)anbBa¢ak;eTAelIKMehIj nigeFIV[KMehIjkan;EtmanPaBTUlMTUlay
sRmab;ebskkmµRtYtBinitüeLIgvijsRmab;PaBRbesIrénKeRmag . RkumGFikarkic©sgÇwmfa r)aykarN_esIub
GegátnwgrYmcMENkdl;karcab;epþIménkarcUlrYmfµImYy CamYyraCrdæaPi)aleTAelIkaredaHRsaybBaðaEdlm©as;
sMeNI)anelIkeLIg.
RkumGFikarkic©eCOfa krNIenHKUsbBa¢ak;GMBItémøénkarmanmaKa’ÉkraCüénRbPBCMnYymYy sRmab;RbCaCnEdl
TTYlrgplb:HBal;BIKeRmag. dUcmanerobrab;enAkñúgr)aykarN_enH karcUlrYmrbs;m©as;sMeNItamry³dMeNIrkar
rbs;RkumGFikarkic©)anbnþ[mannUvkarcUlrYmEbbRbtiskmµmYy BIfñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak nignaM[
QaneTAdl;karRtYtBinitüeLIgvijRbkbedayPaBRbugRby½tñeTAelIbBaðaF¶n;F¶rnana Edl)anelIkeLIg . elIs
BIenHeTot kñúglkçN³CaEpñkmYyéndMeNIrkarenH fñak;RKb;RKg)aneFIVkarRtYtBinitüeLIgvijmYytammUldæan nig
)ankMNt;rkeXIjfa y:agehacNas;manRKYsarcMnYn 2>600RKYsar eTot EdlRtUv)anbeNþjecj b¤RbQmeTA
nwgkarbeNþjecjenAkñúgtMbn;KeRmagRKbdNþb;.
xi
matika
GMBIRkumGFikarkic© ........................................................................................................................... i
esckþIEføgGMNrKuN ...................................................................................................................... iii
BakübMRBYj GkSrkat; nigvaküs½BÞbec©keTs ...................................................................................... iv
TidæPaBTUeTA ................................................................................................................................. vi
matika......................................................................................................................................... xi
segçb ....................................................................................................................................... xiv
CMBUkTI1 ³ sMeNIsuMeFIVGFikarkic© kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg nigdMeNIrkaresuIbGegát ................................ 1
k> karerobcMr)aykarN_ ............................................................................................................ 1
x> sMeNIsuMeFIVGFikarkic© ............................................................................................................. 1
K> kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg .................................................................................................. 3
1> karsegátTUeTA ........................................................................................................... 3
2> kareqøIytbeTAnwgsMeNIsuMeFIVGFikarkic© ........................................................................... 5
3> bBaðaBiess² nigEpnkarskmµPaB ................................................................................. 6
X> dMeNIrkaresuIbGegát ............................................................................................................ 7
1> r)aykarN_bzmrbs;RkumGFikarkic© sþIBIlkçxNÐsmRsb niglkçxNÐsmRsbénsMeNI ........... 7
2> r)aykarN_bBa©b; sþIBIlkçxNÐsmRsb ........................................................................... 8
3> viFIsa®sþesuIbGegát ..................................................................................................... 8
4> eKalneya)ayBak;B½n§rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak ................................................................ 10
CMBUkTI2 ³ KeRmag bribTKeRmag nigRBwtþikarN_enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; ......................................................... 13
k> TidæPaBTUeTA ..................................................................................................................... 13
x> KeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al ¬LMAP¦ ............................................................................... 13
K> TidæPaBsMxan;²énbribTKeRmag ............................................................................................. 16
1> rbbkmµsiT§idIFøI ......................................................................................................... 16
2> karRKb;RKgdIrdæ ........................................................................................................ 19
3> rcnasm<½n§sßab½nénrdæ)aldIFøI ...................................................................................... 24
4> snþisuxkmµsiT§idIFøIkñúgraCFanIPñMeBj .............................................................................. 25
X> savtaénRBwtþikarN_enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; .................................................................................. 31
1> RbvtþiénkartaMgTIlMenA enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; ..................................................................... 31
2> RbePTkmµsiT§idIFøIenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; ............................................................................. 32
xii
3> karpþÜcepþImGPivDÆsRmab;tMbn;bwgkk; ........................................................................... 34
4> dMeNIrkarvinicä½yeRkamKeRmag .................................................................................... 35
5> karbgçMbeNþjecjBItMbn;bwgkk; .................................................................................. 39
CMBUkTI3 ³ karviPaK nigKMehIjrbs;RkumGFikarkic© .............................................................................. 44
k> TidæPaBTUeTA ...................................................................................................................... 44
x> karGHGagfaRBwtþikarN_enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; manTMnak;TMngeTAnwgKeRmag ....................................... 45
1> karGHGagrbs;m©as;sMeNI nigkareqøIytbBIfñak;RKb;RKg................................................... 45
2> karviPaKrbs;RkumGFikarkic© ........................................................................................ 45
K> karGHGagfaRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;RtUv)anRtUv)anbdiesFcMeBaHkarvinicä½yeTAelI
karTamTarGclnRTBürbs;BYkeKeRkamKeRmag ........................................................................ 47
1> karGHGagrbs;m©as;sMeNI nigkareqøIytbBIfñak;RKb;RKg................................................... 47
2> karviPaKrbs;RkumGFikarkic© ........................................................................................ 49
3> KMehIjGMBIPaBGnuelam ............................................................................................. 62
X> karGHGagfaRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;RtUv)anCemøósedayrMelaPbMBaneTAelIeKal-
neya)ayEdl)anÉkPaBKña sRmab;kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ ................................ 68
1> karGHGagrbs;m©as;sMeNI nigkareqøIytbBIfñak;RKb;RKg................................................... 68
g> karGHGagfadMeNIrkarpþl;bøg;dIEdlGnum½tedayKeRmag )aneFIV[cuHexSayeTAelIsiT§ikmµsiT§idIFøI
EdlmankalBImun .............................................................................................................. 84
1> karGHGagrbs;m©as;sMeNI nigkareqøIytbBIfñak;RKb;RKg................................................... 84
2> karviPaKrbs;RkumGFikarkic© ........................................................................................ 86
3> KMehIjGMBIPaBGnuelam ............................................................................................. 91
c> karGHGagfa shKmn_déTeTotenAkñúgextþKeRmagRtUv)anbgçMbeNþjecjBIkEnøgEdlBYkeKrs;enA .... 95
1> karGHGagrbs;m©as;sMeNI nigkareqøIytbBIfñak;RKb;RKg................................................... 95
2> karviPaKrbs;RkumGFikarkic© ........................................................................................ 96
CMBUkTI4 ³ emeron nigbBaðaRbB½n§ ................................................................................................... 101
]bsm<½n§1 ³ taragénKMehIj ........................................................................................................ 104
]bsm<½n§2 ³ CIvRbvtþi ................................................................................................................. 116
RbGb;
xiii
RbGb;TI1 ³ ]TahrN_énRKYsarmYyEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal; ................................................................... 3
RbGb;TI2 ³ RbvtþiénrbbkmµsiT§idIFøIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa* ......................................................................... 18
RbGb;TI3 ³ kar)armÖGMBIkarlicTwk edaysarkarcak;bMeBjbwgkk;* ....................................................... 42
tYelx
tYelxTI1 ³ cMnYnRbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;GnaFibetyükñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigtYelxTI2 ³ cMnYnRbCaCnEdl
rs;enAkñúgtMbn;GnaFibetyükñúgraCFanIPñMeBj .................................................................... 29
tYelxTI3 ³ rUbPaBbwgkk;ftBIelI ¬m:n lIm 2006¦ ......................................................................... 31
rUbPaB
rUbPaBTI1 ³ lMenAdæankkkujenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; ................................................................................ 32
rUbPaBTI2 ³ pÞHbENþtTwkenAelIbwgkk; ............................................................................................. 41
rUbPaBTI3 ³ RkumGFikarkic©CYbCamYyshKmn_EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal; enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; ......................... 47
rUbPaBTI4 ³ karcak;xSac;bMeBjbwgkk; ............................................................................................. 53
rUbPaBTI5 ³ tMbn;taMgTIlMenAeLIgvij - tMNak;Rtywg Edlmancm¶ayRbmaN 20KILÚEm:RtBIraCFanIPñMeBj .. 83
rUbPaBTI6 ³ pÞHEdlRKbdNþb;eTAedayPk; kñúgGMLúgeBlénkarcak;bMeBjbwgnaeBlfµI²enH / rUb
rbs; BABSEA .................................................................................................................... 91
xiv
segçb
RkumGFikarkic©)anerobcMr)aykarN_esuIbGegátenH edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgsMeNIsuM[mankareFIVGFikarkic© cuHéf¶TI04
ExkBaØa qñaM2009 EdlTak;TgeTAnwgKeRmagdIFøI nigrdæ)alenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ¬cab;BIeBlenHteTA sMedAehAfa
{LMAP} b¤ {KeRmag}¦. r)aykarN_rbs;RkumGFikarkic© RtUv)anbgðajCa4CMBUk .
sMeNIsuM[mankareFIVGFikarkic© kareqøIytbBIfñak;RKb;RKg
nigdMeNIrkaresuIbGegát
sMeNI
sMeNIsuM[mankareFIVGFikarkic© RtUv)andak;CUnedaymCÄmNÐlsRmab;siT§ilMenAdæan nig karbeNþjecj ¬COHRE¦
CMnYs[shKmn_EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;BIKeRmagdIFøI nigrdæ)al enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ¬cab;BIeBlenHteTA sMedA
ehAfa {LMAP} b¤ {KeRmag}¦. shKmn_TaMgenH EdlrYmmanRbmaN 4>250RKYsar manmUldæanenAkñúgtMbn;
bwgkk; ¬BKL¦ enAkñúgsgáat;RsHck xNÐdUneBj raCFanIPñMeBj . Baküfa {tMbn;bwgkk;} tMNag[épÞdIcMnYn
133hikta rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgbwg ¬RbmaN 90hikta¦ nigtMbn;CuMvij EdlRtUv)anCYleTA[GñkGPivDÆÉkCnmYy
kñúgqñaM2007 .
karGHGagTI1enAkñúgsMeNI KWskmµPaBsßiteRkamKeRmag LMAP Edlpþl;hirBaØb,TanedayFnaKarBiPBelak
)anrYmcMENkbNþal[mannUveRKaHfñak;F¶n;F¶reTAelIRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; . RkumGFikarkic©)an
kt;smÁal;fa raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa min)andwgGMBITMnak;TMngrvagehtukarN_Edl)anekIteLIgenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; nig
KeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al ¬LMAP¦ enaHeT . tamry³kareRbobeFob fñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak
cat;Tukfa TMnak;TMngenHBitCa)anekIteLIg edayyl;RsbeTAnwgkarGHGagrbs;m©as;sMeNI .
TI2 m©as;sMeNIGHGagfa RbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anbdiesFcMeBaHsiT§irbs;BYkeK kñúgkaresñIsuM
[karTamTarrbs;BYkeK RtUv)anBicarNa nigvinicä½yeRkamKeRmag . eyagtamsMeNI ebIeTaHbICasgáat;RsHck
TaMgmUlRtUv)anRbkasfaCatMbn;vinicä½yeRkamKeRmag LMAP k¾eday RbCaCnRtUv)aneKR)ab;fa karvinicä½yenAkñúg
tMbn;bwgkk; minRtUv)aneFIVeLIgeLIy GaRs½yedaydIenAkñúgtMbn;enH sßitenAkñúg {tMbn;GPivDÆ} . m©as;sMeNI
eCOfa tMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)aneFIVkarEbgEckRbePTCafµIeLIgvij edIm,IbgálkçN³[mannUvkarGPivDÆ eday
xv
GñkGPivDÆn_ÉkCn EdleFIV[shKmn_EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;BuMman»kasRKb;RKan; edIm,I[siT§ikan;kab;dIFøIrbs;
BYkeKRtUv)anBicarNaeRkamKeRmag nignaM[QaneTAdl;karbgçMbeNþjBYkeKecjBIkEnøgrs;enArbs;BYkeK.
TI3 m©as;sMeNIGHGagfa mincMeBaHfa sßanPaBkmµsiT§iPaBeTAelIdIFøImanlkçN³dUcemþceLIy RbCaBlrdæenAkñúg
tMbn;bwgkk; )annigkMBugRtUv)anbeNþjecjBIlMenAdæanrbs;BYkeKkñúglkçN³mYy EdlrMelaPbMBaneTAelIRkbx½NÐ
eKalneya)ay sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij ¬RPF¦ sRmab;KeRmagenH EdltRmUv[GnuvtþeRkamkic©RBmeRBog
\NTanGPivDÆ ¬DCA¦ . eK)aneFIVkar)a:n;RbmaNepSg²Kñafa RbCaBlrdæeRcInCag 1>500RKYsar RtUv)an
beNþjecjBIlMenAdæanrbs;BYkeK RBmTaMgmanRKYsareRcInCagenHeTot EdlkMBugsßiteRkamkarKMramkMEhgén
karbeNþjecj . m©as;sMeNI )ant¥ÚjEt¥rGMBIkarpþl;sMNgminRKb;RKan; sm<aF nigkarKMramkMEhg edIm,IeFIV[
RbCaBlrdæcakecjBIpÞHrbs;BYkeK nigkarlicpÞHEdlbNþalmkBIkarcak;bMeBjbwgedayGñkGPivDÆn_.
TI4 sMeNI)anecaTRbkan;fa KeRmag LMAP EdlmanbMNgbegáIt[mannUvdMeNIrkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøImYyEbbmCÄkar
nigpøÚvkar EdlEp¥kelIrbbkmµsiT§idIFøITUeTA b¤minpøÚvkar )aneFIV[mankarcuHexSayeTAelIsiT§ikmµsiT§idIFøIEdlman
Rsab;kalBImunrbs;RbCaBlrdæ.
CacugeRkay eyagtamm©as;sMeNI minRtwmEtenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;bu:eNÑaHeT bu:EnþenAkñúgshKmn_tMbn;TIRkug nig
CnbTdéTeTot rab;bBa©ÚlshKmn_CnCatiedImPaKtic enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa RbCaBlrdæminGacTTYl)anbøg;dIenA
kñúgtMbn;vinicä½yrbs;KeRmag LMAP nig¼b¤ ynþkaredaHRsayvivaTeRkamKeRmag LMAP eLIy .
kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg
karsegátTUeTA ³ kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg )aneFIVkarkt;smÁal;fa edayeyageTAtamÉksarvaytémø
KeRmag ¬PAD¦ KeRmag LMAP RtUvGnuvtþedayeyageTAtameKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak sþIBI
brisßan nigsgÁm bu:EnþKeRmagminTMngnwgbNþal[mannUvkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij edayminsµ½RKcitþNamYyeLIy.
ebIeTaHCadUecñHkþI eK)anerobcM RPF nigGIV²CaeRcIneTot EdleKGacykmkGnuvtþenAkñúgRBwtþikarN_énkarbeNþj
ecjBIrdæ EdlbNþalmkBIskmµPaBpþl;bøg;dIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§enAtamtMbn;mYycMnYntUc . kareqøIytb
rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgbnþeFIVkarkt;smÁal;eTotfa skmµPaBpþl;bøg;dIeRkamKeRmagRtUv)ankMNt;Ecgfa minRKbdNþb;
eTAelIGñktaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar b¤{GñktaMgTIlMenAelIdITMenr} elIdIrdæeLIy GaRs½yedayeKmin)anrMBwg[KeRmag
pþl;PaBGcié®nþy_eTAelIkartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkarEbbenHeT . fñak;RKb;RKg )aneBalGHGagfa KeRmag LMAP
)anbegáIt[mannUv {RbeyaCn_GPivDÆKYr[kt;smÁal; } ebIeTaHCadUecñHkþI fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;fa Gvtþmanén
xvi
Tinñn½ymUldæanBak;B½n§ b¤ viFIsa®sþEdlRtUv)ankMNt;sRmab;RbmUlTinñn½y raMgsÞHdl;karvas;sÞg;[)anRtwmRtUv
eTAelIkarrIkceRmInenAkñúgbBaðasnþisuxkmµsiT§idIFøI.
kareqøIytbeTAnwgsMeNIsuMeFIVGFikarkic© ³ kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg)anEføgfa ebIeTaHbICatMbn;bwgkk;man
mUldæanenAkñúgsgáat;RsHckk¾eday tMbn;bwgkk;minRtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgkarvinicä½yeTAelIkarTamTarRTBüsm,tþi
eLIy . mUlehtuEdleK)anelIkeLIg KWsalaraCFanIPñMeBj ¬MPP¦ )anRbkasfa tMbn;bwgkk; KWCadIsaFarN³
rbs;rdæ . fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;fa nItiviFIEdlRtUv)anGPivDÆeRkamKeRmag LMA minRtUv)aneKGnuvtþtameLIy
GaRs½yedayRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)aneKbdiesFcMeBaH»kaskñúgkarbgðajGMBIkarGHGageTA
elIkmµsiT§idIFøIrbs;BYkeK nigkarcUlrYmenAkñúgkarQaneTAdl;kareFIVesckþIseRmcfa tMbn;bwgkk; KWCadIsaFarN³
rbs;rdæ . fñak;RKb;RKg)ansnñidæanenAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜnfa lkçxNÐvinicä½ysRmab;karGnuvtþn_ RPF dUcman
kMNt;EcgenAkñúg DCA manPaBsmRsbeTAnwgkrNIenH dUecñHeKKYr)anGnuvtþ RPF.
kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg)aneFIVkarkt;smÁal;fa ebskkmµCRmujkarRtYtBinitüeLIgvij ¬ERM¦ RtUv)an
GnuvtþenAkñúgExemsa qñaM2009 Edl)anTTYlsÁal;GMBIPaBxVHxatenAkñúgkarerobcM nigkarGnuvtþKeRmag LMAP.
kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgEføgfa GnuRbFanRbcaMtMbn;rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak ¬RVP¦ )anmkeFIVTsSnkic©enA
kñúgraCFanIPñMeBj edIm,ICYbCamYym®nþIrdæaPi)alCan;x<s;enAkñúg ExsIha qñaM2009 . CafµImþgeTot GnuRbFan
RbcaMtMbn;rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak )anesñI[p¥akskmµPaBbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecjBIlMenAdæan CabeNþaHGasnñ
edayyl;RBmeFIVkarviPaCn_FnFanmYycMnYnrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak sRmab;kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijrbs;RbCaBlrdæ
enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; nig)anesñI[eFIVkarBüÜrKeRmagrYmKña xN³eBlEdlRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ayCati kMBugRtUv)an
EklMG . ebIeTaHCadUecñHkþI raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anesñI[lubTwkR)ak;\NTanenAesssl;EdlminTan;)andk
enAéf¶TI 07 ExkBaØa qñaM2009 .
bBaðaBiess² nigEpnkarskmµPaB ³ kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg)anKUsbBa¢ak;GMBIkarbnþxitxMedIm,IedaHRsay
bBaðakgVl;rbs;m©as;sMeNI ebIeTaHbICaraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anlubecal\NTank¾eday . fñak;RKb;RKg)ansgát;
F¶n;eTAelIsar³sMxan;énkic©shRbtibtþikarCamYyraCrdæaPi)al nigédKUGPivDÆdéTeTotedIm,IedaHRsaybBaðakgVl;
rbs;m©as;sMeNI . kic©xitxMEdlfñak;dwknaM)anesñIeLIgenAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜn rYmmankarvaytémøeTAelI
plb:HBal;sgÁménkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijeTAelIshKmn_EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal; karFanafa RbCaBlrdæTTYl
)ankic©KaMRTdUcKña eday RPF RtUv)aneKGnuvtþedIm,IeFIV[RbesIreLIgnUvkalanuvtþPaBsgÁm nigesdækic© karedaH
RsaybBaðakgVl;GMBIlkçxNÐrs;enA nigkalanuvtþPaBkñúgkarRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvit enAkñúg nigCuMvijkEnøgtaMgTIlMenA
eLIgvij karelIkTwkcitþ[rdæaPi)alkat;bnßyplb:HBal;brisßanénkarcak;bMeBjbwgkk; kareFIV[RbesIreLIg
nUvynþkaredaHRsayvivaTEdlmanRsab; nigsmtßPaBrbs;shKmn_ nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alkñúgkareRbIR)as;
xvii
ynþkarTaMgenaH karCRmuj[rdæaPi)alcUlrYmenAkñúgkarBinitüseRmc eTAelIRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ayCatimYy
sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij karpþÜcepþIm[mannUvdMeNIrkarBieRKaHeyabl;mYy edIm,IkMNt;eLIgvijeTAelItYnaTI
rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigedIm,IkMNt;rkvis½yénkic©KaMRT RBmTaMgkic©shRbtibtþikarCamYy
raCrdæaPi)al Tak;TgeTAnwgyuT§sa®sþpþl;CMnYysRmab;RbeTs ¬CAS¦.
dMeNIrkaresuIbGegát
RkumGFikarkic©)ankMNt;enAkñúgr)aykarN_ nigGnusasn_rbs;xøÜn cuHéf¶TI 02 ExFñÚ qñaM2009 fa sMeNIRtUveTAnwg
lkçxNÐsmRsbsRmab;kareFIVGFikarkic© . ebIeTaHCadUecñHkþI RkumGFikarkic©min)anENnaM[pþl;Gnusasn_
enAeBlenaH faetIRtUvFana[mannUvkaresuIbGegátmYyenAeLIyenaHeT edayELk eKKYrrg;caMemIlkarvivDÆn_bEnßm
CaBiessGaRs½yedayfñak;RKb;RKgkMBugBüayam crcaCamYyraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nig édKUGPivDÆdéTeTot edIm,I
edaHRsaybBaðakgVl;rbs;m©as;sMeNI. RkumGFikarkic©)anpþl;r)aykarN_cugeRkayrbs;xøÜn sþIBIlkçxNÐsmRsb
enAéf¶TI 31 Exmina qñaM2010 EdlenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH eK)anpþl;Gnusasn_[eFIVkaresuIbGegát.
bBaðasMxan;²énPaBGnuelam nigeKalneya)ayBak;B½n§ ³ karesuIbGegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©eTAelIkarGHGag
rbs;m©as;sMeNI nigbBaðaBak;B½n§eTAnwgPaBGnuelam )anepþatelIsMnYrsMxan;²xageRkam ³
etImanTMnak;TMngrvagkarbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecjBItMbn;bwgkk; nigKeRmag dUcEdlm©as;sMeNI)anGHGag
Edrb¤eT?
etIRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anbdiesFcMeBaHkarvinicä½y eTAelIkarTamTarGclnRTBü
rbs;BYkeK Edrb¤eT? etIPaBminc,as;las;enAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmagrYmcMENkbNþal[xVHkarvinicä½yeTA
elIkarGHGagRTBüsm,tþienAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; Edrb¤eT? etIkarRtYtBinitüKeRmagCYyedaHRsaybBaðaEdl
m©as;sMeNI)anelIkeLIg RKb;RKan;Edrb¤eT?
etIkgVHénkarGnuvtþn_ RPF sRmab;tMbn;bwgkk; RsbeTAnwgkic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆ Edrb¤eT? etI
kgVHénkarGnuvtþn_enH bNþalmkBIcenøaHRbehagenAkñúgkarerobcM RPF b¤? etIktþaenH bgá[mannUv
plb:HBal;GviC¢maneTAelIm©as;sMeNI Edrb¤eT?
etIdMeNIrkarpþl;bøg;dI EdlKeRmag LMAP )aneRCIserIsykmkeRbIR)as; eFIV[cuHexSayeTAelIsiT§ikmµ
siT§idIFøIEdlmanRsab;kalBImunrbs;RbCaBlrdæ Edlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½yKeRmag LMAP Edrb¤eT? etI
KeRmag)anbBa©ÚlRbB½n§RtYtBinitütamdan nig vaytémøRKb;RCugeRCaymYy eTAelIplb:HBal;én
skmµPaBKeRmag cMeBaHRkumRbCaCnRkIRk nigRkumEdl)at;bg;RbeyaCn_déTeTot Edrb¤eT?
etImanshKmn_déTeTot EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;GviC¢manenAkñúgtMbn;KeRmag Edrb¤eT? etIkarerobcM
KeRmag)anelIkeLIgRKb;RKan;GMBIhaniP½yénkarbgçMbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecjBIlMenAdæan Edrb¤eT?
xviii
enAkñúgkaresuIbGegát RkumGFikarkic©)aneFIVkarvaytémø faetIFnaKarBiPBelak)anGnuvtþRsbeTAtam OMS 2.20
sþIBIkarvaytémøKeRmag / OD 4.30 sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKciitþ nig OP/BP 13.05 sþIBIkar
RtYtBinitüKeRmag.
xix
KeRmag bribTKeRmag nigRBwtþikarN_fµI²enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;
KeRmag
RkumGFikarkic©TTYlsÁal;GMBIKMnitd¾sMxan;EdlCamUldæanénkarerobcMKeRmag enaHKWTMnak;TMngrvagkarkat;bnßy
PaBRkIRk nigsnþisuxénkmµsiT§idIFøI . RkumGFikarkic©k¾)aneFIVkarkt;smÁal;eTAelIkarerobcMKeRmagRbkbedayPaB
mhicätaEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgBiBiFPaBénsmasFatucUlrYm nigRbeyaCn_EdleK)anBüakrN_TukCamun . eKalbMNg
sMxan;²rbs;KeRmag rYmman ³
¬1¦ karGPivDÆn_[mannUveKalneya)ayCatiRKb;RKan; Rkbx½NÐbTdæanKtiyutþimYy nigsßab½nsRmab;
rdæ)aldIFøI
¬2¦ karpþl; nigkarcuHbBa¢Ibøg;dIenAtamtMbn;CnbT nigtMbn;TIRkug enAkñúgextþKeRmagRKbdNþb;
¬3¦ karbegáIt[mannUvRbB½n§rdæ)aldIFøImYy RbkbedayPaBskþisiT§i nigtmøaPaB.
smasFatuKeRmagcMnYn3 ¬kñúgcMeNamsmasFatuKeRmagcMnYn5¦ mansar³sMxan;CaBiesscMeBaHsMeNIsuMeFIV
GFikarkic© ³
smasFatuTI3 maneKalbMNgKaMRTdl;karpþl;bøg;dI nigkarbegáIt[mannUvRbB½n§cuHbBa¢IdIFøImYy
smasFatuTI4 RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedIm,IBRgwgynþkaredaHRsayvivaT
smasFatuTI5 maneKalbMNgBRgwgkarRKb;RKgdIFøItamry³karerobcM[mannUv EpnTIeRbIR)as;dI nig
EbgEckcMNat;fñak;dI EdlbgðajGMBIRBMEdnéncMNat;fñak;dIepSg²Kña rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgdIrdæ pgEdr.
karpþl;hirBaØb,Tanrbs;FnaKarBiPBelaksRmab;KeRmag kñúgcMnYnesµIeTAnwg 23/4 landuløashrdæGaemrik RtUv
)anGnum½t kñúgExkumÖ³ qñaM2002 . dMbUg kalbriecäTbiTRtUv)ankMNt;Rtwméf¶TI 31 ExFñÚ qñaM2007 bu:EnþeRkaymk
RtUv)anBnüaeBlrhUtdl;éf¶TI 31 ExFñÚ qñaM2009 . enAéf¶TI 07 ExkBaØa qñaM2009 raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa )anlub
ecal\NTanenAsl;EdlminTan;)andk .
bribT
bribTénKeRmagmankarlM)akCaBiess EdlbribTenH k¾RtUv)anqøúHbBa©aMgenAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmagpgEdr . Rkum
GFikarkic©TTYlsÁal;fa eKRtUvyl;GMBIkarGHGagEdl)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgsMeNIsuMeFIVGFikarkic© RBmTaMglT§pl
nigplb:HBal;énKeRmag enAkñúgbribTenH . CMBUk2 pþl;savtaB½t’manGMBITidæPaBsMxan;²cMnYn4 ³
ekrþ×dMENlRbvtþisa®sþ EdlbegáIt[mannUvkarpþac;rbbkmµsiT§idIFøIy:agKMhuk nigeKalKMnitRbkYtRbECg
KñaGMBIrebobkMNt; nigepÞógpÞat;eTAelIsiT§ikmµsiT§idIFøI.
xx
kMENTRmg;fµI²enAkñúgc,ab;PUmi)al minTan;)anbegáIt[mannUvnItiviFI nigkarGnuvtþc,ab;c,as;las;mYy
edIm,IkMNt;fa etIGIVeTACadIrdæ nigetIGIVeTAEdleKGacpþl;bøg;kmµsiT§ieTA[PaKIÉkCn.
sßab½nEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarRKb;RKgdIFøImansmtßPaBTab nigxVHPaBc,as;las; GMBItYnaTI nigkarTTYl
xusRtUvrvagtYGgÁsßab½nCaeRcInEdlBak;B½n§.
nKrUbnIykmµqab;rh½senAkñúgbribTénkMeNInesdækic©qab;rh½s nig kMeNInvinieyaKbreTs)anbegáIt[
mannUvkarekIneLIgénGsnþisuxkmµsiT§idIFøI enAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug CaBiessKWenAkñúgraCFanIPñMeBj.
RBwtþikarN_enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;
EpñkcugeRkayénCMBUkenH pþl;nUvRbvtþisavtamYycMnYnénRBwtþikarN_naeBlfµI²enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; EdlbNþal[
mannUvkarbgçMbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecjBIlMenAdæan EdlCaehtuCRmuj[mansMeNIsuMeFIVGFikarkic© . dMeNIrkar
karvinicä½ydIFøIeRkamKeRmag LMAP nigkarbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecjBIlMenAdæan EdlbNþalmkBIkarCYltMbn;enH
eTA[GñkGPivDÆÉkCn RtUv)anKUsbBa¢ak;dUcxageRkam ³
RbvtþiénkartaMgTIlMenA ³ tMbn;bwgkk;mankartaMgTIlMenAtictYc munsm½yExµrRkhm nigRtUv)anGPivDÆenAeBl
Edlmankarkan;kab;TIRkugPñMeBjeLIgvij eRkayCMnan;enaH . enAqñaM1991 enAeBlEdlRbeTskm<úCa)anerobcM
kare)aHeqñatsklrbs;xøÜnelIkTI1 dIPaKeRcInEdlenACuMvijbwgkk; suT§swgEtRtUv)aneKkan;kab;TaMgRsug .
RKYsarCaeRcInenAkñúgtMbn;enH GHGagfaBYkeKmanÉksarEdlbBa¢ak;GMBIkarEdlBYkeK)anrs;enAkñúgtMbn;enH taMg
BIyUryaNas;mkehIy nigkmµsiT§irbs;BYkeKeTAelIdIFøI .
RbePTkmµsiT§idIFøI ³ eKmanRbePTkmµsiT§idIFøICaeRcInepSg²Kña enAkñúg nigCuMvijtMbn;bwgkk; . bwgenH Edlmankm<s;
TwkTabbMputenArdUvR)aMg RtUv)ankMNt;edayc,ab;PUmi)al qñaM2001 faCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ . mYyEpñkéndIenH
manExSrfePøIgqøgkat; Edlbc©úb,nñExSrfePøIgenaHmindMeNIrkareLIy nig tMbn;déTeTotCuMvijbwg RtUv)aneK
raykarN_[dwgfaFøab;RtUv)aneRbIR)as;Ca]TüansaFarN³rbs;rdæ nigsYnstV enAeBlNamYy eRkaykarkan;kab;
TIRkugeLIgvij . BuMmancMNucCak;lak;GMBIRBMEdnénsYn]Tüan nigTRmg;énkartaMgTIlMenA ehIyGaCJJaFrmin)ancuH
bBa¢IdIenHkñúgnamCardæenAkñúgbBa¢IdIFøIeLIy . cMNucenH bgðaj[eXIjGMBIesckþIRtUvkar[mannUvdMeNIrkarvinicä½y
edIm,IedaHRsayeTAelIkarGHGagerog²xøÜnrbs;rdæ m©as;kmµsiT§ibc©úb,nñ nigedImbNþwgdéTeTot .
karpþÜcepþImGPivDÆ ³ tMbn;bwgkk; EdlCadIenAkñúgtMbn;TIRkugmYykEnøgd¾l¥ nigsßitenAcMcMNuckNþalénraCFanI
PñMeBj RtUv)aneKcat;TukfalµmnwgeFIVkarGPivDÆeLIgvijCayUryaNas;mkehIy . eK)anRbkas[mannUvkar
RbkYtRbECgKUrbøg;CalkçN³GnþrCatimYy kñúgqñaM2004 . sMeNIEdl)anTTYlC½yCMnH rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgEpnkar
sRmab;pøas;bþÚrTItaMglMenAdæaneLIgvij [manlkçN³CaCYrenACuMvijbwgkk;. ebIeTaHCadUecñHkþI enAeBlEdllT§pl
xxi
kMBugRtUv)anRbkas rdæaPi)al)anseRmccitþeFIVkarGPivDÆtMbn;enHeLIgvijCalkçN³BaNiC¢kmµ tamry³Rkumh‘un
GPivDÆÉkCnEdlmaneQµaH s‘UkaKU ¬Shukaku Inc.¦. enAéf¶TI 06 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2007 salaRkugPñMeBj nig
Rkumh‘un s‘UkaKU )ancuHhtßelxaeTAelIÉksarCYlmYyc,ab; ry³eBl99qñaM EdlmanTwkR)ak;cMnYn 79landuløa
shrdæGaemrik sRmab;épÞdIcMnYn 133hikta . eRkaymk rdæaPi)al)anGnum½teTAelIGnuRkwtümYy edaypøas;bþÚr
tMbn;bwgkk; ¬rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgbwgpgEdr¦ BIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ eTACadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ .
karvinicä½yeRkamKeRmag LMAP ³ kñúgExmina qñaM2006 salaRkugPñMeBj )anRbkasfa sgáat;RsHck RtUv)an
kMNt;faCatMbn;vinicä½ymYy sRmab;karpþl;bøg;dIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§eRkamKeRmag LMAP . GaRs½yeday
sßanPaBkmµsiT§idIFøIéntMbn;enH minTan;RtUv)ankMNt;enAkñúgc,ab; RbCaBlrdæ)anepþatkþIsgÇwmrbs;BYkeK kñúgkar
TamTarCapøÚvkarnUvbøg;dIrbs;BYkeK nig ¬enAkñúgkrNICaeRcIn¦ karkarBarCIvPaBrs;enArbs;BYkeK eTAelIdMeNIrkar
vinicä½yCapøÚvkarrbs;KeRmag LMAP . RbCaBlrdæCaeRcIn)anGHGagfa manÉksar {siT§ikan;kab;dIFøI} EdlRtUv
)anbBa¢ak;enAkRmit xNÐ sgáat; b¤ PUmi ¬Cajwkjab; sßitenAkñúgTRmg;CakarcuHhtßelxaeTAelIkarepÞrsiT§iTaMgenH¦
b¤karEdlesovePARKYsar nigvikáybRtTwkePøIgrbs;BYkeK )anpþl;PsþútagGMBIkarkan;kab;eTAelIdIFøImunqñaM2001
Edlc,ab;PUmi)al)antRmUv . eyagtamnItiviFIrbs;KeRmag LMAP EpnTIsurieyadImYyRtUv)anbitpSayCa
saFarN³ ¬cenøaHBIéf¶TI 04 Exmkra rhUtdl;éf¶TI 02 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2007¦. karbitpSayCasaFarN³GMBIkMNt;
ehtuvinicä½yenH )anbgðajRtwmEtRBMRbTl;PUmi CamYynwgm©as;kmµsiT§iEdleKsresrfa {minsÁal;} bu:eNÑaH BuMEmn
bgðajGMBIdI b¤GclnRTBünImYy²eLIy .
karbeNþjecj ³ m©as;sMeNI nigRbCaBlrdædéTeTot )ancab;epþImTTYlrgsm<aF [pøas;bþÚrTIlMenA nigTTYlyk
CeRmIs1 kñúgcMeNamCeRmIscMnYn3 sRmab;CasMNg ³ 1¦ fvikacMnYn 8>500duløashrdæGaemrik sRmab;Ca
sMNgsrubénGclnRTBürbs;BYkeK 2¦ karpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAeTArs;enAq¶ayBIkNþalTIRkug cm¶ayCag 20KILÚ
Em:Rt CamYynwgfvika 500duløashrdæGaemrik edIm,IRKbdNþb;eTAelIéføcMNaysRmab;karpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA b¤ 3¦
karsagsg;pÞHeLIgvijenAkEnøgdEdl EdltRmUv[RbCaBlrdæpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAeTArs;enAkEnøgfµImYy ¬mancm¶ay
Cag20KILÚEm:RtBITIRkugpgEdr¦ ry³eBl4qñaM xN³eBlEdlkEnøgsñak;enACMnYsGcié®nþy_RtUv)ansagsg;enAkñúg
tMbn;bwgkk; . esckþICUndMNwgCemøósRbCaCnelIkcugeRkay RtUv)anecjedaysalaRkugPñMeBj enAkñúgExemsa
qñaM2009. RbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; )anerobcMBakübNþwgmYyeTAkan;RkumGFikarkic©surieyadI
RBmTaMg )andak;BaküesñIsuMGFibBa¢aBItulakar
edIm,IBnüaeBlkarbeNþjecjrhUtdl;esckþIseRmccitþmYyRtUv)aneFIVeLIg
eTAelInItüanukUlPaBénkarbeNþjecjenH . tulakar)anbdiesFkñúgkarecjGFibBa¢a eday)anelIkeLIgfa
bBaðaenHhYsBIEdnsmtßkic©rbs;xøÜn nigKYrRtUv)anedaHRsayedayRkumGFikarkic©surieyadIvij . mkTl;nwgeBl
bc©úb,nñenH eKBuMTan;)andwgc,as;GMBIcMnYnRKYsarBitR)akdEdlRtUv)anbeNþjecjBItMbn;bwgkk;enAeLIyeT .
xxii
karcak;bMeBjbwg nigkarliclg;pÞHsEm,g ³ Epnkarrbs;Rkumh‘unGPivDÆn_ÉkCn rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgkarcak;bMeBj
mYyEpñkFMénbwgkk; ¬EdlbwgenH)anpþl;nUvbrisßanFmµCatid¾mantémø nigCaRbPBRTRTg;CIvPaBrs;enAsRmab;
RbCaCnCaeRcIn¦ . enAéf¶TI 26 ExsIha qñaM2008 ebIeTaHbICamankartva:BIRbCaBlrdærs;enAkñúgmUldæan nig
GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)aly:agNakþI Rkumh‘un)anbnþbUmxSac;BITenøsabeTAkñúgbwgkk; . bnþiceRkaymk sarB½t’man
kñúgRsuk)ancab;epþImraykarN_GMBIkrNIlicpÞHrbs;RbCaBlrdæ nigkumarmanCMgW EdlbNþalmkBIkarbMBulén
skmµPaBenH. enAéf¶TI 29 Exkkàda qñaM2010 sarB½t’man)anraykarN_GMBIkarsøab;rbs;bursGayu 61qñaMmñak;;
edaysarkarqk;crnþGKÁisnI EdlbNþalmkBIkarCn;lictMbn;enH . enAeBlEdlRkumGFikarkic©)ancuHeFIVTsSnkic©
enAkñúgEx]sPa qñaM2010 manEttMbn;licTwkmYycMnYntUcbu:eNÑaHEdlenAesssl; . pÞHCaeRcInxñgEdlenAess
sl;)andYlrlMeTAkñúgTwk nigpÞHdéTeTot)ankøayeTACaminGacrs;enA)an .
lkçxNÐenAÉkEnøgpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA ³ kic©smÖasn_Edl)aneFIVeLIgenAÉkEnøgpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA )anbgðaj[dwgfa
RKYsarEdl)anpøas;bþÚrTIlMenACaeRcInmanGarmµN_fa lMenAdæanfµIrbs;BYkeKenAq¶ayBIeKÉg EdlktþaenH)an
bNþal[mankarFøak;cuHy:agF¶n;F¶reTAelIcMNUlrbs;BYkeK EdlmankRmitTabRsab;eTAehIy . CalT§pl BYkeK
)anseRmccitþlk;lMenAdæanfµIrbs;BYkeK kñúgtémøEdlBYkeKGaclk;)an nigRtLb;mkTIRkugvij EdleKGacCYl b¤
EsVgrkkEnøgTMenrdéTeTotedIm,Irs;enA . eyIgGacemIleXIjninñakarenHy:agc,as;las; tamry³elxTUrs½BÞ
EdlsresrenAelIGKarlMenAdæanCaeRcIn .
karviPaK nigKMehIjrbs;RkumGFikarkic©
CMBUkenH bgðajGMBIkarGHGagrbs;m©as;sMeNI nigkareqøIytbBIfñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak RBmTaMgkar
viPaK nigKMehIjrbs;RkumGFikarkic© faetIbBaðaeRKaHfñak;Edl)anekIteLIg ¬TaMgRsug b¤mYyEpñk¦ bNþalmkBI
karEdlFnaKarBiPBelak xVHkarGnuvtþRsbtameKalneya)ay nignItiviFIrbs;xøÜn Edrb¤eT.
karGHGagfaRBwtþikarN_enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; manTMnak;TMngeTAnwgKeRmag
m©as;sMeNIGHGagfa manTMnak;TMngedaypÞal; nigpøÚvkarmYy rvagRBwtþikarN_EdlbNþal[mannUvkarbeNþj
RbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;BIlMenAdæanrbs;BYkeK nigskmµPaBEdlRtUv)anGnuvtþeRkamKeRmag . kar
epÞógpÞat;eTAelITMnak;TMngenH mansar³sMxan;sRmab;karesuIbGegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©eTAelIkarGHGagEdlkan;
EtmanPaBCak;lak;CagenHdéTeTot GMBIeRKaHfñak;EdlRtUv)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgsMeNI .
RkumGFikarkic©)aneFIVkarkt;smÁal;fa mankarminyl;RsbKñaCamUldæanmYy rvagfñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarBiPBelak
xxiii
nigraCrdæaPi)al GMBITMnak;TMngrvagRBwtþikarN_enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; nigKeRmag LMAP . TsSn³rbs;rdæaPi)al KW
karbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecjBItMbn;bwgkk; BuMEmnCabBaðakgVl;rbs;KeRmageLIy . fñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKar
BiPBelak)aneFIVkarkt;smÁal;fa tMbn;bwgkk; KWsßitenAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½y EdlRtUv)anRbkaseRkamKeRmag . édKU
GPivDÆrbs;KeRmag LMAP yl;RsbCamYyrdæaPi)al nigmin)anemIleXIjGMBITMnak;TMngrvagKeRmag nigRBwtþikarN_
Edl)anekIteLIgenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;eLIy.
niymn½yénBaküfa tMbn;KeRmag ³ RkumGFikarkic©)aneFIVkarkt;smÁal;fa eyageTAtamkic©RBmeRBog\NTan
GPivDÆ nig PAD KeRmag LMAP RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedIm,IGnuvtþenAkñúgextþ-Rkug cMnYn11 rab;bBa©ÚlTaMg
RkugPñMeBj EdlRtUv)ankMNt;ehAfa {extþKeRmagRKbdNþb;} . tMbn;bwgkk; manmUldæansßitenAkñúgRkugPñMeBj .
RkumGFikarkic©bnþkt;smÁal;eTotfa BuMmanÉksareyag b¤lkçxNÐvinicä½yEdlRtUv)anGPivDÆenAkñúg PAD b¤
DCA edIm,IdkecjnUvtMbn;mYycMnYnBIniymn½yénBaküfa {extþKeRmagRKb;dNþb;} eLIy.
karRbkastMbn;bwgkk; faCatMbn;vinicä½y ³ sgáat;RsHckTaMgmUl Edlrab;bBa©ÚltMbn;bwgkk;pgEdr RtUv)anRbkas
enAéf¶TI 31 Exmina qñaM2006 faCatMbn;vinicä½yeRkamKeRmag LMAP . RkumGFikarkic©)aneFIVkarkt;smÁal;fa
esckþICUndMNwgGMBIkarvinicä½yBuM)anelIkElgtMbn;NamYyenAkñúgsgáat;RsHck BIdMeNIrkarvinicä½y EdlRtUvTTYl)an
karKaMRTBIKeRmageLIy .
eyagtamxøwmsarxagelI RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa tMbn;bwgkk; sßitenAkñúgextþKeRmagmYy nigRtUv)an
RbkasfaCatMbn;vinicä½yeRkamKeRmag LMAP dUecñHskmµPaBEdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarepÞógpÞat;kmµsiT§idIFøI nig
kmµsiT§iPaB eRkaykarCUndMNwgGMBIkarvinicä½y manTMnak;TMngedaypÞal;eTAnwgKeRmagenH . cMNucenH man
sgÁtPaBeTAnwgCMhrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg . rdæaPi)al nigédKUGPivDÆn_déTeTotEdlKaMRTKeRmag LMAP )aneBal
GHGagfa tMbn;bwgkk; KWCatMbn;vivaT dUecñHtMbn;enHRtUv)andkecjBIdMeNIrkarpþl;bøg;dIEdlsßiteRkamKeRmag
LMAP . bBaðaenHmanBiPakSabnþenAkñúgEpñkxageRkam .
karGHGagfaRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;RtUv)anbdiesFcMeBaHkarvinicä½y
eTAelIkarTamTarGclnRTBürbs;BYkeK eRkamKeRmag
m©as;sMeNI)anGHGagfa nItiviFIrbs;KeRmag LMAP minRtUv)aneKGnuvtþtam dUecñHRbCaBlrdæRtUv)anbdiesF
cMeBaHsiT§irbs;BYkeKkñúgkarTTYl)ankaresuIbGegát nig karvinicä½ysmRsbeTAelIkarTamTarGcnlRTBürbs;
BYkeK . enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgk¾manPaBRsbKñaeTAnwgm©as;sMeNIpgEdr eday)anEføgfa RbCaBlrdæ
Edlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; minRtUv)anpþl;»kas[bgðajGMBIkarTamTarkmµsiT§idIFøIrbs;BYeK nigBuMmanPsþútagEdl
bBa¢ak;GMBI karGnuvtþn_dMeNIrkarEbbcUlrYmRbkbedaytmøaPaB edIm,IkMNt;eTAelIkarEbgEckcMNat;fñak;dI enAkñúg
xxiv
tMbn;enH . edayELk fñak;dwknaMk¾)anTTYlsÁal;pgEdrfa KYrmankarRtYtBinitüeTAelIbBaðakic©karBarsuvtßiPaB nig
viFankarsgÁmdéTeTot[)anxøaMgkøaCagenH. enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜn fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)anKUsbBa¢ak;GMBIskmµPaB
EdlBYkeKeRKagnwgGnuvtþ edIm,IedaHRsaysßanPaBenH.
RbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; - sßanPaBénkarTamTarGclnRTBürbs;BYkeK ³ munkarbeNþj
RbCaBlrdæecjBIlMenAdæannaeBlfµI²enH manRKYsarRbmaN 4>250RKYsar Edlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; . dUc)an
bBa¢ak;BIxagedIm RbCaCnTaMgenHCaeRcInRKYsarKitfa BYkeKmankmµsiT§iPaBkñúgkarrs;enAtMbn;enaH nig)anGHGag
faBYkeKmanÉksar ¬EdlRtUv)ancuHhtßelxaedayemPUmi b¤ ecAsgáat;¦ EdlbBa¢ak;GMBIkarTijdIFøIEdlBYkeK
kMBugrs;enA nigbg;éføesvanana . RbCaBlrdæCaeRcInmankmµsiT§i epÞr nig)anTTYlekrþ×mrtkdIFøIrbs;BYkeK
RBmTaMgTTYl)annUvPaBRsbc,ab;enAkñúgsgÁmkñúgkRmitmYy nigkarTTYlsÁal;BIGaCJaFrBak;B½n§ ebIeTaHbICaBMuman
RbB½n§cgRkgÉksarCapøÚvkarmYyTUTaMgRbeTsk¾eday.
RkumGFikarkic©bnþeFIVkarkt;smÁal;eTotfa ebIBinitüemIleTAelITidæPaBsMxan;² sßanPaBRsbc,ab;éntMbn;bwgkk;
BuMmanPaBc,as;las; nigkMBugmanvivaT . manÉksareyagCaeRcIn nigÉksareyagmYycMnYnmanPaBRtYtsuIKña
EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ nigdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ enAkñúg nigCuMvijtMbn;bwgkk; nigmanRbePTkmµsiT§idIFøI
CaeRcInepSg²Kña .
eyagtamkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg kñúgGMLúgeBlénebskkmµRtYtBinitüenAkñúgExmifuna qñaM2008 FnaKar
BiPBelakRtUv)anCUndMNwg GMBIkarGHGagrbs;salaRkugPñMeBjfa tMbn;bwgkk; KWCa {dIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ}
CalT§pl RKYsarEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;enH RtUv)andkecjBIkarpþl;bøg;dI GaRs½yedayeRkamc,ab;PUmi)al eKmin
GacTTYlsÁal;karTamTarÉkCn edIm,ITTYl)ankmµsiT§iPaBRsbc,ab; eTAelIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæeLIy . manEt
RBMEdnPUmibu:eNÑaHEdlRtUv)ankMNt;RBMRbTl;edayKeRmag LMAP . karbgðajCasaFarN³énkMNt;ehtuvinicä½y
)anbBa¢ak;GMBIkmµsiT§iPaBenAkñúgtMbn;enHfa {minsÁal;} enAelIEpnTIsurieyadI
EdlerobcMedayRkumGFikarkic©rdæ)al eRkamRksYgEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; ¬MLMUPC¦.
EpnkarGPivDÆÉkCneTAelItMbn;bwgkk; )anRbRBwtþieTAl¥RbesIr muneBlkarRbkastMbn;enHfaCatMbn;vinicä½yeRkam
KeRmag LMAP . enAkñúgExsIha qñaM2005 ry³eBl7Ex muneBlesckþIRbkasenH TIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI)anCUn
dMNwgdl;GPi)alRkugPñMeBj GMBIkarÉkPaB {CaeKalkarN_} rbs;raCrdæaPi)al[Rkumh‘un sU‘kaKU eFIVkarGPivDÆn_
tMbn;bwgkk; . enAéf¶TI 30 Exmkra qñaM2007 naykrdæm®nþI)anGnuBaØat[GPi)alRkugPñMeBjcuHhtßelxaeTAelI
kic¨RBmeRBogCYlCamYyRkumh‘un s‘UkaKU . kic¨RBmeRBogCYlRtUv)ancuHhtßelxa kñúgry³eBlCitmYyqñaMeRkaykar
Rbkasfa sgáat;RsHck KWCatMbn;vinicä½ymYyeRkamKeRmag LMAP nigmuneBlbBa©b;dMeNIrkarpþl;bøg;dI .
enAéf¶TI07 ExsIha qñaM2008 raCrdæaPi)al)anecjGnuRkwtümYy edIm,Ipøas;bþÚrtMbn;bwgkk;BIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ
xxv
mkCadIÉkCnrbs;rdævij .
RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa karCYltMbn;bwgkk;sRmab;karGPivDÆn_ÉkCn nig karEbgEckcMNat;fñak;tMbn;enH
eLIgvij BIRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæ eTACaRTBüsm,tþiÉkCnrbs;rdæ rdæaPi)al)ankMMNt;CaFrmanfa dIenA
CuMvijbwg nigsUm,IEtbwg RtUv)at;bg;kareRbIR)as;edIm,IRbeyaCn_CasaFarN³ nigGackøayCakmµvtßúsRmab;TamTar
CakmµsiT§iÉkCn . karkMNt;fadIenHCadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ EdlGacRtUv)anBicarNapþl;bøg;ÉkCnsRmab;dIenH RbCa
Blrdæ b¤ m©as;kmµsiT§idIFøIenAkñúgtMbn;enH Gaccat;TukxøÜnÉgfa mansiT§ikñúgkarTamTar[GclnRTBürbs;BYk
eKRtUv)anvinicä½yeRkamKeRmag.
TsSn³rbs;RkumGFikarkic©yl;eXIjfa EpñkxøHéntMbn;bwgkk; GacmanlkçxNÐsmRsb edIm,IBicarNapþl;
bøg;dIsRmab;kmµsiT§iPaBÉkCn eRkamnItiviFIvinicä½yrbs;KeRmag LMAP . RkumGFikarkic©yl;RsbCamYy
fñak;dwknaMfa RbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anbdiesFcMeBaHlT§PaBkñúgkarTTYl)andMeNIrkar
vinicä½ysmRsbmYy eTAelIkarTamTarGclnRTBürbs;BYkeK . RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa RbCaBlrdæEdl
rs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; manPaBRtwmRtUvkñúgkarrMBwgfa karTamTardIFøIrbs;BYkeKmanPaBsmRsb edIm,I[eK
eFIVkarBicarNaeRkamynþkarpþl;bøg;dIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ nigbEnßmBIenHeTot ral;karTamTardIFøITaMgGs;
enAkñúgsgáat;RtUvvinicä½yedayeyageTAtamnItiviFI nigdMeNIrkarvinicä½yeTAelIkarTamTarGclnRTBü EdlRtUv
)anÉkPaB rvagrdæaPi)al FnaKarBiPBelak nigédKUGPivDÆEdlKaMRTdl;KeRmag LMAP .
karkat;tMbn;bwgkk;ecjBIKeRmag LMAP kñúgGMLúgeBlénkarGnuvtþKeRmag ³ RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa
RksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; ¬MLMUPC¦ nigédKUGPivDÆ )anEføgeTAkan;RkumGFikarkic©fa tMbn;
bwgkk;RtUv)ankat;ecjBIdMeNIrkarvinicä½y GaRs½yedaysßanPaBvivaTéntMbn;enH ehIybøg;dI rab;bBa©ÚlTaMgbøg;dI
EdlCakmµsiT§irbs;rdæpgEdr minRtUv)anpþl;eLIy. m©as;sMeNI nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al GHGagfa kardkecj
nUvtMbn; { vivaT} b¤ {minc,as;las;} BIkarpþl;bøg;dIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§GnuBaØat[GaCJaFrextþ b¤GaCJaFrRkug
EdlTTYlbnÞúkeRCIserIstMbn;vinicä½y kat;tMbn;NaEdlGñkmanGMNac nigGñkvinieyaKbreTsEsVgrk ¬cg;)an¦ .
manÉksareyagcMnYn2 enAkñúg PAD GMBIsßanPaBEdlbøg;dIGacminRtUv)aneKpþl;CUn TI1 Bak;B½n§eTAnwgdIvivaT
nigTI2 Bak;B½n§eTAnwgkartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar. sMnYrBak;B½n§mYy manTak;TgeTAnwgdMeNIrkarEbgEckcMNat;fñak;dI
nigkarQaneTAseRmc[)annUvkarÉkPaBKñakñúgcMeNamPñak;garrdæ EdlRtUv)ankMNt;rkeXIjBIkñúgcMeNamhaniP½y
cm,g²rbs;KeRmag LMAP . cMNucxageRkamsegçbGMBIkarviPaKrbs;RkumGFikarkic©eTAelIGPiRkmrbs;KeRmag
cMeBaHbBaðadIvivaT kartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar nigkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ .
viFIsa®sþrbs;KeRmag cMeBaHbBaðadIvivaT ³ RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa BMumanÉksareyagenAkñúg PAD b¤ DAC
sRmab;karseRmccitþCayuT§sa®sþmYy edIm,IeCosvagkrNIdIvivaT. edayELk RkumGFikarkic©)anGanesckþIepþIm
xxvi
rbs; PAD Edlsgát;F¶n;eTAelIesckþIRtUvkarkat;bnßykRmiténTMnas;dIFøI tamry³karvinicä½y nigkaredaHRsay
vivaT. RkumGFikarkic©k¾)ankt;smÁal;pgEdrfa BMumankarkMNt;niymn½yGMBIBaküfa {dIvivaT} enAkñúg PAD, DCA
b¤ÉksarKeRmagdéTeToteLIy. RsedogKñaenHEdr tMbn;Edl {mansßanPaBminc,as;las;} k¾BMumankMNt;
niymn½y enAkñúg PAD, DCA b¤ÉksarKeRmagdéTeTotEdr.
EpñkEdlniyayGMBI {TidæPaBcRmUgcRmasEdlGacekIteLIg} én PAD Ecgfa {KeRmagnwgminpþl;bøg;dIenAkñúg
tMbn;EdlTMngnwgmanvivaTeLIy rhUtdl;mankarÉkPaBeTAelIsßanPaBéndIenaH}. ebIeTaHbIBMumanPaBc,as;las;
kþI esckþIEføgenHEdlmanenAkñúg PAD hak;mansgÁtPaBeTAnwgkarerobcMTUeTAénKeRmag nigviFIsa®sþrbs;
KeRmag cMeBaHdIvivaT mann½yfakarpþl;bøg;dIeRkamKeRmag KWGaRs½yeTAelIkaredaHRsavvivaTedayeCaKC½y.
bEnßmBIenH edayBicarNaeXIjfadMeNIrkarkMNt;RBMRbTl; rvagdIsaFarN³ nig dIÉkCn minrEmgEtgmanPaB
rlUneLIy dUecñH KeRmag)anRsém:KitfanwgCRmuj[mankarcUlrYmBIdMeNIrkarBieRKaHeyabl;saFarN³Edl
manlkçN³CaRbB½n§.
ebIeTaHCadUecñHkþI karbkRsayRbeyaKenHenAkñúg PAD hak;mankarpøas;bþÚenAeBlGnuvtþKeRmag. karbkRsay
bc©úb,nñ EdlBRgwgbEnßmedayeKaledAGnuvtþKeRmagkñúgkarpþl;bøg;dIcMnYn1lanbøg; KWKeRmagnwgminpþl;bøg;dI
enAkñúgtMbn;EdlTMngnwgmanvivaT . TsSn³enHhak;RtUv)anEckrMElky:agTUlMTUlay kñúgcMeNam m®nþIrdæaPi)al
édKUGPivDÆ buKÁlikKeRmag nigTIRbwkSa . enAkñúgCMnYbRbCuMCamYyRkumGFikarkic© cMNucenHRtUv)aneKsMedAeRbob
eFobfa {karebHEpøeQIEdlenACitéd} .
RkumGFikarkic©)aneFIVkarkt;smÁal;fa GnuRkwtüelx46 nignItiviFIvinicä½yEdlRtUv)anGPivDÆeRkamKeRmag
LMAP BuM)anbBa©ÚlbTb,BaØtþiNamYyedIm,Ikat;EpñkmYycMnYnéntMbn; EdlRtUv)anRbkasfaCatMbn;vinicä½yeLIy
enAeBlEdldMeNIrkar)ancab;epþImRsbc,ab; . RkumGFikarkic©k¾)ankt;smÁal;pgEdrfa BuMmanÉksareyag
enAkñúgÉksarKeRmagsMxan;²NamYy GMBIeKalkarN_sRmab;kMNt;eTAelI {tMbn;EdlTMngnwgmanvivaT} b¤
nItiviFIGMBIrebobkat;tMbn;EbbenH BIkarpþl;bøg;dIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§eLIy.
viFIsa®sþrbs;KeRmagcMeBaHkartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar ³ ÉksareyagTI2 cMeBaHsßanPaBEdlbøg;dIGacminRtUv)an
pþl;CUn RtUv)anrkeXIjenAkñúgkzaxNÐmYy énÉksar PAD EdlmancMNgeCIgfa {GñktaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar}
EdlbBa¢ak;GMBIviFIsa®sþrbs;KeRmagenAkñúgsßanPaBEdlman {GñktaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar rab;bBa©ÜlGñktaMgTIlMenA
elIdITMenr } . enAkñúgsßanPaBTaMgenH KeRmag {nwgminpþl;bøg;dIeLIy kñúgkrNIEdlBuMmankic©RBmeRBogkúñugkar
viPaCn_dIFøIeTA[GñktaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar b¤tamry³kareEckrMElkdIFøI nig¼b¤ kmµviFIbþÚrTItaMglMenAdæan ¬bBa¢ak;
enAkñúgÉksarRbPBedIm¦} . RkumGFikarkic©yl;fa PAD sMedAcMeBaHCnEdlkan;kab;dIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ faCa
CnEdlBuMmanKuNvuDÆsRmab;karpþl;bøg;dIeRkamc,ab;PUmi)al qñaM2001 . niyayedayELk KeRmagminRtUv)an
xxvii
eKemIleXIjfaCakmµviFImYy sRmab;pþl;PaBGcié®nþy_CUndl;kartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkarenAelIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ
eLIy . karpþl;bøg;dIenAkñúgtMbn;EbbenH GaceFIVeTA)an luHRtaNaEtrdæaPi)al)aneRCIserIsBIdMbUgedIm,Ipþl;dI
CUndl;GñktaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar nig)ancat;viFankaredIm,Ipþl;PaBRsbc,ab;eTAelIkarkan;kab;dIFøIrbs;BYkeK .
enAkñúg PAD b¤kic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆ RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa esckþIseRmcminKaMRTdl;kar
pþl;PaBGcié®nþy_cMeBaHkartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkareRkamKeRmag BuMmankMNt;niymn½ypøÚvkarmYy eTAelIBaküfa
{GñktaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar } {kartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar } b¤ {kartaMgTIlMenAelIdITMenr} eLIy . RkumGFikarkic©
yl;eXIjfa eKalbMNgbzmrbs;KeRmag ¬kñúgkrNIGvtþmankarEbgEckcMNat;fñak;RBMRbTl;dIc,as;las;¦
KWedIm,IkMNt;eTAelInItüanukUlPaBénkarTamTardIFøI rab;bBa©ÚlkarTamTardIFøIedayRbCaBlrdæ EdlemIleTA
hak;bIdUcCakMBugkan;kab;dIedayxusc,ab; tamry³dMeNIrkarvinicä½ymYy.
PAD rYmmanÉksareyagmYycMeBaHkmµviFIrbs; UNCHS/UNDP nigédKUGPivDÆdéTeTot edIm,Ipþl;snþisux
kmµsiT§idIFøIenAkñúgkartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar . ÉksareyagenaH TTYlsÁal;fa {FnaKarBiPBelak b¤RksYgRKb;RKg
EdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nig sMNg; minman]tþmPaBeRbobeFobkñúgkaredaHRsayCamYyGñktaMgTIlMenA minpøÚvkar nig
GñktaMgTIlMenAelIdITMenreLIy . dUecñH KeRmagKYrKaMRTdl;karGPivDÆn_RkumEdlbc©úb,nñkMBugeFIVkargarenAkñúg
vis½yenH}. ebIeTaHbICamankarEføgenAkñúgÉksar PAD [eFIVkarsRmbsRmYlCitsñiT§CamYy kmµviFIrbs;
UNCHS/UNDP EdleFIVkargaredaHRsaybBaðaGñktaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar nigGñktaMgTIlMenAelIdITMenr
RkumGFikarkic©minGacTTYl)anPsþútagenAkñúgGMLúgeBlénkaresuIbGegátrbs;xøÜnfa KeRmag)anpþl;
karsRmbsRmYl b¤kic©KaMRTEbbenH CUndl;kmµviFI UNCHS/UNDP muneBlkmµviFIenH)anbBa©b;enAkñúgqñaM2004
eLIy ehIyk¾BuMmanPsþútagNamYyEdlTTYl)anGMBIkarpøas;bþÚrviFIsa®sþcMeBaHkartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar eRkay
kalbriecäTenHpgEdr .
viFIsa®sþrbs;KeRmagcMeBaHkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ ³ edaysarEtdIRbmaNCa 80 PaKryenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa sßitenA
eRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;rdæ edayKµankarkMNt;RBMRbTl;c,as;las; rvagtMbn;dIsaFarN³ nigdIÉkCn karRKb;RKg
rbs;rdæ KWCasmasFatud¾sMxan;mYyénKeRmag LMAP . eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday karvivtþenAEtmankRmit
enAeLIycMeBaHkarGnuvtþsmasFatuenH edayskmµPaBenHRtUv)ankMNt;fa {minTTYl)anlT§plKYrCaTI eBjcitþ}
ehIyPaBeRcInénskmµPaBEdlmin)anGnuvtþ RtUv)anesñIeLIg[mankarlubecalvij enAExmkra qñaM 2009 .
karRKb;RKg )ankMNt;bBaðaGPi)alkic© nigkarlM)akénkarseRmc)ankarRBmeRBogrvagTIPñak;garnanarbs;
rdæaPi)al RBmTaMgkñúgcMeNambNþaPaKIBak;B½n§epSgeTotelIdMeNIrkarEbgEckcMNac;fñak;FøI kñúgcMeNamhaniP½y
sMxan;²énKeRmag LMAP . PAD )anbBa¢ak;fa haniP½yénkarmincuHsRmugKñakñúgGMLúgeBldMENIrkar EbgEck
cMNat;fñak;dIGaclubbM)at;)an tamry³karKaMRTdl;dMeNIrkarBieRKaHeyabl;mYy edIm,IbegáIt[mankaryl;dwg
xxviii
kñúgcMeNamTIPñak;garrdæaPi)al . kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg )ankt;smÁal;fa {karviPaKlm¥itCagenHmYy
elIbribTesdækic©neya)ay TMngCanwg)ankMNt;TsSnenH famanlkçN³suTidæiniymeBk >>>>>} .
ebskkmµCRtYtBinitüeLIgvijsRmab;elIkm<s;KeRmag ¬ERM¦ )ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa minmankarkMNt;EpnTI
pøÚvkarcMeBaHdIrdæ nig)anbBa¢ak;fa {bBaðaenHKWFaRbPBBitR)akdmYyénkgVl;sRmab;bBaðaTaMgLayEdlsßit
enAeRkamkarKMramkMEhgénkarbeNþajecj edaysarKµanEpnTITaMgenH GaCJaFrRkugBak;B½n§ GacdkecjBIkar
ecjb½NÑkmµsiT§icMeBaHcMENkdINamYyEdlRtUv)anvas;Evg nigesñI[mankarvinicä½yBIRkumkargarsurieyadI ehIy
bnÞab;mkeTIbpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idl;dIenaH edayc,as;las;kñúgnamrdæ} . ERM )anrkeXIjfa Gnuvtþmanénkar
kMNt;EpnTIdIrdæ KWCakMhusmYyy:agF¶n;F¶rsRmab;KeRmag LMAP kñúgkarCYyedaHRsayvivaTdIFøI nigkarbegáIt
[mansuvtßPaBénkarkan;kab;dIFøIedayeCaKC½y .
RkumGFikarkic©yl;RsbnwgKMehIjrbs; ERM EdlrkeXIjfa kgVHénkarkMNt;EpnTIsurieyadIrbs;rdæ )anrYm
cMENkbegáIt[mankarkMNt;dItamPaBCak;lak;cMeBaHdIrbs;dæ ¬TaMgdIsaFarN³ nigdIÉkCn¦ edaymin)anGnuvtþ
dMeNIrkarvinicä½yrbs;KeRmag LMAP eLIy .
KMehIjrbs;RkumGFikarkic©elIPaBGnuelam. karesIubGegáItrbs;RkumGFikarkic©epþItsMxan;elIfaetIPaBexSay
enAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag ¬nigkgVHénPaBGnuelamCamYynwg OMS 2.20 sþIBIkarvaytémøKeRmag¦ nigkarRtYt
Binitürbs;fñak;RKb;RKg ¬nigkgVHénPaBGnuelamCamYynwg OP/BP 13.05¦ )ancUlrYmcMENkcMeBaHsßanPaB
EdlRbCaBlrdæEdlmanmanmUldæanenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; ¬BKL¦ RtUv)anbdiesFmin[TTYl)andMeNIrkarvinicä½yd¾
RtwmRtUvmYycMeBaHkarTamTarsiT§ikan;kab;rbs;BYkeKb¤y:agNa .
karerobcM nigkarvaytémøKeRmag. karviPaKhaniP½yEdlmanenAkñúg PAD kMNt;nUvhaniP½yTUeTAfamanlkçN³
{FMKYsm} . haniP½yEdl {rdæaPi)alxVHkarebþCJacitþkñúgkarFana[ynþkaredaHRsayvivaTGacdMeNIrkareTA)an
y:agmanRbsiT§PaB nigyutþiFm’{ nigfa {GgÁPaBrdæaPi)al nigPaKIBak;B½n§epSgeTot minGacseRmc)ankarRBm
eRBogelIdMeNIrkarénkarEbgEckcMNat;fñak;dI} RtUv)ankMNt;famanlkçN³ {FMKYsm} .
karvaytémøTidæPaBsgÁmEdlRtUv)anerobcMeLIgsRmab;KeRmag )ankt;smÁal;nUvkarlM)akfa RbCaCnsamBaØ
)anRbQmmuxnwgkarBarxøÜnrbs;BYkeKedayeCaKC½yRbqaMgnwgPaKImanGMNac edayeRbIR)as;ynþkaredaHRsay
vivaTpøÚvkar .
RkumGFikarkic©yl;eXIjfa karerobcMKeRmagTTYlsÁal;famanbBaðaRbQmTaMenH tamrebobénGPiRkmEdlman
eFIVsmahrNkmµmYy EdlBak;B½n§nwgkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idIFøICalkçN³RbB½n§ karedaHRsayvivaT nigkarEbgEck
cMNat;fñak; nigkarRKb;RKgdIrbs;rdæ . eTaHbCay:agNak¾eday karerobcMKeRmagmin)ankMNt;c,as;las;GMBI
xxix
rebobEdlGñkx©I nigfñak;RKb;RKg manbMNgcg;edaHRsayhaniP½yTaMgenHEdlBak;B½n§CamYynwgkaerobcMKeRmag
fay:agNaenaHeLIy . bBaðamYymankarBak;B½n§CaBiesscMeBaHkarTamTarrbs;m©as;sMeNI dUcCa haniP½yBak;
B½n§CamYynwgkarGHGagCan;KñacMeBaHdI edaysßab½nsaFarN³ nigbuKÁl . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa karerobcM
KeRmagmin)ankMNt;c,as;las;faetIKWCayuT§saRsþrbs;KeRmag Bak;B½n§nwgkarkMNt;tMbn;sRmab;karpþl;b½NÑkmµ
siT§iCalkçN³RbB½n§ ¬]> tMbn;vinicä½y¦ nigkaredaHRsayvivaTrvagsßab½nrdæ nigbuKÁlÉkCn kñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþ
dMeNIrkarvinicä½y .
esckþIEføgkarN_enAkñúg PAD Bak;B½n§eTAnwgdIEdlmanvivaT edayKµanniymn½yénBaküNamYy nigdMeNIrkarEdl
RtUvGnuvtþn_enaH )annaMmknUvkarsnñidæand¾sMxan;mYykñúgcMeNamPaKIBak;B½n§epSg² kñúgGMLúgry³eBlénkarGnuvtþn_
KeRmag . mü:agvijeTot ebIeTaHbICa eK)andwgfa RBMRbTl;éndIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ minTan;manPaBc,as;las;k¾
eday karerobcMKeRmagmin)andak;bBa©ÚlnUvGñktaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar b¤GñktaMgTIlMenAelIdITMenrBIkarTTYl)an
b½NÑkmµsiT§idIFøI elIkElgEtmankarÉkPaBBIrdæaPi)al .
RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa PaBminc,as;las;TaMgenHEdlmanenAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag )ancUlrYmcMENkmYy
EpñkcMeBaHeRKaHfñak;Edlm©as;sMeNIkMBugRbQmmux . CalT§pl RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa ebIeTaHbICahani
P½yEdlBak;B½n§nwgKeRmag minRtUv)ankMNt;edayRtwmRtUvk¾eday fñak;RKb;RKgmin)anGnuvtþtam OMS 2.02 sþI
BIkarvaytémøKeRmagTak;TinnwgkaredaHRsayhaniP½yTaMgenHeLIy .
karRtYtBinitü ³ kñúgGMLúgry³eBlbIqñaMdMbUgénkarGnuvtþn_KeRmag BIqñaM2002 dl;Bak;kNþalqñaM2005
r)aykarN_RtYtBinitü)anbgðaj[eXIjfa karGnuvtþKeRmag )andMeNIrkareTAmuxy:agyWt ehIyebIeTaHbICa
bBaða)ancab;epþImekIteLIgenAkñúgEpñkmYycMnYnénKeRmagk¾eday dUcCa karedaHRsayvivaT nigkarerobcMEpnTIdIrdæ
karkMNt;KeRmagCaTUeTA KW {KYrCaTIeBjcitþ{ . k¾b:uEnþ eRkayBak;kNþalqñaM2005 karGnuvtþEpñkepSg²énKeRmag
)ankøayCaminsIusgVak;KñaTaMgRsug . karBinitüemIleLIgvijedayÉkraCümYyEdlRtUv)aneFIVeLIgenAExmkra qñaM
2006 )ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa manbBaðaCaeRcInCamYynwgkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idIFøI nigKeRmag LMAP . eyagtam
karBinitüemIleLIgvijenH {y:agehacNas;mYyPaKR)aMénRKYsarTaMgenH ¬19/6°¦ kñúgtMbn;cMnYn 13 éntMbn;
vinicä½yTaMgGs; Edl)ancuHBinitü kMBugTTYlrgkarb:HBal;y:agF¶n;F¶r edaysardMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idIFøICa
lkçN³RbB½n§ EdlCaerOy² edaysarkarminRBmcuHbBa¢IdIFøIEdl)ankan;kab; b¤eRbIR)as;CalkçN³RKYsar} .
bnÞab;BIkarp¥akkarGnuvtþKeRmagBIExmifuna qñaM2006 dl;ExkumÖ³ qñaM2007 ebskkmµRtYtBinitüelIkTI9 ¬BIéf¶TI
30 Ex]sPadl;éf¶TI08 Exmifuna qñaM2007¦ )ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa mankarepþatkaryl;citþTukdak;y:agxøaMgBI
sMNak;fñak;RKb;RKg {elIcMnYnkMNt;mYYyénsmasFatusñÚl {cm,g} énKeRmag} ehIyman {kgVHkareqøIytbRbkb
edayRbsiT§PaBrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg cMeBaHkarTTYlsÁal; nigkaredaHRsay} bBaðaEdlRtUv)ankMNt;Rbkbeday
xxx
sgÁtiPaB kñúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag . ebskkmµenH )ansgát;F¶n;fa karGnuvtþKeRmag LMAP CaRbB½n§smahrN
kmµd¾sµúKsµajmYy EdlkñúgenaH EpñkTaMgGs; RtUvEt {manRbtibtþikarRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB EdldUecñHehIyEpñk
TaMgGs;enH KWCasñÚl} .
RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa karRtYtBinitürbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAelIKeRmagsRmab;ry³eBleRcInqñaM )anemIl
rMlgbBaðasMxan;²énvinicä½yelIkarTamTarrbs;ÉkCnelIdIEdl)anTamTaredayrdæ . CaTsSn³rbs;Rkum
GFikarkic© karemIlrMlgeTAelIbBaðasMxan;²enHrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg )ancUlrYmcMENkdl;karekIteLIgénRBwtþikarN_
enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; nigxUcRbeyaCn_Edlm©as;sMeNIkMBugRbQmmux . karRtYtBinitürbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAelIbBaða
sMxan;enH min)anbMeBjtamlkçxNÐtRmUvén OP/BP 13.05 eLIy.
XMuRsHckRtUv)anRbkasCatMbn;vinicä½ymYyenAExmIna qñaM2006 kñúgeBlEdlKeRmag)anp¥akCabeNþaHGasnñ .
bnÞab;BIKeRmag)anebIkdMeNIrkarGnuvtþn_vijenAkñúgExkumÖ³ qñaM2007 RkumebskkmµRtYtBinitümYy)ancuHeFIVTsSn
kic©tMbn;bwgkk; ¬XMuRsHck¦ enAExmifuna qñaM2008 . kñúgGMLúgeBlcuHeFIVebskkmµenH kariyal½yRKb;RKg
KeRmag)anCUndMNwgdl;FnaKar nigédKUGPivDÆn_nanafa tMbn;bwgkk;KWCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ dUecñHehIy RbCaBl
rdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;enH minmansiT§iTTYl)anb½NÑkmµsiT§ieLIy . RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;eXIjfa fñak;RKb;
RKgmin)anyl;dwgGMBIdMeNIrkarsRmab;karkMNt;tMbn;vinicä½yeLIy sUm,IEtenAkñúgraCFanIPñMeBjpgEdr . Rkum
GFikarkic©k¾)ankt;smÁal;pgEdrfa fñak;RKb;RKgmin)anelIkeLIgnUvkgVl;NamYyCamYYynwgGaCJaFrrdæaPi)al
eLIy Bak;B½n§nwgrebobEdlRtUvdMeNIrkaredaHRsayvivaTCMvijtMbn;bwgkk; ehIyk¾min)anelIkeLIgnUvkgVl;GMBIkar
GnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijpgEdr .
RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgxkxanmin)ancat;viFankartamkarCUndMNwgenAeBlEdlbBaðaekIt
eLIgenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anCRmab[dwgPøamCaelIkdMbUg nigfa karRtYtBinitürbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAelIbBaða
enH minmansgÁtiPaBCamYynwglkçxNÐtRmUvén OP/BP 13.05.
Kitcab;BIedImqñaM2009 enAeBlmanBaküccamGaramfa GacnwgmansMeNIdak;CUneTARkumGFikarkic© FnaKar)an
Büayamy:agxøaMgedIm,IsMu[rdæaPi)alcUlrYmenAkñúgkic©xitxMRbwgERbgmYYyedIm,IBinitüemIlkrNIbwgkk;eLIgvij.
cab;BIéf¶TI30 ExmIna dl;éf¶TI12 Exemsa qñaM2009 fñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ÚnRkumebskkmµkarRtYtBinitüeLIgvij
sRmab;elIkkm<s;KeRmag ¬ERM¦ sRmab;KeRmagenH . r)aykarN_rbs; ERM )anGMBavnav[mankar
p¥ak;CabeNþaHGasnñsincMeBaHkarbeNþjRbCaCnecjenH . FnaKark¾)andwknaMkarerobcM nigkarecjesckþIEføg
karN_mYyrYmCamYynwgm©as;CMnYy enAéf¶TI16 Exkkáda qñaM2009 .
xxxi
RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa karRtYtBinitünaeBlfµI²enHrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAelIKeRmag cMeBaHbBaðaEdl)an
elIkeLIgedaysMeNI RsbtameKalneya)ayrbs;FnakarsþIBIkarRtYtBinitüKeRmag OP/BP 13.05 . eTaHbICa
y:agNak¾eday RkumGFikarkic©)anyl;RsbCamYynwgkarvaytémørbs;m©as;sMeNIEdlfa {manPsþútagbBa¢ak;fa
cMNat;karEdl)aneFIVeLIgedayfñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKar KWyWty:aveBkkñúgkarbeBa©óskarxUcRbeyaCn_
EdleBlenHkMBugRtUv)aneFIVeLIg} .
karGHGagfaRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;RtUv)anCemøósedayrMelaPbMBan
eTAelIeKalneya)ayEdl)anÉkPaBKñasRmab;kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ
m©as;sMeNI)anbBa¢ak;fa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij ¬RPF¦ minRtUv)anGnuvtþenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;
eLIy EdlCakarrMelaPelI DAC EdlbNþal[mankarxUcRbeyaCn_y:agF¶n;F¶rcMeBaHRbCaBlrdæEdl)an
beNþjecjBIdIenH . m©as;sMeNI)anGHGagfa kal³eTs³EdlenABIeRkaykarbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecj nig
lkçxNÐéntMbn;taMgTIlMenAeLIgvij minmanlkçN³sþg;darEdl)an EcgenAkñúgeKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKar
BiPBelaksþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijeLIy . fñak;RKb;RKgyl;RsbCamYynwgm©as;sMeNIfa Rkbx½NÐeKal
neya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij Kb,IRtUv)anGnuvtþcMeBaHkarbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecj Edl)anekIteLIgenAkñúgXMu
RsHck .
visalPaBénRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij. Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij ¬RPF¦
)ankMNt;nUvsßanPaBcMnYnbI enAeBlEdlRbCaCnGacTTYlrgkarb:HBal;CaGviC¢man ehIyRkbx½NÐeKalneya
)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij ¬RPF¦ nwgRtUv)anykmkGnuvtþ dUecñH TamTar[mankarerobcMEpnkartaMgTIlMenA
eLIgvijCak;lak;mYysRmab;³
- karbeNþjRbCaCnecjBIdIrdæcMeBaHbuKÁlEdl)ankan;kab;dIenaHtaMgBImunéf¶TI30 ExsIha qñaM2001
¬kalbriecäTGnum½tc,ab;PUmi)alfµI¦ bnÞab;BIkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idl;dIenH kñúgnamrdæaPi)al .
- karbeNþjRbCaCnecjBIdIrdæ ¬b½NÑkmµsiT§ikñúgnamrdæaPi)al¦ cMeBaHbuKÁl ¬Edl)ankan;kab;dIenaHtaMg
BImunéf¶TI30 ExsIha qñaM2001¦ edaysarEtmantRmUvkarkñúgkareRbIR)as;dIenH sRmab;kargarsIuvil
eRkamKeRmag .
- karBRgIkdIcMNIpøÚvrbs;rdæEdl)anb:HBal;y:agF¶n;F¶relIsiT§ikmµsiT§i .
RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij min)anBnül;c,as;las;
GMBIrebob nigeBlEdlkic©karTaMgenHnwgRtUv)anGnuvtþeLIy . manFatupSMCaeRcInEdlnwgTamTar[mankarENnaM
bEnßmeTot edIm,I[FnaKarBiPBelak nigbuKÁlikrdæaPi)alEdlTTYlbnÞúkelIkarGnuvtþ nigkarRtYtBinitüKeRmag
xxxii
nigsRmab;édKUGPivDÆn_edIm,IkMNt;GacGnuvtþ)anénRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij kñúgsßanPaBCak;
Esþg .
Cak;Esþg RkumGFikarkic©)ankMNt;eXIjnUvPaBxusKñad¾sMxan;mYykñúgEpñkPasarvagRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMg
TIlMenAeLIgvij nigkic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆn_ ¬DCA¦ GMBIrebobedIm,Iyl;dwgGMBIkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§ikñúg
namrdæaPi)al EdlbegáIt[mankarPan;RcLM nig]bsKÁcMeBaHkarGnuvtþ . RkumGFikarkic©k¾)ankMNt;eXIjnUv
kgVHénPaBc,as;las;GMBIbBaðasMxan;²mYycMnYnEdlrYmmandUcCa ry³eBlsRmab;karGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya-
)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij rebobkMNt;fanNaxøHEdlmansiT§iTTYl)ankarkarBarBIRkbx½NÐ eKalneya)aytaMg
TIlMenAeLIgvij nigkgVHéneyagcMeBaHlT§PaBénkarkat;bnßykartaMgTIlMenAeLIg vijmkRtwmkRmitGb,brma
tamry³karGPivDÆenAnwgkEnøg nigkarEckdIFøICaedIm .
OD 4.30 min)anedaHRsayCaBiesscMeBaHkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedaysµ½RKcitþEdlCalT§plénkarpþl;b½NÑ
kmµsiT§ieLIy ehIyRkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgenAkñúgKeRmagenH )anseRmccitþBRgIk
visalPaBénsßanPaBEdleKalneya)ayenH nwgRtUv)anykmkGnuvtþ edayqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjnUvkarKitfµIenA
kñúgFnaKarBiPBelak enAeBlenaH Bak;B½n§nwgkarGnuvtþ[)anRtwmRtUvénkic©karBarsuvtßiPaBrbs;FnaKarBiPB
elak . RsedogKñaenH Edr OD 4.30 )anpþl;nUvkarENnaMtictYcGMBIkarGPivDÆRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlM
enAeLIgvij ¬RPF¦ .
RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa esckþIseRmcerobcMRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij RsbeTAnwg
bTb,BaØtþiéneKalneya)ayCaFrman - OD 4.30.. RkumGFikarkic©)anelIksresIrfñak;RKb;RKgsRmab;kar
BRgIkvisalPaBénsßanPaBEdleKalneya)ayenHnwgRtUvykmkGnuvtþ Edl)anqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjnUvkarKitfµI
enAkñúgFnaKarBiPBelakenAeBlenaH Bak;B½n§nwgkarGnuvtþ)anRtwmRtUvénkic©karBarsuvtßiPaBrbs;FnaKar .
eTaHbICay:ag Nak¾eday RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa manPaBminc,as;las;CaeRcInBak;B½n§nwgrebob nig
eBlevlaEdlRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenH KYrRtUv)ancab;epþIm nigGnuvtþ . RkumGFikarkic©
)anrkeXIjfa karerobcMRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij min)anRsbtambTb,BaØtþiEdlRtUv)an
rMBwgTukenAkñúg OD 4.03 Bak;B½n§nwg {eKalkarN_erobcMEpnkar karerobcMsßab½n niglkçN³vinicä½yerobcM}
eLIy.
karBicarNaelIbBaðataMgTIlMenAeLIgvijkñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag. RkumGFikarkic©yl;fa Rkbx½NÐeKaln
eya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij minRtUv)ancab;epþImGnuvtþmþgNaeLIy kñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag . r)aykarN_
RtYtBinitüsRmab;KeRmag min)anraykarN_GMBIkardak;bBa©ÚlGñkCMnajkic©karBarsuvtßiPaBmñak;enAkñúg
xxxiii
ebskkmµRtYtBinitüNamYyeLIy elIkElgEtebskkmµelIkTImYyEdl)aneFIVeLIgkalBIEx]sPa qñaM2002 .
ebskkmµRtYtBinitüCaeRcIn)ansnñidæanfa BMuFøab;mansßanPaBNamYyEdltRmUv[mankarGnuvtþkic©karBarsgÁm
nigbrisßan rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijeT EdlCak;EsþgedayKµankarRtYtBinitü
edayykcitþTukdak;NamYyeTAelIbBaðaenHeLIy . RbkarenH hak;dUcCaEp¥kelIkarsnµt; Camun fa KeRmag
LMAP )anGnuvtþtamrebobmYyEdlnwgtRmUv[mankarGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij Ca
CagkarvaytémøelIsßanPaBtamvis½y .
RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa karykcitþTukdak;rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAelIplb:HBal;EpñksgÁménkarpþl;b½NÑkmµ
siT§idIFøI rYmTaMgkarbeNþajRbCaCnecjnaeBlGnaKt minmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ nigTTYlrgkarb:HBal;edaysar
karxVHkarykcitþTukdak;BIsMNak;GñkCMnajkarBarsuvtßiPaBsgÁm . vaCabBaðakgVl;EdlebskkmµRtYtBinitü
CaeRcIn)ansnñidæanfa minFøab;mansßanPaBEdltRmUv[mankarGnuvtþkic©karBarsgÁm nigbrisßan rYmTaMg
Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij EdlCak;EsþgedayKµankarRtYtBinitüedayykcitþTukdak;
NamYyeTAelIbBaðaenHeLIy . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjnUvPsþútagenAkñúgÉksarRtYtBinitüfa fñak;RKb;RKg
)anelIkeLIgnUvbBaðaEdlBak;B½n§nwgkarerobcMEdndIrbs;rdæCaeRcInelIkeRcInsar EdlmankarTak;TinCaskþanuBl
sRmab;karGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij. RkumGFikarkic©)anekatsresIrdl; FnaKar
BiPBelaksRmab;karbnþedaHRsaybBaðaeKalneya)ayd¾lM)akenH enAkñúgbribTRbeTskm<úCa EdlmanlkçN³
resIb nigsµúKsµajEpñkneya)ayy:agxøaMg . eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday karbnþtamdanelIbBaðaTaMgenH min)an
RKb;RKan;enaHeLIy ehIy)anrYmcMENkbegáIt[manbBaðaenAkñúgdMbn;bwgkk;EfmeTotpg. RbkarenHminRsbtam
bTb,BaØtþién OP/BP 13.05 sþIBIkarRtYtBinitüKeRmag .
PaBGacGnuvtþénRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenAkñúgkrNItMbn;bwgkk;. edayEp¥kelI
karGegátxagelI RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa karbeNþjRbCaCnecjekItecjBIdIrdæ dUecñH Rkbx½NÐ
eKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij Kb,IEt)anykmkGnuvtþenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; . CagenHeTAeTot RkumGFikarkic©
k¾)ankt;smÁal;pgEdrfa EpnkarGPivDÆn_fµI²sRmab;tMbn;bwgkk; bgðajfa cMNIpøÚvEdlmanRsab;sRmab;ExSpøÚv
rfePøIgEdlrt;kat;tMbn;enH nwgRtUv)anBRgIk nigfa pøÚvEdlmanRsab;nwgmansiTi§BRgIkpgEdr EdlRbkarTaMgenHk¾
GacnaM[mankarbeNþjRbCaCnecjbEnßmeTotpgEdr dUecñHehIyeTIbmankarGMBavnav[mankarGnuvtþRkbx½NÐ
eKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenH .
vahak;bIdUcCamanPsþútagbBa¢ak;c,as;BIkarBinitüemIleLIgvijelIr)aykarN_RtYtBinitüfa RBwtþikarN_EdlekIt
eLIgenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;taMgBIqñaM2007 mk minRtUv)anFnaKarBiPBelakcat;Tukfa manlkçN³F¶n;F¶reLIy
nigmankarBak; B½n§edaypÞal;CamYynwgKeRmag rhUtTal;EteBleRkay²eTot enAcugqñaM2008 nigedImqñaM2009
xxxiv
eBlEdlGgÁkarminEMmnrdæaPi)al cab;epþImelIkeLIgnUvkgVl;rbs;BYkeKCamYynwgbuKÁlikFnaKar ehIykarbeNþj
RbCaBlrdæénshKmn_epSgeTotenAkñúgraCFanIPñMeBjkMBugekItmaneLIg . eTIbEtenAkñúgry³eBlEdlnaM[man
kardak;sMeNIsMu[mankareFIVGFikarkic© EdlFnaKarBiPBelakmankaryl; nigTTYlsÁal;fa karbeNþjRbCaCn
ecjBItMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anP¢ab;eTACamYynwgskmµPaBGnuvtþKeRmag LMAP nigfa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay
taMgTIlMenAeLIgvijRtUvEtykmkGnuvtþcMeBaHkarbeNþjecjRbCnBlrdætMbn;bwgkk; .
RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa karxkxanrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgkñúgkarFana[mankarGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya
)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij min)anGnuvtþtam OD 4.30 nig OP/BP 13.05sþIBIkarRtYtBinitüKeRmageLIy .
dMeNIrkartaMglMenAeLIgvijedaysµ½RKcitþ. kñúgGMLúgeBlcuHeFIVGFikarkic©dl;TItaMgrbs;xøÜn RkumGFikarkic©)an
TTYlskçIkmµCaeRcInBIRbCaBlrdæEdlTTYlrgkarb:HBal;edaysarKeRmag (PAPs) edayBYkKat;)anerobrab;GMBI
dMeNIrkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijfa vaminbMeBjtamsþg;darEdlEcgenAkñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIg
vijTal;EtesaH . BMumandMeNIrkarBieRKaHeyabl; nigEbbcUlrYmeLIy ebIeTaHbICakargarsIuvil)ancab;epþIm
y:agyUreBlEdlvaGaceFVI[mandMeNIrkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijRtUv)aneKGnuvtþedayTTYl)anlT§plKYrCaTIeBj
citþ ehIyRbCaBlrdæEdlTTYlrgkarb:HBal;edaysarKeRmagRtUv)anbgçM[rUserIlMenAdæanrbs;BYkeKecjeday
min)anqøgkat;nItiviFIbNþwgsaTukçNamYyeLIy .
Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij EcgCaTUeTAGMBIGñkEdlmansiT§iTTYl)ansMNgtam eKalneya)ay
EdlkñúgenaHrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgRbCaBlrdæEdl)at;bg;dI nigsMNglMenAdæan RbCaCnEdl)at;bg;dIksikmµ GñkCYlEdl
)anCYlpÞH b¤dI nigRbCaCnEdl)at;bg;GaCIvkmµ . Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij k¾bBa¢ab;pgEdrfa
sMNgenH nwgRtUv)anpþl;[CacMNayCYsCulkarxUcxat .
RkumGFikarkic© )ancuHBinitüemIlTItaMg taMgTIlMenAeLIgvij EdlRbCaBlmYycMnYnmkBItMbn;bwgkk; )anbþÚrlMenA
dæaneTArs;enATIenaH nig)anGegáteXIjfa sßanPaBénTItaMgenH minl¥)andl;kRmitsþg;dardUcmanEcgenAkñúg
eKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelaksþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedaysµ½RKcitþeLIy . eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday
kart¥ÚnEt¥rCacm,genaHKWfa TItaMgtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenH sßitenAq¶ayeBkBIRbPBcMNUlmunrbs;BYkKat; ehIy
Kµan»kasrkR)ak;cMNUlCMnYsRKb;RKan; enACittMbn;enHeLIy .
CeRmIsTIbIEdl)anpþl;[lMenAdæanfµIenAnwgkEnøg edayRkumGPivDÆn_ RtUv)anbdiesFminTTYlykedayRbCaBl
rdæ edaysarEtBYkKat;nwgRtUv)antRmUv[erIecjeTACYlpÞHsñak;enAry³eBlbYnqñaM edaycMNayfvikaxøÜnÉg ehIy
edaysarEtBYkKat;mineCOCak;fa Rkumh‘unGPivDÆn_ nwgeKarBtamkarsnüarbs;BYkeK bnÞab;BIputry³eBlbYnqñaM
enaH .
xxxv
karxUcRbeyaCn_EdlRbCaCn)anTTYlrgb:HBal; edaysarkarbeNþjecjenH nigkarbeNþjecjCabnþbnÞab;
EdlmineKarBtamsþg;darEdlmanEcgenAkñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij RtUv)anemIleXIjy:ag
c,as;edayRkumGFikarkic© . RkumGFikarkic©min)anrkeXIjkMNt;RtaNamYyEdlfa fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarBiPB
elak )anelIkykbBaðaenH eTABiPakSaCamYym®nþIrdæaPi)al b¤buKÁlikKeRmageLIy rhUtTal;EtqñaM2009
enAeBlEdlsßankarN_enH )ankøayCaF¶n;F¶rrhUtdl;minGacedaHRsay)aneTAehIy .
CaTUeTA RkumGFikarkic©yl;eXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak KYrEt)anBinitüeXIjbBaðaxUcRbeyaCn_
TaMgLayEdlRbQmmuxedayRbCaBlrdærs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;)anqab;CagenH nig)anBicarNaGMBIcMNat;karsm
Rsbnana . karxkxanmin)aneFIVEbbenH min)anGnuelaktameKalneya)ayrbs;FnakarsþIBIkarRtYt
BinitüKeRmageLIy .
RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij CaTUeTA Rsbtam OD 4.30.
eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday kgVHénkarENnaMeTAelIskmµPaBsþarcMNUl EdleyagtamRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay
taMgTIlMenAeLIgvij KYrEtRtUv)anEcglm¥itenAkñúgEpnkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij .
RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa dMeNIrkarGnuvtþn_karbeNþjRbCaCnecjBItMbn;bwgkk; kRmiténR)ak;sMNg nig
sþg;karrbs;TItaMgtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij minRsbtameKalkarN_Edl)andak;ecjedayRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay
taMgTIlMenAeLIgvij nigbTb,BaØtþIBak;B½n§én OD 4.30 eLIy .
karGHGagfa dMeNIrkarpþl;bøg;dIEdlGnum½tedayKeRmag
)aneFIV[cuHexSayeTAelIsiT§ikmµsiT§idIFøIEdlmankalBImun
karGHGagrbs;m©as;sMeNIenH Bak;B½n§nwg\T§iBlénKeRmagsþIBIsiT§ikmµsiT§idIFøIEdlmankalBImun . Cak;Esþg m©as;
sMeNI)anGHGagfa {kardak;ecjnUvdMeNIrkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§vimCÄkar nigpøÚvkarTUTaMgRbeTs
eRkamKeRmag LMAP )aneFIV[exSayeTAelIkarTTYlsÁal;RbB½n§kan;kab;tamTmøab;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa . eday
sarEtRbCaBlrdærs;enAtMbn;bwgkk; minGacepÞrsiT§ikan;kab;tamTmøab;rbs;BYkeK eTACab½NÑkmµsiT§idIFøIpøÚvkar
eRkamKeRmag LMAP KeRmagminRtwmEtmin)aneFIV[siT§ikan;kab;rbs;BYkeKeTACapøÚvkarb:ueNÑaHenaHeT b:uEnþEfm
TaMg)aneFIV[exSayeTAelIsßanPaBkmµsiT§ikan;kab;kalBImunrbs;BYkeKEfmeTotpg} .
CakareqøIytbeTAnwgbBaðaenH fñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ak;fa xøÜn {mindwgc,as;GMBIrebobEdlBaküsiT§ikan;kab;tam
Tmøab; kMBugRtUv)aneRbIR)as;eLIy} . fñak;RKb;RKg)an[dwgfa lkçN³BiesssMxan;mYyénc,ab;PUmi)alqñaM2001
bgðaj[eXIjfa siT§ikmµsiT§i RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;faGacepÞreTACab½NÑkmµsiT§ipøÚvkar)an RbsinebIebIlkçxNÐCak;
xxxvi
lak;mYycMnYn RtUv)anbMeBj . fñak;RKb;RKg)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa karpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§i KUrEtBRgwgdl;siT§ikmµsiT§i
EdlGacTTYl)aneyagtamc,ab;PUmi)al . eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday fñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ak;fa {siT§iEdlman
kalBImun GacRtUv)aneFIV[exSay tamry³dMeNIrkarmYyEdlmanbBaða EdlmanbBa¢ak;CaPsþútagy:agc,as;dUc
CakñúgkrNIbeNþjRbCaCnecjBItMbn;RsHck edaykarxVHkarGnuvtþRbkbedaytmøaPaB esckþIseRmcEp¥k
elIlkçN³vinicä½y nigxVHkarseRmcEdlGacBinitüeLIgvij)an edaysarfaenAenAmansMnYrEdlsYrfaetIdIenaH
KWCadIsFarN³rbs;rdæb¤y:agNa} .
\T§iBlénKeRmagelIsuvtßPaBsiT§ikan;kab;. eKalbMNgmYyEdl)anEcgénKeRmag KWRtUvpþl;sMNgsRmab;kgVH
PaBc,as;las; nigkareFIV[Føak;cuHsuvtßPaB Edl)anpþl;[edayRbB½n§kan;kab;edayKµankarRKb;RKg tamry³kar
pþl; tamlT§PaB nUvb½NÑkmµsiT§icuHbBa¢IpøÚvkar EdlnwgRtUv)anFanaedayrdæ dUcmanEcgenAkñúgmaRta 1 énc,ab;PUmi
)al qñaM2001 . KitRtwmqñaM2009 KeRmag LMAP )ancuHbBa¢I nigpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§i)anCag 1/1 lank,aldI .
k¾manPsþútagbBa¢ak;pgEdrfa RBMRbTl;PaKeRcIn cat;Tukb½NÑkmµsiT§ifµIfaCakare)aHCMhaneTAmuxmYyCMhan .
RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa KeRmagBitCa)anpþl;RbeyaCn_dl;RbCaCnRbEhl 1 lanRKYsar eday
KµankarsgS½yeLIy nigTTYlsÁal;smiT§pld¾sMxan;enHrbs;KeRmag LMAP .
siT§ikmµsiT§iEdlmankalBImun)ansßitenAeRkamsm<aFGs;ry³eBlCayUrmkehIy . RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;
smÁal;eXIjfa kRmiténsuvtßPaBEdl)anpþl;[edayRbB½n§kan;kab;dIFøICalkçN³RbéBNI Tmøab; b¤lkçN³eRkA
RbB½n§epSgeTot CaBiess enAtamtMbn;RbCMuCn )anFøak;cuHy:agxøaMg cab;taMgBIedImTsvtSr_qñaM1990 mk . man
]TahrN_CaeRcInEdlGñkPUmi nig RbCaCnRkIRktamRbCMuCnEdlrs;enAelIdIeRkamTRmg;siT§ikan;kab;lkçN³
RbéBNI Tmøab; b¤TRmg;Bak;B½n§epSgeTot RtUv)anrMelaPykdIrbs;BYkeKedaybuKÁl Rkum b¤GgÁkarmanGMNac
EdlCaerO² mankareRbIGMeBIhigSa b¤karKMramkMEhgeRbIGMeBIhigSa nigfa Tmøab;Gnuvtþn_EbbenH RtUv)anrIksay
PayTaMgenA tamtMbn;CnbT nigtMbn;RbCMuCnGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMehIy . sßanPaBenH RtUv)aneKdwgCaTUeTAmun
eBlEdlKeRmagenHRtUv)anerobcMeLIg ehIyRkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa ÉksarvaytémøKeRmag
¬PAD¦ TTYlsÁal;y:agc,as;nUvbBaðaenH nigbBaðaRbQmnanaEdlBak;B½n§ .
dUcEdl)ankt;smÁal;xagelI krNItMbn;bwgkk; bgðajfa RbCaBlrdæCaeRcIn)ancat;TukxøÜnÉgfaCam©as;dI nigman
ÉksarbBa¢ak;BIkmµsiT§iEfmeTotpg . dIEdlRtUv)ankan;kab; epÞr nigpþl;Camrtktamry³rbbkan;kab;mYycMnYn
Gs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMehIy ehIykarkan;kab; karepÞr nigkarpþl;CamrtkenH )aneFIVeLIgedaymanPaBRsb
c,ab;EpñksgÁm nigkarTTYlsÁal;edayGaCJaFrBak;B½n§ nwgm©as;dI ebIeTaHbICaKµanRbB½n§erobcMÉksarpøÚvkarfñak;Cati
k¾eday .
xxxvii
viFankaredIm,IkarBarRkumRbCaCnRkIRk niggayrgeRKaH ³ karyl;dwgkan;EtTMlMTUlayCagmunGMBIkarGHGagenH
KWfa RbCaCnCaeRcInEdlTamTarnUvsiT§ikmµsiT§iEdlmankalBImunedayEp¥kelIRbB½n§kan;kab;dIFøItamTmøab; b¤min
pøÚvkarepSgeTot CaBiess RkumRbCaCnRkIRk niggayrgeRKaH minTan;)anTTYlRbeyaCn_BIKeRmagenH tamrebob
mYyEdl)anEcgBIdMbUgeLIy BIeRBaHBYkeKRtUv)ankat;ecjBIdMeNIrkar b¤manPaBxVHcenøaHenAkñúgrebobEdl
KeRmagRtUv)anGnuvtþ . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjnUvPaBexSaysMxan;² enAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag nigkarGnuvtþ
KeRmag Bak;B½n§nwgviFankarkarBarRkumRbCaCnRkIRk niggayrgeRKaHEdlGaRs½yelIsiT§ikan;kab;tamTmøab; b¤min
pøÚvkarepSgeTot .
ÉksarvaytémøKeRmag ¬PAD¦ TTYlsÁal;fa {rdæTMngCamin)andwgGMBIcMnYn TItaMg nigRBMRbTl;éndIsßiteRkamkar
RKb;RKgrbs;xøÜneLIy . Cak;Esþg PaKeRcInéndITaMgenaH minRtUv)anvas;Evg eFIVEpnTI b¤pþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§ieLIy} .
ÉksarvaytémøKeRmag sMedAdl;cMnYnekIneLIgénRbCaCnKµandIFøI edaysarkarlk;edaymankarbgçitbgçM b¤eday
TTYl)antémøéfø nigcMnYnvivaTdIFøIy:ageRcIn . ebIeTaHbICaKeRmagRtUv)anerobcMeLIgkñúgbribTenHk¾edayÉksar
vaytémøKeRmag )anrYmbBa©ÚlnUvkareyagEdlminc,as;las; nigPan;RcLMmYycMeBaH {dIenAtMbn;EdlTMngCaman
vivaT} dUc)anerobrab;bBa¢ak;lm¥itxagelIRsab; . RkumGFikarkic¨)anTTYlB½t’manBIRbPBCaeRcInfa enAeBldIEdl
minTan;mankarkMNt;c,as; RtUv)anGHGagfaCadIrdæ dIenaHRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaRbePTdImanvivaT nigRtUv)ankat;
ecjBIdMeNIrkarvinicä½yeRkamKeRmagenH . CalT§pl dUcEdl)anekIteLIgenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RbCaCnminRtUv
)anpþl;[nUv»kaskñúgkarTamTarsiT§ikmµsiT§irbs;BYkeKeLIy . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa kMhusenAkñúg
karerobcMKeRmag )annaM[mankarkat;ecjdIedayGyutþiFm’BIdMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§i nigfa RbkarenH)an
eFIV[RbCaCn CaBiess RbCaCnEdlRkIRk niggayrgeRKaH )at;bg;»kaskñúgkarTamTar nigeFIV[pøÚvkarnUv
siT§ikan;kab;EdlmankalBImunrbs;BYkeK tamry³dMeNIrkarvinicä½y eRkamKeRmag LMAP .
karerobcMKeRmagk¾)ankat;ecjnUvkartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar¼kartaMgTIlMenAelIdITMenr BIdMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§i
eRkamKeRmagenH elIkElgEtrdæaPi)alyl;RBmpþl;dIenaH[eFIVkarcuHbBa¢Idl;GñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkarTaMgenaH
b:ueNÑaH. tamry³kareFIVEbbenH RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgmin)anTTYlsÁal;fa BaküdUcCa {Gñk
taMgTIlMenAelIdITMenr} nig {kartaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar} enAEtminTan;manlkçN³Cak;lak;eLIy rhUtTal;EtRtUv
)ankMNt;Cak;lak; tamry³dMeNIrkarvinicä½y .
kMhusenAkñúgkaerobcMKeRmagTaMgenH )aneFIV[mankarlM)aksRmab;fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKar edIm,IseRmc)annUv
eKalbMNgEdl)anEcgénKeRmag Bak;B½n§nwgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigkarpþl;suvtßPaBelIsiT§ikan;kab;sRmab;
RbCaCnRkIRk dUecñHehIy minRsbtam OMS 2.20. KYrkt;smÁal;fa enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigbNþaRbeTsCaeRcIn
xxxviii
eTot RbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;EbbenH CaTUeTA CaRbCaCnEdlRkIRkbMput niggayrgeRKaHbMput Tak;Tinnwgkar
RbQmmuxnwgkarbeNþajecj nigkarrMelaPtamrUbPaBepSgeTot .
smasFatusMxan;²EdlRtUv)andak;bBa©ÚlenAkñúgKeRmagenH edIm,IKaMRTdl;RbCaCnEdlgayrgeRKaH KW karelIk
km<s;karyl;dwgrbs;saFarN³ nigkarpþl;lT§PaBTTYl)anCMnYyEpñkc,ab; nigynþkaredaHRsayvivaTsRmab;
RbCaCnRkIRkI . RsedogKñaenHEdr edaymankarKaMRTrbs;KeRmagedIm,IeFIV[RbesIreLIgnUvkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ ¬Epñk
TI5¦ )ancat;TukfaCameFüa)aymYykñúgkarvinicä½ykarGHGagEdlmanPaBcRmUgcRmasrvagrdæ nigbuKÁlÉkCn.
eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday dUcEdl)anTTYlenAkñúgkareqøIytbeTAelIkarRKb;RKg EpñkTaMg enHminRtUv)anGnuvtþ
dUcEdl)anrMBwgTukeLIy .
RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa minEmnral;viFankarEdlRtUv)anerobcMeLIgCaBiessedIm,IKaMRTdl;RbCaCnRkIRk
niggayrgeRKaH RtUv)anGnuvtþtamEpnkarTaMgGs;eLIy . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgmin)an
tamdan)anRKb;RKan;eTAelIkarebþCJacitþrbs;KeRmag edIm,IelIkkm<s;karyl;dwgCasaFarN³ nigkarcUlrYmrbs;
shKmn_ Fana[mankarkarBarEpñkc,ab;sRmab;RbCaCnEdlTTYlrghaniP½yénkarbeNþjecj nigpþl;lT§PaB
RKb;RKan;edIm,ITTYl)anynþkaredaHRsayvivaT . RbkarenH minRsbtam OP/BP 13.05 eLIy .
karGHGagfa shKmn_déTeTot
enAkñúgextþKeRmagRtUv)anbgçMbeNþjecjBIkEnøgEdlBYkeKrs;enA
karGHGagcugeRkayrbs;m©as;sMeNIrKWfa {tMbn;bwgkk; minEmnCakrNIdak;edayELkEtmYyenaHeT} nigfa
{shKmn_enAtamTIRbCMuCn tMbn;CnbT nigCnCatiedImPaKtic TUTaMgRbeTskm<úCa minmanlT§PaBTTYl)ankar
pþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idIFøI nig¼b¤ynþkaredaHRsayvivaT eRkamKeRmag LMAP dUecñHehIy minmanlT§PaBkñúgkarFana
nUvsiT§ikmµsiT§idIFøIrbs;BYkeK eRkamRbB½n§pøÚvkar Edl)anerobcMeLIgedayKeRmag LMAP . shKmn_mYycMnYnkñúg
cMeNamshKmn_TaMgenH )anRbQmmuxnwgGsnþisuxelIsiT§ikan;kab; nigkarbgçM[beNþajecjBIkEnøgEdlBYkeK
rs;enAkan;EteRcIneLIg² . }
fñak;RKb;RKg)anKUsbBa¢ak;nUvcMNat;karkñúgkaredaHRsaykgVl;TaMgenH edaykt;smÁal;fa {RkumkargarkMBug
RbmUlB½t’manedIm,IkMNt;nUvkrNIskþanuBlepSgeTotrbs;shKmn_ EdlGacRtUv)anbeNþajecjBItMbn;vinicä½y
edayKµankarGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij} . fñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ak;fa KitRtwméf¶TI29
Extula qñaM2009 krNIFM²cMnYnR)aMbI RtUv)ankMNt; EdlBak;B½n§nwgPUmicMnYn 10 ¬b¤ EpñkénPUmiTaMg enaH¦} .
xxxix
karbeNþjecjedaybgçMenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ³ karbeNþjecjedaybgçM KWCabBaðamYykñúgcMeNambBaðacm,g²
EdlBak;B½n§nwgkarrMelaPsiT§imnusSenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa Edl)anb:HBal;dl;RbCaCnrab;Ban;RKYsar TUTaMgRbeTs
TaMgenAtMbn;RbCMuCn nigtMbn;CnbT EdlPaKeRcInCaRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgPaBRkIRk . KeRmagGPivDÆn_nana
naMmknUvkarbeNþaRbCaCnecjBIkEnøgEdlBYkeKFøab;rs;enA CaBiess tMbn;RbCMuCn nigtMbn;Bak;kNþalRbCMuCn .
eyagtamr)aykarN_vaytémøPaBRkIRkqñaM2006 rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak cenøaHBIqñaM1998 dl;qñaM2003 sala
raCFanIPñMeBj )anbgçMbeNþjRbCaCn 11>000 RKYsar EdlPaKeRcInCaRbCaCnRkIRkrs;enAkNþalraCFanI b¤
enAtMbn;Ek,rkNþalraCFanI . eyagtamGgÁkarelIkElgeTasGnþrCati ¬Amnesty International¦ RbCaCn
RbmaN 150>000 nak; TUTaMgRbeTs RtUv)aneKdwgfakMBugrs;enARbQmnwghaniP½yénkarbeNþajecjeday
bgçMBIkEnøgEdlBYkeKFøab;rs;enA .
RbeTskm<úCaKWCaPaKImYyénsn§isBaØaGnþrCatiEdlTTYlsÁal;siT§iTTYl)ankEnøgsñak;enARKb;RKan; . KN³kmµaFi
karRtYtBinitükarGnuvtþsn§isBaØaTaMgenH )ansEmþgnUvkgVl;cMeBaHkarbgçMbeNþjRbCaCnecjBIkEnøgEdlBYkeK
Føab;rs;enA nigPaBminRtUvKña taMgBItMbUg CamYynwglkçxNÐénsn§isBaØasiT§imnusSGnþrCatiTaMgenH . eyagtam
RbPBepSg² karbgçMbeNþjRbCaCnecjBIkEnøgEdlBYkeKFøab;rs;enA)anQandl;kRmitvibtþienAkñúgqñaM 2009
EdleBlenaH karbgçMbeNþjRbCaCnecjBIkEnøgEdlBYkeKFøab;rs;enA)anekIteLIgcMeBaHRbCaCnRbmaN
27>000 nak; kñúgqñaM2009 . enAExmkra qñaM2009 GñkCMnajÉkraCümñak;rbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati )anehAkar
karbgçMbeNþjRbCaCnkm<úCaecjBIkEnøgEdlBYkeKFøab;rs;enAfaCa {karrMelaPy:agF¶n;F¶relIsiT§imnusS} nig)an
GMBavnav[mankarsgsMNgxUcxatsRmab;kar)at;bg;pÞHsEm,g nigkarpþl;TIlMenACeRmIsdl;BYkeKvij .
RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa karbeNþjecjedaybgçMminEmnCaerOgfµIeTenARbeTskm<úCa ehIydUcEdlRtUv)an
kt;smÁal;edaykarvinicä½yPaBRkIRkenARbeTskm<úCarbs;FnaKarBiPBelakEdr kMBugEtmanCabnþenAraCFanI
PñMeBj taMgBImuneBlerobcMKeRmag . edaysarKeRmag)anbBa©ÚlbBaðataMgTIlMenAkñúgTIRkugsMxan; dUcCaraCFanI
PñMeBjCaedIm enAkñúgcMeNamKeRmagextþrbs;xøÜn KeRmagenHCahaniP½ycMeBaHekrþ×eQµaHd¾sMxan;sRmab;FnaKar
BiPBelak. RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa karbegáItKeRmagmin)anelIkeLIgnUvbBaða nighani½ycMeBaHekrþ×eQµaH
d¾sMxan;enHeGay)anRKb;RKan;eT .
kartamdandMeNIrkarpþl;bøg;dIrbs;KeRmag . mankarelIkeLIgnUvbBaðakgVl; enAkñúgeBlGnuvtþ LMAP EdlTak;
TgnwgtmøaPaB nigKNenyüPaB enAkñúgRbB½n§ nignItiviFIpþl;bøg;dI enAedImqñaM2005 . CalT§pl karBinitüemIl
eLIgvij ¬karBinitüemIleLIgvijedayÉkraCü¦ RtUv)aneFVIeLIg enAcenøaHExvicäika qñaM2005 nigExmkra qñaM2006
edayepþateKaledAeTAelIextþénKeRmagTaMg 11 Edlkarpþl;kmµsiTi§dIlkçN³CaRbB½n§eday LMAP kMBugEt
RtUv)aneFVI . karBinitüemIleLIgvijkt;smÁal;fa {BMumanB½t’manGMBIsiT§i nigkarGnuBaØatEdlGacmankñúgkar
xl
TamTarkmµsiT§i ¬CaBiess RTBüsm,tþirbs;rdæ¦ tamry³karRbqaMgnwgkarTamTardIrbs;rdæ RtUv)anpþl;eGay
eLIy EdlkarKµanB½t’manenHhak;dUcCab:HBal; ¬{y:agF¶n;F¶r} nig¦ y:agGaRkk; y:agehacNas;dl; 1 PaK 5
¬19/6°¦ énRKYsar TaMgGs; EdlKMehIjRbePTenHRtUv)anrkeXIjenAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½yRsukEdlRtUv)aneTAeFVI
TsSnkic©cMnYn 13 kñúgcMeNam 19} ¬sgát;F¶n;eTAelIRbPBedIm¦.
edayeyagtamkarBinitüemIleLIgvij BMumanmUlehtuEdlmanÉksarbBa¢ak;sRmab;karbdiesFminpþl;bøg;dI b¤
karcuHbBa¢IdI RtUv)anpþl;dl;RKYsareLIy . elIsBIenHeTot karBinitüemIleLIgvijKUsbBa¢ak;fa karykBn§Ca
TUeTAcMeBaHdIbRmugrbs;rdæ hak;dUcCamanplb:HBal;F¶n;F¶reTAelIeKalbMNg nigeKaledArbs; LMAP. kar
BinitüemIleLIgvijraykarN_fa 20° énshKmn_EdlRtUv)anBieRKaHeyabl; manGarmµN_fa BYkeK)an {)at;
bg;} dIrbs;BYkeKmYycMnYn edaysarEtkarTamTarrbs;rdæ . dUcenAkñúgkrNItMbn;bwgkk;Edr karBinitüemIleLIg
vij)ankt;smÁal;nUv]b,tþiehtuEdlRKYsarRtUv)aneKR)ab;fa BYkeKkMBugrs;enAelIdImanvivaT EdlCa{dIrbs;rdæ} .
mü:agvijeTot r)aykarN_kt;smÁal;fa B½t’manminRtUv)anpþl;dl;RKYsar Tak;TgnwgsiT§iEdlGacmanrbs;BYkeK
kñúgkarTTYl)ansMNgcMeBaHplb:HBal;GviC¢man dUcEdl)anENnaMenAkñúgkarFanasgÁmEdlGacGnuvtþ)ancMeBaH
LMAP eLIy .
eTaHbICamanKMehIjc,as;las;énkarBinitüemIleLIgvijÉkraCü nigKMehIyeLIgvijenAkñúgr)aykarN_RtYtBinitü
karRKb;RKg EdlbBa¢ak;nUvPaBminRKb;RKan;énynþkaredaHRsayvivaT CaBiess enAeBlPaKIkan;GMNaccUl
Bak;B½n§k¾eday fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarmin)ancat;viFankarc,as;las;edIm,IedaHRsayplb:HBal;GviC¢manTaMgenH
eLIy . elIsBIenHeTot karBinitüemIleLIgvijnUvr)aykarN_RtYtBinitübgðajfa BMumanRbB½n§tamdan nig
vaytémø sRmab;KeRmageLIyrhUtdl;qñaM2007 . RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa edaysarkgVHxatnUvRbB½n§tamdan
nigvaytémød¾rwgmaMsRmab;KeRmag fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarmin)andwgGMBIbBaðasMxan;EdlekItecjBIKeRmageLIy .
cMNucenHmineqøIytbeTAnwg OP/BP 13.05 eT.
skmµPaBfµI²rbs;fñak;dwknaM . eRkaykarcuHbBa¢IsMeNIsMueFVIGFikarkic©edayRkumGFikarkic© enAExFñÚ qñaM2009
fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKar)aneFVIkarRsavRCavdl;mUldæanmankMNt; edIm,IEsVgyl;faetImanPaBRtUvKñarvagkarbeNþj
Edl)anraykarN_eday NGOs nigRbB½n§pSBVpSay nigtMbn;pþl;kmµsiTi§dImanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ eRkam LMAP
Edrb¤eT . karBinitüemIleLIgvij)anrkeXIjfa eRkABIkarbeNþjecjBItMbn;bwgkk; RKYsarCag 2>600 RKYsar
RtUv)anbeNþjecj b¤pøas;bþÚrTIlMenAedaybgçM b¤kMBugRbQmmuxnwgkarbeNþjecjenAkñúgPUmi eRkayeBlcab;
epþImdMeNIrkarvinicä½yeRkam LMAP .
edaysarkarbeNþjecjCaeRcInhak;dUcCamankarBak;B½n§nwgRbCaCnEdlrs;enAelIdIrbs;rdæ EdlTamTareday
rdæaPi)al RPF minRtUv)anGnuvtþeLIy ehIykñúgkrNIPaKeRcIn RbCaCnEdlTTYlplb:HBal;min)anTTYlnUv
xli
sMNgeLIy b¤)anTTYlsMNgminRtUvtam OD 4.30 sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAfµIedayminsµ½RKcitþ . karBinitüemIl
eLIgvijCaTUeTA)anbBa¢ak; nUv]b,tþiehtuCaeRcInénkarTamTarrbs; NGOs kñúgRsuk .
RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa eTaHbICamanÉksarCaeRcInEdlbBa¢ak;fa mancMnYnRKYsarCaeRcIn)anTTYlpl
b:HBal;CaGviC¢mank¾eday kRmiténplb:HBal;GviC¢maneTAelIRKYsarEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½yminRtUv)andwg
eLIy . RkumGFikarkic©mankarRBYy)armÖCaTIbMputGMBIcMnYnd¾eRcInénRbCaCnEdlRtUv)anbeNþjecj pøas;bþÚr
TIlMenAedaybgçM b¤kMBugTTYlkarKMramkMEhgénkarbeNþjecjenAkñúgtMbn;énKeRmag .
emeron nigbBaðaRbB½n§
karesuIbGegátenH )anbgðaj[eXIjnUvbBaðamanlkçN³CaRbB½n§énPaBGaRs½yy:agTUlMTUlayeTAnwgRbtibtþikar
rbs;FnaKar . CMBUkenHBiPakSaGMBIbBaðacMnYnbI EdlRkumGFikarkic©yl;famansar³sMxan;CaBiess ³ karRKb;
RKghaniP½y karpþl;kmµsiTi§dICaGPiRkmÉksarEtmYy nigbBaðaRbQménKeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøInigrdæ)al .
eyIgsgÇwmfa karBiPakSaenHGacpþl;CaemeronEdlGacCYyBRgwgGnuelamPaBéneKalneya)aynaeBlGnaKt
nigRbsiT§PaBénkarGPivDÆCaTUeTA .
karRKb;RKghaniP½y . karbegáItKeRmagbzm)aneRKagnUvyuT§saRsþBhuEpñk rab;TaMgFatupSMnana edIm,I
edaHRsaybBaðaénkarKaMRTRbCaCnRkIRk niggayrgeRKaH enAkñúgdMeNIrkarvinicä½y nig)anbegáIntmøaPaB nig
PaBGacBüakrN_)anenAkñúgkarkMNt;dIrbs;rdæ . eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday PAD )anTTYlsÁal;fa manhaniP½y
x<s; b¤eRcInBak;B½n§nwgkarsnµtCaeRcIn EdlRtUv)ancat;Tukfamansar³sMxan;sRmab;karseRmceKalbMNgEdl
)anelIkeLIg . ]TahrN_ PAD bBa¢ak;fa manhaniP½yCa {eRcIn} Edlfa rdæaPi)alenAxVHkarebþCJacitþkñúgkar
Fanafa ynþkaredaHRsayvivaTmandMeNIrkary:agmanRbsiT§PaB nigRtwmRtUv ehIykMNt;fa CaviFankarkat;bnßy
haniP½yEdlfa {KeRmagnwgRtUv)ankat;bnßy RbsinebIkarebþCJacitþeFVI[mandMeNIrkaredaHRsayvivaTedayRtwm
RtUv manminRKb;RKan;eT}.
dUcRtUv)anraykarN_enAkñúgCMBUkTI 3 Rsab; FatusMxan;TaMgGs;ényuT§saRsþKeRmagEdleKcg;)an edIm,Ikat;bnßy
haniP½yenH RtUv)anBnüareBlenAkñúgkarGnuvtþ RtUv)anGnuvtþmYyEpñk b¤minTan;cab;epþIm . minEtb:ueNÑaH eday
mankarelIkTwkcitþy:agskmµBIfñak;dwknaM KeRmag)ane)aHCMhanedIm,IbegáInkic©xitxMRbwgERbg sMedAseRmceKal
edATak;Tgnwgkarpþl;kmµsiTi§dI . cMNucenH)anbBa©ÚlkñúgcMeNamcMNucepSgeTotnUvkardak;bBa©ÚlkarebIkR)ak;
ebovtSr_ edayEp¥kelIsmtßPaBdl;buKÁlik . edayBicarNadl;dMeNIrkarbc©úb,nñenAkñúgFnaKar edIm,IENnaM
GPiRkmepSgKña cMeBaHkarpþl;km©IvinieyaK edayEp¥kelIkarvinicä½yhaniP½y bTBiesaFn_rbs; LMAP KWCaemeron
y:agsMxan; .
xlii
CadMbUg karerobcMKeRmag LMAP RtUv)anKaMRTedaykarvinicä½y ¬eBalKWCakarvinicä½yxagsgÁm¦ eTAelIEpñk
esdækic©neya)ayénkarRKb;RKgdIFøI enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigRtUv)anbegáIteLIg edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwghaniP½y
EdlBak;B½n§ . eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday enAkñúgyl;dwg vac,as;Nas;fa BMumankmµsiT§ieBjeljkñúgcMeNam
PaKIBak;B½n§énGPiRkmBhuEpñk EdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgeLIy . GVIEdlemIleTAdUcCasmehtuplenARkdas
EbrCaminEmnCakarBit.
RkumGFikarkic©eCOfa FnaKarBiPBelakmantYnaTIGPivDÆn_sMxan;enAkñúgkarpþl;hirBaØb,Tandl;Rbtibtþikarman
haniP½yx<s; b:uEnþ bTBiesaFn_rbs; LMAP bgðajnUveRKaHfñak;énkareqøIytbeTAnwghaniP½y edaybegáItKeRmag
y:agsµúKsµajbMput . RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa FatupSMfµI²RtUv)anbEnßm enAkñúgdMeNIrkarerobcM edaymin
xVl;GMBIPaBc,as;las; faetIEpñkepSg²RtUv)ansnµt;famanTMnak;TMngCaFmµtaedayrebobNa nigedayminmankar
BicarNaditdl;GMBIsmiT§lT§PaBénviFIsaRsþTaMgmUleLIy .
TIBIr karRtYtBinitüKeRmag LMAP min)andwg[)anRKb;RKan;GMBIhaniP½yEdlBak;B½n§eLIy . RkumGFikarkic©
)anrkeXIjfa dUcRtUv)ankt;smÁal;enAkñúgCMBUkmunEdr GñkCMnajxagsgÁmminRtUv)andak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgebskkmµ
RtYtBinitüeLIy eTaHbICamankarelIkeLIgnUvbBaðakgVl;enAkñúg PAD Tak;TgnwgkarFanaplRbeyaCn_rbs;
RbCaCnRkIRk niggayrgeRKaHk¾eday . sBaØaRBmanBIGñksegátkarN_ÉkraCühak;dUcCaminRtUv)anykcitþTuk
dak; . kmµviFIsRmab;kartamdanplb:HBal;)ancab;epþImy:agyWty:avbMput ehIykarsikSamUldæanTIRkug)an
bBa©b;enAqñaM2007 - R)aMqñaMeRkayeBlKeRmag)ancab;epþIm . RkumGFikarkic©minGacrkeXIjnUvkMNt;Rtarbs;
fñak;dwknaMEdltv:anwgkarBnüWtdMeNIrkarpþl;kmµsiTi§dIeLIy edayrg;caMkarvivtþeTAmuxelIFatupSMepSgeTot Edl
mankaryWty:av .
RkumGFikarkic©TTYlsÁal;fa ktþaCaeRcInEdlhYsBIlT§PaBRKb;RKgrbs;fñak;dwknaM)ancUlrYmcMENkeFVI[manPaB
minRbRktIenAkñúgvivtþeTAmuxenH b:uEnþcMNucenHminGacBnül; b¤edaHsarGMBIkgVHxaty:agc,as;las;nUvyuT§saRsþ
RKb;RKghaniP½yd¾rwgmaMmYysRmab;KeRmageLIy . edaysarEtyuT§saRsþEdlmantaMgBIeBlcab;epþIm
RbtibtþikarN_mk karlM)aktameRkayénKeRmagRbEhlCamantictYc .
karpþl;kmµsiTi§dICaGPiRkmÉksarEtmYy. RsbnwgKeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøIshsm½yepSgeTotCaeRcIn LMAP
RtUv)anGHGagfaCameFüa)aykñúgkarCMrujkMeNInesdækic© nigCameFüa)aykñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk tamry³
karEklm¥ suvtßPaBkmµsiT§idIFøIsRmab;RbCaCnRkIRk niggayrgeRKaH . eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday emeronBI
LMAP nigkaresuIbGegátEdlTak;TgnwgdIFøIepSgeTot bgðajfa karpþl;kmµsiTi§dIEtÉgminGacRtUv)anrMBwgfanwg
seRmceKalbMNgéneKalneya)aysgÁm nigesdækic©epSg²TaMgenH enAkñúgbribTCaeRcIneLIy .
xliii
ebItamTsSn³rbs;GñkCMnajrbs;RkumGFikarkic© vaRtUv)anbgðajfamanRbsiT§PaBenAkñúgtMbn;EdlkarRbECgyk
dIFøImankRmitTabxøaMg nigEdlvivaTenAmankRmit b:uEnþminmanRbsiT§PaB nigenAkñúgkal³eTs³xøH KµanplitPaB
enAkñúgkarbegáInsuvtßPaBkmµsiT§idIFøI enAkñúgtMbn;EdltémødIFøImankarekIneLIgy:agxøaMg nigEdlcMNucenHGac
Tak;TajcMNab;GarmµN_GaRkk; .
RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa PaBminc,as;las;enAkñúgkarbegáItKeRmag niglT§plRtUv)anelIkeLIgenAkñúgkar
sikSaÉkraCü RBmTaMgenAkñúgr)aykarN_RtYtBinitürbs;buKÁlikmYycMnYn RKan;EtBIrbIqñaMeRkayeBlKeRmagcab;
epþImb:ueNÑaH . sBaØaRBmanTaMgenHhak;dUcCaminRtUv)anykcitþTukdak;eLIy rhUtTal;EtbBaðatMbn;bwgkk;køayCa
bBaðadas;sµartI . minRtwmEtminBinitüemIlemeronenHeLIgvijenAeBlvaekIteLIgb:ueNÑaHeT KeRmagEbrCaepþat
kan;EtxøaMgeLIg²eTAGPiRkmÉksarEtmYy Edlvas;EvgPaBeCaKC½y elIEpñkcMnYnénkmµsiTi§dIEdl)anpþl; .
\T§iBlénGPiRkmenHkñúgEpñkkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk EdlCaeKalbMNgTIBIr minEdlRtUv)anesuIbGegát[)anm:t;ct;
eLIy . emeronRbtibtþikarmYyKWfa karBinitüemIleLIgvijRbcaMRtImasRbEhlCa)anbBa©ÚlkarBinitüemIleLIg
vijy:agtwgruwgnUveKalbMNg nigkarbegáItKeRmag .
eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday bTBiesaFn_rbs; LMAP minKYrbM)ak;TwkcitþFnaKarBiPBelakmin[eFVIRbtibtþikar
enAkñúgtMbn;TIRkugeLIy eTaHbICabTBiesaFn_enHesñIeLIgfa RtUvykcitþTukdak;xøaMgenAkñúgkarbegáItKeRmag nig
kmµviFIEdlgayTTYlplb:HBal;enAkñúgbribTmUldæank¾eday . RbkarenHGnuvtþCaBiesscMeBaHKeRmagEdlBak;
B½n§nwg karEklm¥RbsiT§PaB nigsmPaBénTIpSardIFøI niglMenAdæanenAkñúgtMbn;nKrUbnIykmµqab;rh½s .
bBaðaRbQménKeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al . dUcEdlRkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;enAkñúgr)aykarN_fµIrbs;xøÜn
sþIBIRbeTs):aNam:a - KeRmagrdæ)aldIFøIpgEdrRsab; karesuIbGegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©GMBIKeRmagTaMgBIrenH)an
KUsbBa¢ak;nUvhaniP½yEdlTak;TgnwgKeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al edaybgðajfa KeRmagdIFøImanPaBsµúKsµaj
nigBi)akkñúgkarGnuvtþ[manRbsiT§PaB nigEtgEtmanlkçN³GacCECkrkxusRtUv)anxagneya)ay . karcUl
rYmnaeBlGnaKtenAkñúgKeRmagTaMgenHnwgTTYl)anBIkarKaMRTEpñkbec©keTsEdlRtUv)anBRgwg nUvkarvinicä½yman
lkçN³CaRbB½n§bEnßmeToténhaniP½yxagRbtibtþikar nighaniP½yEdlmanlkçN³esdækic©neya)ay RBmTaMg
viPaCn_rbs;buKÁlikEdl)anTTYlkarbNþúHbNþalRKb;RKan; nigFnFan .
karsegátbEnßm ³ RkumGFikarkic©sUmeFIVkarKUsbBa¢ak;fa RkumGFikarkic©cat;TukfakarcUlrYmrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak
eTAelIbBaðadIFøIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa manPaBBak;B½n§y:agxøaMgeTAnwgkarGPivDÆrbs;RbeTs nigmansgÁtPaBeTA
nwgTsSnvis½yGPivDÆry³eBlEvgrbs;raCrdæaPi)al nigGaNtþikargarTUeTArbs;FnaKarBiPBelak kñúgkarkat;
bnßyPaBRkIRk .
xliv
enAkñúgbribTenH nigedayminbnÞabsar³sMxan;énKMehIjrbs;xøÜn RkumGFikarkic©sUmekatsresIrcMeBaHkareqøIytb
rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAnwgkaresñIsuMeFIVGFikarkic© nigkarvaytémøedayPaBesµaHRtg;rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAelIbBaða
xUcRbeyaCn_ nigPaBGnuelam . RkumGFikarkic©yl;RsbeTAnwgTsSn³rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgeTAelIbBaðacm,gén
TMnak;TMngrvagKeRmag nigkarbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecjBItMbn;bwgkk; . bEnßmBIenHeTot RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIj
fa kRmgskmµPaBEbbRbtiskmµ Edlfñak;RKb;RKg)anGnuvtþcab;BIExmkra qñaM2009 rhUtmkTl;nwgeBlbc©úb,nñ
enH RsbeTAnwgbTb,BaØtþiéneKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak sþIBIkarRtYtBinitüKeRmag . CaBiess
ebskkmµRtYtBinitüeLIgvijsRmab;elIkkm<s;KeRmag EdlRtUv)anGnuvtþenAkñúgExmina-emsa qñaM2009 mansar³
sMxan;Nas;kñúgkarKUsbBa¢ak;eTAelIkgVHxatCaeRcInenAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag karGnuvtþKeRmag nigkarRtYtBinitü
KeRmag . karesuIbGegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©)anbBa¢ak;eTAelIKMehIj nigeFIV[KMehIjkan;EtmanPaBTUlMTUlay
sRmab;ebskkmµRtYtBinitüeLIgvijsRmab;elIkkm<s;KeRmag . RkumGFikarkic©sgÇwmfa r)aykarN_esIubGegát
nwgrYmcMENkdl;karcab;epþIménkarcUlrYmfµImYy CamYyraCrdæaPi)aleTAelIkaredaHRsaybBaðaEdlm©as;sMeNI
)anelIkeLIg.
RkumGFikarkiceCOfa krNIenHKUsbBa¢ak;GMBItèmøènkarmanmaKa’ÉkraCüènRbPBCMnYymYy sRmab;RbCaCnEdl
TTYlrgplb:HBal;BIKeRmag. dUcmanerobrab;enAkñúgr)aykarN_enH karcUlrYmrbs;m©as;sMeNItamry³dMeNIrkar
rbs;RkumGFikarkic©)anbnþ[mannUvkarcUlrYmEbbRbtiskmµmYy BIfñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak nignaM[
QaneTAdl;karRtYtBinitüeLIgvijRbkbedayPaBRbugRby½tñeTAelIbBaðaF¶n;F¶rnana Edl)anelIkeLIg . elIs
BIenHeTot kñúglkçN³CaEpñkmYyéndMeNIrkarenH fñak;RKb;RKg)aneFIVkarRtYtBinitüeLIgvijmYytammUldæan nig
)ankMNt;rkeXIjfa y:agehacNas;manRKYsarcMnYn 2>600RKYsar eTot EdlRtUv)anbeNþjecj b¤RbQmeTA
nwgkarbeNþjecjenAkñúgtMbn;KeRmag.
1
CMBUk 1 : sMeNIsuMcuHeFVIGFikarkic© kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg nig
dMeNIrkarGegáttamdan
k> rcnasm<½n§énr)aykarN_
1. r)aykarN_rbs;RkumGFikarkic©EckecjCabYnCMBUk. CMBUkenH eFVIkarsegçbBIkarTamTarrbs;m©as;sMeNI nig
kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakeTAelIkarTamTarenH nigeFVIkarkt;smÁal;BIdMeNIrkar
Gegáttamdan nigsMNYrKnøwHrbs;RkumGFikarkic© EdlKitbBa©Úlkñúg nigTak;TgnwgeKalneya)ay
FnaKarBiPBelak. CMBUk2 bgðajBIKeRmagerobrab;BIbribTRbvtþisa®sþénbBaðakmµsiT§idIFøIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
nigsegçbCacMnuc²nUvRBwtþikarN_CuMvijtMbn;bwgkk; (BKL) EdlnaM[mankaresñIsuMeFVIGFikarkic©. tam
eKalneya)ayenH CMBUk 3 bgðajBIkarviPaK niglT§plRsavRCavrbs;RkumGFikarkic© sþIBIkarTamTar
rbs;m©as;sMeNI ehIyCMBUk4 eFVIkarbUksrubnUvkartamdantamlMdab;lMeday nigcugeRkayTak;TgnwgbBaða
eKarBRbtibtþi nigbBaðaeRKaHfñak;Edl)anRtÜtBinitü kñúgr)aykarN_enH.
x> karesñIsuM[eFVIGFikarkic©
2. m©as;sMeNItMNag[shKmn_BItMbn;bwgkk;kñúgsgáat;RsHck RkúgPñMeBj. Bakü«tMbn;RsHck» tMNag[dI
TMhM133 hikta rYmmandIbwg (RbEhl90hikta) nigtMbn;CuMvij EdlkñúgqñaM2007 )anCYl[Rkúmh‘un
GPivDÆn_ÉkCnmYy. CarYm BYkeK)anecaTfa smaCikénshKmn_TaMgenHTTYlrgnUvkarxUcxatCaTm¶n; Edl
pSarP¢ab;eTAnwgkarerobcMGnuvtþKeRmag LMAP ehIyGHGagfakþI)armÖrbs;BYkeKRtÚv edaHRsayCabnÞan;
edIm,IeCosvagkarxUcxatbnþeTot . karTamTarCak;lak;EdlelIkeLIgkñúgsMeNIRtÚv)ansegçbdUcxag
eRkam.
3. Ep¥ktamsMeNI Gñkrs;enAtMbn;bwgkk;RtÚv)anbdiesFcMeBaHkarvinicä½yeTAelIkarTamTarRTBüsm,tþirbs;BYk
eKeRkamKeRmag LMAP . esckþICUndMNwgmYyecjpSayfa sgáat;enHnwgkøayCatMbn;kMNt;vinicä½y
eRbIsRmab;eKalbMNgcuHbBa¢IdIFøIeRkamKeRmag LMAP. dUecñH Gñkrs;enAshKmn_bwgkk;esñIsuMfa kar
TamTardIFøIrbs;BYkeK RtÚvTTYlkaresuIbGegát dUcEdl)anpþl;[edaynItiviFIc,ab;begáIteLIgeRkam LMAP
nigGnum½tedayrdæaPi)alkm<úCa. eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday m©as;sMeNIGHGagfaBYk eKRtÚv)anbdiesFnUvkar
GMBavnav[mankaresuIbGegátkñúgkarTamTardIrbs;BYkeK EdldITaMgenaHsßitkñúgtMbn;GPivDÆn _. sMeNIr)an
erobrab;fa kñúgExdEdl qñaM2007 karkat;RtakMNt;karvinicä½ymanbiT pSayenAsgáat; kic©snüaCYlRtÚv
2
)ancuHhtßelxarvagRkúmh‘unGPivDÆn ¾ÉkCn nigsalaRkúg edayrYm bBa©Úlsgáat;Edlm©as;sMeNIkMBug
rs;enA.
4. m©as;sMeNIk¾GHGagEdrfa Gñkrs;enAtMbn;bwgkk;RtÚv)anCemøósecjedaymankarrMelaPbMBaneTAelIeKal
neya)ayRBmeRBógsRmab;kartaMgTIlMenAfµIedayBuMmankarsµ½RKcitþ. BYkeKbnþeTotfa Gñkrs;enAkñúg
shKmn_TaMgenH cab;epþImRbQmnwgsm<aF nigkarKRmam[cakecjBItMbn;enHenAeBlEdlRkúmh‘un
GPivDÆn_)ancab;epþImdMeNIrkarkñúgqñaM2008 ehIyfaenAqñaMbnÞab; RKÜsarCaeRcInTTYl )anesckþICUndMNwg
beNþjecjCapøÚvkaredaykMhitkñúgry³eBlmYys)aþh_edIm,ITTYlCeRmIssMNgmYykñúgcMeNambI.
CeRmIsTaMgenHman³ (1)sMNgrUbiyvtßú (2)karpøas;eTATItaMgfµI mancm¶ay20KILÚEm:Rt (3)kartaMglMenA
enAnwgkEnøg CabeNþaHGasnñ xN³EdlkMBugrg;caMbBa©b; karsagsg;lMenAEdlmanry³eBl4qñaM. BYkeK
sgát;F¶n;fa RKÜsarrab;ryRtÚv)anbeNþjecjBIdIrbs;BYkeK nigbgçM[TTYlyk {sMNgminRKb;RKan;eRkam
lkçxNÐbgçitbgçM}. m©as;sMeNItv:afa minfamankmµsiT§idIFøIb¤Gt; Gñkrs;enATIenaHRtÚv)an nigkMBugbnþ)aneK
beNþjecj edaybMBanxusBI eKalneya)aysgÁm nigbrisßanrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak eBalKWRkbxNÐ
eKalneya)ay sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij (RPF) Edlt®mUv[Gnuvtþedaykic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆn¾
(DCA).
5. elIsBIenHeTot m©as;sMeNIGHGagfa LMAP EdlEsVgrkkarbegáItdMeNIrkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøICalkçN³pøÚvkar nig
RbmUlpþúM)anbNþal[siT§iGMNackan;kab;dIFøIrbs;m©as;kmµsiT§idIedImfycuH. sMeNIbBa¢ak;fa {dMeNIrkar
kMNt;vinicä½y [Tak;Tgnwgkic¨RBmeRBògènkarCYlrvagsalaRkúg nigRkumh‘unGPivDÆn_ÉkCn] y:agehac
Nas; )anbNþal[mankarkMNt;tamsßanPaBdIEdlCadIrdækan;kab;.}
6. CacugbBa©b; m©as;sMeNIGHGagfa minRtwmEtenAtMbn;bwgkk; tMbn;kñúgRkúgepSg²eTot nigshKmn_CnCatiedIm
enATICnbTTUTaMgkm<úCaminGaceRbIsiT§idIFøI nig/b¤ynþkaredaHRsayCemøaHeKarBtamKeRmag LMAP eLIy
ehIydUecñH minGacFananUvsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøIeRkamRbB½n§pøÚvkarbegáIteLIgedayKeRmag LMAP. tamry³
m©as;sMeNI smasFaturNbrbs; LMAP mYycMnYnenAEtxVHcenøaH eTaHCa)anGnuvtþry³eBl7 qñaMehIy
k¾eday. TaMgenHrYmman karcUlrYmrbs;shKmn_edIm,IelIkkm<s;karyl;dwgCasaFarN³ (PACP) CMnYy
pøÚvc,ab; nigynþkaredaHRsayCemøaH dUcEdlEsþgecjkñúgKeRmagedIm,I FanafasiT§irbs;RbCaCanEdlTTYl
rgplb:HBal; RtÚv)aneKarB tamry³dMeNIrkarcuHbBa¢I nigkMNt;vinicá½ysiT§ieRbIR)as;B½t’man nig»kas
cUlrYm.
7. m©as;sMeNIbBa¢ak;fa BYkeKsVaKmn_dl;kic©xMRbwgERbgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakcab;taMgBIExkumÖ³ qñaM2009 b:uEnþ
kt;smÁal;; fa {plGaRkk;EdlbNþalmkBIkarRKb;RKgKeRmagmin)anl¥RKb;RKan;ry³eBl 7 qñaM enAminTan;
manPaBFUrRsalenAeLIytamry³kic©RbwgERbgfµI²rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak}.
3
8. GñkEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;mYycMnYnCaerOy² bgðajBIkþI)armÖrbs;BYkeKedayBaküeBCn_Bit²eTAelI Rkum
GFikarkic©edaypÞal;. RbGb;TI1 bgðajBI]TahrN_énsemøgRKÜsarTTYlrgplb:HBal;.
K> kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg
1> karGegátTUeTA
9. kñúgkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg )ankt;smÁal;fa tamry³ÉksarvaytémøKeRmag (PAD) {karbeNþj
kartaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvijedayxVHkarRBmeRBóg b¤karTTYlykdI minRtÚv)anrMBwgTukkñúgKeRmageT}. b:uEnþ
eK)anbEnßmeTotfa DCA )anbBa¢ak;fa KeRmag LMAP nwgdak;GnuvtþtameKalneya)aysgÁm nigbrisßan
rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak rYmmankarGnuvtþ RPF bnÞab;BIkarbeNþjecjBIdIrdæ EdlbNþalmkBIskmµPaBpþl;
bøg;dIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ nigmineTogTat; . fñak;RKb;RKg )anbBa¢ak;fa RPF nwgdak;ecjkarGnuvtþ
enAkEnøgEdl {(k)mankarbeNþjecjBIdIrdæcMeBaHbuKÁlEdl)anmkrs;enATIenaHmun éf¶TI30 ExsIha
qñaM2001 EdlCa kalbriecäTénkarGnum½tc,ab;dIFøI qñaM2001 bnÞab;BIkarpþl;kmµsiT§idIEbbenHkñúgeQµaHrdæ
(x)karbeNþjecjBIdIEdl)anpþl;kmµsiT§ikñúgeQµaHrdæ cMeBaHbuKÁlEdl)anrs;enA TIenaHmunéf¶TI30 ExsIha
qñaM2001 edaysartRmÚvkareRbIR)as;dIEbbenHsRmab;eRbIR)as;kñúgkic©karsuIviltamKeRmag nig(K)
karEdlrdæBnüareBlcMeBaHkarTamTarsiT§icMNIpøÚv (ROW)Edlbgá[mannUvplb:HBal;GviC¢man eTAelIsiT§I
kan;kab;. »2
RbGb;TI1³ ]TahrN_énRKÜsarmYyEdlrgplb:HBal;
RKÜsarrbs;´)anbþÚrTIlMenAmkbwgkk;enAeBlEdl´enACaekµgtUckalBIqñaM 1982. rhUtmkTl;qñaMmun ´esÞIrEt)anrs;enATI
enaHeBjmYyCIvit´. «Bukrbs;´ eFVIkarenApøÚvEdk ehIyRksYgsaFarN³kar nigdwkCBa¢Úncg;[buKÁlikTaMgGs;rs;enA
CitsßanIyehtuenHBYkeK)anesñI[buKÁlikRKb;rUbpøas;TIlMenAeTAtaMg TIenATIenaH. pÞHrbs;eyIgFøab;sßitenAelIbwgBak;kNþal elIdIBak;kNþal. eyIgsg;vaedayédeyIgpÞal; ehIyeyIgeCOCak;fa eyIgCam©as;. ´man ÉksarbBa¢ak;BIkartaMglMenA
rbs;eyIg. bnÞab;mkeyIgTTYl)andMNwgfa raCrdæaPi)al)anCYldItMbn;enH[eTARkúmh‘unEdl)anerobcMKeRmagGPivDÆn_
TIenH. eyIgcab;epþImRBÜy)armÖ. BYkeKecjCalixitmYyR)ab;eyIgfa tMbn;enH nwgRtÚvGPivDÆ ehIyGñkrs;enATIenH Gs;
sgÇwm. BYkeKEtgEtKMramkMEhgRbCaCn. CaTUeTA b:UlIs nigTahan)anmkCamYyBYkeK. b:UlIsRbdab;edayGavuFEdl
CYledayRkúmh‘un k¾cuHmkshKmn_eyIgEdr.
´Føab;)ancUlrYmGgÁRbCuMenAsalaxNÐmþg. enAGMLúgeBlRbCuM GaCJaFrelIkeLIgminQb;fa tMbn;enHRtÚv)anCYl ehIy
dUecñHGñkTaMgGs;Kña KYrEteRCIserIsrvagCeRmIsbIEdlmansRmab;BYkxøÜn. b:uEnþCeRmIsénkarGPivDÆenAnwgkEnøgminmanPaB
2 kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg, ¶31.
4
c,as;las;sRmab;BYkeK ehIyGaCJaFrniyayfa RbsinBYkeKeRCIserIsCeRmIsenH BYkeKenAEtRtÚveTArs;enAkEnøgNamYy
epSgeTotsin ry³eBl 3 eTA5qñaM. eKR)ab;eyIgfa enAeBlEdlRkúmh‘un bBa¨b;karGPivDÆ eyIgGacRtLb;mkrs;enA
vij)an. ´ nigRKÜsarrbs;´ mineCOelIGaCJaFreLIy eRBaHeyIg)aneXIjBIGVIEdl)anekIteLIgelIshKmn_epSg². RbCaCnpþl;eyabl;dl;GaCJaFrmUldæanfa BYkeKGacsñak;enAkñúgtMbn;enHkñúgGMLúgeBldMeNIrkarsagsg; ehIyerIeTArs;enApÞH
fµI enAeBlkarsagsg;cb;. GaCJaFrmUldæan nigRkúmh‘unmin)an yl;RBmelIeyabl;enHeT.
bnÞab;mkBYkeyIg RtÚv)anbeNþjecj. RbCaCn )anBüayamsñak;enAtMbn;enH dUecñHGaCJaFrmUldæan)anbgçM[eyIgcakecj. RKÜsar´ KWCaRKÜsarcugeRkayEdlcakecjkñúgshKmn_rbs;eyIg. cugeRkay eyIgk¾yl;RBmTTYl {sMNg}. RbsinebI
eyIg mincakecjedayxøÜnÉgeT BYkeKnwgbBa¢Únsmtßkic©mkkm©at;eyIgecj. RbCaCnman karP½yxøacfa RbsinebIBYkeK
minruHerIpÞHrbs;BYkeKedayxøÜnÉgeT pÞHTaMgenHnwgRtÚvbMpøajecal ehIyBYkeKKµanGVIenAesssl;eLIy. eyIgmankarP½y
xøac ehIybgçMcitþcakecjedIm,IGacrkSaTukRTBüsm,tþirbs;eyIg. ´manGarmµN_eRkómRkMBn;eBkéRkkñúgkarruHerIlMenAdæan
Edl´rs;enA CitmYyCIvitrbs;´. ´mankarxwgsm,ay:agxøaMg cMeBaHGaCJaFrmUldæan nigRkúmh‘unenH.
CamYynwgTwkR)ak; 8000 duløarshrdæGaemrik «Bukmþayrbs; )anTijdIenAecamecACayRkúgPñMeBj. ´min)an eXIjBYkeK
jwkjab;dUcBImuneLIy. kalBImun eyIgFøab;rs;enAy:agmansuPmgÁl. \LÚvmnusSCaeRcInEdlsñiT§sñalnwg´ rs;enAq¶ay
BI´. pÞHEdl«Bukmþay´rs;enABuMEmnCaCeRmIssRmab;BYkeyIgeT BIeRBaHvaenAq¶ay ehIyekµg²TaMgGs;eronenAÉTIRkúg. ehIy enATIenaHk¾KµanmNÐlsuxPaBeTotpg.
bc©úb,nñ ´CYlbnÞb;tUcmYy 35 duløar kñúgmYyEx. ´rs;enACamYyRbBn§ . mnusSCaeRcInepSgeTotBIPUmirbs; k¾erI mkCYl
pÞHenATIenHEdr. BImunenAeBleyIgmanpÞHpÞal;xøÜn eyIgmincaM)ac;bg;éføCYlpÞHeLIy. b:uEnþ\LÚveyIgRtÚvbg;QñÜlpÞH bEnßm
BIelIkarcMNayRKb;y:ag.
10. kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg)ankt;smÁal;bEnßmeTotfa Ep¥ktam PAD {KeRmagnwgminpþl;kmµsiT§idIFøI
enAtMbn;;EdlCemøaHTMngCaekIteLIgrhUtdl;mankarRBmeRBógKñaBIsßanPaBkmµsiT§idI}3 elIsBIenH kmµviFI
pþl;kmµsiT§ieRkamKeRmagenHmanEcgfa minrYmbBa©ÚlGñktaMgTIlMenAminpøÚvkar b¤ {GñktaMglMenAxusc,ab;}
elIdIrdæ BIeRBaHKeRmagenHmin)anKitBIkarerobcMkartaMglMenAmin pøÚvkarEbbenHeT. 4
11. fñak;RKb;RKgCMTas;faKeRmag LMAP )anbegáIt[mannUv {plRbeyaCn_GPivDÆn¾KYr[kt;smÁal;} xN³
vaCYydl;karsßabnaRbB½n§rdæ)aldIFøIeCOnelOn edaypþÜcepþImKMnitcuHbBa¢I nigkarpþl;kmµsiT§iEdlcMNay
ticcMeBaHk,aldImancMnYneRcInCagmYylan. y:agNamuij fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;fa kgVHviFIsa®sþRbmUl
Tinñn½y nigsßitiBak;B½n§TaMgLay)anraMgsÞHdl;karvas;EvgRtwmRtÚvénkarEklm¥suvtþiPaBkan;kab;dIFøI.
3 kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg ¶35.
4 kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg ¶36.
5
2> kareqøIytbeTAnwgsMeNIcuHGFikarkic©
12. kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgEføgfa sgáat;RsHckkñúgTIRkúgPñMeBjRtÚv)anRbkasfa CatMbn;kMNt;vinicä½y
{kñúgEx]sPa qñaM 2006}5 nigeRkaymk®tUvkMNt;RBMEdnCamYynwglT§plpSay CasaFarN³kñúgEx mkra/
kumÖ³ qñaM 2007. fVIebImanTItaMgenAkñúgsgáat;RsHck tMbn;bwgkk; KWmin)anrYmbBa©ÚlkñúgkarkMNt;
RBMEdneT. mUlehtuEdlpþl;CUn KWfasalaRkúgPñMeBj (MPP) )anRbkasfa tMbn;bwgkk; KWCadIsaFarN³
rbs;rdæ ehIyfac,ab;dIFøIminGnuBaØat[mansiT§ikan;kab; dIsaFarN³rbs;rdæeLIy.
13. fñak;RKb;RKgkt;smÁal;fa eTaHCamankarGHGagfatMbn;bwgkk;CadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ KeRmagsRmab;kar
GPivDÆEbbÉkCnéntMbn;enH )ancab;epþImkñúgqñaM2005 ehIyQandl;kRmitkMBUlkñúg Ex kumÖ³qñaM 2007
edaymankarcuHhtßelxaelIkic©snüaCYltMbn;bwgkk;ry³eBl 99 qñaM rvagsala Rkúg nigRkúmh‘unGPivDÆn¾
ÉkCn. kñúgEx sIha qñaM 2008 salaRkúgecjGnuRkwtepÞrtMbn;enHBIdI saFarN³rbs;rdæeTACadIÉkCn
rbs;rdæ. fñak;RKb;RKgfaGñkrs;enAkñúgtMbn;tRmÚvR)ab;[erITIlMenA nigpþl;CeRmIsmYykñúgcMeNambIedIm,I
TTYlykbnÞab;BIkalkMNt;sRmab;erITIlMenAputkMNt;. fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;fa cab;BIEx sIha qñaM
2008mk {mansm<aFbEnßmeTAelIkarerITIlMenA} mkelIGñkrs;enAkñúgtMbn;enAeBlRkúmh‘unGPivDÆn_)an
cab;epþImcak;bMeBjbwg GaRs½yehtuenHbgá[mankarxUcxatrcnasm<½n§ nigCn;liclMenAdæanEk,renaH.6
ehtuenH fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;fa Gñkrs;enAtMbn;bwgkk;RtÚvbdiesFn_ecalnUv»kasdak;bgðajbNþwg
TamTardIkmµsiT§irbs;BYkeK. fñak;RKb;RKgk¾R)ab;Edrfa {KµanPsþútagÉNasþIGMeBIdMeNIrkarRbkbeday
tmøaPaB karcUlrYm nigkarBinitüeLIgvij RtÚv)aneRbIR)as;kñúgkarkMNt;cMNat;fñak;éndICadIsaFarN³
rdæeLIy}.7
14. fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;fa sgáat;RsHckCatMbn;kMNt;vinicä½y EdlkarcuHbBa¢IdIFIølkçN³CaRbB½n§ RtÚv)an
Gnuvtþ ehIyeTaHCaKµansiT§ipøÚvkarNacMeBaHrdæRtÚv)anecj karCYldIEdlcuHhtßelxaCamYyRkúmh‘un
GPivDÆn_ÉkCn Gaccat;TukCakarkMNt;tamkarCak;EsþgéndIEdlCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ. fñak;RKb;RKg
snñidæankñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜnfa dUcenHlkçnþik³sRmab;karGnuvtþén RPF dUcEdlkMNt;enAkñúg DCA
GacbMeBj)an ehIyedayehtuenH RPFKYrEt®tUv)anykmkeRbIR)as;.
15. kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgkt;smÁal;fa ebskkmµBinitüeLIgvijsRmab;elIkkm<s;KeRmag (ERM)
mYyRtÚv)anGnuvtþkñúgEx emsa qñaM 2009 EdlTTYlsarPaBfa PaBxVHxatkñúgkarerobcM nigkarGnuvtþ
5 enAkñúgkaresuIbGegát RkumGFikarkic©TTYl)anc,ab;cmøgénesckþICUndMNwg EdlcuHéf¶TI 31 Exmina qñaM2006.
6 kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg ¶48.
7 kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg ¶50.
6
KeRmag LMAP )anbNþal[mankarkat;pþac;rvag karecjkmµsiT§idIFøItamKeRmag nigkarbnþekIteLIg
eRKaHfñak;kñúgkarTTYl)ankmµsiT§idIFøIrbs;GñkRk. ERM k¾)anraykarN_pgEdrfa GaCJaFrmUldæankMBugEt
bdiesF dIkñúgtMbn;kMNt; vinicä½yBIkarTTYl)ankmµsiT§iedaymineKarBtamnItiviFIRtwmRtÚvdUcCakarGnuBaØat[
TTYl)anB½t’man nigynþkaredaHRsayvivaT.
16. kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa GnuRbFanRbcaMtMbn;rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak (RVP) )anmkkan;TI
RkúgPñMeBjedIm,I CYbCamYym®nþIrdæaPi)alCan;x<s;kñúgEx sIha qñaM 2009. GnuRbFanRbcaMtMbn;enHGHGag
CafµI nUvsMeNIBüÜrTuk beNþaHGasnñénkarbeNþjecj Edlpþl;CUnedIm,IEckcayFnFanFnaKarBiPBelak
sRmab;kartaMgTIlMenAfµIrbs;Gñkrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; ehIy)anesñI[mankarBüÜrrYmKñamYyénKeRmagxN³
eBlRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ayCatiRtÚv)anEklm¥. ebIeTaHCadUecñHkþI raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa)anesñI[lubTwk
R)ak;\NTanenAesssl;Edl minTan;)andk enAéf¶TI 07 Ex kBaØa qñaM 2009 .
3> RckecjBiess nigEpnkarskmµPaB
17. kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgsegçbCacMnuc²nUvkic©RbwgERbgbnþbnÞab; edIm,IedaHRsaykþI)armÖrbs;m©as;
sMeNI eTaHCamankarlubecalnUvkm©IedayrdæaPi)alk¾eday. fñak;RKb;RKgsgát;F¶n;BIsar³sMxan;énkic©
shkar CamYyrdæaPi)al nigédKUrGPivDÆn¾epSgeTotkñúgkaredaHRsaykþI)armÖrbs;m©as;sMeNIedayEføgfa:
vanwgeFVIkarCamYyrdæaPi)al nigédKUrGPivDÆeTAelIkarFanafa shKmn_EdltaMgTIfµIBItMbn;bwg
kk; nwgTTYl)ankarKaMBarkñúglkçN³mYyEdlRsbKñanwgRkbxNÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenA
fµIeLIgvij ehIyvanwgbnþCYyrdæaPi)al nigédKUrGPivDÆkñúgkarFanafashKmn_EdlRtÚvtaMg
TIfµIenAeBlGnaKtnwgTTYl )anRbeyaCn_BIeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAfµImYyEdlbMeBjtam
bTdæansmrmü nigecjBIynþkaredaHRsayCemøaHÉkraCü nigyutþiFm’.
18. kic©RbwgERbgdak;esñIedayfñak;RKb;RKgkñúgkareqøIytbmanrYmbBa©Úlkarvaytémøplb:HBal;EpñksgÁm
énkartaMgTIlMenAfµIeTAelIshKmn_TTYlrgplb:HBal; karFanafaRbCaCnTTYl)ankarKaMBarCamUldæan
dUcKñaEdr Edl RPF )anGnuvtþedIm,IbegáIn»kassRmab;sgÁm nigesdækic© karedaHRsaykgVl;Tak;Tgnwg
sßanPaBrs;enA nig»kasrksuIciBa©wmCIvitenAkñúg nigCuMvijtMbn;taMgTIlMenAfµI karelIkTwkcitþrdæaPi)al[kat;
bnßyplb:HBal;brisßankñúgkarcak;bMeBjbwgkk; karEklm¥ynþkaredaHRsayCemøaHEdlman nig
smtßPaBrbs;shKmn_ nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alkñúgkareRbIR)as;ynþkarTaMgenH CYyrdæaPi)al[
cUlrYmbBa©b;RkbxNÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAfµICatimYy karpþÜcepþImdMeNIrkarBieRKaHeyabl; edIm,I
kMNt;eLIgvijnUvtYnaTIrbs;FnaKarBiBPelakkñúgRbeTs km<úCa nigedIm,IkMNt;tMbn;TTYlkarKaMBar
nigshRbtibtþikarCamYyrdæaPi)alTak;TgnwgyuT§sa®sþpþl;CMnYysRmab;RbeTs (CAS).
7
X> dMeNIrkarGegáttamdan
1> r)aykarN_bMeBjlkçxNÐdMbUg niglkçxNÐbMeBjénsMeNIrbs;RkumGFikarkic©
19. dUcEdl)anbegáIteLIgkñúgesckþIseRmcxagedIm RkumGFikarkic©)ankMNt;fa etIsMeNIsuMGFikarkic©bMeBj
tamlkçnþik³EdlmanEcgkñúgesckþIseRmc nigkñúgkarbMPøWbnþbnÞab;kñúgqñaM 1999 )anRKb;RKan;Edrb¤eT.
20. edIm,IeFVIkarkMNt;EbbenH RkumGFikarkic©RtÜtBinitüeLIgvijnUvsMeNI nigkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg
ehIyeFVIkarcuHdl;tMbn;KeRmag. Rkúmrbs;RkumGFikarkic©mYy)anmkkan;km<úCakñúgcenøaHéf¶TI 16 dl; 19
Exvicäika qñaM2009. kñúgGMLúgeBlBYkeKsñak;enATIenH Rkúmrbs;RkumGFikarkic©enH)anCYbCamYyGgÁkar
tMNagm©as;sMeNIhtßelxIénsMeNIcuHGFikarkic© nigRbCaBlrdæEdlrgplb:HBal;TaMgLay GgÁkarmin
EmnrdæaPi)alEdldMeNIrkarenAkm<úCa m®nþIrdæaPi)al fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarBiPBelakenAkm<úCa buKÁlik
FnaKarBiPBelakdéTeTot RBmTaMgtMNagédKUrshkarN_rbs;FnKarBiPBelak nigm©as;CMnYyepSg
eTot. RkumGFikarkic©k¾)ancuHeTAemIlshKmn_Edlm©as;sMeNIrs;enA nigkEnøgtaMgTIlMenAfµIEdlRbCaBl
rdæTTYlrgplb:HBal;mYycMnYn Edl)aneRCIserIsCeRmIspøas;TIlMenAkMBugrs;enA.
21. fñak;RKb;RKg)anbgðajBIkartaMgcitþrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarpþÜcepþImkic©BiPakSaCamYyrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nigédKUr
GPivDÆn¾déTeTotkñúgbMNgbegáItskmµPaBc,as;las; edIm,IedaHRsaykþIkgVl;énshKmn_EdlRbQmnwg
karbeNþjecj nigkartaMgTIlMenAfµIedayxVHkarRBmeRBóg. Ep¥ktamkarbgðajenH nigedIm,IyutþiFm’
sRmab;PaKIBak;B½n§TaMgGs; RkumGFikarkic©)anseRmceCosvagkarbBa©b;muxgarrbs;xøÜnenAeBlenaHfa etI
bBaðaénkarxUcxat nigkarmineKarBtamEdlelIkeLIgkñúgsMeNIsmnwgnaM[mankaresuIbGegátb¤Gt;.
22. RkumGFikarkic©)ankMNt;kñúgr)aykarN_ nigGnusasn_rbs;xøÜn cuHéf¶TI 2 Ex FñÚ qñaM2009 fasMeNIbMeBj
eTAtamlkçnþik³sRmab;karcuHGFikarkic©. b:uEnþ RkumGFikarkic©pþl;Gnusasn_dl;KN³naykRbtibtþifa xøÜn
yl;RBmtamsMeNIrbs;RkumGFikarkic©kñúgkarbeBa©ós[putBIkarecjGnusasn_kñúgeBlenaHfaetI
GFikarkic©R)akdCanwgGnuvtþ EtEbrCarg;caMdMeNIkarbnþeTot CaBiessedaysarfñak;RKb;RKgkMBug
BüayambegáItkic©BiPakSaCamYyrdæaPi)aledIm,IedaHRsaykgVl;énm©as;sMeNI. edayBicarNaeTAelIPaB
bnÞan;énsßanPaB RkumGFikarkic©yl;RBmeFVIesckþIseRmccugeRkaymunéf¶TI 31 Ex mifuna qñaM2001 fa
etIKYrpþl;Gnusasn_[manGFikarkic©Edrb¤eT.
23. KN³naykGnum½tGnusasn_rbs;RkumGFikarkic©enAéf¶TI 16 Ex FñÚ qñaM2009 eRkammUldæanénkarminCMTas;.
8
2> r)aykarN_bMeBjlkçxNÐcugeRkay
24. bnÞab;BIRbKl;r)aykarN_bMeBjlkçxNÐTImYy RkumGFikarkic©enAEtbnþTMnak;TMngCamYyfñak;RKb;RKg nig
tMNagénm©as;sMeNIBIkarGPivDÆkñúgRbeTskm<úCaTak;TgnwgsßanPaBm©as;sMeNI nigkic©RbwgERbgrbs;
FnaKarBiPBelak edIm,IedaHRsaykgVl;rbs;BYkeK.
25. fñak;RKb;RKg)anR)ab;eTARkumGFikarkic© faxøÜn)anpþÜcepþImkic©BiPakSaCamYyrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nigkt;smÁal;
BIkarebþCJacitþ nigsnÞúHCRmujkñúgkarBRgwgeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvijrbs;RbeTsenH. eTaHbI
y:agNa TaMgfñak;RKb;RKg TaMgGñktMNagénm©as;sMeNIcg¥úlbgðajfaKµandMeNIrkarNa)aneFVIeLIgc,as;
las;eLIy edIm,IGnuvtþskmµPaBCak;lak; EdlFanafa {shKmn_EdltaMgTIfµIBItMbn;bwgkk; nwgTTYlkar
KaMBarkñúglkçN³mYyEdlRsbKñanwgRkbxNÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijEdl)anRBmeRBóg}. 8
26. RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa skmµPaB)anGnuvtþkñúglkçN³mYy EdlGacedaHRsaykgVl;rbs;m©as;sMeNI
)anRKb;RKan;. fVIebI)anrYmbBa©ÚlCaskmµPaBdak;esñIkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg RkumGFikarkic©min
GacbBa¢ak;)anfa mandMeNIrkarkñúgkarvaytémøplb:HBal;sgÁménshKmn_bwgkk; Edltamry³m©as;
sMeNI GacbegáItCaCMhanbnþkñúgkaredaHRsaykgVl;rbs;BYkeK)aneT. RkumGFikarkic©RtÚv)anR)ab;[dwgfa
sßanPaBrbs;m©as;sMeNIPaKeRcInenAdEdrkñúgeBlRbKl;sMeNIsuMcuHGFikarkic©rbs;BYkeKkñúgEx kBaØa qñaM
2009 nigkarmkkan;km<úCarbs;RkumGFikarkic©enAEx vicäikar qñaM2009.
27. RkumGFikarkic©)anRbKl;r)aykarN_bMeBjlkçxNÐcugeRkayenAéf¶TI 31 Ex mina qñaM2010. edIm,I[
RsbCamYyr)aykarN_bMeBjlkçxNÐ éf¶TI 2 Ex FñÚ qñaM2009 RkumGFikarkic©kMNt;fa sMeNIbMeBj
eTAtamt®mUvkarlkçxNÐsRmab;karcuHGFikarkic©. RkumGFikarkic©)anpþl;Gnusasn_fa KN³naykRbtibtþi
GnuBaØat[mankaresuIbGegátcMeBaHkgVl;EdlelIkeLIgkñúgsMeNI edaydkRsg;ykbBaðasMxan;²énkar
eKarBtam nigkarxUcxatelIkeLIgedaym©as;sMeNI EdlRKan;EtGaceFVIkarvaytémø)anCaEpñkénkaresuIb
Gegátb:ueNÑaH.
28. enAéf¶TI 13 Ex emsa qñaM2010 KN³naykRbtibtþiGnum½tGnusasn_rbs;RkumGFikarkic©sRmab;karesuIb
Gegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©mYy eRkammUldæanénkarminCMTas;.
3> viFIsa®sþesuIbGegát
8 kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg ¶76
9
29. karepþatsMxan;énkaresuIbGegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic© KWkarkMNt; faetIFnaKarBiPBelak)anGnuelameTA
tameKalneya)ay nignitiviFIrbs;xøÜnEdrb¤eT kñúgkarerobcMvaytémø nigGnuvtþKeRmag LMAP ehIy faetI
RbsinebImankarminGnuelamNamYyRtÚv)anrkeXIj enaHvanwgbgáb¤k¾TMngCanwgbgákarxUcxat Edl)an
eBalGHGag edaym©as;sMeNIsRmab;karesuIbGegát Edrb¤eT.
30. RkumGFikarkic©)aneFVIkaresuIbGegátEdlEckCaBIrEpñkmYydwknaMedaysmaCikRkumGFikarkic© Alf Jerve
EdlCaGñkedIrtYCaGFikarnaMmuxsRmab;karesuIbGegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©. EpñkTImYyBak;B½n§nwgkarRsav
RCavlm¥itkñúgkMNt;RtaFnaKarBiPBelakTak;TgnwgKeRmag nigkarRtÜtBinitüFMTUlayénÉksarKeRmag
EdlBak;B½n§. EpñkTIBIrtRmÚv[mankarEsVgrkB½t’manBit EdlcuHeTAdl;tMbn;GnuvtþKeRmag nigsmÖasn_
CamYybuKÁlikBak;B½n§kñúgKeRmag. RkumGFikarkic©)ancat;[ Geoffrey K. Payne TIRbwkSaEpñkGPivDÆn ¾
TIRkúg niglMenAdæanEdlmanbTBiesaFn_ nigcMeNHdwgTUlMTUlaykñúgbBaðaGPivDÆn_ nigdIRkugenAkm<úCa
CYydl;karesuIbGegát.
31. RkumGFikarkic©EdlmanRbFanRkumGFikarkic© elak Roberto Lenton smaCikKN³ kmµaFikar elak Alf
Jerve GnuelxaRbtibtþi Dilek Barlas nigTIRbwkSaCMnajkar elak Geoffrey K. Payne )anmkkan;
TIRkúgPñMeBj RbeTskm<úCakñúgcenøaHéf¶TI 22 dl; 27 Ex ]sPa qñaM2010. TIRbwkSa rbs;RkumGFikarkic©
elak Geoffrey K. Payne )anbnþkarsñak;enArbs;elakrhUtdl;éf¶TI 29 Ex ]sPa edIm,IcuHemIl
TItaMgénkartaMglMenAfµI nigRbCaBlrdæEdlrgplb:HBal; Edl)aneRCIserIsCeRmIspøas;lMenA. kñúgGMLúg
eBlTsSnkic© RkumGFikarkic©)anCYbCamYym®nþIrdæaPi)al buKÁlikFnaKarBiPBelakRbcaMRbeTskm<úCa
nigsmaCiksgÁmsuIvilEdlcab;GarmµN_eTAelIbBaðaGegáttamdanenH.
32. kñúgGMLúgeBlesuIbGegát RkumGFikarkic©)ankMNt; nigBinitüeLIgvijy:agykcitþTukdak;ral;Éksar
Tak;TgnwgkrNIEdlm©as;sMeNI buKÁlikFnaKarBiPBelak nigRbPBepSgeTot )anpþl;CUnRkumGFikarkic©.
RkumGFikarkic© k¾)anviPaKeTAelIPsþútagepSgeTotEdlRbmUl)ankñúgeBlcuHdl;kEnøg b¤ebImindUecñaHeT
kñúgkarRsavRCavrbs;xøÜn RkumGFikarkic©)anBinitüeLIgvijnUvkarTamTarelIkeLIgenAkñúgsMeNI kareqøIytb
rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgcMeBaHkarTamTarTaMgenH nigeKalneya)ayRbtibtþiEdlBak;B½n§rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak.
33. r)aykarN_enHbgðajBIlT§plénkaresuIbGegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©Tak;TgnwgbBaðaelIkeLIgedaym©as;
sMeNIkñúgsMeNIsuMcuHGFikarkic©.
34. sMNYrKnøwHsRmab;karesuIbGegát karesuIbGegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©eTAelIkarTamTarrbs;m©as;sMeNI nig
bBaðaBak;B½n§énkareKarBtamedayepþateTAelIsMNYrsMxan;²xageRkam EdlRtÚv)anBicarNalm¥itkñúg
10
CMBUk3:
k> etImanTMnak;TMngrvagkarbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecjBItMbn;bwgkk; nigKeRmag dUcEdlm©as;sMeNI)an
GHGag Edrb¤eT?
x> etIRbCaBlrdæEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anbdiesFcMeBaHkarvinicä½y eTAelIkarTamTarGcln
RTBürbs;BYkeKEdrb¤eT? etIPaBminc,as;las;enAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmagrYmcMENkbNþal[xVHkar
vinicä½yeTAelIkarGHGagRTBüsm,tþienAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; Edrb¤eT? etIkarRtYtBinitüKeRmagCYyedaH
RsaybBaðaEdlm©as;sMeNI)anelIkeLIgRKb;RKan;Edrb¤eT?
K> etIkgVHénkarGnuvtþ RPF sRmab;tMbn;bwgkk; RsbeTAnwgkic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆn¾ Edrb¤eT? etI
kgVHénkarGnuvtþenH bNþalmkBIcenøaHRbehagenAkñúgkarerobcM RPF b¤? etIktþaenH bgá[mannUv
plb:HBal;GviC¢maneTAelIm©as;sMeNI Edrb¤eT?
X> etIdMeNIrkarpþl;bøg;dIEdlKeRmag LMAP )aneRCIserIsykmkeRbIR)as; eFIV[cuHexSaysiT§ikan;kab;
dIFøIBImunEdlmanRsab;rbs;RbCaBlrdæ Edlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½yKeRmag LMAP Edrb¤eT? etI
KeRmag)anbBa©ÚlRbB½n§RtYtBinitütamdan nigvaytémøRKb;RCugeRCaymYy eTAelIplb:HBal;én
skmµPaBKeRmag cMeBaHRkumRbCaCnRkIRk nigRkumEdl)at;bg;RbeyaCn_déTeTot Edrb¤eT?
g> etImanshKmn_déTeTot EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;GviC¢manenAkñúgtMbn;EdlRKbdNþb;edayKeRmag
Edrb¤eT? etIkarerobcMKeRmag)anelIkeLIgRKb;RKan;GMBIhaniP½yénkarbgçMbeNþjRbCaBlrdæecj
BIlMenAdæan Edrb¤eT?
4> eKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakEdlBak;B½n§
35. tamKeRmagenH RkumGFikarkic©vaytémøfa etIFnaKarBiPBelakGnuelamtameKalneya)ay
nignitiviFIdMeNIrkarenAkñúgsMeNI Edrb¤eT :
OMS 2>20 karvaytémøKeRmag
OD 4>30 kartaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvijEdlxVHkarRBmeRBóg
OP/BP 13>05 karRKb;RKgKeRmag
36. OMS 2>20 GMBIkarvaytémøKeRmag eKalneya)ayFnaKarBiPBelakGMBIkarvaytémøKeRmagman
xmaRtasRmab;vaytémøKeRmagénbNþalKeRmagEdlmanhaniP½yx<s;. kzaxNÐ17 én OMS 2>20
sgát;F¶n;eTAelIt®mUvkarén {karvaytémøeTAelIcMnucresIbénlT§PaBrbs;KeRmagkñúgkarpøas;bþÚr)a:r:aEm:Rt
sMxan;²rbs;KeRmag} ehIycMeBaHKeRmagEdlmanhaniP½yx<s; {eKcg;)an[mannUvlkçN³eRcIneTot elI
haniP½y tamry³karviPaKhaniP½yCapøÚvkar}. elIsBIenH eKalneya)ayFnaKarBiBPelakenH
11
)anEcgfa {RbsinebIkarvaytémøkMNt;fa KeRmagTMngCamanhaniP½yx<s;kñúglkçxNÐsgÁm b:uEnþminman
B½t’manRKb;RKan;edIm,IKaMRTdl;karsnñidæanc,as;las;mYy
enaHKYrEtmankarBicarNaeTAelIKeRmagsikSaCamun b¤karBnüareBlKeRmag rhUtTal;EtmanB½t’manRKb;
RKan;} ehIyfa {manlkçN³bt;EbnxagkñúgRKb;RKan;sRmab;karpøas;bþÚr karerobcM edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwg
B½t’manvb,Fm’sgÁmEdlTTYl)ankñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþ}.9
37. OD 4>30GMBIkartaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvijEdlxVHkarRBmeRBóg enATINaEdlKeRmag]btßmÖedayFnaKar
BiPBelakBak;B½n§nwgkartaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvijEdlxVHkarRBmeRBóg OD 4>30 EcgfaenATIenaHKYr
eCosvag b¤kat;bnßy[enAticbMputnUvPaBGacekItmanerOg edayEsVgrknUvCeRmIsepSgeTotrbs;
KeRmagEdlGacman. TINaEdlkarruHerIecjminGaceCosvag)an {kartaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvijEdlxVH
karRBmeRBógKYrRtÚv)anKitTuk nigGnuvtþCakmµviFIGPivDÆn ¾edayGñk[taMgTIlMenAfµIpþl;FnFan nig»kas
vinieyaKRKb;RKan; edIm,IEckrMElkplRbeyaCn_BIKeRmag».10
OD k¾t®mUvEdrfa Gñk®tUvruHerIKYrRtÚv)an
BieRKaHeyabl;[)anm:t;ct; nigKYrTTYl)an»kascUlrYmerobcMKeRmag nigGnuvtþskmµPaBtaMgTIlMenA
fµIeLIgvij. OD Ecgfa enAeBlkarruHerIminGaceCosvag)an {tRmUv[manEpnkar kalviPaK nigfvika
énkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijlm¥itmYy} ehIybnþeTotfa {KeRmagtaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvijKYrRtÚv)anbegáIteLIg
CuMvijyuT§sa®sþ nigsMeNIepSg²kñúgbMNgEklm¥ b¤y:agehacNas;sþareLIgvijnUvmUldæan esdækic©sRmab;
GñktaMgTIlMenAfµITaMgenaH}.11
38. OD 4>30 minmanesckþIeyagCak;lak;cMeBaHsßanPaB EdlRkbxNÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvij
CaCagEpnkarskmµPaBtaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvijCak;lak; GacerobcMCalkçxNÐmYyénkarvaytémø (TidæPaB
éneKalneya)ayenH KWmanlkçN³GPivDÆn ¾CagkñúgOP 4>12 bc©úb,nñ). y:agNak¾eday OD 4>30
Ecg fakñúgbribTénkm©IvinieyaKtamEpñk {EdltRmÚvkartaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvijCak;lak;énGnuKeRmagnImYy²
mindwgCamun Gñkx©InwgRtÚvyl;RBmtameKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvij eKalkarN_erobcMEpnkar
karerobcMsßab½n niglkçnþik³erobcMEdlbMeBjtameKalneya)ay nigt®mUvkarFnaKarBiPBelakEdl
CalkçxNÐénkm©I. kar)a:n;sµan KYrEteFVIeLIgeTAelIRbCaCnsrubEdlRtÚverIlMenA nigéføcMNayeTAelIkar
taMgTIlMenAfµIeLIgvijTaMgmUl RBmTaMgkarvaytémøeTAelITItaMgsRmab;taMgTIlMenAfµIEdl)andak;. Gnu
KeRmag kñúgkm©IvinieyaK tamEpñkKYrRtÚv)anRtÜtBinitüedayPñak;garGnuvtþn_edIm,IFana)anPaBRsbKñaeTA
9 OMS 2>20, ¶ 61.
10 OD 4>30, ¶3 (b).
11 OD 4>30, ¶ 4.
12
nwgTisedAenH nigRtÚvTTYl)ankaryl;RBmBIFnaKarBiPBelak}.12
39. OP/BP 13>05 GMBIkarRKb;RKgKeRmag eKalneya)ayFnaKarBiPBelak GMBIkarRKb;RKgKeRmagkt;
smÁal;fa kñúgnamCaPñak;garGPivDÆn¾ FnaKarBiPBelakcUlcitþCYyRbeTsCasmaCikkñúgkarseRmc)an
eKaledAGPivDÆn¾EdlmannirnþrPaB. kzaxNÐTI2 éneKalneyal)ayEcgfa karRKb;RKgKeRmag rYmman
kartamdan karRtÜtBinitüeLIgvijedIm,Ivaytémø kareFVIr)aykarN_ nigskmµPaBCMnYyEpñkbec©keTs
edIm,I:
k> Fanafa etIGñkx©IkMBugGnuvtþKeRmagedayykcitþTukdak;tameBlkMNt;edIm,IseRmceKaledA
GPivDÆn_RsbeTAtamkic©RBmeRBógRsbc,ab;
x> kMNt;bBaðaEdlekIteLIgPøam²kñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþ nigpþl;Gnusasn_dl;Gñkx©InUvmeFüa)ay
edaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenaH
K> pþl;Gnusasn_[mankarpøas;bþÚrnUveKalKMnitKeRmag
X> kMNt;haniP½yKnøwHsRmab;nirnþrPaBKeRmag nigpþl;Gnusasn_dl;Gñkx©InUvyuT§sa®sþ nigskmµPaB
RKb;RKghaniP½y (…).
40. BP 13>05 Bnül;bEnßmlm¥itGMBIbTb,BaØtiTaMgenHkñúgkRmitRbtibtþi sRmab;buKÁlikFnaKarBiPBelak.
eKEcgfa kñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag kñúgcMeNamskmµPaBepSg² buKÁlikFnaKarBiPBelakeFVIkartamdan
eTAelI dMeNIrkarénKeRmagRKb;RCúgeRCayEp¥ktameKaledAGPivDÆn¾ nigsnÞsSn_tamdankarGnuvtþ eFVIkar
FanaBIkRmiténkareKarBtamkic©snüa\NTan rYmmankic©snüaEdlTak;TgnwgkarkarBar EfrkSasgÁm nig
brisßan nigeFVIkarvaytémøhaniP½ysRmab;karGnuvtþKeRmagRbkbedayeCaKC½yCaRbcaM.
12 OD 4>30, ¶ 26.
13
CMBUk 2 ³ KeRmag bribTrbs;KeRmag nigRBwtþikarN_kñúgtMbn;bwgkk;
k> sßanPaBTUeTA
41> CMBUkenHnwgmankarerobrab;BIKeRmag nigkarbBa¢ak;BIKMnitsMxan;²EdlqøúHbBa©aMgBIkarerobcMKeRmagenH
eBalKW TMnak;TMngrvagkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigsuvtþiPaBénsiT§ikan;kab;dI. CMBUkenHk¾nwgbgðajpg
EdrBImhicäkaénKeRmag Edlmanmhicäita eBalKWmansmasPaBKeRmag nigplRbeyaCn_rMBwgTuk
d¾eRcInsn§wksn§ab;.
42> bribTénKeRmagenHmanPaBrkaMrkUs dUcEdl)anqøúHbBa©aMgkñúgkarerobcMKeRmagenH. RkumGFikarkic© k¾)an
yl;RsbEdlfakarbwþgtva:edIm,IesñIsMu[mankarRtYtBinitüeLIgvij niglT§plrMBwgTuk nigplb:HBal;
nana rbs;KeRmag[eKyl;TaMgGs;KñakñúgbribTenH. CMBUkenHnwgpþl;nUvB½t’manTUeTAEp¥kelITidæPaB4 KW ³
- RbvtiþénerOgr:avEdlbgáreGaymanTaMgPaBraMgsÞHKYreGaysegVKdl;rbbkmµsiTi§ nigkarExVgKMnitKñaelI
niymn½y nigkarkMNt;kmµsiT§iRsbc,ab;.
- kMENTRmg;nanafµI²enHelIc,ab;sþIBIdIFøI minmanmUldæanc,ab;c,as;las; nigminTan;mankarGnuvtþsmRsb
edIm,IkMNt;faetIGIVCadIrdæ nigdINaGacpþl;kmµsiT§ieGayPaKIÉkCn.
- briFanénkarRKb;RKgdIFøI RtUvrgeRKaHedaykarxVHxatsmtßPaB karxVHxatPaBc,as;las;elItYnaTI nigkar
TTYlxusRtUvrbs;sßab½n nigédKUBak;B½n§nana.
- kareFVInKrUbnIkmµelOnhYsehtu kñúgbribTénkarrIkcMerInxøaMgEpñkesdækic© nigkarekIneLIgénkarvinieyaK
breTs )aneFVIeGaymanGesßrPaBEpñkkmµsiT§idIkñúgtMbn;RbCMuCn CaBiessKWenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj.
43> cMENkcugeRkayénCMBUkenHpþl;nUvsavtamYycMnYnBIRBwtiþkarN_kñúgtMbn;bwgkk; EdlnaMeGaymankar
beNþjecj edaybgçitbgçMnignaMeGaymankaresñIsMueGaymankarRtYtBinitüenH. edayEp¥kelIÉksar
Edlman nigbTsMPasn_nana CMBUkenHk¾manerobrab;pgEdrBIrebobénkarvinicä½yelIbBaðadIFøI eRkambribT
énKeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al nigkarbeNþjecjeRkayBItMbn;enaHRtUv)anCYleTA[GñkvinieyaK
ÉkCn. CMBUkenHk¾manrUbftnana EdlbBaðajBIsßanPaBenAeBlEdl RkumGFikarkic©)ancuHeTAeFVI
TsSnkic©enAtMbn;enaH.
x> KeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al (LMAP)
44> KeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)alenH ¬“KeRmagenH”¦maneKalbMNgkñúgkarKaMRTdl;eKaledAcMbg rbs;
yuT§sa®sþCMnYykñúgRbeTs (CAS) qñaM 2000 rbs;FnaKarBiPBelakkñúgkar “ksagmUldæanRKwHsMrab;
karGPivDÆ nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkRbkbedaynirnþrPaB ” tamry³ ¬1¦ GPi)alkic©l¥rYmmanrdæ)al
saFarN³mYyEdlmanRbsiT§PaB nigKNenyüPaB RBmTaMgRkbx½NÐc,ab;nigRbB½n§yutiþFm’EdlKYr[
14
eCOCak;)ankñúgkarkarBarsiT§iCamUldæanrbs; mnusS nigsiT§ikan;kab;RTBüsm,tþi nig ¬2¦pþl;siT§ikan;Et
eRcIneLIgdl;GñkRkIRkkñúgkarTTYl)annUvesvamUldæanEpñksgÁm nig»kasEpñkesdækic©nana.
45> yuT§sa®sþCMnYykñúgRbeTs (CAS) qñaM 2000 enH)anbgðajBIPaBxVHxatkñúgkarTTYl)annUvkmµsiT§idIFøI
EdlCaktþa cMbgnaMeTArkPaBRkIRkenAtMbn;CnbT nigPaBxVHxatnUv»kasTTYl)anR)ak;cMNUl ehIyman
elIkeLIgpgEdrfa RbeTskm<úCaenABMuTan;manRkbx½NÐkñúgkarRKb;RKgdIFøIRKb;RKan;enAeLIyeT. kMEN
TRmg;nanaedIm,IkMNt;eGay)an c,as;BIc,ab;sþIBIdIFøI EpnkareRbIR)as;dIFøI nigkareFVI b¤ karpþl;kmµsiT§dIFøI
k¾RtUv)an elIkeLIgmkBicarNaeday Rkum GñkcUlrYmcMbg²na»kasénkarBieRKaHeyabl;edIm,IbegáItnUv
yuT§sa®sþ CMnYykñúgRbeTs (CAS) enHeLIg.13
46> KeRmagenHmaneKalbMNgKaMRTdl;karGPivDÆRkbx½NÐc,ab;sRmab;rdæ)al nigkarRKb;RKgdIFøI nigkar
ksag smtßPaBsßab½nrbs;rdæaPi)alfñak;Cati nigfñak;extþRkug edIm,Ikt;Rta nigKaMBarsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøI.
elIsBIenHeTAeTot KeRmagenHmaneKalbMNgCYydl;rdæaPi)al edaymankarshkarCamYynwg
sgÁmsIuvil GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnana edIm,IbegáItRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIdIFøICamUldæanmYy Edl
Fana[mansiT§iesµIKñakñúgkarkan;kab;dIFøI edIm,IbegáIn »kasEpñkesdækic© CaBiesssRmab;CnRkIRk nigRkum
RbCaCnEdlgayrgeRKaHdéTeTot. KeRmagenHk¾manbMNg CYysRmbsRmYlkarRKb;RKgFnFan
FmµCati RbkbedaynirnþrPaBpgEdr.14
47> CaBiesseTAeTot edayeyagelIkic©RBmeRBog\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ KeRmagenHnwgCYydl;Gñkx©I
edIm,I {eFVIeGayRbesIreLIgnUvesßrPaBénkmµsiT§dIFøI nigelIkkMBs;dl;karbegáIteLIgnUvTIpSadIFøIEdlman
RbsiT§PaB} ehIyeKalbMNgrbs;KRmagenHRtUv)anbegáIteLIgdUcteTA ³ {¬1¦ karbegáIteLIgnUveKal
neya)ayCatiRKb;RKan; ¬2¦ karcuHeQµaH nigpþl;b½NÐkmµsiT§idIFøIkñúgtMbn;RbCMuCn nigCnbT kñúgtMbn;Edl
)anEcgkñúgKeRmag RBmTaMg ¬3¦ karbegáIteLIgnUvRbB½n§rdæ)aldIFøIEdlmantmøaPaB nigRbsiT§iPaB.}15
48> eKalbMNgTaMgenHKWRtUvseRmceGay)antamry³smasPaB 5 KW ³ ¬1¦ karbegáItRkbx½NÐKtiyutþi
nigeKal neya)aydIFøI ¬2¦ GPivDÆsßab½n ¬3¦ kmµviFIpþl;kmµsiT§idIFøI nigkarbegáItRbB½n§cuHbBa¢IdIFøI
13
yuT§sa®sþCMnYykñúgRbeTs (CAS) qñaM 2000 TMB½r 6 RbGb;TI 3 14
KeRmagenHedIrdMNalKñanwgskmµPaBTaMgLay EdlKaMRTedayKeRmag North East Village Development Edl
kMBugdMeNIrkareday manCMnYy]btßmÖBIsmaKmGPivDÆGnþrCati nigKeRmagCIvcRmuH nigesckþIesñIKeRmagéRBeQI
nigesckþIesñIKeRmagrdæ)almUldæan nig ehdæarcnasm<½n§enAtMbn;CnbT. PDA TMB½r 2
15 kic©RBmeRBog\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ (Development Credit Agreement - DCA) ¬KeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nig rdæ)al¦
rvagRBHraCaNacRkm<úCa nigsmaKmGPivDÆGnþrCati cuHéf¶TI 27 Ex mIna qñaM 2002.
15
rYmTaMg tMbn;RbCMuCn nigCnbT kñúg 11 extþ nigRkugPñMeBj ¬4¦ BRgwgynþkarkñúgkaredaHRsayTMnas;
nig ¬5¦ karRKb;RKgdIFøI.
49> cMNucsMxan;CaBiessEdlTak;Tgdl;karesñIsMu[eFVIGFikarkic©enH KWTak;TgnwgsmasPaB TI 3 TI 4 nig
TI 5 énKeRmagenH.
- smasPaBTI 3 maneKalbMNgkñúgkarKaMRTkarecjkmµsiT§idIFøI nigkarbegáIteLIgnUvRbB½n§énkarcuH
bBa¢IdIFøI mYyEdlRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB nigtmøaPaB.
- smasPaBTI 4 maneKalbMNgBRgwgynþkaredaHRsayTMnas;tamry³karksagsmtßPaBeGay KN³
kmµkarsurieyadICati nigpþl;karKaMRTdl;KN³kmµkarsurieyadIenHenAfñak;extþ.
enAeRkamsmasPaBenHEdr
GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnanaRtUvCab;kic©snüakñúgkarpþl;nUvCMnYyEpñkc,ab;CUncMeBaHRbCaCnRkIRkbMputkñúgTMn
as; dIFøI.
- smasPaBTI 5 énKeRmagenHpþl;nUvkarerobcMEpnTIcMNat;fñak;dIFøI nigkareRbIR)as;dIFøI tamry³ inter
alia Edlmann½yfaCanItiviFIkñúgkarcat;fñak;elIRbePTepSg²éndI nigkarerobcMEpnTIcMNat; fñak;dIFøI
sRmab;extþnimYy² EdlbgðajBIRBuMEdnsImarbs;RbePTepSg²éndI.
50> RksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIkmµ nigsMNg; TTYlxusRtUvelIkarGnuvtþKeRmagenH. kariyal½yRKb;RKg
KeRmag enHRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIkmµ nigsMNg;enH. GPi)alextþnana
EdlenAkñúgRksYgmhaépÞ TTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarRbkasCasaFarN³BITItaMg nigtMbn;EdlnwgmankarGnuvtþ
eFVIkmµsiT§idIFIøCaRbB½n§ ¬EdleyIgehAfa CatMbn;RtUvvinicä½y¦.
51> KeRmagenHRtUv)anCYy]btßmÖCafvikamYyPaKeday\NTanrbs;smaKmGPivDÆGnþrCati (IDA) kñúgTwk
R)ak;srub cMnYn db;R)aMbYnlan bIEsn siT§idkR)ak;Biess ¬SDR 19/300/000¦ EdlesµInwgRbEhlCa
23/4 landuløa Gaemrik. m©as;CMnYydéTeTot ¬EdlehAfa {édKUGPivDÆ} kñúgr)aykarN_enH¦
k¾)ancUl rYmCYyKaMRTdl;KeRmagenH Edr dUcCaRbeTsGaløWm:g; tamry³GgÁkar GTZ (the Deutsche
Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH-GTZ) rdæaPi)alRbeTshVaMgLg; RbeTskaNada
tamry³Pñak;garkaNadasRmab;karGPivDÆGnþrCati (CIDA). FnaKarGPivDÆGasIu min)ancUlrYmpþl;
hirBaØb,Tan dl;KeRmagenHeT Et)anpþl;karKaMRTya:gsMxan;elIEpñkRKb;RKgEdndI tamry³karpþl;
hirBaØb,Tandl;karBinitüeLIgvij nigkareFVIesckþIRBagGnuRkitü nigbTdæanKtiyutiþnanaEdl caM)ac;kñúg
16
karGnuvtþc,ab;sþIBIdIFøI pþl;karbNþúHbNþalelIc,ab;sþIBIdIFøIenH nigpSBVpSayB½t’mansþIBIeKalneya)ay
fµI²c,ab; nignItiviFInana dl;RbCaBlrdæ.16
52> \NTanRtUv)anyl;RBmpþl;edayRkumRbwkSanaykRbtibtþi enAExkumÖH qñaM 2002 ehIycUlCaFrman
enAEx mifuna qñaM 2002. kalbriecäTbiTKeRmagRtUv)ankMNt;CadMbUgenAéf¶TI 31 Ex FñÚ qñaM 2007
ehIy RtUv)anBnüaeBldl; éf¶TI 31 Ex FñÚ qñaM 2009. enAéf¶TI 07 Ex kBaØa qñaM 2009 raCrdæaPi)al
km<úCak¾)anp¥ak;Qb;TTYl\NTanEdlenAesssl;minTan;cay.
53> KeRmagenHRtUv)anKitTukmunfaCadMNak;kalTI 1 énkmµviFIEpnkarry³eBlEvgmYy ya:gehacNas;
RbEhl 15 qñaM Edr.17
lT§plEdl)aneRKagTukry³eBlEvgrbs;KeRmagenHmandUcxageRkam ³18
k> esßrPaBénkmµsiT§idIFøIRtUv)anelIkkMBs;tamry³karpþl;kmµsiT§idIcMnYn 1 lan b½NÑbøg;dI.
x> karvinieyaKekIneLIg TaMgvinieyaKkñúgRsuk nigvinieyaKbreTs tamry³PaBgayRsYlkñúgkar
TTYl)an nUv\NTan nigkarbegáItnUvbriyakasvinieyaKmYyEdlmanmaMmYn zitefr nigGacBüakr)an.
K> RbsiT§PaBkan;Etx<s;kñúgkareRbIR)as;dIFøI edaysarEtkarGPivDÆénTIpSardIFøI TaMgkñúgtMbg;CnbT
nigtMbn; RbCMuCn.
X> karRbmUlBn§)aneRcIn nigEpnkareRbIR)as;dIFøI)anl¥RbesIrCagmun tamry³B½t’manEdlGac
yk)anBI bBa¢IdIFøI RbB½n§surieyadI nignItiviFIénkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøI EdlmanPaBl¥RbesIrCagmun.
g> karRKb;RKgFnFanFmµCatiEdlmanPaBl¥RbesIrCagmun tamry³EpñkÉkCnEdlvinieyaKelI
viFankar nanakñúgkarGPirkSdI nigkarRKb;RKgéRBeQIRbkbedaynirnþrPaB.
K> TidæPaBcMbg²énbribTKeRmag
1> rbbkmµsiT§i 54> edayeFVIkarqøúHbBa¢aMgBIGtItPaBd¾vwkvrrbs;RbeTs nigRbvitþénkarmanFnFandIelIslb; ebIeFobnwgcMnYn
RbCaCnsrub karkMNt;RBMRbTl;dIenAmanPaBCaGñkmansiT§GaRs½yplelIdIGñkdéT CaBiessenAtam
tMbn;CnbT. CalT§pl RbCaCnPaKeRcIneCOfa ebIsinCaBYkeKsñak;enAelIdINa EdlKµanbBaða b¤Kµan
TMnas;enaHeT dIenaHnwgGac køayCadIrbs;BYkeKedayRsbc,ab; ebIeTaHCaBYkeK KµanÉksar b¤b½NÑ
kmµsiT§idIk¾eday.
16
PAD, TMB½r 07
17 PAD, TMB½r 02
18 PAD, TMB½r 14
17
55> karGnuvtþCaTmøab;BImunmkelIkmµsiTi§tamry³kareRbIR)as;dI[manplitPaB mann½yfaGñk eRbIR)as;dI
enaH GacTTYl)annUvPaBRKb;RKan;sRmab;tRmUvkarRbcaMéf¶ ehIyGaceCosputBITMnas; CamYynwgsiT§irYm
rbs;shKmn_. tamry³Epñkbec©keTs enHmann½yfadITaMgGs;CakmµsiT§irbs; rdæ b¤rbs;RBHmhakSRt
EtkarGnuvtþCak;EsþgKWdI enaHCakmµsiTi§rbs;GñkEdleRbIR)as;vakñúgplitkmµ.19
viFIsa®sþkñúgkar
RKb;RKgEdndIEdlminmanmUldæanc,ab;RtwmRtUvenH GacdMeNIrkar)anl¥Et enAkñúgRbeTsEdlRbCaC
RbEhl 4-5 lannak; nigEdlmandg;sIuetTab.
56> kñúgry³eBl 100qñaM rvagqñaM 1884-1989 rdæ)aldIFøIRtUv)aneFVIeLIgeRkamc,ab;xus²Kña CaeRcIn
nigRbB½n§GPi)alkic© EdlrYmmankarbBa©ÚlKñanUvRbePTCaeRcIn EdlfµI²enHeKeRbIviFIÉkCn PavUb,nIy-
kmµ. taMgBIqñaM 1989 mk edaymankarvinieyaKya:gxøaMgkøa nigkarENnaMBIshKmn_GnþrCati eKk¾cab;
epþImBüayameRbIR)as;sþg;dar nigbTdæanGnþrCatikñúgkarRKb;RKgEdndI nigkarvinicä½y. kñúgmYyEpñkén
kMENTRmg;enH épÞdI 2/5 lanhiktaRtUv)anEcknigpþl; eGaym©as;kmµsiT§iÉkCn cMENkÉ 80 PaKry
énépÞdIkñúgRbeTskm<úCasrubRtUv)anrkSaTukCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ nigdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ eRkayRbtibtiþkar
kMENTRmg;rYcmk.20
57> k¾b:uEnþ eTaHCamankarcab;epþImeRbIR)as;rcnasm½<n§Rsbc,ab;CapøÚvkarkñúgRKb;RKgrdæ)aldIFøIenAfñak;Cati
nigfñak;eRkamCatiya:gNak¾eday k¾enAEtmankareRbIR)as;viFIsa®sþCaTmøab;BImunmkrbs; RbCaCnCnbT
kñúgkarrkkmµsiT§idI enAeBlEdlBYkeKmkenATIRbCMuCn. karGnuvtþ2RbePTepSgKña kñúgrdæ)aldIFøIenHenA
EtbnþkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH eTaHCakmµsiT§iÉkCn)ankMBugEtvaylukelItMbn; EdlRKb;RKgedaykareRbI
R)as;karbBa©ÚlKñaénsiT§iCaTmøab;RbéBNI b¤ siT§iedaykareRbIR)as;.
58> karvaytémøEpñksgÁmkic©elIKeRmagenH)ankMNt;fakarvivtþn_énTIpSardIFøImanPaByWty:av nig minesµIKña
EdlCa ehtunaMeGaymankarcab;ykdIRtUv)aneFVIeLIgmuneBlkarEsVgrkkmµsiT§iRsbc,ab;elIdIEdl)an
cab;ykehIyenaH.21
elIsBIenHeTAeTot karvaytémøEpñksgÁmkic©enH)anEføgfakarcab;epþImeLIgvij
énRbB½n§TIpSaresrI {)anbegáIteGay manbBaðaGesßrPaBEpñkkmµsiT§idIFøIdl;RbCaCnCaeRcIn. kalNa
manGaCIvkmµPavUbnIykmµkan;Etx<s; manGesßrPaB kan;EteRcIneLIgcMeBaHRbCaCnEdlmin)ancUlrYmCa
19
kmµsiTi§dI ³ ykBgman;eTACl;nwgfµ? Edayelak Van Acker. Cambodia Development Review, Vol. 3, (3). Cambodia
Development Research Institute, Phnom Penh. 1999. 20
ÉksarvaytémøKeRmag ³ KeRmagénkarEbgEckdIsRmab;GPivDÆEpñkesdækic© nigsgÁmkic©. r)aykarN_FnaKar
BiPBelak. éf¶TI 23 Ex emsa qñaM 2008. 21
karvaytémøEpñksgÁmkic©elIdIFøIenARbeTskm<úCa ³ karcuHkmµsikSaenATIval erobcMeLIgedayRksYgerobcMEdldI nKrUbnIkmµ
nigsMNg; énRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa. Éksarrbs;viTüasßanGPivDÆFnFankm<úCa/ raCFanIPñMeBj qñaM 2001/ TMB½r 7
18
skmµkñúgTIpSarenaH.}22
Cak;Esþg karRtYtBinitüeLIgvijfIµ²enH eTAelIc,ab;sþIBIdIFøI Edl)ancab;epþIm
enAqñaM 1989 kñúgeKalbMNgedIm,IeGayc,ab;enHkan;Etmann½yTUlMTUlay nig manPaBeBjeljCamun
)aneFVIeGaymanTMnas;rvagkmµsiTi§ nigrbbsiTi§ EdlCaEpñkmYyénerOgra:vd¾sµúksµajenAkñúg RbeTs
¬sUmGankñúgRbGb;xageRkam¦
RbGb; 2 ³ RbvtþiénrbbkmµsiTi§dIFøIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa *
Rbvtþiénrdæ)aldIFøIkñúgRbeTskm<úCaqøúHbBa©aMgBIkareRbIR)as;RbePTepSg²kñúgkarRKb;RKg nigeRbIR)as;CaplRbeyaCn_ kñúgkar
bMeBjdl;karRtYtRtaelIépÞRbeTs rYcbnÞab;mkelIFnFanEdlmanenAelIdIenaH. RbvtþilMhUreLIgcuHén RbCaCnevotNam
esom )araMg nig bnÞab;mkRbCaCnsUevotnigGaemric )anCH\T§iBlelIRbeTskm<úCasBVéf¶enH. enHmann½yfamanviFIsaRsþCa
eRcInkñúgkarRKb;RKgdIEdlEp¥kelIRKb;mUldaæntamnItüanukUlRbéBNI Edlbgár[ manPaBsµúRKsµajkñúgkarRbtibtþimUldaæn
c,ab;énrdæ)aldIFøIGnþrCatiCaBiessxagEpñkGWr:ubxaglic.
rhUtdl;stvtSTI 19 RbeTskmþúCasßiteRkamkarRtYtRtaénRbeTsCitxagdUcCa éf nig evotNam EdlnaMmknUv GesßrPaB
kñúgRbBn§½mCÄkarénrdæ)aldIFøI b¤kmµsiT§kan;kab;dIFøI. Ca]TahrN¾ RbeTsevotNam)anbBa©ÚltMbn;CuMvij TenøemKgÁenAcug
stvtSTI17 ehIy)ancab;epþImeRbIR)as;RbB½n§rdæ)aldIFøI Edlx©ITaMgRsugBIcRkB½T§niymcin. PaBxVH xatrdæaPi)alrwgmuaMelIkar
RKb;RKgEdndIkm<úCasBVéf¶ mann½yfadICarbs;GñkNaEdlGacTamTaryk)an b:uEnþkñúgkar Gnuvtþn¾Cak;EsþgRbCaBlrdæGac
lk;dIrbs;BYkeKedayesrI nigGaceFVIksikmµelIdITaMgenaHtamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an. edaycMnYnRbCaBlrdætic enaHma©s;
ksikmµGacpaøs;TI BItMbn;mYyeTAtMbn;mYyeTot ehIyTamTareFVICama©s;kmµsiTi§ elItMbn;dIEdl)aneRbIR)as;ehIy edaymin)an
bMeBjEbbbT b¤minmanÉksarRtwmRtUv. mYyPaKFMénRbCaBlrdækm<úCa BiessGñkEdlminGacQaneTArkrdæaPi)alTaMg
fñak;Cati nigfñak;mUldæan TRmg;énkarRKb;RKgEbbBak;kNþalpøÚvkar énkarcat;kar nigerobcMdIFøIRtUv)anbnþrhUtdl;bc©úb,nñ.
meFüa)aykan;EtRtwmRtUvénrdæ)aldIFøI RtUv)anbgMçeGayRbCaBlrdæeFVItam eRkaykarRKb;RKgénrdæaPi)alkm<úCa nig
eRkamGaNaBüa)al)araMg. kic©RBmeRBogsþIBIdIFøIfµImYyRtU)anbegáIteLIgkñúgqñaM 1884 ¬eTaHbICamin)anRbtibtiþ
eBjeljrhUtdl;qañM 1912 edaymankarts‘U BI GñkCYldIksikmµ¦ tammKÁúeTsnItüanukUl sMrab;rdæ)aldI nig
karcab;epþImkarpþl;kmµsiTi§dIeGayeTACaRTBüsm,tiþÉkCn.
taMgBIeBlenaHmk )araMg)anbBa¨ÚlRbB½n§ènkarpþl;dIsm,Tanesd§kic¨ PaKeRcIn sMrab;dMNaMekAs‘U nigdMNaMepSg². kRmit
énRbB½n§nItüanukUl nigc,ab;m©as;kmµsiTi§ mann½yfadIEdlminTan;manmnusSenA RtUvcat;TukfaCadITMenr ehIyGac GnuBaØat[
RbCaBlrdælk;dIrbs;eK)an ehIyerIeTAkñúgéRBbnþ ehIyGacTamTarCam©as;kmµsiT§enAdIfµIenaHeTot. CalT§plénkarekIn
eLIgénBaNiC©kmµksikmµ nigTMnak;TMngénRbB½n§sm,Tanesd§kic©kñúgqñaM 1930 PaKeRcIn éndIEdlpþl;EpøpáaTMhMtUcRtUv)an
EckCaeRcIncMENkticCag5hictanigkardaMdMNaMxañtFMRtUv)an cab;epþImeLIg.
RbB½n§énsiT§iÉkCnelIRTBüsm,tiþ )anbnþeRkayBIkarTTYlÉkraCüBI)araMgqañM 1953 nig CMerOnRbCaCnkalBIqñaM 1962 )an
bgðajfamanRKYsareFVIksikmµCag 800>000 RKYsarEdlman 84 PaKryCama©s;kmµsiTi§EtmYyKt; ¬eBalKWminEmnCaGñk
22
karvaytémøEpñksgÁmkic©/ TMB½r 10
19
CYldI nigminEmnCaGñkRbvas;ksipleT¦. b:uEnþRbB½n§rdæ)aldIFøIenH cab;epþImeFVI[karKµandI ekIneLIg edayRKYsartUc²
CaeRcInCab;CMBak;bMNulya:gxøaMg nigRtUv)anbgçMeGaylk;dIedIm,Isg;bMNulBYkeK. bBaðaenHkan;EtxøaMgeLIg cab;taMgBIsRgÁam
rvagevotNam nigGaemrik kñúgGMLúgeBlEdltMbn;FM²RtUv)anTMlak; RKab;Ebk BiessKWtambeNþayRBMEdnkm<úCaevotNam.
esÞIrEt2lannak;éncMnYnRbCaCn bþÚrlMenABItMbn;RBMEdn eTARkugepSg²eTot nig BiessKW TIRkugPñMeBj.
kñúgGMLúgeBlrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ¬ExµrRkhm¦ qañM 1975-1979 KMniténkmµsiT§iÉkCnRtUv)anlubbM)at; ehIy rbb
enaHkarBar siT§ipaþc;karénrdæGMNacEdlCam©as;ral;dIFøITaMgGs; nig ral;GclnRTBüTaMgLay. PaKeRcInén m©as;dI nigbBa¢I
surieyadI RtUv)anbMpøicbMpaøj ehIy rdæaPi)albgçMRbCaCn eGayeTACaRkumkargarshkrN_. kñúgkMLúgeBlénrbbenHRbCaCn
RbmaN 1-3 lannak;)ansøab;edaysarEtGt;Gahar nigkareKobsgát;BIrdæ.
xN³eBlEdldITaMgGs; bnþkan;kab;edayrd§ ehIysßitkñúgGMLúgeBlEdl evotNamCH\T§iBldl;kar Føak;cuHénrbb Exµr
Rkhm ¬1979-89¦ KMnitpøas;bþÚrcab;epþImvilfyeRkay cMeBaHkarbBa©ÚlKañénkareRbIR)as;siT§iCaRbvtþisaRsþ edIm,IbegIþt
siT§idIeFVIksikmµ dIlMenAda§n nigdIÉkCnEdlTTYlsÁal;enAeRkamRbB½n§§RKb;RKgc,ab;. CalT§pl TaMgma©s; kmµsiTi§RtwmRtUv
nigBak;kNaþlRtwimRtUvsuT§swgEteRbIRbB½n§siT§iénrdæ)aldI EdlRbtibtiþCamYykarRKb;RKgRtwmRtUv kñúgtMbn;Rkug nigbnÞab;mk
eTot kñúgtMbn;CnbTnana.
RbGb;TI 2 eyagtamRbPBsMxan;²mYycMnYn dYcCa rd§FmµnujfµIénRbeTskm<úCa cab;BIsRgÁamsIuvil eTAkar)ak;Ebk
RbCaFibetyü sMKal;eday karBinitüeTAelIc,ab;sþIBIsiT§imnusS ènRbeTs kuLMb‘Í elx 26 TMB½r 45-110 nig kMEN
TRmg;c,ab; nigkarTTYlsaÁl;siT§iCarYm én TurKÁtCn éndIFøI nig vb,Fm_énkarrs;ran;manCIvit. siTi§dIFøIrYmKña énTurKÁtCnGasIu
edayelak sIumUlun ma:nILa eday FanaKaGPivD,n¾GasIu. nig karpøas;bþÚrénRbCaBlrdæ enAkm<úCa nig bBaða sMrab;karGPivD,n¾
nig karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk edayelak das;va:ma: CI;>Gil > karGPivD,n_RBItþb½Rt qañM 2003 elx 62 TMB_r 74-80.
2> karerobcMEdndIrbs;rdæ 59> eKalneya)ayerobcMEdldICati qñaM 1989 ³ tamry³eKalneya)ayenH rdæaPi)al)ankMNt;fakmµsiTi§
dIFøITaMgGs;Edl)anbegáIteLIgmunqñaM 1979 minRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;eToteLIy ehIydITaMgGs;kñúgépÞ
RbeTsKWCaRTBüsm,tiþrbs;rdæ. eKalneya)ayenHCalT§pl)aneFVI[mankarcab;epþImeLIgvijkñúg
karGnuvtþRbB½n§fµImYy.23
kñúgkic©RbwgERbgmYyedIm,IedaHRsayplb:HBal;CaGviC¢manéneKalkarN_
semahPaBniymrbs;rbbExµrRkhm eKalneya)ay qñaM 1989 enH)anbBa¢ak;BIsiT§iedIm,Ikan;kab; nig
eRbIR)as;dIFøI nigsiT§ikñúgkarlk;dIrdæsMrab;kartaMglMenAdæan nigkareFVIGaCIvkmµnana. eKalneya)ayenH
)anEbgEckdICabIRbePTKW ³ ¬1¦ dIsMrab;sagsg;lMenAdæan ¬minRtUvFMCag 2>000 EmRtkaereLIy¦/
23
esckþIENnaMsþIBIkarGnuvtþeKalneya)ayénkareRbIR)as; nigkarerobcMEdndI ecjedayTIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI elx 03
sNn. ÉksaerobcMeLIgedayRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; cuHéf¶TI 03 Ex mifuna qñaM 1989. GtßbTTI 1
énc,ab;dIFøI qñaM 1992 k¾)anEføgfa {rdæminTTYlsÁal;kmµsiT§iRTBüsm,tþidIFøIEdl)aneFVIrYcmunqñaM 1979 eLIy.}
20
¬2¦ dIksikmµsMrab;plitkmµFn;tUc ¬minRtUvFMCag 5>000 hiktaeLIy¦/ nig ¬3¦ dIsm,Tan
sMrab;eRbIR)as;elIvis½yksikmµ nigBaniC¢kmµnana ¬FMCag 5>000 hikta¦.24
60> kñúgcMeNamRbePTTaMgbIenH siT§ikan;kab;ÉkCnGacTTYl)ansMrab;karykeTAsg;eFVIlMenAdæan ¬RbePTTI
1¦. sMrab;RbePTTI 2 nigTI 3 eKmanEtsiT§ikñúgkareRbIR)as; nigsiT§iCam©as; RKb;RKgpþac;muxelIk,al
dIenHb:ueNÑaH.25
dIEdlenATMenrelIsBIry³eBl 3 qñaM nwgRtUvCarbs;rdævij.26
61> c,ab;dIFøIqñaM 1992 ³ GaCJaFrbeNþaHGasñnrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati ¬ehAkat;fa UNTAC¦ )anRbkas [
eRbIc,ab;dIFøIqñaM 1992 Edl)anEcgBIeKalkarc,ab; nigsþg;darGnþrCati kñúgkareRbIR)as;nigkan;kab;dIFøI
edayeyageTA elIkaryl;dwgc,as;mYyEdlfa {RbCaCnkm<úCaRKb;rUbmansiTi§eBjeljkñúgkarkan;kab;
nigeRbIR)as;dIFøI.}27
EtkñúgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg c,ab;enHEtgEtRtUv)anbMePøcecal b¤eRbIR)as;minsmRsb
edIm,IekgykRbeyaCn_edaym®nþI.28
PaBminsIuKñarvagRTwsþIc,ab; nigkarGnuvtþkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj nigenA
kEnøgdéTeTog)annaMeGaymankarGMBavnavkan;EtxøaMg eLIgkñúgkarEsVgrktmøaPaBBIsMNak;RbCaCnkñúg
tMbn;RbCMuCn edIm,IykQñHelIkMENTRmg;FM²EdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§TaMgenH.
62 eTaHCamankareFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmµelIdInigRTBüsm,tþirdætamry³c,ab;sþIBIdIFøIqñaM 2002 ya:gxøaMgkøa
ya:gNak¾eday vismPaB)anbnþkan;EteRcIneLIgEdlCabBaðakñúgtMbn;mUldæan ehIyPaBxVHxatnigGt;dI
kñúgtMbn;RbCMuCnnanak¾kan;EtekIneLIgxøaMgEdrKYreGayeTamnsS. plb:HBal;edaypÞal;énKMnitpþÜcepþIm
kñúgkarEbgEckdIFøI rvagqñaM 1989 nig 1998 elIkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk KWmankarBi)akkñúgkarKNnaCa
24
esckþIENnaMsþIBIkarGnuvtþeKalneya)ayénkareRbIR)as; nigkarerobcMEdndI Ex mifuna qñaM 1989. 25
TidæPaBEpñksgÁmkic©énkMENTRmg;dIFøI nigrdæ)aldIFøI enAkñúgsmaCCati FIG qñaM2010 sþIBIkMENTRmg;dIFøI
nigkarCYbnwgplvi)ak nana ³ karksagsmtßPaB. RkugsIudnI RbeTsGU®sþalI/ elak suvNÑ ¬2010¦ éf¶ 11-15 Ex emsa
qñaM 2010 nig elak Williams, S. ¬1999¦. {karRtYtBinitüesckþIRBagEpñknItikmµEdndIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
kñúgKeRmagénkarsikSaBIdIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa eFVIenATIRkugPñMeBj{. ¬ÉksarminTan;)ane)aHBumÖ¦ 26
kMENTRmg;c,ab; nigkarTTYlsÁal;BIsiTi§tMbn;rbs;RbCaCnEdlCaCnCatiPaKtic kñúgsiT§imandI nigvb,Fm’edIm,Irs;enA
smRsb ³ siTi§elIdIFøIkñúgtMbn;rbs;RbCaCnEdlCaCnCatiPaKtickñúgTVIbGasIu. RkugmanILa/ FnaKarGPivDÆGasIu/ Simbolon,
I. qñaM 2009 TMB½r 73. 27
c,ab;cuHéf¶TI 13 Ex tula qñaM 1992 sþIBIdIFøI GtßbTelx 2. 28
siTi§mnusSenAkm<úCa ³ muxmat;xageRkAénesßrPaB. sm<½n§ExµrCMerOnnigkarBarsiTi§mnusSenAkm<úCa ¬ehAkat;fa
LICADHO¦ qñaM 2006. eKhTMB½reGeLcRtUnic http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/reports.php?perm=86, p.3.
21
tYelx eTaHCamnusSPaKeRcIn)anenAEtRbEkkfa karGPivDÆTaMgenH)aneFVIeGaysßanPaBrbs;GñkRkIRk
kan;EtdundabeLIg².29
63> c,ab;dIFIøqñaM 2001 ³ c,ab;dIFIøqñaM 2001 RtUv)anGnum½tedaymYyEpñkFMEp¥kelIkarBitmYyEdlfa dMeNIr
vivDÆn_ eTArkkarGPivDÆEpñkesdækic©nigsgÁmkic© caM)ac;RtUvkarRbB½n§énsiTi§kan;kab;dId¾rwugbwugmYy
k¾dUcCakarEdlRtUvEtmankarcat;Ecg nigRKb;RKgEdndIEdlmanPaBl¥RbesIrCagmun. edayqøúHbBa©aMgBI
RbB½n§cas;² c,ab;)anTTYlsÁal;BIkmµsiTi§ 3 RbePT elIdIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaKW ³ RTBüsm,tiþCa
saFarN³rbs;rdæ ¬]TahrN_dUcCa éRBeQI tMbn;karBar¦ sRmab;karGPirkSFnFan RTBüsm,tiþÉkCn
rbs;rdæ sRmab;karGPivDÆEpñkesdækic©nigsgÁmkic© nigRTBüsm,tiþÉkCn ¬dUcCa dIsMrab;karRbkbrbr
ksikmµ nigeFVICalMenAdæan¦. enAkñúgkmµsiTi§énRbePTRTBüsm,tiþÉkCnenH kmµsiTi§GacCarbs;
buKÁlmñak; rbs;PUmi b¤edayshkmµsiTi§. karEbgEckeLIgvijPaKeRcInKWmanlkçN³Cakarpþl;CadI
sm,Tan EdlCa karpþl;enAxageRkAc,ab; nigniytkmµnana dUcCac,ab;sþIBIdIFøIqñaM 2002 CaedIm
ehIyeKsµanTukrYcehIyfaenAcugqñaM 1990 eRcInCag 1 PaK 3 énshKmn_CnbTRtUv)anbeNþjecj
BIdIrbs;BYkeK edaysarEtkarpþl;sm,TandI nig sm,TanéRBeQI.30
64> RbePTTaMg 3éndIenHpþl;CaRkbx½NÐbc©úb,nñenHsMrab;eqøIynUvsMNYrEpñkc,ab;nanaelIkarGPivDÆ nigsiTi§
eRbIR)as;dI TaMgkñúgtMbn;CnbT nigRbCMuCn. dUecñHehIy c,ab;enH nigGnuRkwtüEdlekIteLIgbnþbnÞab;
begáIt)anCamUldæancMbgmYysRmab;vaytémøsiTi§ nigGMNackñúgkarTTYl)andIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. cMnuc
sMxan;²rbs;c,ab;enHRtUv)anelIkykmk BiPakSaedIm,Ipþl;CaKMnitkñúgkarviPaKrbs;GFikarkic© kñúgCMBUkTI
3.
etIGIVCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ? eyagtammaRtaTI 12 ³ {rdæKWCam©as;énRTBüsm,tiþTaMgGs;EdlmankñúgépÞ
RbeTsénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa dUcEdl)anerobrab;kñúgmaRtaTI 58 énrdæFmµnujqñaM 1993 nigelIRTBü
sm,tiþTaMgLayEdlKµanm©as; b¤KµanGñkTTYlmrtk } enHmann½yfa {RTBüsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæKWRtUv
29 sUmGan karBinitüemIlelIRbPBbnÞab;bnSMEdlTak;TgnwgkmµsiTi§dI nigbBaðaTTYlsiTi§. PñMeBj ³ KeRmagdIFøIkm<úCa
rbs;GgÁkar Oxfam ¬rbs;cRkPBGg;eKøs¦ 30
karbegáItbNþúMTinñn½yBIkmµsiTi§dIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ³ PñMeBj/ km<úCa edayelak Ballard, B. qñaM 2006.
eKhTMB½reGeLcRtUnic ³ http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0306t/A0306T08.htm
22
cat;kñúgRbePTbMrugTuk }31
k¾b:uEnþ c,ab;min)anEcgc,as;eTfadITaMgGs;kñúgRbeTskm<úCaCadIsaFarN³
rbs;rdæ enaHeT.
maRtaTI 15 )ankMNt;niymn½yénRbePTRTBüsm,tþiEdlcUlkñúgRbePTCaRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæ
edaybBa©ÚlTaMgRTBüsm,tþiTaMgLayNaEdlmanedImkMeNItFmµCati dUcCaéRBeQI pøÚvTwkEdlGaccracr
)an bwgFmµCati RcaMgTwksÞwgTenø nigeqñrsmuRT RBmTaMgRTBüsm,tþiTaMgLayNaEdlRtUv)anbegáIt
eLIgCaBiess sRmab;kareRbIR)as;TUeTA dUcCakMBg;Ep pøÚvrfePøIg sßanIyrfePøIg nigRBlanynþehaH
ehIynwgRTBüsm,tþi TaMgLayNaEdlbegáIteLIgsMrab;CaRbeyaCn_rYm sMrab;kareRbIR)as;rYm TaMgPaB
CaFmµCati TaMgeRkaykar begáItrYc dUcCa pøÚvfñl; pøÚvEdk pøÚvreTHeKaRkbI pøÚvedIr sYnc,ar sYnkMsanþ
saFarN³ nigdIbRmugTukCaedIm. enHmann½yfaRbePTEdlesssl;éndI Edlmin)anrab;bBa©Úlkñúg
RbePTEdl)anbBa¢ak;xagelIeTenaH KW Ca dIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ TaMgGs;.
esckþIENnaMsþIBIsßanPaBEpñkc,ab;rbs;dIrdæk¾manEcgkñúgGnuRkwtücuHqñaM 2005 sþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ
pgEdr EdlmaRta 3 kñúgGnuRkwtüenaH)anEcgfa {cMENkdInImYy²rbs;rdænwgRtUvcuHkñúgbBa¢ICadIsaFarN³
rbs;rdæ nigdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ . }32
k¾b:uEnþGnuRkwtüenHmin)ankMNt;BIsßanPaBEpñkc,ab;rbs;dIrdæmuneBjén
karcuHbBa¢IenaHeT. maRta 12 )anEcgfa {RbsinebIkarkMNt;GtþsBaØaN nigkareFVIEpnTIdIrdæminTan;)an
bBa©b;eTenaH KN³kmµkarextþRkugRKb;RKgdIrdæextþRkug nwgeFVIkaresuIbGegátBIkarGHGagEdlmincuH
sRmugKñarvagsßab½nnana b¤ GaCJaFrEdndI ehIynwgpþl;»kasdl;saFarN³CnedIm,Ipþl;mtielIkareFVI
cMNat;fñak;enH. }33
etIdINaEdlGackan;kab;)anCaÉkCnnigRsbc,ab;? maRta 6 )anEcgfa {manEtkarkan;kab;Edl
Rsbc,ab; b:eNÑaHEdlGacnaMeTAdl;karTTYl)ankmµsiTi§ }. dUecñHebIkarkan;kab;BIdMbUgeFVIeLIgeday
minRsbc,ab;enaH Gñkkan;kab;enaHminGacnwgkøayCam©as;kmµsiTi§)aneT. edIm,I[Rsbc,ab; maRta 38
)anEcgfa {edIm,IkøayCam©as;kmµsiTi§elIRTBüsm,tiþGclnvtßúNamYy karkan;kab;RtUveFVIeLIgedayKµan
PaBmnÞil KµanGMeBIhigSa GacdwgB¤CasaFarN³ edayCab;lab; nigedaysucrit }. k¾b:uEnþ maRta 30
)anEcgfa {GñkNa k¾eday munkarRbkaseGayeRbIc,ab;enHry³eBlelIsBI 5 qñaM Edl)ankan;kab;elI
GclnRTBümYyEdlKµan TMnas;CamYyGñkNamñak;eTot GacmansiT§iedIm,IsMueFVICam©as;kmµsiTi§Rsbc,ab;
31
eyagelI karsMerc)aneKalbMNgeKalneya)ayènkarGPivDÆ c,ab; yutþiFm’ nigkRmgGtßbTsþIBIkarGPivDÆ edayFnaKar
BiPBelak enATIRkugva:sIunetan DI sIu. 32
GnuRkwtüsþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ elx 118/ maRta 3 33
GnuRkwtüsþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ elx 118/ maRta 12 ¬K¦
23
elIGcnlRTBüenaH } ¬mankarbBa¢ak;bEnßm¦. dUecñHsßanPaBEpñkc,ab;énkarkan;kab;dMbUg KWCaKnøwH
sMxan;edIm,IBicarNakñúgkarvaytémø elIPaBEdlGacTTYl)anb½NÑkmµsiTi§.
65> kñúgkarerobcMedIm,Icab;epþImrbbRbCaFibetyüBhubkSkñúgqñaM 1993 KNbkSneya)ayCaeRcIn)ancab;
epþImeFVIyuT§nakaredIm,IrksMelgeqñatedIm,IKaMRTKNbkSxøÜn. muneBle)aHeqñat mnusSPaKeRcIn)annaMKña
kan;kab;dIrdæEdlenATMenr minTan;)ankMNt;RtwmRtUv nigminTan;)ancuHbBa¢I. GñktaMglMenAdæanelIdITaMg
enaHTTYl)anÉksarmYycMnYnEdl bgðajfaBYkeKmankarGnuBaØatiþedIm,Ikan;kab;dIEdlBYkeK)ansag
sg;lMenAdæanrYcenaH. vaKWCaÉksarTaMgGs;enHehIy EdlbegáIt)anCamUldæanénkarTamTarnanaEdl
GñktaMglMenAdæanTaMgenaHGacmansiTi§TTYl)ankarEcknUvb½NÑkmµsiTi§ eyageTAelIc,ab;.
66> Gñkkan;kab;dIEdlcat;TukfaCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæminGacRtUv)anBicarNaedIm,Ipþl;CUnnUvkmµsiTi§)aneT.
k¾b:uEnþ enHCakarsnµt;EdlKitfadITaMgGs;RtUv)ancuHbBa¢ICapøÚvkarrYcehIyCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ enAeBl
énkarkan;kab;)aneFVIeLIg.34
enH)anelIkCasMNYrmYycMnYnrYmman faetIRBMudIrbs;TIkEnøgsaFarN³
dUcCasYnc,ar KYrEtRtUvkMNt;[)anc,as;las; eFVIvas;Evg nigcuHbBa¢I[)anmunkarkan;kab;NamYyEdr
b¤eT. RbsinebIdITaMgenHRtUv)ankMNt;c,as; las;ehIy)ancuHbBa¢IRtwmRtUv dITaMgenaHKWGacRtUvrab;bBa©Úl
CadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæRtwmRtUvehIy ehIykarkan;kab;Na mYyeRkaykarkMNt; nigcuHbBa¢IenH nwgRtUvcat;
TukfaCakarxusc,ab;. k¾b:uEnþ RbsinebIkEnøgmYyminTan;)aneFVIsegátvas;Evg kt;RtaTuk b¤cuHbBa¢ICadI
saFarN³rbs;rdæeTenH vaGacRtUv)ancat;TukfaCadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ EdlCaehtunaMeGaykar kan;kab;dMbUg
enHRsbc,ab; nigRBmTaMgGacTTYl)ankmµsiTi§pgEdr.
etIeBlNaEdldIsaFarN³rbs;rdæGacRtUvcat;fñak;eGaykøayCadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ?
enHCabBaðaTak;Tgnwg mUldæanEdlnaMdl;karGacERbkøaydIsaFarN³rbs;rdæmkCadIÉkCnrbs;
rdæ. maRta 43 énc,ab;sIþBIdIFøIqñaM 2001 )anEcgfa {KµankrNINamYyEdlRTBüsm,tiþrbs;rdæ
GacRtUvykCakmµsiTi§)aneT. sßanPaBénGñkEdlkan;kab;dIEdlCaRTBüsm,tiþrbs;rdæKWRbQm
nwgkardkhUtykvij b¤karxusc,ab; RbsinebIkarkan;kab; enaHminmankarGnuBaØatiþeTAtamlkçN³
NamYyRsbtamc,ab;enH. }.
eyaltammaRta 16 )anEcgfa {RTBüsm,tiþsaFarN³rbs;rdæKWminGaclk;)aneT ehIyk¾Kµankar
ecjpþl; CakmµsiTi§eGayGñkNamñak;eLIy. } k¾b:uEnþmaRtaenHbnþEcgfa {eBlEdlRTBüsm,tiþ
saFarN³rbs;rdæ)at;bg;témøénkareRbIR)as;rbs;saFarN³Cn vaGacRtUvcuHbBa¢ICaRTBüsm,tiþ
34
RbePTéndIEdlrYmbBa©ÚlCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæKWRtUv)ankMNt;niymn½yenAkñúgmaRta 15 énc,ab;enH.
24
ÉkCnrbs;rdæeTAtamc,ab;eday mankarepÞreQµaHBIRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæeTACaRTBüsm,tþi
ÉkCnrbs;rdæ }.35
maRta 17 bnþEcgfa RTBüsm,tþiÉkCnrbs;rdæGaclk;)an epþaHbþÚr)an
EbgEck b¤epÞrsiTi§)an. eyagtammaRta 17 RTBüTaMgenH GacCYl)an ehIyl½kçx½NÐ nignItiviFI
nanakñúgkarlk; b¤CYl nigRKb;RKgTaMgLayeTAelI RTBüsm,tþiÉkCn rbs;rdæenHRtUvEcgeday
GnuRkwtü.
3> Rcnasm<½n§sßab½nénrdæ)aldIFøI
67> karTTYlxusRtUvelIrdæ)aldIFøI siTi§kan;kab;dI nigsiTi§elIRTBüsm,tþinanakñúgRbeTskm<úCa KWRtUvEckrMElk
rvagsßab½nmYycMnYn ehIyGaNtþirbs;sßab½nnImYy²TaMgenHEtgEtRtYtsIuKña. RksYgerobcMEdndI
nKrUbnIkmµ nigsMNg; ¬krdns¦ RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgqñaM 1999. RksYgfµImYyenHEdlmankarTTYl
xusRtUvd¾eRcInsn§wksn§ab; kMBugEterobcMksagsmtßPaBsßab½n nigCMnajviC¢aCIv³ edaymankarCYy
]btßmÖBIPñak;garpþl;CMnYyCaeRcInpgEdr. RksYgmantYnaTIedIm,IeFVIbBa¢IsareBIP½NÐdIrdæ nigsRmbsRmYl
skmµPaBrbs;sßab½nrdænigRksYgBak;B½n§epSgeTotEdlRtYtRtaelIdIrdæ b¤eRbIR)as;dIrdæ EtRksYgminman
tYnaTICaGñkRKb;RKg b¤Cam©as;elIdIrdæEdlesssl; b¤minTan;cuHbBa¢IenaHeT. tYnaTIenHKWRbKl;[
RksYgesdækic¨ nighirBaØvtßú EdlkMBugCYbRbeTHbBaðaRbQmCaeRcInkñúgkarTTYl)anBt’man nig
minmansmtßPaBRKb;RKan;kñúgkarGnuvtþtYnaTI nigkargarenHeGaymanRbsiT§PaBenAeLIy. CalT§pl
eKGacsnñidæan)anfa karRKb;RKgkarerobcMEdndIedayRksYg nigsßab½nBak;B½n§ elIdIrdæenAexSayenA
eLIy.
68> kñúgqñaM 1994 rdæaPi)al)anbegáItKN³kmµkarCatisRmab;karGPivDÆtMbn; TIRkugnigsMNg; Edl)an
bnþeFVIkarbegáItkariyal½ykic©karTIRkugkñúgmCÄmNÐlénTIRbCMuCnnImYy².36
bEnßmelIenH dIrdæmYyPaK
FMRtUv)anykkan;kab;edayRksYg nigsßab½nrdæ CaBiessmYyEpñkFMKWedayRksYgksikmµ rukçaRbmaj; nig
ensaT nigRksYgkarBarCati. kñúgkrNICaeRcIneTot RksYgTaMgenHk¾enAminTan;c,as;xøÜnÉgpgfa
etIdIGIVEdleKkMBugEtkan;kab;.
69> eRkABIRksYgTaMgenH rdæ)almUldæan dUcCasalaRkugPñMeBjCaedIm manParkic©RKb;RKgdIenAfñak;mUldæan.
tYnaTITaMgenH KWRbtibtiþedaynaykdæansurieyadI nigkariyal½ykic©karTIRkug. salaextþRkug nig
35
c,ab;sþIBIdIFøIqñaM 2001 maRta 16 36
karerobcMEdndITIRkug nigtMbn;CMuvijTIRkug ³ ]TahrN_BIRkugkñúgextþénRbeTskm<úCa/ smaCénkarsÞg;mtienAGasIuGaeKñy_
eday elak Bandar Seri Begawan, RbeTs Brunei Darussalam. Mund, J-P., Symann, R. & Seang, T.P. qñaM 2005
25
GPi)alextþRkugmanParkic© raykarN_CUnRksYgmhaépÞ fVIebIGPi)alRkugraCFanIPñMeBjk¾GacraykarN_
CUndl;naykrdæm®nþIpgEdr.
70> CacugeRkay sßab½n 2 epSgeTotmanParkic©kñúgEpñkmYykñúgrdæ)aldIFøI. KN³kmµkarsurieyadI EdlRtUv)an
begáIteLIgenAqñaM 2002 KWCabec©keTsRtUvTTYleFVIkarsRmbsRmYlTMnas;dIFøIEdlecHEtekIneLIg.
GaCJaFrCatisRmab; edaHRsayCMelaHdIFøIEdleTIbEtnwgbegáIteLIgfµI²enHEfmeTotenaHmanGMNac nig
smtßkic©CaeRcInEdlsÞÜnKña nigman TMnas;yutþaFikarCamYynwgsßab½nTaMg 2 xagelI ehIy)aneFVI[nItiviFI
énkarviniqä½ymankaryWtya:v.
71> lT§plénrcnasm<½nsßab½nenH nigktþananadéTeTot eFVIeGaymankarsikSamYyEdl)anelIkeLIgBIbBaða
RbQm CaeRcInrbs;kareFVIEpnkareGayman)anrlUn nigmanRbsiTi§PaB ³37
k> Rkbx½NÐKtiyutþiminc,as;las; nigkarEbgEckParkic© nigtYnaTIelIkarerobcMEdndI nignKrUbnIykmµ.
x> karExVgKMnitKñaEpñkc,ab;kñúgsßab½nelIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ nigdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ EdlnaMeGaymanTMnas;
nig RbCaCn)at;bg;CMenOelIsmtßPaBrbs;rdæaPi)al.
K> karT®nÞanykdIEdlminTan;cuHbBa¢I nigpøas;bþÚrnana edIm,IykplRbeyaCn_EpñkGaCIvkmµkñúgRsuk
nigbreTs EdleFVIeGayTMnas;dIFøIkñúgtMbn;CMuvijTIRkugEdlmanRsab;kan;EtrIkraldalFMeLIg.
X> karekIneLIgya:gelOnéncMnYnRbCaCnkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj nigenAkñúgtMbn;RbCMuCnénextþmYycMnYneTot
)annaM[mankareqøIytbEpñkeKalneya)ayKµantulüPaB nigkarbMePøcBI»kasEdlpSarP¢ab;eTAnwgkar
GPivDÆ énbNþajTIRbCMuCnrbs;CatimYy.
4> suvtßiPaBénsiTi§kan;kab;dIFøIkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj
72> CamYynwgépÞdIsrubRbEhl 181>000 KILÚEmRtkaer RbCaCnkm<úCa PaKeRcInenAtamCnbT. manEt
RbEhlCa 20 PaKryb:ueNÑaHéncMnYnRbCaCnsrubRbEhl 15 lannak;enH rs;enAkñúgtMbn;RbCMuCn.38
k¾b:uEnþGRtaénkMeNInéntMbn;TIRbCMuCnRtUv)anrMBwgTukfanwgekIneLIgx<s; eBalKWRbEhldl; 24 PaKry
37
karkMNt;¼kMNt;RBuMRbTl;¼kareFVIcMNat;fñak;dIrdænigKeRmabéRBeQIGcié®nþy_ edayelak John Bruce enAqñaM 2008.
38
eyalelIkariyal½yRbCaCn énnaykdæanesdækic© nigkic©karsgÁmkic©rbs;GKÁelxaFikardæanGgÁkarshRbCaCati
¬2009¦. RBwtþb½RtnKrPavUbnIykmµBiPBelak ³ Tinñn½yRbCaCnEdl)anBinitüeLIgvijenAqñaM 2009.
eKhTMB½reGeLcRtUnic ³ http://esa.un.org/wup2009/unup/p2k0data.asp. . k¾b:uEnþ karsikSamYyrbs;elak Ray D.
Bollman enAqñaM 2009 )anKNna eXIjfa 48 PaKryénRbCaCnkm<úCaKW
{kMBugEbreq<aHenArkkarrs;enAkñúgkartaMgTIlMenAenATIRbCMuCn} fVIebIKµankarbBa¢ak;c,as;las; BIkartaMglMenAenHk¾eday.
26
enATIRkug kñúgqñaM 2015 nig 30 PaKry enAqñaM 2020.39
enHmann½yfaRbCaCnkñúgTIRkug)anekIneLIg
2 dgkñúgkMLúgeBlEt 15 qñaM b:ueNÑaH. eBl EdlRbCaCnkan;EteRcIneLIg)anmkrs;enATIRkug
edIm,IEsVgrk»kasEpñkesdækic© sMBaFelIdIenATIRkugkan;EtmanPaB F¶n;F¶reLIg² ehIykarRbkYtRbECg
elIerOgdIenHkan;EtmanPaBxøaMgkøaeLIg².
73> tMbn;kñúgRkugPñMeBjmanRbEhl 375 KILÚEmRtkaer. TIRkugenHRtUv)anEbgEcktamEpñkrdæ)alCa 7
x½NÐ EdlrYmman 76 sgáat;. x½NÐcMnYn 4 sßitkñúgTIRbCMuCnRKbdNþb;elIépÞdIRbEhl 28 KILÚEmRtkaer
ehIy x½NÐ 3 eTotenA B½T§CMuvijRkug EdlrYmman 347 KILÚEmRtkaer.40
74> kñúgrbbExµrRkhm ¬1976-1979¦ RbCaCnTaMgGs;RtUv)anbeNþjecjBITIRkugPñMeBj. eBlEdlrbb
enHRtUvvayRbharedaykgkMlaMgeyaFarevotNam enAqñaM 1979 CnePosxøÜnTaMgGs;RtUv)anelIkTwk
citþ[mkyklMenAdæanenATIRkugeLIgvijenAedImqñaM 1980 KWeBlEdlmankarGPivDÆEpnkarnItism,Ta
sRmab;TIRkugPñMeBjeLIgvij.41
rcnasm½<n§rUbv½nþmUldæanénTIRkugcas;RtUv)anksageLIgvijedayman
CMnYybec©keTsBIRbeTsevotNam nigm©as;CMnYy déTeTot.
75> kñúgqñaM 1989 eKminEdlelcB¤BIPaBxusc,ab;énkarsg;lMenAdæanelIdITMenrenAkñúgTIRkugenaHeT BIeRBaHfa
rdæaPi)al)anGnuvtþeKalneya)ayGnuBaØatiþeGayGñkcMnUlfµImkTIRkugeFVIkartaMglMenAedayesrIenAelIpÞH
EdlenATMenr nigenAelIdIEdlenATMenr. Etdl;qñaM 1994 RbCaCnRbEhl 120>000 nak; b¤RbEhl
12-15 PaKryéncMnYn RbCaCnkñúgTIRkugTaMgGs; )anmkrs;enAelIdIedayKµankarGnuBaØatiþ.42
eyalelIkarvaytémøelIEpñksgÁmkic©rbs; KeRmagRKb;RKgdIFøI nigrdæ)al (LMAP) enAqñaM 2001
eK)a:n;sµanfa {RbCaCnTaMgenHGacmanelIsBI 175>000 nak; EdlmankartaMglMenAray)a:yelI 20
39
viTüasßansißtiCatikm<úCa énRksYgEpnkar ¬2005¦. r)aykarN_BIkareFVICMerOnRbCaCn qñaM 2004. PñMeBj nig
Kamayana, P., kñúgsunÞrkfaebIksikçasalaBieRKaHeyabl;mYysþIBIkarGPivDÆTIRkugrbs;RbeTskm<úCa ³ karvaytémøvis½y
yuT§saRsþ nigEpnkar bnÞab; enAsNæaKar san;ev énTIRkugPñMeBj éf¶TI 20 Ex mIna qñaM 2010
(http://www.adb.org/Documents/Speeches/2010/sp2010023.asp).
40 r)aykarN_énKeRmagénkarsikSakmµviFIkarpþl;kmµsiTi§dIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ³ dMnak;kalTIRkug TI 2 ¬esckþIRBag¦. viTüasßan
GPivDÆFnFankm<úCa shkarCamYynwgRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; edayelak Ballard, B nigelak
Runsinarith, P. PñMeBj km<úCa Ex sIha qñaM 2007 TMB½r 49. 41
karyl;dwgBITIRkugenAGasIu ³ PñMeBj. URC RksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; PñMeBj elak Crosbie, D., qñaM
2004 42
esckþIesñIkmµviFIry³eBl 12 Ex. RkumTIRbCMuCn PñMeBj qñaM 1994.
27
tMbn;sMNg;GaNaFibetyü nigsgáat;RkIRk }.43
kñúgry³eBl 5 qñaM KWBIqñaM 2000-2004 cMnYnRbCaCn
kñúgRkugPñMeBj )anekIneLIgRbmaNCa 300>000 nak; . bBaðaénkarekIgeLIgedayKµankar eRKagTug
enH KW)aneFVIeGayF¶n;eLIgedaykarekIneLIgdl;eTA 4 PaKry Caerogral;qñaMenAkñúgTIRkug rIÉkarekIn
eLIgTUTaMgRbeTsmanEtRtwm 2/5 PaKryb:ueNÑaH.44
76> edaysarEtmantRmUvkardIekIneLIgtamkarRtUvkarrbs;RbCaCnEdlecHEtekIn nigedaysareKaldI
GPivDÆEpñkesdækic© nigkarvinieyaK k¾manclnakan;EteRcIneLIg²énkarbeNþjecjedaybgçMBIsMNg;
GaNaFibetyükñúgTIRkug PñMeBjeGayeTAtMbn;cMgay 20 KILÚEmRt b¤q¶ayCagenHBITIRkug.45
CamYynwg
sMBaFBIGñksagsg;nana caM)ac;mankarerITIlMenAkan;EteRcIneLIg²edIm,Ipþl;»kasdl;karGPivDÆehdæa
rcnasm<½n§saFarN³eGaykan;EtRbesIreLIg.46
dIRtUv)anCYlbnþkñúgtMbn;TIRkugEdlrdæ nigsalaRkug
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43
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Rathmony, S., Ballard, B., and Acharya, S Ex FñÚ qñaM 2001. 44
karyl;dwgBITIRkugenAGasIu ³ TIRkugPñMeBj. qñaM 2004. 45
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http://www.n-aerus.net/web/sat/workshops/2006/papers/abdoumaliq.pdf 46
KeRmagbrisßansRmab;GPivDÆshKmn_kñúgTIRkugPñMeBj. mCÄmNÐlÉksarTIRkug nigRksYgkarbreTs nigBaniC¢kmµ.
PñMeBj qñaM 2003. 47
karelIkkMBs;esßrPaBsiT§idIFøIsRmab;GñkRkIRkkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj énRbeTskm<úCa ³ krNIsikSaEbbviPaK
GgÁkarlMenAdæanGnþrCati elx 28 ¬2¦ edayelak Khemro, B.H.S. & Payne, G. qñaM 2004 TMB½r 181-201. sUmGan
karsikSaBI Land Availability for City Development in Phnom Penh Metropolitan Area. Asian Coalition for
Housing Rights, Phnom Penh. Sophy, E.qñaM 2002.
28
nigRbk;s,ÚvEdlsrubmanRbEhlCa 2>700 RKYsar.48
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48
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3. 49
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29
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51
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East
Asia (BABSEA), Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE), Jesuit Refugee Services (JRS), TMB½r 38 . 52
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Baseline Study Urban Phase II, p. 38.
30
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r)aykarN_faKeRmagenaH )anmankarsRmuHsRmYlCaeRcInedayxVHtmøaPaB mankarrMelaPbMBan nigkarekgRbv½jelItémø
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tMbn;bUrIkILatictYcbMputEdlTTYl)ansiTi§rs;enAelIGaKarsagsg;fµIenAenaH. „From “Squatters” to Citizens? Slum
Dwellers, Developers, Land Sharing and Power in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Rabé, P. 2009. Doctoral dissertation
(DPPD), University of Southern California page 399) 56
karelIkm<s;suvtßiPaBkmµsiTi§dIFøIenATIRkugPñMeBjqñaM 2004.
31
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57
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32
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)ansalaRkugeGaymkrs;enAtMbn;enH eRkayBIeBlEdlkEnøgEdlKat;enABImunmkenaHRtUv)anGaCJaFr
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33
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)ankMNt;brievNrMuB½T§bwgenArdUvEdlmanTwkticbMput
kñúgExR)aMg. ral;dIenABIelIenHRtUv)ankMNt;faCadIÉkCn rbs;rdæ elIkElgEtvaGaceRbIR)as;Capl
RbeyaCn_saFarN³. dUecñHGñkkan;kab;dIkñúgtMbn;TaMgenHGacmansiTi§TTYl )annUvkarpþl;siTi§kan;kab;
Rsbc,ab;)an.
87> Epñkxagt,ÚgéndIbwgenHKWlatsn§wgedayExSpøÚvrfePøIgEdlmindMeNIrkar. eTaHCadIEdlbMrugTukeFVIpøÚv
rfePøIgenH RtUv)ancat;TukedayRsbc,ab;faCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæk¾eday b:uEnþpøÚvrfePøIgTaMgenaHmin
dMeNIrkarCayUrqñaMmkehIy ehIyeKGaccat;Tukfa)at;bg;plRbeyaCn_saFarN³eTAehIy. dUecñHdIenaH
GacRtUvcat;TukfaCadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ nig Gac[eKykkan;kab;)an. manPsþútagBIkrNIsikSanana ¬sUm
GanRbGb;elx 2¦ EdlfaGaCJaFrraCaysµ½yyan xøÜnÉgpÞal;k¾)anelIkTwkcitþ[buKÁlikrbs;xøÜncab;
ykdIEdlenACitbrievNpøÚvrfePøIgenHpgEdrenAkñúgkMLúgedImqñaM 1980 sMrYleGaykarsg;pÞHenACit
59
karsikSaBIkarpøas;lMenAdæanrbs;shKmn_RkIRkkñúgtMbn;RbCMuCn kñúgTIRkugPñMeBj. mCÄmNÐlFnFanTIRkug. PñMeBjqñaM
2002. 60
Rbkaselx 42 d>n>s> b>k> cuHéf¶TI 10 Ex mIna qñaM 2006 sþIBIkarkMNt; kareFVIEpnTI nigkareFVIcMNat;fñak;dIrdæ.
34
kEnøgeFVIkar. Gñkrs;enATIenaHCaeRcInGñk)anbgðajfaxøÜnmanÉksarEdlKaMRTdl; karTamTarrbs;BYkeK
ehIyEdlbgðajfaBYkeKGacTTYl)anb½NÑkmµsiTi§ CaBiessRbsinebIBYkeK)anrs;enAelIdIenaH Gs;ry³
eBlCag 5 qñaMmuneBlc,ab;dIFøIqñaM 2001 )ancUlCaFrman.
88> CacugbBa©b; tMbn;déTeTotenACMuvijbwgkk;enHmaneKraykarN_faRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CasYnc,arsaFarN³
nigeFVICa sYnstVpgenAeBlNamYyenaH eRkayeBlEdlTIRkugPñMeBj)anrMedaHrYcBIqñaM 1979 mk.
eBlEdlsYnc,arRtUvKitfa CadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ enHGaRs½yelImankarBinitü nigcuHbBa©IrYcRtwmRtUv.
kñúgkrNItMbn;bwgkk; cMNucCak;lak;BI brievNrbs;sYnc,ar nigninñakarénkarsg;lMenAdæan KWminmaneT
ehIyGaCJaFrnanamin)ancuHbBa¢IdIenaHeGayCadIrdæenAeLIyeT. enHKWbBa¢ak;mþgeTotehIyfa dIEdl
minTan;c,as;las;KWdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ rhUtdl;mannItiviFIénkarvinicä½y smRsbmYyeFVIeLIgedIm,IedaHRsay
bBaðaénkarRbkasrbs;rdæ karbþwgtva:BIGñkkan;kab;dIbc©úb,nñ nigGñkbwþgdéTeTot.
3> karpþÜcepþImkñúgkarGPivDÆsMrab;tMbn;enH
89> kñúgqñaM 2003 karBüakrN_BIesßrPaBkmµsiTi§dIyUrGEgVg nigkarEklm¥brisßanxageRkARtUv)aneFVIeLIg
y:agxøaMgkøa edayRbCaCnrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;enH RBmTaMgsMNg;GaNaFibetyünanaCaeRcInkEnøg
eTotkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj. bnÞab;BImankarRbwgERbgkñúgkarGPivDÆshKmn_ya:gelOnedayGgÁkareRkA
rdæaPi)alkñúgRsuk raCrdæaPi)al)anRbkasfa nwgsMerceFVIkarEklm¥sMNg;GaNaFibetyüTaMg 500
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eRCIserIseFVICakrNIsikSaenAkñúgkmµviFIEklm¥enHEdr. karGPivDÆTaMgenHbegáIteGay RbCaCnkñúgtMbn;
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Eklm¥lMenAdæan nigbrisßanrs;enACMuvijrbs;BYkeK.
90> bnÞab;mk kñúgqñaM 2004 karRbkYtRbECgEpñkKMrUbøg;GnþrCatimYyRtUv)anRbkaseLIgedIm,IeRCIserIssMeNI
Edll¥bMputsMrab;GPivDÆtMbn;enH.61
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61
karRbkYtRbECnenHRtUv)anRKb;RKgrYmKñaedayRkumh‘unBieRKaHeyabl;mYy nigsalaRkugPñMeBjènraCrdæaPi)al.
B½t’mansIþBIkar BiPakSaCaBisþarelIsMeNIrRbkYtRbECgenHmanenA Huybrechts, E. 2004. Boeng Kak: Projet
d‟aménagement urbain. Phnom Penh: Ambassade de France au Cambodge: service de coopération et d‟action
culturelle.
35
edaymankarsßabnaeLIgvijnUvTidæPaBedIm nig[eTACakEnøgkMsanþ edayEsVgrkCeRmIskñúgkarsagsg;
lMenAdæanRbkbedaysþg;dar tamry³karGPivDÆeLIgvij nigkarruHerITItaMg kñúgtMbn;Ek,rbwg.
91> kñúgEx emsa qñaM 2007 sMeNIrEdlQñHkarRbkYtRbECgEpñkKMrUbøg;GnþrCatienaHRtUv)anelIkykeTA
bgðajenAkñúgTIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþI edaymankarENnaMeGayKitKUrBItRmUvkarkargarrbs;RbCaCntaMglMenA
xusc,ab;enATIenaH pøÚvrfePøIgfñak;GnþrCatifµImYynwgRtUvsagsg; RBmTaMgmanGaKarTIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþIfµI
mYynwgRtUvsagsg;pgEdrenAEk,rbwgenaH. bnÞab;BIenaHmkrdæaPi)alk¾)anpþl;GMNacdl;salaRkug
PñMeBjkñúgkarerobcMKeRmagGPivDÆmYy nigbegáIt[manEpnkarmYyedIm,IbBa©ÚlkñúgEpnkaremqñaM 2020
EdlkMBugzitkñúgdMNak;kalénkarerobcM.62
cMnucKnøwHnana kñúgkarQñH)ansMeNIrenHrYman ³63
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CnenACMuvijbrievNenaH.
- begáIt[manRbB½n§Twks¥at nigEklm¥pøÚvTwkFmµCatimYyEdltP¢ab;bwgCamYynwgEpñkdéTeToténTIRkug.
- manEpnkarsMrab;karpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAsMrab;RKYsarenATIenaHedIm,IbiTtMbn;CMuvijbwgenaH.
- mankarbegáIteLIgnUvkarpSarP¢ab;rvagkarGPivDÆEdl)anesñIeLIgenHCamYynwgkEnøgsMxan;²déTeTogEd
l enACMuvijbrievNTIRbCMuCn ¬dUcCamNÐlkILaGULaMBic pSarFMfµI tMbn;vtþPñM kMBUlGg;EtnTYleKak
nigsßanIyrfePøI¦.
92> k¾b:uEnþ eRkayBIkarRbkaslT§plBIkarRbkYtRbECgEpñkKMrUbøg;GnþrCatisMrab;tMbn;bwgkk;enaH rdæaPi)al
)ansMerceFVIkarGPivDÆtMbn;enaH enAelImUldæanCakarshkarN_CamYynwgGñksagsg;ÉkCnmYyehAfa
Rkumh‘un Shukaku . enAéf¶TI 06 Ex kumÖH qñaM 2007 MPP nig Shukaku )ancuHhtßelxaCYl
kñúgry³eBl 99 qñaM kñúgtémø 79 landuløa shrdæGaemrik elIépÞdI 133 hikta rYmTaMgbwgenaHpg
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eTACadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ.64
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4> nItiviFIvinicä½yeRkamKeRmagenH
62
{KeRmagRkugKuCrbs;GasIu} cuHkñúgkaEstPñMeBjb:usþ_ ¬éf¶TI 09 Ex mIna qñaM 2007¦ nig {kñúgBaküsMdIrbs;BYkeK ³ TsSn
vis½y qñaM 2020} cuHkñúgkaEstPñMeBjb:usþ_ ¬éf¶TI 03 Ex tula qñaM 2008¦ 63
Boeng Kak: Projet d‟aménagement urbain (qñaM 2004) 64
GnuRkwtüelx 108 sG cuHéf¶TI 07 Ex sIha qñaM 2008 sþIBIkarERbkøayTItaMgbwgkk;BIRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³
rbs;rdæeGayeTA CaRTBüsm,tþiÉkCnrbs;rdæ.
36
93> enAéf¶TI 31 Ex mIna qñaM 2006 salaRkugPñMeBj)anRbkasfasgáat;RsHcknwgRtUveRCIserIsCatMbn;
kargaredIm,IeFVIkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiTi§tamry³RbB½n§rbs;KeRmag MPP.65
enH)aneFVIeGayRKYsarrs;enA
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cab;epþImeFVIkarenAExdEdlenaHedIm,IRsg;Tinñn½ynigeFVIkarvas;Evg RKYsarenAtMbn;bwgkk;)anesñIsMu[man
karTTYlsÁal;nUvkarTamTarrbs;BYkeKeTAelI dIrbs;BYkeKerog²xøÜn.
94> mYyPaKFMénRKYsarenATIenaH)anbBa¢ak;faBYkKat;manÉksarbBa¢k;BITaMgfñak; x½NÐ sgáat; nigPUmiBI
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sarEtsßanPaBénkmµsiTi§elIdItMbn;enaHminTan;)ankMNt;kñúgc,ab;k¾eday RKYsarTaMgenaH)anrkSakþIsgÇwm
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kñúgnItiviFIvinicä½yrbs;KeRmag LMAP. KeRmagenHRtUv)anp¥ak;dMeNIredayFnaKarBiPBelakenAkñúg 1
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GnuvtþKeRmag.
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Ex mkra dl; éf¶TI 02 Ex kumÖH qñaM 2007¦ kardak;bgðajCUnsaFarN³CnenHbgðajEtBIRBMEdn nig
brievNPUmib:ueNÑaH Edl {KµaneQµaHm©as;} nigminmanEpnTIdILÚnImYy²eLIy EdlenH)anbgá[mankar
)armÖCaxøaMgBIGñkRsuk. RKYsarTaMg enaHniyayfaeBlBYkeKesñI[mankaresIubGegátelIkar TamTarrbs;
BYkeK karesñIsMurbs;BYkeKRtUv)anbdiesF edaymanmUlehtufaBYkeKkMBugrs;enAkñúg {tMbn;GPivDÆ}.
karP½yxøacEdlfaBYkeKnwgminGacmankmµsiTi§ Rsbc,ab;elIdIlMenAdæanrbs;BYkeK RtUv)anbgðajkan;Et
c,as; enAéf¶TI 06 Ex kumÖH qñaM 2007 enAeBlEdlmankarRbkas fardæaPi)al)ancuHhtßelxa
elIkic¨RBmeRBogCYlCamYyRkumh‘un Shukaku.
96> eRkaybnþicmkkñúgEx kumÖH qñaM 2007 enaH enAkñúgkarCYbRbCMukñúgshKmn_mYy manRbCaCn 300 RKYsar
)anCYbCMu edIm,IbgðajCasaFarN³GMBIkarQWcab;rbs;BYkeK elIkarseRmccitþrbs;salaRkugkñúgkarCYldI
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enAéf¶TI 13 Ex
65
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kaEst xaMbUDaedlI éf¶TI 21 Ex kumÖH qñaM 2007 TMB½r 17.
37
mIna qñaM 2007 salaRkugPñMeBj)anecjesckþIEføgkarN_mYy ehIypþl;dMNwgCUnsaFarN³Cn
CaBiessRKYsarEdlenAtMbn;bwgkk; [dwgfakñúgkic¨snüaCYlEdl cuHhtßelxaCamYyRkumh‘un Shukaku
enaH KWnwgKµankarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAdæanrbs;RbCaCnenAtMbn;enaHeGayeTATItaMg epSgeRkARkugPñMeBjenaH
eT. enAkñúgesckþIEføgkarN_enHEdr salaRkug)anFanaya:gmwugm:at;faKeRmagGPivDÆkñúgtMbn; bwgkk;enH
nwgRtUvGnuvtþeTA)anedaymankarBieRKaHCamYynwgRkumRKYsarrs;enAkñúgtMbn;enaH.67
tarag 1 ³ RBwtiþkarN_tamkalbriecäTenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; Tak;TgnwgKeRmag LMAP
kalbriecäT RBwtiþkarN_ ¼ skmµPaB
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Rkumh‘un Shukaku kñúgkarGPivDÆtMbn;bwgkk;
éf¶ 3 mkra 2006 TIsþIkarKN³rdæm®nþIpþl;dMNwgdl;GPi)alRkugPñMeBjBIkic¨snüa CamYy Rkumh‘un Shukaku
kñúgkarGPivDÆtMbn;bwgkk;
éf¶ 31 mkra 2006 esckIþRbkasdak;RkugPñMeBjCatMbn;kargarsMrab;karpþl;b½NÑkmµsiTi§eRkayKeRmag LMAP
Ex ]sPa 2006 -
Ex mkra 2007
LMAP LRTs )aneFVIkarsÞg;mti nigvinicä½ykñúgtMbn;sgáat;RsHck. RKYsarkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;)anesñI
suMeGaymankarTTYlsÁal;elIkarbwþgTamTarsiTi§elIdILÚrbs;BYkeK
éf¶ 6 mifuna 2006 karp¥akKeRmag
éf¶ 4 mkra-éf¶ 02
kumÖH 2007
karbgðajCasaFarN³BITItaMgcuHbBa¢I EdlbgðajBIRBMuEdn nigbrievNPUminImYy²
¬EtminmaneQµaHm©as;kmµsiTi§¦
éf¶ 5 Ex mkra 2007 karp¥akKeRmagRtUv)anelIkElg- KeRmagbnþkarGnuvtþ
éf¶ 6 Ex mkra 2007 kic©snüaCYltMbn;bwgkk;)ancuHhtßelxarvag MPP nigRkumh‘unGPivDÆÉkCn
éf¶ 13 Ex mIna
2007
esckþIEføgkarN_BIsalaRkugPñMeBjedIm,ICUndMNwgfaRKYsarrs;enAtMbn;bwgkk; nwgminRtUvruHerITI
lMenAdæanrbs;BYkeKeLIy
éf¶ 31 Ex FñÚ 2007 karBnüaeBlbiTKeRmagBI éf¶TI 31 Ex FñÚ qñaM 2007 dl; éf¶TI 31 Ex FñÚ qñaM 2009
éf¶TI 6 Ex mifuna qñaM
2008
kñúgkMLúgeBlebskkmµeTARtYtBinitütMbn;bwgkk; fñak;RKb;RKgRtUv)anCMrabeday PMO fatMbn;
bwgkk;KWCaRTBüsm,tiþsaFarN³rbs;rdæ dUecñHRKYsarrs;enAtMbn;enaHminGacmansiT§TTYl)an
b½NÑkmµsiTi§eT.
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Ex sIha qñaM 2008 RKYsarrs;enAkñúg {tMbn;GPivDÆ} RtUv)anTTYlsMBaF[ruHerITIlMenA. sMNg;EdlmanesßrPaB
67
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38
kmµsiTi§TabbMput ehIyEdlsg;elIeQIenAelIbwg)ancab;epþImerIecjBITIenaH.
Ex sIha qñaM 2008 karcab;epþImlubdIkñúgbwg nigkarGPivDÆtMbn;enaHedayRkumh‘unÉkCn
éf¶ 07 sIha 2008 karEkcMNat;fñak;dIenaHeGayeTACa {dIÉkCnrbs;rdæ}
Ex mkra dl; Ex sIha
qñaM 2009
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BiPBelak
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éf¶TI 1-10 Ex emsa
2009
LMAP ERM kñúgRbeTskm<úCa
Ex emsa dl; Ex
sIha qñaM 2009
fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarBiPBelakBiPakSalT§plénkarsikSa nigkarrkeXIjnana CamYynwg
raCrdæaPi)al
éf¶TI 9 Ex emsa
2009
sMbuRtBIGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alnanaCUndl; {RkumRbwkSaPi)alrbs;RkumFnaKarBiPBelak}
manP¢ab;CamYynUvesckþIeRBogr)aykarN_sMgat;EdlmanbBa¢IsMNYr EdlrYmmanesckþIeyag
mYyedIm,IesñIsuMeGaymanKN³kmµkaresIubGegát.
éf¶TI 16 Ex kkáda qñaM
2009
FnaKarBiPBelak)anecjesckþIEføgkarN_rYmmYyCamYynwgRKb;édKUGPivDÆn_déTeTot edIm,IsuM
eGaymanbBaÄb;nUvkarbeNþjecjedaybgçMnUvRbCaCnRkIRkkñúgtMbn;RbCMuCnenAkm<úCa
éf¶TI 17 Ex kkáda qñaM
2009
karbeNþjecjshKmn_Rkum 78 edaybgçM
éf¶TI 10 Ex sIha qñaM
2009
esckþIRbkaselIkTI 1 CapøÚvkarbeNþjecjBIlMenAdæan CUneGayRkumRKYsarenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;
kñúgPUmi 2 nig PUmi 4.
éf¶TI 27-28 Ex
sIha qñaM 2009
fñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;rbs;FnaKarBiPBelakeFVITsSn³kic©mkRbeTskm<úCaedIm,IBiPakSaBIKeRmag
LMAP rYmmanTaMgkarp¥akKeRmagrYmKñamYypg
éf¶TI 04 Ex kBaØa qñaM
2009
RkumGFikarkic©TTYl)anesckþIesñIsuMeGaymankaresIubGegát.
éf¶TI 04 Ex kBaØa qñaM
2009
rdæaPi)al)anlb;ecalminTTYlykkarTUTat;cMNayEdlenAesssl;BI\NTanrbs;KeRmag
LMAP
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2009
FnaKarBiPBelakeqøIytbnwgsMbuRténkarlb;ecalenaH Edlfñak;RKb;RKg)anrMlwkdl;rdæaPi)al
BIkatBVkic©rbs;rdæaPi)alEdlenAminTan;)anbMeBjkñúgKeRmagenaHrbs;rdæaPi)al
39
5> karbeNþjecjedaybgçMBItMbn;bwgkk;
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bwgkk;enH)anekIneLIgdl; 3000 duløaGaemrikkñúgmYyEm:Rtkaer EdlbgðajfadIRKYsarEdlmanTMhM 50
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GaemrikminGacRKb;TijpÞHRsedogKñaenHenAkñúg b¤CitRkugNamYy)aneT. manEtRKYsarTaMgenHRtUvbgçM
citþeTAenAtMbn;q¶aykñúgCnbT EdlPaKeRcInBYkeKminsÁal;GñkNamñak; ehIynwgRtUvcab;epþImksagCIvit
nigkarrs;enArbs;BYkKat;sarCafµI.
40
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k¾dUcCadak; eTAtulakarkñúgeBlEtmYyenaHEdredIm,Ip¥akkarbeNþjecjenHrhUtdl;mankarsMerccitþelI
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eXIjkEnøgsñak;enAkñúgEpñkdéTeToténTIRkug tamry³karCYyKaMRTEpñk sgÁmkic©BIbgb¥Ún nigGñkCit
xag.
42
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43
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44
CMBUkTI3 ³ rbkKMehIj nigkarviPaKrbs;RkumGFikarkic©
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kartv:aTaMg5enH CadMbUg RkumGFikarkic©eFVIkarsegçbGMBIkartv:a nigeqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg ehIybnÞab;
mk bgðajGMBIrbkKMehIj nigkarviPaKrbs;xøÜn.
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45
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pþl;b½NÑsmÁal;siT§ikan;kab;dIFøICaRbB½n§} 68
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68
kareqøIytbrbs;KN³RKb;RKg TMB½rTI22.
46
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sgÁm-Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ayénkartaMgTIlMenAfµIkñúgkrNICak;lak; - RtUv)anGnuvtþtamEdrb¤eT ¬Epñk
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114> karkMNt;tMbn;eKaledAKeRmag ³ RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;eXIjfa eyagtamkic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆn_
nigÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag KeRmagerobcMEdndInigrdæ)aldIFøIRtUv)anerobcMeLIgsRmab;GnuvtþenAkñúgextþ Rkug
cMnYn11 Edl)ankMNt;Ca {extþeKaledAKeRmag} rYmTaMgraCFanIPñMeBj EdlGaceFVIkarviesaFnkmµ)an
tamry³kic©RBmeRBogrvagrdæaPi)al nigFnaKar69
. tMbn;bwgkk; KWsßitenAkñúgraCFanIPñMeBj. elIsBIenH
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vinicä½yKeRmag b¤enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆn_ kñúgkardkecjtMbn;NamYyBI{extþeKaledAKeRmag
Edl)ankMNt;eLIy. dUcenH CaeKalkarN_ KeRmagerobcMEdndInigrdæ)aldIFøIGacGnuvtþenAkñúgEpñkNamYy
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kalTI1. Éksarvinicä½yKeRmag)ankMNt;cMNuceKaledAcMnYn198>000k,aldI EdlRtUveFVIGegát nig
vinicä½yenAraCFanIPñMeBjcab;BIqñaM2002dl;qñaM200770
.
115> karRbkasbwgkk;CatMbn;vinicä½y ³ sgáat;RsHckTaMgmUl rYmTaMgtMbn;bwgkk; EdlmanRKYsarcMnYnRbmaN
4>250RKYsar rYmTaMgGñkesñIsMunana RtUv)anRbkasenAéf¶TI31 ExmIna qñaM2006 faCatMbn;vinicä½yeRkam
Rkabx½NÐénKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI. eyagtamkarRbkaspSBVpSayéntMbn;vinicä½y {RkumRbtibtþi
KeRmagRtUvGnuvtþnItiviFIvinicä½yCaRbB½n§ EdlrYmmankarkMNt;RBMRbTl; karvas;Evg nigkarvinicä½yk,aldI>>>>>
nig RtUvecjb½NÑsmÁal;siT§ikan;kab;dIFøI}71
. RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;eXIjfa karRbkaspSBVpSaytMbn;
vinicä½y BMu)anelIkElgtMbn;NamYykñúgsgáat;RsHckecjBIdMeNIrkarvinicä½y EdlRtUvKaMRTedayKeRmageLIy.
116> EpñktamxagelIenH RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa tMbn;bwgkk;KWsßitenAkñúgextþeKaledAKeRmag nig
RtUv)anRbkassRmab;vinicä½yeRkamKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI ehtuenH skmµPaBnanaEdl
Tak;TgnwgkarBinitüepÞógpat;énkarpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;siT§ikan;kab;dIFøI nigPaBCam©as;dIFøI skmµPaBnana
69
eyagtamtaragTI6énkic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆn_ nigÉksarP¢ab;TI2 dl;]bsm<½n§TI2énÉksarvaytémøKeRmag extþeKaledAKeRmag
Edl)anpþÜcepþImdMbUg KWextþtaEkv PñMeBj éRBEvg kNþal kMBg;s<W RBHsIhnu kMBg;FM kMBg;cam kMBt esomrab nig)at;dMbg. eRkaymk
tMbn;eKaledAKeRmagRtUv)anBRgIkdl;14extþ. 70
Éksarvinicä½yKeRmag TMB½rTI43 71
RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa raCFanIPñMeBj elx83 éf¶TI31 ExmIna qñaM2006.
47
eRkayBIkarRbkaspSBVpSaytMbn;vinicä½yRtUvCab;Bak;B½n§edaypÞal;eTAnwgKeRmag.
TaMgenHRsbCamYynwgCMhrrbs;Fñak;RKb;RKg. raCrdæaPi)al nigédKUGPivDÆn_nanaEdlKaMRTKeRmagerobcM
EdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI GHGagfa tMbn;bwgkk; KWCatMbn;TMnas; dUcenHRtUvdkecjBIdMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑ
smÁal;siT§ikan;kab;dIFøIeRkamKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI. bBaðaenHRtUvBiPakSaCabnþenAkñúgEpñkxag
eRkam.
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117> sMeNIsMueFVIGFikarkic©Ep¥kelIkaryl;eXIjfa tMbn;bwgkk;KWCaEpñkmYyéntMbn;EdlRbkasCatMbn;vinicä½y
sRmab;karcuHbBa¢IdIFøICaRbB½n§ eRkamKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI ehIynItiviFInanaEdlbegáIteLIg
eRkamKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøIRtUv)anGnuvtþtam. GñkesñIsMuelIkeLIgfa nItiviFIKeRmagerobcM
EdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøIminRtUv)anGnuvtþtameT ehtuenHRbCaBlrdæRtUv)anbdiesFsiT§irbs;BYkeKkñúgkarTam
Tar[eFVIkarGegát nigvinic½äyRTBüsm,tþirbs;xøÜn[)anRtwmRtUv.
118> eyagtamsMeNI {RbCaBlrdæelIkeLIgfa enAeBlBYkeK)anesñIsMu[eFVIkarGegáteTAelIdIFøIrbs;xøÜn sMeNI
rbs;BYkeKRtUv)anbdiesFedaysMGagelIehtuplfa BYkeKrs;enAkñúgtMbn;GPivDÆn_. kic©dMeNIrkarenH
gakecjBInItiviFIc,ab; Edl)anerobcMedayKeRmag nig)anGnum½yedayraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa72
}.
119> eyagtamsMeNI RbCaBlrdætMbn;bwgkk;CaeRcIn{cat;Tukfa xøÜnCam©as;dI} nigmanÉksarnanaCaeRcIn Edl
72
sMeNIsMueFVIGFikarkic© TMB½rTI1.
48
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dIFøICaRbB½n§eRkamRkbx½NÐKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI nwgGacpþl;CapøÚvkarnUvsiT§ikan;kab;ePaK³ b¤
siT§ikan;kab;dIFøItamTmøab;.
120> GñkesñIsMuelIkeLIgfa dMeNIrkarvinicä½ydIFøIEdl)anGnuvtþenAsgáat;RsHck {)ancab;epþImkaregIbeLIgnUvkar
karBar>>>>>>>>>>RbqaMgnwgkarrMelaPbMBaneTAelIRbCaBlrdæ}73
. eyagtamkic©RBmeRBogCYlrvagRkugCamYynwg
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eTaHRsbc,ab; b¤minRsbc,ab; énzan³¼RbePTrbs;dIEdlCadIrbs;rdæ}74
.
121> GñkesñIsMuelIkeLIgfa {kñúgExkkáda qñaM2008 enAkñúgGMLúgeBlebskkmµRtYtBinitüKeRmagCaRbcaM buKÁlik
FnaKarBiPBelak)ancuHBinitüsgáat;RsHck nig)andwgGMBIbBaðaTak;TgnwgdMeNIrkarvinicä½ydIFøI nigdwgGMBIkar
beNþjRbCaBlrdæecjtMbn;EdlBYkeKrs;enH EdlkMBugeFVIkarrgcaMedaHRsay. COHRE min)andwgGMBIkar
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.
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.
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eXIjfa dMeNIrkarEdlRtUv)ancab;epþImeRkamRkbx½NÐKeRmagerobcMEdndInigrdæ)aldIFøI CamYynwgkarvinicä½y
tMbn; BMuRtUv)anGnuvtþeBjeljeT ebIeyagtamnItiviFInanaEd)anRBmeRBog}77
.
123> fñak;RKb;RKgelIkeLIgfa {eyagtamB½t’manEdlpþl;edaybuKÁlikRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nig
sMNg; enAExmifuna qñaM2008 enAkñúgPUminanaenACMuvijbwgkk; enAkñúgGMLúgeBldMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;
siT§ikan;kab;dIFøI )ankMNt;EtRBMRbTl;PUmib:ueNÑaH nigmin)ankMNt;RBMRbTl;k,aldInImYy²enaHeT. PaB
Cam©as;enAkñúgtMbn;enHRtUv)ansresrenAkñúgkMNt;RtasurieyadIfa {mindwg}. karcat;cMNat;fñak;EbbenH
CaTUeTA RtUv)aneRbIR)as;cMeBaHdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ Edl)anCYbRbTHenAkñúgGMLúgeBldMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑ
smÁal;siT§ikan;kab;dIFøI k¾dUcCaenAeBldImanTMnas;EdlminGacedaHRsay)anenAkRmitmUldæanenAkñúgGMLúg
73
sMeNIsMueFVIGFikarkic© TMB½rTI3. 74
sMeNIsMueFVIGFikarkic© TMB½rTI3. 75
sMeNIsMueFVIGFikarkic© TMB½rTI3. 76
kareqøIytbrbs;KN³RKb;RKg TMB½rTI21. 77
kareqøIytbrbs;KN³RKb;RKg TMB½rTI35.
49
eBldMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;siT§ikan;kab;dIFøI}78
.
124> fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;fa RkeLkemIleTAeRkayvij {karRtYtBinitüsuvtßiPaB nigviFankarsgÁmdéTeTot
KYrEtxøaMgkøaCagenH>>>>>> nigTTYlsÁal;fa ebIeyagtamebskkmµsuvtßiPaBfµI²enH enABak;kNþalqñaM2009
kareFVIr)aykarN_RtYtBinitüGMBIbBaðasuvtßiPaBnana KYrRtUv)anEklm¥}79
.
125> enAkñúgkareqøIybtrbs;xøÜn fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)anelIkeLIgnUvskmµPaBnana EdlBYkeK)aneRKagedIm,IedaH
RsaysßanPaB. Fñak;RKb;RKgkt;smÁal;fa TMnak;TMngnanarvagFnaKar nigrdæaPi)al RtUv)anxUcxateday
sarkarekIteLIgCMuvijRBwtþikarN_bwgkk; ehIyfa rdæaPi)al)anelIkeLIgCafµIeLIgvijnUvkarminÉkPaBrbs;
xøÜnGMBIkarCab;Bak;B½n§KñarvagKeRmag nigkarbeNþjecjnanaéntMbn;bwgkk;. rdæaPi)al)anlubecalKeRmag
enAéf¶TI07 ExkBaØa qñaM2009 edaysarkarminÉkPaBKñaenH. eTaHbIy:agdUcenHk¾eday Fñak;RKb;RKg
rbs;FnaKar)anKUsbBa¢ak;dl;rdæaPi)alfa katBVkic©rbs;xøÜneRkamkic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆn_ enAEt
mandEdl rhUtdl;karTUTat;\NTan)aneFVIeLIgcb;sBVRKb; b:uEnþrdæaPi)alminÉkPaBeTAelIkarGnuvtþ
viFankarEdlesñIeLIgedayFñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKar.
2> karviPaKrbs;RkumGFikarkic©
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126> dUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkñúgCMBUkxagedIm muneBlmankarbeNþjecj nigkarbUmdIcak;bMeBjnaeBlfµI²knøg
mkenH manRKYsarcMnYnrab;Ban;RKYsarrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;kñúgTIRkugPñMeBj. PaKeRcInénRKYsarTaMgenH
Kitfa BYkeKmankmµsiT§i b¤siT§ikan;kab;eTAelIdITaMgenH RBmTaMgRbkasfaBYkeKmanÉksarbBa¢ak;BIkarTij
dIRBmTaMgvik½ybRtTijdITaMgenHpgEdr. dIRtUv)ankan;kab; epÞrsiT§ nigTTYlmrtk RBmTaMgmankarTTYl
sÁal;RtwmRtUvtamc,ab; nigedayGaC¤aFr nigGñkeRbIR)as;Bak;B½n§ eTaHbICaminTan;manÉksarTTYlsÁal;
edayRbB½n§pøÚvkarrbs;Catik¾eday. RKYsarCaeRcInrs;enAeRkAtMbn;EdlmanKUsbnÞat;kRmitTwkx<s; ehIyxøH
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TwkTabénbwg.
127> RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa TidæPaBsMxan;énsßanPaBc,ab;enAtMbn;bwgkk; minmanPaBc,as;las; RBmTaMg
manvivaTeRcIn. mankarGHGagbBa¢ak;famantMbn;RtYtsIuKñaxøHCamYynwgdIsaFarN³ nigÉkCnrbs;rdæenAkñúg
tMbn;xagkñúg nigCMuvijbwgkk; nigRbePTkmµsiT§ixusKñamYycMnYn. bwgenHKWCabwgFmµCati Edl)ankMnt;enA
kñúgmaRtaTI58énrdæFmµnujqñaM1993 faCaRTBüsm,tþirbs;rdæ nigenAkñuúgmaRtaTI15énc,ab;PUmi)alqñaM2001
78
kareqøIytbrbs;KN³RKb;RKg TMB½rTI20. 79
kareqøIytbrbs;KN³RKb;RKg TMB½rTI33.
50
faCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ . viFanc,ab;Bak;B½n§ ¬Rbkas¦80
bBa¢ak;faRBMRbTl;rbs;bwgRtUv)ankMNt;eday
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bwgeLIy. CalT§pl dIEdlmanTItaMgsßitenAcenøaHrvagbnÞat;TwkTabbMput enArdUvR)aMg nigx<s;bMput
enArdUvvsSa RtUv)ankMNt;faCadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ elIkElgEtmankareRbIR)as;CasaFarN³ b¤manRbeyaCn_
dl;saFarN³. Ep¥keTAelIkarkMNt;enH RkumGFikarkic©mankarkt;smÁal;fa ral;RTBsm,tþiEdl)an
sagsg;enAelIssrx<s;putBITwkenAkñúgtMbn;bwgGaccat;TukfasßitenAelIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ.
128> maRtaTI17énc,ab;PUmi)alEcgfa RTBüsm,tþiEdl)ancat;cMNat;fñak;faCaRTBüsm,tþiÉkCnrbs;rdæ nig
nitibuKÁlsaFarN³ Gaclk;edaHdUr EbgEck b¤k¾epÞrkmµsiT§i)an dUcEdl)ankMNt;edayc,ab;. Ep¥keTAelI
mUldæanenH tMbn;Edl sßitenAcenøaHrvagExSbnÞat;TwkTabnigx<s; GacmansiT§ikñúgkarecjb½NÑsmÁal;
kmµsiT§ipøÚvkareTA[PaKIÉkCn b¤k¾nitibuKÁlsaFarN³)an.
129> mankarEcgxus²KñaenAkñúgc,ab; Edl)anykmkGnuvtþcMeBaHkrNIdIBak;B½n§eTAnwgsiT§ipøÚv cMeBaHpøÚvrfePøIg
kat;tamtMbn;bwgkk;. maRtaTI12 énc,abPUmi)alqñaM1992Ecgfa dIbRmugTuksRmab;pøÚvrfePøIg KWCasm,tþi
saFarN³rbs;rdæ. karEcgdUcKñaenH k¾)anbBa¢ak;pgEdrenAkñúgmaRtaTI15énc,ab;PUmi)alqñaM2001 ehIy
RtUv)ankMNt;enAkñúg]bsm<½n§énRbkaselx42 Edl)andak;bBa©ÚldITaMgGs;kñúgcMgay20Em:RtBIG½kSpøÚv
enAkñúgTIRkug TIrYmextþ nigtMbn;TIRbCMuCn81
Casm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæ . manPsþútagBIkrNIsikSaCaeRcIn
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enAEk,rpøÚvrfePøIg cab;taMgBIedImqñaM1980 edIm,I[BYkeKGacrs;enAEk,rkEnøgeFVIkargarrbs;eK. PaKeRcIn
énGñkcab;ykdITaMgenH KWCatMNagRbCaBlrdæ nigRKYsar Edl)anesñIeLIgenAkñúgRkumGFikarkic© )anbBa¢ak;
famanb½NÑsmÁal;siT§kan;kab; EdlbBa¢ak;faBYkeKGacmansiT§iTTYlkarBicarNasRmab;karpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;
kmµsiT§)an CaBiesscMeBaHGñkEdl)ankan;kab;dIenaHeRcInCagR)aMqñaM muneBlkarGnum½tc,ab;PUmi)alqñaM
2001.
130> cugbBa©b; tMbn;epSg²eTotenACMuvijbwg RtUv)anraykarN_fa)aneRbIR)as;CasYnc,arsaFarN³ RBmTaMgsYn
stVenAtamcMNucmYycMnYn bnÞab;BIsalaRkug)ankan;kab;tMbn;enHcab;taMgBIqñaM1979mk. sYnc,ar
saFarN³ )ankMNt;enAkñúgc,ab;PUmi)alqñaM2001 faCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ ehtudUcenHral;karcab;ykdI
TaMgenHcat;Tukfaxusc,ab;82
. RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;eXIjfa minmansYnc,arsaFarN³enAesssl;
eToteLIy ehIyminmanPaBc,as;las;faetIRBMRbTl;rbs;vaenATINaeLIy. edayehtufatMbn;TaMgenHmin
mankarvas;Evg nigcuHbBa¢ICasm,tþirbs;rdæenAeLIy ehIyelIsBIenHeTAeTot dITaMgenH)an)at;bg;muxgar
80
Rbkaselx 42 dns>bk cuHéf¶TI10 Exmina 2006 sþIBIkarkMnt; kareFVIEpnTI nigkarcat;cMNat;fñak;dIrdæ . 81
Rbkaselx 42 dns>bk cuHéf¶TI10 Exmina 2006 sþIBIkarkMnt; kareFVIEpnTI nigkarcat;cMNat;fñak;dIrdæ TMB½rTI8 . 82
c,ab;PUmi)alqñaM2001 maRtaTI 15 .
51
eRbIR)as;CasYnc,arsaFarN³Gs;eTAehIy ehtudUecñHtMbn;enHGaccat;TukfaCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ)an.
enAkñúgkrNIenH RbCaBlrdæ nigRKYsarEdlCam©as;)ankan;kab;dITaMgenHRsbeTAtammaRtaenAkñúgc,ab;
PUmi)alqñaM2001 GacmansiT§iTTYl)ankarTamTarrbs;eKsRmab;karBicarNapþl;b½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§i)an .
131> TsSn³rbs;RkumGFikarkic©yl;eXIjfa EpñkmYycMnYnéntMbn;bwgkk; GacmansiT§iTTYl)ankarBicarNa
pþl;b½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§isRmab;kmµsiT§iÉkCn sßiteRkameKalkarN_vinicä½yénKeRmagerobcMEdndI
nigrdæ)aldIFøI. dUc)anbBa¢ak;xagedIm tMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anRbkasfaCatMbn;vinicä½yenAeRkamRkbx½NÐ
KeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøItaMgBIqñaM2006.
¬x¦> karcat;cMNat;fñak;dIeLIgvij nigkic©RBmRBagCYlCamYyGñkGPivDÆÉkCn
132> RkumGFikarkic©)andwgfa kñúgkMLúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag rdæaPi)al)aneFVIcMNat;fñak;dIeLIgvijnUvtMbn;
CMuvijbwgkk;[eTACadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ rYmTaMgtMbn;Ed;lrs;enAedayRKYsarEdl)antv:a. RkumGFikarkic©
k¾)andwgpgEdrfa RsbeBlCamYyKñaenHEdr k¾mankarerobcMEpnkaredayELk edIm,ICYldIenHeTA[Gñk
GPivDÆn_ÉkCn. RkumGFikarkic©)aneFVIBinitüelITegVITaMgenH enAkñúgRkbx½NÐnanarbs;KeRmagEdl)an
erobcMeLIg edIm,IFana[mankarBicarNaRtwmRtUvelIkarTamTarkmµsiT§BIRKYsarTaMgLay Edlrs;enAelIdI
TaMgenH RsbeTAtameKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak.
133> sRmab;eKalbMNgenH karBinitüeLIgvijsegçbelIbribTRkbxNÐKtiyutþinana mansar³sMxan;CaTIbMput.
maRtaTI15énc,ab;PUmi)alqñaM2001 )anerobcMbBa¢IRbePTRTBüsm,tþinana EdlsßitenAeRkamRTBüsm,tþi
saFarN³rbs;rdæ. TaMgenHrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgRTBüsm,tþiEdlmanRbPBedImBIFmµCati rYmTaMgtMbn;sRmab;kar
eFVInavacrN_ nigtMbn;bENþtTwk nigbwgFmµCatipgpgEdr . edayehtudUcenHbwgFmµCatidUcCabwgkk;
Ep¥ktamniymn½yKWCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ eTaHbICatMbn; CMuvijbwgenAminTan;)ankMNt;enAkñúgc,ab;k¾eday .
Ep¥ktammaRtaTI16 EcgfadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ GackøayCaeKaledAénkarkan;kab; b¤eRbIR)as;beNÑaH
Gasnñ)an eTaHbICamaRtaTI18énGnuRkwtüelx129 )anbBa¢ak;fa karCYldIsaFarN³rbs;rdæminGacman
ry³eBlelIsBI15qñaM)an nigminGaceFVI[xUcxatRTBüsm,tþi b¤k¾pøas;bþÚrmuxgarrbs;va enAkñúgkarpþl;
esvakmµsaFarN³)ank¾eday83
. maRtaTI16 énc,ab;PUmi)alk¾)anEcgpgEdrfa “enAeBlEdlRTBü
sm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæ)at;bg;muxgareRbIR)as;sRmab;CaplRbeyaCn_;saFarN³ RTBüsm,tþiTaMgenaHGac
cat;bBa©ÚlkñúgbBa¢IRTBüsm,tþiÉkCnrbs;rdæ edayc,ab;sþIBIkarepÞrRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæeTACaRTBü
sm,tþiÉkCnrbs;rdæ”84
.
83
GnuRkwtüelx129sþIBIEbbbT nignitiviFIsRmab;kareFVIcMNat;fñak;RTBsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæ
nignitibuKÁlsaFarN³eLIgvij . 84
c,ab;PUmi)alqñaM2001 .
52
134> eTaHCay:agNak¾eday maRtaTI3K énGnuRkwtüsþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ85
tRmUvfa “cMENkdInImYy²rbs;rdæ
RtUvEtcuHbBa¢IenAkñúgbBa¢IdIFøICadIsaFarN³b¤ÉkCnrbs;rdæ”. maRtaTI13sMedAeTAelIkareFVIcMNat;fñak;dI;eLIg
vijfa“Cakarpøas;bþÚr fananuRkbrbs;dIEdl)ancuHbBa¢ICadIsaFarN³ nigÉkCnrbs;rdærYcehIy”. maRta
TI4énRBHraCRkwtü86
k¾)anEcgpgEdrfa “ karepÞrRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæ nignitibuKÁlsaFarN³
GaceFVIeTA)anEtcMeBaHRTBüsm,tþiEdl)ancuHbBa¢ICaRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdærYcehIyEtb;ueNÑaH”. dUc
enH dIGaceFVIcMNat;fñak;eLIgvijBIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæeTACadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ bnÞab;BIdITaMgenHRtUv)ancuHbBa¢I
CadIrbs;rdæenAkñúgbBa¢IdIFøICamunsin “ebImindUecñHeTluHRtaEtRtUv)anpþl;[ edayc,ab;”87
. kareFVIcMNat;
fñak;dIRbePTenHeLIgvij dac;xatRtUvEtGnuelameTAtammaRtaTI16énc,ab;PUmi)alpgEdr. RkumGFikar-
kic© kt;sMKal;eXIjfa eKalbMNgsMxan;énKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI )aneFVIkargarcuHbBa¢IdITaMgenH
pgEdr .
135> eyageTAtamkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg kñúgGMLúgeBlebskkmµnaExmifuna qñaM2008 FnaKarBiPB
elak)anCRmabCUndMNwgfa salaRkugPñMeBj)anRbkasfa tMbn;bwgkk;KWCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ ehtudUcenH
RKYsarenAkñúgtMbn;enH RtUv)andkecjBIkarpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiTi§ edaysarkarpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§i
minGaceFVIeTA)anenAeRkamc,ab;PUmi)al kñúgkarkarBarÉkCnTamTarkmµsiT§iRsbc,ab;elIdIsaFarN³rbs;
rdæ)an. CagenHeTAeTot Fñak;RKb;RKg)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa “eKmin)anTTYlPsþútagnanaedIm,IKaMRTdl;sala
RkugkñúgkarGHGagfa tMbn;bwgkk;KWCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæeLIy”88
.
136> Ep¥keTAtamkareqøIytbrbs;Fñak;RKb;RKg manEtRBMRbTl;PUmiEtb:ueNÑaHEdl)ankMNt;edayKeRmagerobcM
EdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI. karpSBVpSayB½t’manCasaFarN³sþIBIlT§plènkareFVIvinicá½ydI bgðajfaPaBCam¨as;
elItMbn;TaMgenaH KWminTan;)andwgenAeLIyenAelIEpnTIsurieyadI EdlerobcMedayKN³kmµakarrdæ)al
eRkamRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; . fñak;RKb;RKg)ankt;sMKal;fa B½t’manTaMgenHRKan;Et
CakareFVIcMNat;fñak;dICaTUeTA EdleRbIR)as;sRmab;EtdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ nigsRmab;dIEdlmaneKaledATMnas;
EdlminGacedaHRsay)anenAnwgmUldæankñúgkMLúgeBldMeNIrkareFVIb½NÑsMKal;kmµsiT§iEtb:ueNÑaH89
.
137> dUcEdl)ankt;smÁal;enAkñúgCMBUkTI2énr)aykarN_enH eTaHbICatMbn;bwgkk;RtUv)anRbkasfaCadIsaFar
N³rbs;rdæedayrdæaPi)al ehIyCalT§plRbCaBlrdæRtUv)anCRmabCUndMNwgfaBYkeKKµansiT§iEFVIkmµsiT§elI
85
GnuRkwtüelx 118³ GnuRkwtüsþIBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ cuHéf¶TI7 Extula qñaM2005 . 86
RBHraCRkwtüsþIBI “ eKalkarN_ nigkarpþl;karepÞrRTBsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæ nignitibuKÁlsaFarN³beNÑaHGasnñ ” éf¶TI3
ExsIha 2006 .
87 ibid, maRtaTI 14 .
88 kareqøIytbBIGñkRKb;RKg TMB½rTI 19.
89 kareqøIytbrbs;GñkRKb;RKg TMB½rTI 21 .
53
RTBüsm,tþiTaMgenaHk¾eday k¾b:uEnþEpnkarsRmab;GPivDÆÉkCnelItMbn;bwgkk;)anmandMeNIrkaredayrlUn
taMgBImuneBlEdlmankarRbkastMbn;enH faCatMbn;vinicä½yenAeRkamKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøIeTA
eTot. naExsIha qñaM2005 ry³eBl7ExmunkarRbkas tMbn;vinicä½yéntMbn;bwgkk;naExmina qñaM2006
karriyal½yénTIsþIkarKN³rdæmRnþI )anCUndMNwgeTAGPi)alraCFanIPñMeBjfa CaeKalkarN_ rdæaPi)al
ÉkPaB[Rkumh‘uns‘UkaKU eFVIkarGPivDÆenAtMbn;bwgkk;. lixitk¾)aneyageTAelIkarseRmccitþ rbs;rdæa
Pi)al edIm,IbegáItRkumkargar “ eFVIkarsikSasIuCeRmAelIEpnkarem Edl)ansikSaerobcMedayGñkbec©keTs
nig EpnkarGPivDÆrbs;Rkumh‘un” EdlRkumh‘un)aneFVIkarsikSa RBmTaMgtRmUvkarsRmab; “kareFVIskmµPaB
edaHRsaybBaða kan;kab;dIxusc,ab;CabeNþIr² edayEp¥kelIbTBiesaFn_knøgmk” 90
.
rUbPaBTI 4³ xSac;RtUv)aneKbUmdak;kñúgbwgkk;
138> naéf¶TI3 Exmkra qñaM2006 kariyal½yénTIsþIkarKN³rdæmRnþI )anCUndMNwgeTAGPi)alraCFanIPñMeBjfa
rdæaPi)alÉkPaB “[Rkumh‘uns‘UkaKUGPivDÆtMbn;bwgkk;edayrkSaTukèpÞbwg10hikta” nig “[salaRkug
eFVIkarsikSaCamYynwgRkumh‘un RBmTaMgeRbIR)as;bTBiesaFn_knøgmk eFVIkaredaHRsayCabeNþIr²CamYynwg
Gñkkan;kab;dIminRsbc,ab; nigdMeNIrkarbUmdIcak;bMeBjsRmab;eKaledAGPivDÆtMbn;91
. enAéf¶TI30
Exmkra qñaM2007 semþcnaykrdæmRnþI)anGnuBaØati[GPi)alraCFanIPñMeBjcuHhtßelxaelIkic©RBmeRBog
90
lixitelx1274 s>C>Nrbs;kariyal½yénTIsþIkarKN³rdæmRnþI ecjExsIha qñaM2005 eday]bnaykrdæmRnþI
rdæmRnþITTYlbnÞúkTI sþIkarKN³rdæmRnþI CUneTAÉk]tþmGPi)alraCFanIPñMeBj . 91
lixitelx01 s>C>Nrbs;kariyal½yénTIsþIkarKN³rdæmRnþIecjéf¶TI3 Exmkra 2006 eday]bnaykrdæmRnþI
rdæmRnþITTYlbnÞúkTI sþIkarKN³rdæmRnþI CUneTAÉk]tþmGPi)alraCFanIPñMeBj .
54
CYlCamYyRkumh‘uns‘UkaKU92
. kic¨snüaCYlry³eBl99qñaMrvagsalaRkugPñMeBj nigRkumh‘unGPivDÆÉkCn
s‘UkaKU )ancuHhtßelxanaèf¶TI6 ExkumÖH qñaM2007 bnÞab;BIkarRbkastMbn;bwgkk;CatMbn;vinicá½yeFVIb½NÑ
smÁal;kmµsiTi§eRkamKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøIry³eBlCitmYyqñaMeRkaymk. enAéf¶TI7 ExsIha
qñaM2008 rdæaPi)al)anecjGnuRkwtüEkERbtMbn;enH ¬rYmTaMgbwgpgEdr¦BIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ eTACadI
ÉkCnrbs;rdæ93
.
139> GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alnana EdleFVIkargarBak;B½n§eTAnwgbBaðadIFøIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigGñkKaMRTeTAdl;
Gñktv:aesñIsMu )anecaTsYrBIsuBlPaBénkarepÞrtMbn;bwgkk;BIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæeTACadIÉkCnrbs;rdæeday
sarmUlehtumYycMnYn. BYkeK)anelIkeLIgfabwgkk;KWCabwgFmµCati Ep¥ktamniymn½yKWCaRTBsm,tþi
saFarN³rbs;rdæ edaysarEtFmµCatiedImrbs;va ehIyedayehtudUcenHminKYrCaeKaledAsRmab;karepÞr
eTACaRTBüsm,tþiÉkCnrbs;rdæeLIy. CagenHeTAeTot BYkeK)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa dIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ
GaceFVIkarcat;cMNat;fñak;eLIgvij)anEtkñúgkrNIEdlva)an)at;bg; nUvkareRbIR)as;CasaFarN³Etb:ueNÑaH
ehIybwgkk;KWCaRbB½n§sþúkTwkePøógFmµCatid¾FMmYykñúgTIRkugPñMeBj EdlminTan;)an)at;bg;lT§PaBeRbIR)as;
sRmab;eKalbMNgsaFarN³enAeLIy94
.
140> RkumGFikarkic©k¾)ankt;smÁal;eXIjpgEdrfa tamry³karCYltMbn;bwgkk;[eTARkumh‘unGPivDÆÉkCn
nigkarcat;cMNat;fñak; tMbn;enHeLIgvijBIRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæ[eTACaRTBüsm,tþiÉkCnrbs;rdæ
raCrdæa Pi)al)ankMNt;seRmcRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaBfa dIenACMuvijbwg nigbwgxøÜnÉgEtmþg )an)at;bg;pl
RbeyaCn_eRbIR)as;saFarN³ehIyGackøayeTACaeKaledAsRmab;TTYl)ankmµsiT§iRTBsm,tþiÉkCn. tam
ry³karkMNt;dIenH[eTACadIÉkCnrbs;rdæ BlrdæEdlrs;enA b¤kan;kab;dIenAtMbn;enaH GacBicarNaxøÜnÉg
y:agsmehtuplfamansiT§iTamTar[mankarkarBarRsbc,ab; .
141> RkumGFikarkic©yl;RsbCamYynwgFñak;RKb;RKgfa GñktaMgTIlMenAenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anbdiesFdl;kar
TTYl)andMeNIrkarénkareFVIvinicä½y edIm,ITamTarsiT§ielIRTBsm,tþirbs;BYkeK . Rkum)anrkeXIjfa
GñktaMgTIlMenAenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; )anbBa¢ak;kñúgkþIsgÇwmfa karTamTardIFøIrbs;BYkeK mansiT§iTTYl)an
karKitKUrBicarNaenAeRkamkareFVIb½NÑkmµsiT§CaRbB½n§ ehIyCagenHeTAeTot ral;karTamTardI
TaMgGs;enAkñúgXMu)anTTYlkareFVIvinicä½yRsbCamYynwgnitiviFI nigdMeNIrkarsRmab;kareFVIvinicä½yelI
92
lixitGnuBaØatielx10 s>b>t énraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa ecjéf¶TI30 Exmkra 2007 . 93
GnuRkwtüelx 108 s>g sþIBIkarepÞrTItaMgbwgkk;BIRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæ eTACaRTBüsm,tþiÉkCnrbs;rdæ cuHéf¶TI7
sIha 2008 . 94
United, BABSEA,COHRE,JRS,2009.P.60,61.
55
karTamTarkan;kab;RTBüsm,tþi dUcEdl)anÉkPaBrvagrdæaPi)al FnaKarBiPBelak nigédKUGPivDÆnana
EdlKaMRTdl;KeRmagRKb;RKg nigEbgEckdI .
¬K¦> karkat;tMbn;bwgkk;ecjbnÞab;BIkarRbkastMbn;vinicä½yenAeRkamKeRmagerobcM
EdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI
142> bBaðaBak;B½n§Edl)aneFVIkarBicarNaedayRkumGFikarkic©KW etIkarkat;ecjtMbn;bwgkk;BIKeRmagerobcMEdndI
nigrdæ)aldIFøIkñúgkMLúgeBlénkarGnuvtþKeRmag manPaBsIusgVak;KñaCamYynwgkarerobcMKeRmagnig
kataBVkic©nanaenAeRkamRkbx½NÐKeRmagEdrb¤eT.
143> RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa TaMgRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; nigédKUGPivDÆn_man
TsSn³Kitfa dMeNIrkarEdl)anGnuelamenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; min)anbMBaneTAelIkataBVkic©rbs;PaKIxçIenA
eRkamkic©RBmRBag\NTanGPivDÆEdrb¤y:agNa. BYkeK)anKUsbBa¢ak;CUndl;RkumGFikarkic©fa tMbn;bwgkk;
RtUv)ankat;ecjBIdMeNIrkareFVIvinicä½ytMbn; edaysarEtsßanPaBTMnas;dI ehIyedayehtudUcenH kareFVIb½NÑ
smÁal;kmµsiT§i rYmkmµsiT§idIrdæk¾minRtUv)anTTYlkaryl;RBmeLIy. BYkeK)aneFVIkarBnül; edayEp¥kelI
esckþIEføgkarrbs;Éksarvinicä½yKeRmagfa “KeRmagnwgminGacpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§idIenAtMbn;Edl
TMnas;TMngCaminGacedaHRsay)aneLIy”95
. m:üagvijeTot GñkesñIsMutv:a nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al)an
TamTarfa karkat;ecjtMbn;EdlmanTMnas; b¤minc,as;las; BIkarpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§ilkçN³CaRbB½n§
)anGnuBaØati[GaC¤aFrextþ Rkug EdlTTYlxusRtUvenAkñúgkareRCIserIstMbn;vinicä½y eRCIserIskat;ecjtMbn;
enHedaylMeGogeTAtamGñkmanGMNac nig GñkvinieyaKbreTs96
.
144> RkumGFikarkic©)anEbgEckkarviPaKelIbBaðaenHCa4EpñkEdlmanTMnak;TMngKña³ nitiviFIénkareFVIvinicä½y
KeRmag viFIsaRsþrbs;KeRmagcMeBaHdIEdlmanTMnas; viFIsaRsþKeRmagcMeBaHkarmktaMgTIlMenAminRsb
c,ab; nigviFI saRsþKeRmagcMeBaHkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ. EpñknimYy²RtUv)anelIkykmkBiPakSadUcxageRkam³
nitiviFIénkareFVIvinicä½yKeRmag
145> ÉksarCMnYysµartIsRmab;karGnuvtþKeRmag)anBnül;fa kareFVIvinicä½y {KWCadMeNIrkarbBa©b; nigpøÚvkar Edl
kMNt;BIsiT§iEdlmanRsab;eTAelIcMENkdINamYy edaymineFVI[mankarpøas;bþÚrsiT§iEdlmanRsab; elI
95
PAD, TMB½r 24 . 96
mankarGHGagenAkñúgkarsikSanaeBlfµI²enHfa karkat;ecjtMbn;EdlmanTMnas; b¤minc,as;las;
BIkareFVIb½NÑsMKal;kmµsiT§idI lkçN³CaRbB½n§ “)anGnuBaØati[GC¤aFrextþ Rkug EdlTTYlxusRtUvenA
kñúgkareRCIserIstMbn;vinicä½y eRCIserIskat;ecjtMbn;enH eday manPaBlMeGogeTAtamGñkmanGMNac nigGñkvinieyaKbreTs” . “kareFVIb½NÑsMKal;kmµsiT§dIenARbeTskm<úCa³ kareFVI[GsmFm’man karyl;RBm” s<anqgkat;RBM RbTl;RbeTskm<Ca-
karBinitüeLIgvijmYyqñaM2009 Bugalski, N and Pred, D. (2009) .
56
cMENkdIenaH b¤mYyk¾begáIt nUvsiT§ifµIepSgeToteLIy} . kareFVIvinic½äy {k¾CakarkMNt;seRmcpgEdrfaetI
buKÁlNaGacmansiT§iRbtibtþisiT§iTaMgenaH RBmTaMgktþakMNt;TaMgLayEdlsiT§iTaMgenaHmanenAkñúgkar
Gnuvtþc,ab; nigRkbxNÐKtiyutþi EdllT§plénkareFVIkarvinicä½y KWCar)aykarN_dIeBjelj EdlmanPaB
Cak;lak; bBa©b; nigFanar:ab;rgedayrdæ}97
.
146> GnuRkwtüelx46 “sþIBInitiviFIbegáItRkmEpnTIsurieyadI nigkarcuHbBa¢IdI” begáIteLIgnUvnitiviFIKtiyutþi
sRmab;kareFVIb½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§idIlkçN³CaRbB½n§ enAeRkamKeRmageroncMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI. maRtaTI2
EdlrYmmanesckþIRbkassþIBIkareFVIvinicä½ytMbn;Ecgfa “GPi)alextþ¼Rkug RtUvEtRbkastMbn; nigRBMRbTl;
CatMbn;sRmab;kareFVIvinicä½y . kareFVIesckþI seRmccitþTaMgLayenAeRkammaRtaenH RtUvEtkMnt;BITItaMg
nigEdnkMNt;tMbn;vinicá½y edayeRbIR)as;EpnTI b¤edaykar BiBN’na b¤edayeRbImeFüa)ayTaMgBIr”98 .
Rkumyl;eXIjfa mankarerobcMpSBVpSaytMbn;vinicä½yeTAtamRBMRbTl;XMu eTaHbICaGnuRkwtüelx46 min
)anbBa¢ak;BIGVImYyEdlCaplvi)akBIkarGnuvtþEbbenHk¾eday .
147> eRkayeBlEdltMbn;NamYyRtUv)anRbkasfaCatMbn;vinicä½y GnuRkwtübBa¢ak;BInitiviFIEdlTamTar[RKb;
cMENkdITaMgGs;enAkñúgtMbn;RtUvEteFVIkarvinicä½y. maRtaTI9 )anKUsbBa¢ak;fa³ mRnþIkMnt;RBMRbTl;dIRtUvEt
TTYlkarENnaMedayGñkRKb;RKg esuIbGegátBinitüBic½yral;RKb;ÉksarEdlman RBmTaMgPsþútagB½t’man
Calayl½kçGkSr nigpÞal;mat;TaMgGs; Tak;TgeTAnwgsiT§iBak;B½n§eTAnwgcMENkdInimYy²enAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½y
ehIyRtUveFVIkarkt;RtasiT§iéncMENkdInimYy²TaMgenH”99
¬bEnßmkarepþatkarykcitþTukdak;¦ .
148> RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa GnuRkwtüelx46 nignitiviFIsRmab;kareFVIvinicä½ytMbn; Edl)anbegáIt
eLIgeRkamKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøImin)andak;bBa©Úll½kçx½NÐsRmab;karkat;ecjcMENknanaén
tMbn;vinicä½yEdl)anRbkaseLIy eRkayeBldMeNIrkar)ancab;epþImCapøÚvkar. karRbECgTamTarNamYy
cMeBaHdIenH RtUvEtedaHRsayenAkñúgdMeNIrkar b¤ mYyk¾bBa¢ÚneTAKN³kmµakarsurieyadICati b¤k¾eTAtulakar
edIm,IeFVIkaredaHRsay ¬eyagmaRta12 nig14 énGnuRkwtüelx 46¦100
. eyageTAtamGñkesñIsMu
97
ÉksarCMnYysµartIGnuvtþKeRmag EpñkTI1³ kareFVIkarvinicá½ytMbn; nigEpñkTI2³ karpSBVpSayB½t’manCasaFarN³ . 98
raCrdæaPi)al elx 46 G>n>k>bk cuHéf¶TI31 Ex]sPa2002 maRtaTI 2 . 99
GnuRkwtüelx 46 sþIBInitiviFIsRmab;karbegáItRkmEpnTIsurieyadI nigkarcuHbBa¢IdI ecjéf¶TI31 Ex]sPa 2009 maRta 9 . 100
kñúgkMLúgeBlénkareFVIGegát ÉksarEtmYyKt;EdlRkumrkeXIjTak;TgeTAnwgkarkat;ecjBItMbn;vinicä½y Tak;Tg
eTAnwgsgáat;Tenø )asak; ecjéf¶TI6 tula 2009 . ÉksarenH KWCaÉksarBIRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg;
eTARbFanKN³kmµakarrdæ)al RkugPñMeBj EdlbBa¢ak;BIkarkat;ecjtMbn;cMnYnR)aMBIrtMbn;BIkareFVIb½NÑsMKal;kmµsiT§idI
lkçN³CaRbB½n§. mUlehtusMxan;énkarkat;ecj tMbn;TaMgenH KWlkçN³sµúRKsµajsRmab;dMeNIrkareFVIb½NÑsMKal;kmµsiT§I
lkçN³CaRbB½n§. kMNt;sMKal;)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa enAtMbn;xøH RbCaBlrdæ)anmkcab;ykdI ehIysg;lMenAdæanbeNþaH
GasnñenAelIdIrdæ ¬RksYgksikmµ tMbn;cMkarmn¦ ehIyenAkEnøgxøHeTot RbCaBlrdæsg;lMenAdæanbeNþaHGasnñenA
elIdIvtþGaramü ehIyenAkEnøgxøHeTotBlrdæcUlmkcab;ykdI ehIyrs;enACan;elI nigCan; eRkam ¬GaKar¦ . Tak;TgeTAnwg
57
Edl)ansmÖasn_edayRkum karTamTarRTBüsm,tþiBIGñkrs;enAtMbn;bwgkk; minEdl)anTTYlkarKitKUr
BicarNaeLIy . bBaðaenHk¾)andwgedayGñkRKb;RKgpgEdr101
.
viFIsaRsþKeRmagcMeBaHdIEdlmanTMnas;
149> manesckþIsMGagBIrenAkñúgÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag cMeBaHsßanPaB EdlminGacecjb½NÑsMKal;kmµsiT§idI)an
enAeRkamKeRmag. esckþIsMGagTImYy ¬BiPakSaenATIenH¦Bak;B½n§eTAnwgTMnas;dIFøI ehIyesckþIsMGag TIBIr
¬BiPakSaenACMBUkbnÞab;¦ Tak;TgeTAnwg kartaMgTIlMenAminRsbc,ab; .
150> eyagtamÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag bBaðaénkarekIneLIgnUvTMnas;elIbBaðadIKWCabBaðaKnøwHEdlekIteLIg enA
xN³eBlénkarerobcMesckþIRBagyuT§saRsþsRmab;KeRmag. manmUlehtumYycMnYn “mUlehtucm,gKWPaB
minc,as;las;elIRBMRbTl;dIenA eRkamkarRtYtBinitürbs;GgÁPaBrdæ b¤buKÁlÉkCnxus²Kña”102
. Éksar
vinicä½yKeRmagbkRsayfa dIkMBugRtUv)ankan;kab;enAkñúgédGñkman\T§iBl nigGñkmanGMNac b¤GgÁPaB
nigGñkEdlmanlT§PaBcayfvikaeRkApøÚvkar CaBiessenAkñúgtMbn;EdlmanskþanuBleTscrN_ karkab;
eQI ]sSahkmµ b¤karGPivDÆTIRkug”103
. enAeBlBiBN’naBI “CeRmIsyuT§saRsþ” EdlbBa¢ak;BIkarerobcM
KeRmagEdl)anelIkeLIgedayÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag “karGnuvtþCadMNak;bnþbnÞab;” ¬KeRmag)anRbemIl
emIlfakñúgmYydMNak;kal²RtUvmanry³eBl5qñaM sRmab;kmµviFICatiry³eBl10-15qñaM¦ “karbg;fvika
sRmab;karecjb½NÑsMKal;kmµsiT§” nig “karKaMRTGgÁkarminEmn rdæaPi)aledIm,IGnuvtþskmµPaBTak;Tg
eTAnwgkarcUlrYmBIshKmn_”104
.
151> RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa minmanesckþIbBa¢ak;enAkñúgEpñkénÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag b¤ DCA
enHeT enAkñugkarseRmcCayuT§saRsþ edIm,IeCosvagBITMnas;dIFøI . pÞúyeTAvij RkumGFikarkic©)anGan
esckþIepþIm rbs;Éksarvinicä½yKeRmag edIm,IepþatkarykcitþTukdak;elIesckþIRtUvkarkñúgkarkat;bnßykRmit
énTMnas;elIbBaðadIFøItamry³dMeNIrkareFVIvinicä½ytMbn; nigkaredaHRsayCemøaH. RkumGFikarkic©k¾)ankt;
sMKal;eXIj pgEdrfa enAkñúgÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag, DCA b¤k¾ÉksarepSg²eTot minmankar[niymn½y
Bnül;BITMnas; dIFøIeLIy.
152> EpñksþIBI “lT§PaBEdlnaM[manTidæPaBvaTb,divaT” énÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa³karcat;
cMNat;fñak;dI nigkarkMnt;RBMRbTl;rvagEdnsaFarN³ nigÉkCn RBmTaMgsRmab;dIEdlsßitenAkñúgEdn
¬tMbn;BIrkñugcMenamtMbn;TaMgenaH¦ mankarCUndMNwgCalayl½kçGkSr edayrdæaPi)alGnuBaØati[Rkum h‘unTijdIeTAtamtèmø
Edl)anRBmRBagKña . 101
kareqøIytbBIGñkRKb;RKg TMB½r19 . 102
PAD TMB½rTI 5 . 103
PAD TMB½rTI 5 . 104
PAD TMB½rTI 8 .
58
saFarN³tMbn;EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;GgÁPaBrdæepSg²Kña CaTUeTAmankarlM)ak ehIybegáIn[
man vivaTenAkñúgry³eBlxøI . KeRmagnwgminecjb½NÑsMKal;kmµsiT§idI enAkñúgtMbn;NaEdlmanTMnas;eLIy
rhUtdl; eBlEdlmankarÉkPaBeTAelIl½kçxNÐrbs;dIenH . KeRmagnwgKaMRTdl;dMeNIrkarBieRKaHeyabl;
saFarN³CaRbB½n§ edIm,ICYyeRCamERCg[mankarRBmRBagKñasRmab;karBiPakSa nigFana[mankarbnþ BiPakSa
nigBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al nigsgÁmsIuvil. mankarrMBwgTukpgEdrfa dImYycMnYn
Edlbc©úb,nñsßitenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;rdæ ¬RbEhl80PaKryénépÞdIsrub¦ nigbþÚreTACaEdnÉkCn.
kareFVIEbbenHnwgedaHElgFnFanrdæ[mankarRKb;RKgdIRbesIrCag Edlbc©úb,nñkMBugbnþenAeRkamkarRtYt
Rtarbs;rdæ105
¬karKUs bBa¢ak;bEnßm¦ .
153> eTaHbICaesckþIEføgkarenAkñúgÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag minmanPaBc,as;las;k¾eday b:uEnþvahak;bIdUcCaman
lkçN³RsbKñaCamYynwgkarerobcMKeRmag nigviFIsaRsþcMeBaHTMnas;dIFøI ehIyCakarBit kareFVIb½NÑsmÁal;
kmµsiT§idIenAeRkamkarKaMRTrbs;KeRmag KWGaRs½yeTAelIPaBeCaKC½yénkaredaHRsayTMnas;. karBicar
NaeTAelIdMeNIrkarkMNt;RBMRbTl;rvagdIsaFarN³ nigÉkCn Canic©kalmin)anRbRBwtþeTAedayrlUnenaH
eT KeRmag)anRbemIlemIlBItRmUvkar[mandMeNIrkarBieRKaHeyabl;CasaFarN³CaRbB½n§pgEdr. KeRmag
dUcEdl)ankt;sMKal;enAkñúgkfax½NÐxagelIrMBwgfa dMeNIrkarenHnwgCYysRmYl[mankarRBmRBagrYmKñaCa
FøúgmYykñúgkareFVIesckþIseRmccitþ RBmTaMgkarFana[mankarbnþBiPakSa nigBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyGgÁkar
minEmnrdæaPi)al nigsgÁmsIuvil k¾dUcCakardak;bBa©ÚleKaledABRgwgynþkarsRmab;karedaHRsayTMnas;
cUl eTAkñúgEpnkarsmaPaKpgEdr ¬smasPaKTI4¦. CagenHeTAeTot KeRmagk¾dak;bBa©ÚlkarKaMRT
dl;kareFVIcMNat;fñak; nigkarkMNt;RBMRbTl;rvagEdnsaFarN³ nigÉkCnRBmTaMgkarbegáItsmtßPaB
sRmab;karRKb;RKgdIenAkñúgEpnkarsmasPaKpgEdr ¬smasPaKTI5¦. GñkRKb;RKgFnaKarBiPBelak
mYycMnYn k¾)anKUsbBa¢ak;R)ab;dl;RkumpgEdrfa PasarEdl)ansresrenAkñúgÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag min
manbMNgpþl;nUvmUldæanRKwHsRmab;kardkecjnUvtMbn;EdlmanTMnas; BIkareFVIb½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§idIrbs;
KeRmagenaHeT. tamBit karerobcMKeRmagCaTUeTA nigdMeNIrkarvinicä½ytMbn;EdlmanRsab;)anqøúHbBa©aMg
nUvTsSn³pÞúyKña .
154> eTaHCay:agNak¾eday karbkRsaykfaxNÐsMxan;xagelIenAkñúgÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag CaBiessesckþI
EføgkarTak;TgeTAnwgdIEdlmanTMnas; hak;bIdUcCamankarpøas;bþÚrkñúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag. bc©úb,nñ karbk
RsayenH)anykmkBRgwgGnuvtþbEnßm edIm,IseRmceKaledArbs;KeRmagkñúgkarpþl;b½NÑsMKal;kmµsiT§i
[)anmYylanb½NÑenaH KWmanny½y:agsamBaØfa KeRmagnwgmineFVIb½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§idI enAtMbn;EdlTMng
CamanTMnas;ekIteLIgeLIy. TsSn³enH hak;bIdUcCamankaryl;dwgy:agTUlMTUlaydUcKañTaMgrdæaPi)al
édKUGPivDÆ buKÁlikKeRmag nigTIRbwkSa. enAkñúgGgÁRbCMuCamYynwgRkumGFikarkic© manGñkmYycMnYn)an
105
PAD TMB½rTI 24 .
59
bBa¢ak;fa “kareFVIrebobenHvahak;bIdUcCakarebHEpøeQIEdlenATab²CitédEtb:ueNÑaH” . eTaHCay:agNak¾
eday Rkum)ankt;sMKal;eXIjfa minmankarkMNt;bBa¢ak;enAkñúgÉksarKeRmagRKwH sþIBIeKalkarN_
sRmab;karkMNt;tMbn;EdlGacmanTMnas; b¤nitiviFIsRmab;karkat;ecjtMbn;TaMgenHBIkareFVIb½NÑsMKal;
kmµsiT§I dIlkçN³CaRbB½n§eLIy .
viFIsa®sþKeRmagsRmab;edaHRsaykartaMglMenAsßanminRsbc,ab;
155> cMNuceyagTIBIrcMeBaHsßanPaBEdlminGacecjkmµsiT§dIFøI KWRtUv)ankMNt;enAkñúgRbeyaKEdlmancMNg
eCIg{ GñktaMglMenAsßaneRkApøÜvc,ab;} Edl)ankMNt;GMBIvisa®sþKeRmaenAkñúgsßanPaBénTIkEnøgEdlman{
GñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvc,ab; rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgGñkrs;enAminRsbtampøÚvc,ab;}. enAkñúgsßanPaBEbbenH eyag
eTAtamÉksarvinicä½yKeRmagKeRmag nwgminecjkmµsiT§i[cMeBaHTIkEnøgNaEdlminTan;mankic©RBmeRBog
EbgEckdI[eTAGñkEdlrs;enAminRsbc,ab; b¤tamry³kmµviFIkarEckrMElgdI b¤EbgEckdIeLIgvij}106
.
kar eqøIytbrbs;KN³RKbRKg)aneqøIytbfa Éksarvinicä½yKeRmag)aneFVI[manPaBc,as;las;ehIyfa
KeRmag EdlKaMRTdl;dMeNIrkareFVIb½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§i nwgminecjb½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§i[eTAGñktaMglMenA
b¤Gñkrs; enAminRsbc,ab;enAelIdIrdæ107
.
156> RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa esckþIseRmccitþminKaMRTdl;niytkmµénkartaMgTIlMenAsßanminRsbc,ab;
eRkamRkbx½NÐénKeRmag minRtUv)aneFVI[)anseRmceLIy enAkñúgbribTénÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag b¤kic©RBm
eRBog\NTanKeRmag rYmCamYynwgkarkMNt;niymn½yénBakü {GñkTaMgTIlMenAminRsbc,ab;} kartaMgTIlM
enAminRsbc,ab; b¤{Gñkrs;enAminRsbc,ab;}. BaküTaMgenH k¾hak;dUcCamin[mankMNt;niymn½yCapøÚv
c,ab; nigeKalneya)ayrbs;km<úCapgEdr. esckþIRBageKaleya)ayCatisþIBIkarerobcMpÞHsEm,g )aneFVI
[mantRmUvkarsRmab;karbegáIt {nItiviFImYysRmab;edaHRsaybBaðaénkartaMgTIlMenAsßanbeNþaHGasnñenA
elIdIEdlmankarkan;kab;edayminRsbc,ab;enAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug nigTIRbCuMCn}. RkumGFikarkic©)anyl;eXIj
fa cMeBaHBaküTaMgenH enAkñúgbribTénÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag KWsMedAeTAelIRbCaBlrdæEdlkMBugkan;kab;dI
saFarN³rbs;rdæ CaGñkEdlminmanlkçN³sm,tþi sRmab;karecj[nUvb½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§idIFøIeRkam
Rkbx½NÐénc,ab;dIFøIqñaM2001. niyaymü:ageTot KeRmagk¾minRtUv)ankMNt;faCakmµviFImYysRmab;eFVI
niytkmµ ¬eFVI[manlkçN³Rsbc,ab;¦énkartaMgTIlMenAsßanenAelIdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæeLIy. kmµsiT§i
dIFøIenAkñúgtMbn;EbbenH GacekItmaneLIg ebIsinCardæaPi)al)aneFVIkareRCIserIsBIdMbUgkñúgkarpþl; dIdl;
GñktaMgTIlMenAminRsbc,ab; ehIy)ancat;viFankarCaCMhan²nanakñúgkareFVI[manPaBRsbc,ab;énkarkan;
kab;rbs;BYkeK. mü:agvijeTot RkumGFikarkic©k¾)anyl;eXIjfaeKalbMNgCacm,grbs;KeRmagKW kñúg
xN³EdlGvtþmanénkareFVIcMNat;fñak;dIFøIc,as;las; KeRmagnwgkMNt;PaBRsbc,ab;énbNþwgtv:ananaGMBI
106
Éksarvinicä½yKeRmagTMB½rTI24 107
Éksarvinicä½yKeRmagTMB½rTI22
60
dIFøI rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgRbCaBlrdæ EdlTMngCaGñkkan;kab;dIFøIedayminRsbc,ab; tamry³dMeNIrkarvinicä½ymYy.
157> eTaHbICaKeRmagmin)anKitKYGMBIkarecjb½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§idIFøI[GñktaMgTIlMenAedayminRsbc,ab;k¾eday
k¾RkumGFikarkic©yl;eXIjfabBaðaTaMgenHminEmnmann½yfa Cakardak;kRmitkMNt;sRmab;GñktaMgTIlMenA
edayminRsbc,ab;eLIy EtvanwgeFVIkarmankarvinicä½yeTAelIbNþwgtv:arbs;BYkeK. RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;
smÁal;fa karbMpøicbMpøajÉksarkMNt;RtadIFøInanaenAkñúgsm½yExµrRkhm nigkarxVHxatRbB½n§muxgarRKb;
RKgdIFøIenAkñúgbNþaqñaMEdlmanPaBRcbUkRcbl;énkarcUlkan;kab;eLIgvijenAPñMeBj )aneFVI[naykdæan
nigTIPñak;garrdænana RBmTaMgbuKÁlnanaxVHnUvkmµsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøIRsbc,ab;. edaysarmUlehtuenH KeRmag
erobcMEdndI nigrdæ)alfIFøIRtUv)anerobcMbegáIteLIg edIm,IKaMRTdl;kareFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvkareFVI cMNat;fñak;
karerobcMEpnTIdIrdæ edIm,IBRgwgdl;suvtßiPaBénkarkan;kab;dIFøI nigTIpSardIFøI RBmTaMgkarBarkuM[manCemøaH
dIFøI nigedaHRsayCemøaHdIFøI.
158> RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;eXIjnUvcMNuceyagenAkñúgÉksarvinicä½yKeRmagénkmµviFI UNCHS/UNDP
nigédKUGPivDÆn_déTeTotkñúgkarpþl;suvtßiPaBénkarkan;kab;dIFøIcMeBaHkartaMgTIlMenAedayminRsbc,ab;.
cMNuceyagenHTTYlsÁal;faTaMgFanaKarBiPBelak nigTaMgRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrYbnIykmµ nigsMNg;min
manPaBmaneRbobénkaredaHRsaybBaðaCamYyGñktaMgTIlMenAminRsbc,ab; nigGñkrs;enAminRsbc,ab;
eLIy. dUcenH vaCakarRbesIrsRmab;KeRmagpþl;karKaMRTdl;RkumGPivDÆn_EdlkMBugeFVIkarkñúgkic©karenH108
.
]bsm<½n§ TI2énÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag d¾)ansresrpgEdrfa bnÞab;BIkarBiPakSaCamYyédKUGPivDÆn_
nigGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alEdlkMBugGnuvtþKeRmagkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkenATIRbCuMCn{109
)anRBmeRBogfa
KeRmagnwgeFVIkarsRmbsRmYly:agCitsñiT§CamYyRkumGPivDÆn_nana EdleFVIkarenAkñúgkmµviFIkartaMgTIlMenA
sßanedayminRsbc,ab;. eTaHbIesckþIEføgkarenHÉksarvincä½yKeRmag [mankarsRmbsRmYly:agCit
sñiT§CamYykmµviFI UNCHS/UNDP kñúgkareFVIkaredaHRsayCamYyGñktaMgTIlMenAsßanedayminRsbc,ab;
nigGñkrs;enAedayminRsbc,ab;k¾eday k¾RkumGFikarkic©minGacTTYl)annUvPsþútagNamYy enAkñúgGMLúg
eBlénkarcuHesuIbGegát EdlbgðajfamankarsRmbsRmYl nigKaMRTRtUv)anpþl;[edayKeRmageTAkmµviFI
UNCHS/ UNDP muneBlEdlKeRmagenHRtUv)anbBa©b;enAkñúgqñaM2004 ehIyk¾minmanPsþútagEdl RtUv
)anTTYlGMBIkarpøas;bþÚrviFIsa®sþsRmab;edaHRsaybBaðakartaMgTIlMenAedayminRsbc,ab;pgEdr bnÞab;BI
eBlenHmk.
viFIsa®sþKeRmagcMeBaHkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ
159> KeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI)andak;bBa©ÚlkarRKb;RKgdIrdæCasmasPaKTI5rbs;KeRmag. smasPaK
enH)anKitKUGMBIkarerobcMnItiviFIedIm,IkMNt;cMNat;fñak;dIFøI erobcMEpnTItamrUbftBIelI EpnTIrUbPaBEdlGac
108
Éksarvinicä½yKeRmag TMB½rTI20
109 Éksarvinicä½yKeRmag ]bsm<½n§TI2 TMB½rTI87
61
bBa¢a)an nigkarerobcMsRmab;extþeKaledArbs;KeRmagnImYy²nUvEpnTIcMNat;fñak;dIFøI EdlbgðajGMBIRBM
RbTl;énéRBeQI tMbn;karBar nigdIFøIEdlsßitenAeRkamkareRbIR)as;rbs;ÉkCn saFarN³ nigsm,Tan.
edayehtufa enAkm<úCamandIFøIRbmaN80°sßitenAeRkamkarRtYtBinitürbs;rdæ edaymin)ankMNt;GMBIRBM
RbTl;rvagkmµsiT§idIFøIsaFarN³ nigÉkCn dUecñHkarRKb;RKgdIrdæKICasmasPaKd¾sMxan;énKeRmagEbgEck
nigRKb;RKgdIFøI. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday k¾mankarrIkceRmIntictYcbMputenAkñúgkarGnuvtþsmasPaKenH.
karGnuvtþsmasPaKenH RtUv)anTTYlkarvaytémøfaminmankareBjcitþ ehIyskmµPaBEdlmin)anGnuvtþ
CaeRcInRtUv)anesñIsuM[lubecalenAkñúgExmkra qñaM2009110
.
160> enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜn Fñak;RKb;RKg)anTTYlsÁal;fa smasPaKenHRtUv)andak;bEnßmeTAkñúgKeRmag
enAkñúgdMNak;karcugeRkayénkarerobcMénKeRmag ehIyxVHkarerobcMlm¥itebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgsmasPaK
epSgeTotrbs;KeRmag. kareqøIytbrbs;Fñak;RKb;RKg)ankt;smÁal;fa { cMeBaHkarerobcMKeRmag kal
NaemIlRsalelIbBaða nigPaBmanhanP½yrbs;va enaHnwgeFVI[mankarKitKUrminRtUvcMeBaHPaBsµúKsµaj
nigcriklkçN³neya)ayénkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ} . kareqøIytbrbs;Fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)anbEnßmfa { karxVH
Epnkarlm¥itsRmab;karsRmbsRmYlGnþrRksYg nigGnþrPñak;gar )aneFVI[mannUvcriklkçN³Bhumuxén
rebobvar³RKb;RKgdIrdæ RBmTaMgeFVI[PaBsaMjaMuEpñkbec©keTs nigEpñkneya)aykøayeTACaKuNvbtþirbs;
KeRmag111
.
161> bBaðaGPi)alkic© nigkarlM)akkñúgkareFVI[mankarÉkPaBKñakñúgcMeNamPñak;garrdæaPi)al nigGñkBak;B½n§
epSgeTot elIdMeNIrkarénkareFVIcMNat;fñak;dIFøIRtUv)ankMNt;faCahanP½ycm,génKeRmagerobcMEdndI
nigrdæ)aldIFøI. dUckarkt;smÁal;BIxagelIenAkñúgEpñk { cMNucnanaEdlnwgGacmanbBaðaRbeTIsRbETgKña }
énÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag)anEføgfa { dIEdlRtUveFVIcMNat;fñak; nigkarkMNt;RBMRbTl;rvagkmµsiT§ÉkCn nig
saFarN³ nigsRmab;dIsßitenAkñúgkmµsiT§isaFarN³ tMbn;EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgénGgÁPaBnana
rbs;rdæ)alPi)al CaerOuy²nwgmankarlM)ak }112
. Éksarvinicä½yKeRmag)anpþl;eyabl;fa hanP½yenA
kñúgkarminmankarÉkPaBKñakñúgGMLúgeBlénkareFVIcMMNat;fñak;dI nwgTTYl)aneCaKC½yedaykarKaMRTdl;kic©
dMeNIrkarRbwkSaeyabl; nigCMnYybec©keTsdl;RkumRbwkSaeKalneya)aydI kñúgkarksagkarÉkPaBKña
kñúgcMeNamPñak;garrdæaPi)al. kareqøIytbrbs;Fñak;RKb;RKg)ankt;smÁal;fa { karviPaKkan;Etlm¥itelI
bribTesdækic©neya)ay nwgGackMNt;)annUvTidæPaBEdlmanlkçN³suTidæiniym113
.
162> ebskkmµBinitüeLIgvij)ankt;smÁal;eXIjGMBIGvtþmanénkarerobcMEpnTIpøÚvkaréndIrdæ nig)anEføgfa {
110
GnusSarN ¬ebskkmµTI11 eFVIenAExmkra qñaM2009¦ TMB½r12 nig12 111
MR RbeyaKTI68 TMB½r31 112
Éksarvinicä½yKeRmag TMB½rTI24 113
MR RbeyaKTI34 TMB½r12
62
enHKWCaRbPBénbBaðacMeBaHGñkTaMgLayNaEdlsßitenAeRkamkarKMramkMEhgénkarbeNþjecj BIeRBaH
GvtþmanénEpnTIenH GaCJaFrBak;B½n§nanarbs;RkugGacdkkmµsiT§iecjBIdIcMENkNamYyEdl)aneFVIkar
Gegát nigesñIsuMsRmab;karvinicä½yedayRkumcuHbBa¢IdIFøI ehtudUecñHehIy kmµsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøInwgsßitenAeRkam
eQµaHdIrdæ}114
. RkumebskkmµBinitüeLIgvij)ankMNt;eXIjGMBIGvtþmanénkarerobcMEpnTIrdæenHfa Cakar
xVHxatd¾sMxan;mYysRmab;KeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI kñúgkareFVI[)aneCaKC½y nigCYykñúgkaredaH
RsayCemøaHdIFøI nigsuvtßiPaBdIFøI.
163> Rkumvaytémø)anyl;RsbCamYykarrkeXIjrbs;ebskkmµBinitüeLIgvij Edl)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfakar
xVVHkarerobcMEpnTIdIrdæ)ancUlrYmcMENkeFVI[mankarlM)akkñúgkarkMNt;dIrdæ ¬saFarN³ nigÉkCn¦ eday
minGnuvtþtamkic©dMeNIrkarvinicä½yrbs;KeRmagEbgEck nigRKb;RKgdIFøI} .
3> rbk;KehIjcMeBaHkarGnuvtþtameKalkarN_
164> karviPaKrbs;GFikarkic© )anepþatykcitþTukdak;eTAelIbBaðafaetIkarRKb;RKgrbs;FnaKar)anGnuvtþtam
nItiviFI nigeKalneya)ayRbtibtþikarrbs;FnaKarBak;B½n§nwgKeRmagenH ehIyebIsinCamin)anGnuvtþrtam
faetIkarminGnuvtþtamEbbenH)ancUlrYmcMENkkñúgkarniyayecaTRbkan;minl¥enAkñúgsMeNIy:agdUcemþc.
karviPaKRtUv)anEbgEckCaBIrcMNucénkarcUlrYmBak;B½n§rbs;karRKb;RKgKeRmag rYmmankarerobcM kar
vaytémø nigkarRtYtBinitüemIl.
165> karerobcMnigkarvaytémø ³ dUc)ankt;smÁal;rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKar KeRmagerobcMEdndI nig nigrdæ)al
dIFøI ebItamkarerobcMKeRmag KWvamanlkçN³suaMjaMu nigmanmhicäitaFMkñúgkarGnuvtþ EdlmanbMNgedaH
RsayBhubBaðaCabnþbnÞab;KñaenAkñúgkarRKb;RKg nigcat;EcgdIFøI bnÞab;BImankarbMpøicbMpøajenAkñgGMLúg
eBlénrbbExµrRkhm. eKaledArYmrbs;KeRmag KWkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk elIkkm<s;suvtßPaBsgÁm nig
CMrujkic©GPivDÆn_esdækic©. eKalbMNgCak;lak;rbs;KeRmag KWEklMGsuvtßiPaBsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøI nigelIkkm<s;
kic©GPivDÆn_énTIpSardIFøIRbkbedayPaBs½kþsiT§. edIm,IeFVI[seRmc)annUveKalbMNgTaMgenH KeRmag)an
dak;bBa©ÚlsmasPaKerobcMbegáIteKalneya)aydI nigRkbx½NÐKtiyutþ KaMRTdl;karGPivDÆsmtßPaBsßab½n
eroncMbegáItRbB½n§cuHbBa¢IdIFøI BRgwgynþkaredaHRsayTMnas; eFVIcMNat;fñak;dIFøIsRmab;karRKb;RKgkareRbI
R)as;dIepSg²Kña nigGnuvtþkarpþl;kmµsiT§idIFøIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§115
.
166> OMS 2>20 sþIBIkarvaytémøKeRmag RbeyaKTI17 )ankMNt;fa { karvaytémø CaFmµtaRtUvdak;bBa©Úl
nUvkarsikSaelIPaBEdlGacdwg)anénlT§PaBEdlGacGnuvtþ)anrbs;KeRmag edIm,IeFVIkarpøas;bþÚrnUv):ar:a
EmRtrbs;KeRmag CamYynwgkarkarvinicä½ysþIBIlT§PaBénkarERbRbYlEdlGacekIteLIgecjBI):ar:aEmRt
114
ebskkmµRtYtBin itüedIm,IBRgwgeLIgvij qñaM2009 RbeyaKTI15 TMB½rTI6 115
Éksarvinicä½yKeRmag TMB½rTI8
63
mUldæan} ehIjk¾)anbEnßmfa { sRmab;KeRmagEdlmanhanP½yx<s; RtUveFVIcMNat;fñak;hanP½ytamry³
karviPaKhanP½y. kñúgkrNIcaM)ac; karvaytémøRtUvdak;bBa©ÚlGnusasn_Bak;B½n§eTAnwgviFankarkarBar
EdlRtUvGnuvtþedIm,Ikat;bnßyhanP½y} . xN³mankarkt;smÁal;EbbenHk¾eday k¾karkMNt;visalPaB
nigkarsuICeRmAénkarviPaKhanP½y Canic©karbgðaj CasBaØanUvkarlM)ak;énkarvinicä½y dUcenHKN³kmµar
yl;eXIjfa Fñak;RKb;RKgKeRmagenH min)anepþatkarykcitþTukdak;RKb;RKan;kñúgkaredaHRsayhanP½y
enAkñúgeBlénkarerobcMKeRmag.
167> karviPaKhanP½yEdlmanenAkñúgÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag)andak;BinÞúelIhanP½yTUeTAfaCa {hanP½yx<s;KYr
sm}116
. Ep¥ktamÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag hanP½y { x<s;} CahanP½y EdlGPi)alkic©enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
min GacEklMG)an EdlGacCHplb:HBal;elIlT§PaBrbs;KeRmagkñúgkareFVIseRmc)annUveKalbMNgrbs;
xøÜn. elIsBIenH hanP½y { x<s;KYrsm } KWCahanP½yEdlrdæaPi)alxVHqnÞ³kñúgkarFanafaynþkaredaH
RsayTMnas;RbRBwtþeTA RbkbedayPaBs½kþsiT§ nigyutþiF’m nigEdlGgÁPaBrdæaPi)al nigGñkBak;B½n§epSg
eTotminGacmanlT§PaB eFVI[manPaBÉkPaBKñaelIkic©dMeNIrkarcMNat;fñak;dIFøI.
168> karsikSavaytémøEpñksgÁmEdl)anerobcMeLIgsRmab;KeRmag )anbgðajfaTMnas;dIFøI)anekIneLIg enA
eBlEdltémødIFøIeLIgéfø ehIyCaBiess KWenAkñúgtMbn;EdlmanskþanuBlsRmab;karGPivDÆn_ dUcCadIenA
CitpøÚv dIenACitTIRbCuMCn b¤enACitpSar. karsikSavaytémøk¾bnþkt;smÁal;eXIjfaRbCaBlrdæFmµta CUb
RbTHnUvkarlM)ak kñúgkarkarBarxøÜnÉg[)aneCaKC½y CamYynwgPaKImanGMNac edayeRbIR)as;ynþkaredaH
RsayTMnas;tampøÜvkar.
169> kñúgTsSn³rbs;KN³kmµaryl;eXIjfa karerobcMKeRmag)anTTYlsÁal;bBaðaRbQmTaMgenHkñúglkçN³
CabBaðacRmuHKñamYy EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarpþl;b½NÑsmÁal;kmµsiT§idIFøIEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ karedaH
RsayCemøaH karRKb;RKg nigeFVIcMNat;fñak;dIrdæ. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday k¾karerobcMKeRmagmin)aneFVIkar
qøúHbBa©aMg[)anRKb;RKan;elIhanP½ynanaEdlGacekItmaneLIg. bBaðaCak;lak;mYyEdlBak;B½n§eTA nwgbNþwg
tv:a KWhanP½yEdlBak;B½n§eTA nwgbNþwgtv:adICan;KñaEdleFVIeLIgedayPñak;garrdæ nigbuKÁlÉkCn. dUc)an
kt;smÁal;BIxagelI bBaðaenH)ankt;smÁal;y:agc,as;las;enAkñúgÉksarvinicä½yKeRmag b:uEnþÉksarmin)an
kMNt;[)anc,as;las;GMBIkic©dMeNIrkarsRmab;edaHRsayhanP½yTaMgenH. pÞúyeTAvij KN³kmµar)anrk
eXIjfakarerobcMKeRmagmin)anbgðajc,as; GMBIGVIEdlKeRmagRtUvmanyuT§®sþ TaMgsRmab;karkMNt;tMbn;
sRmab;erobcMkmµsiT§idIFøICalkçN³RbB½n§ ¬tMbn;EdlRtUveFVIkarvinicä½y¦ nigkaredaHRsaycemøaHdIFøIrvag
GgÁPaBrdæ nigbuKÁlÉkCnenAkñúgGMLúgeBlénkic©dMeNIrkarvinicä½y.
116
Éksarvinicä½yKeRmag TMB½rTI24
64
170> bEnßmelIsBIenHeTot xøwmsarénÉksarvinicä½yKeRmagTak;TgnwgdIFøIEdlmanTMnas;117
min)ankMNt;GMBI
l½kçx½NÐ nignItiviFIEdltRmUv[GnuvtþtameLIy EdlCaehtunaM[mankaryl;eXIjxus²Kña kñúgcMeNam
GñkBak;B½n§nana enAkñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag. CagenHeTAeTot eTaHbICaeKdwgfa RBMuRbTl;dIsaFarN³
rbs;rdæminRtUv)ankMNt;k¾eday k¾karerobcMKeRmag)andkGñktaMgTIlMenAminRsbc,ab;ecjBIbBa¢IGñk Edl
RtUvTTYl)anbøg;dI. enAeBlTTYl)ankarÉkPaBBIraCrdæaPi)al bBaðananaEdlenAesssl;nwgRtUvedaH
Rsaytamry³kmµviFI UNCHS (UNHABITAT). KN³kmµar)anrkeXIjfa PaBmann½yminc,as;
las;enAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmagenH KWCaEpñkmYyEdlbgá[manPaBGnþray dUcEdlRkumGñktv:aTamTar
kMBugCYbRbTHnaeBlbc©úb,nñenH. ehtudUecñHehIyKN³kmµarrkeXIjfa eTaHbICahanIP½yEdl
Cab;Bak;B½n§CamYynwgKeRmagRtUv)ankMNt;)anRtwmRtUvk¾eday k¾Fñak;RKb;RKgKeRmagmin)anGnuvtþ
[RsbtamcMNuc 2>20 én OMS sþIGMBIkarsikSavaytémøKeRmag Edl)anbBa¢ak;GMBIkaredaH
RsayhanIP½yTaMgenHeLIy.
171> karRtYtBinitü ³ kñúgGMLúgqñaMdMbUg²énkarGnuvtþKeRmag BIqñaM2002 dl;Bak;kNþalqñaM2005
r)aykarN_RtYtBinitü)anbgðaj[eXIjfa eTaHbICakarGnuvtþKeRmagmanPaByWty:av ehIymanbBaða
mYycMnYn)anekItmaneLIgTak;TgnwgkarGnuvtþsmasPaBCak;lak;nanarbs;KeRmag dUcCakaredaHRsay
TMnas; nigkareFVIEpnTIdIFøIrbs;rdæCaedImk¾eday k¾karvaytémøTUeTAeXIjfaKeRmagenHTTYl)annUvkar
eBjcitþpgEdr. eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday bnÞab;BIBak;kNþalqñaM2005mk karGnuvtþsmasPaBnana
rbs;KeRmagEdltRmUv[mansgÁtiPaBCamYyKña EbrCamanPaBminRbRktIeTAvij. bnÞab;mk karGnuvtþ
KeRmagRtUv)anp¥akCabeNþaHGasnñcab;BIExmifuna qñaM2006 dl;ExkumÖ³ qñaM2007 edaysarmanbBaða
Tak;TgnwgkarGnuvtþkic©snüaKeRmag. tamlT§plén {karBinitüTUeTAelIsßanPaBKeRmag} ¬ehAfa kar
BinitüTUeTA¦ EdlCaEpñkmYyénebskkmµRtYtBinitüelIkTI9 ¬éf¶TI30 Ex]sPa dl;éf¶TI8 mifuna qñaM
2007¦ )aneFVIkar bBa¢ak;y:agc,as;GMBIbBaðananaEdlBak;B½n§nwgkarGnuvtþKeRmag.
172> karBinitüTUeTA )aneFVIkarkt;smÁal;eXIjfa enAeBlEdlfñak;dwknaMKeRmagepþatkarykcitþTuk dak;
xøaMgeBkelIcMNucEpñk nigsmasPaBsMxan;²rbs;KeRmagEdl)ankMNt;enaH nwgnaM[mankarxVHcenøaH
kñúgkarRKb;RKgRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBelIkarTTYlyk nigedaHRsaybBaðaEdl)ankMNt;tamlMdab;lMeday
enAkñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag. karBinitüTUeTAk¾)aneFVIkarsgát;F¶n;elIkarGnuvtþKeRmagerobcMEdndI
nigrdæ)aldIFøIEdlCaRbB½n§cRmuH nigsµúKsµajmYy EdlRKb;EpñkTaMgGs;RtUvEt {eFVI[anRbsiT§iPaBxag
Rbtibtþikar ehIyEpñkTaMgGs;enaHRtUvEtCaEpñksMxan; }118
. lT§plsRmab;karRKb;RKgdIFøIrbs;rdæ
117
Éksarvinicä½yKeRmag TMB½r 24
118 {karBinitüTUeTAelIsßanPaBKeRmag} ]bsm<½n§TI7 énkarBinitüKeRmag nigebskkmµRtYtBinitüelIkTI9rbs;m©as;CMnYycRmuH
¬30 ]sPa dl; 8 mifuna qñaM2007¦
65
Tak;TgnwgkaredaHRsayTMnas;RtUv)aneKrkeXIjfa {manPaBmineBjcitþ} nig {manPaBmineBjcitþ
xøH²}. karedaHRsayTMnas;enAmanPaBxVHcenøaH BiesskrNITMnas;EdlmanPaBsµúKsµaj nigman
PaKIBak;B½n§eRcIncUlrYm nigkrNITMnas;EdlCab;Bak;B½n§ CamYyrdæ b¤ {GñkmanGMNac}.
173> karRtYtBinitüTUeTAk¾)ankMNt;pgEdr GMBItRmUvkarsRmab;edaHRsaybBaðananaeRkamkarGnuvtþKeRmag
erobcMEdndI nigrdæ)aldIFøI dUcCa {bBaðabBa¢Ibøg;dIFøIEdlminTan;)anEbgEck PaBKµanvDÆnPaBenA
kñúgtMbn;TIRbCMuCn karerobcMrcnasm<½n§Epñksßab½neLIgvijrbs;RksYgEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg;
PaByWty:avkan;EtxøaMgeLIgkñúgkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøI kRmitTMnas;FM²ekIteLIgmuneBlmkdl;KN³kmµaFikar
edaHRsayTMnas;dIFøI nigbBaðaBak;B½n§nwgkRmitsmRsbEpñkGPi)alkic©l¥} CaedIm. elIsBIenHeTot kar
RtYtBinitüTUeTAk¾)ankt;smÁal;eXIjpgEdrfa KeRmagRtUvEteFVIkaredaHRsay[)any:agskmµelIkar
sikSaGMBITinñn½yedImEpñkesdækic-sgÁmkic© karsikSaGMBIplb:HBal;bnÞab;BIGnuvtþ nigkarsikSatamdan
RtYtBinitüepSg²eTot RBmTaMgTTYlnUveyabl;RtLb;BIsgÁmsIuvil Edlnwgpþl;B½t’mansMxan;²sRmab;Ca
mUldæanrbs;fñak;dwknaMkñúgkareFVIesckþIseRmc ehIyEdlCaPaBrIkceRmInrbs;KeRmag nigkmµviFI. eTaHbI
CamanGnusasn_TaMgenHk¾eday k¾karGnuvtþKeRmagRtUv)anbnþ ehIykalbriecäTbBa©b;KeRmagk¾RtUv)an
BnüaeBlpgEdr.
174> eTaHCay:agNak¾eday muneBlmankMNt;smÁal;xagelI kalBIExkumÖ³ qñaM2006 man {karRtYtBinitü
edayÉkraCümYyGMBIbBaðaKNenyüPaB nigtmøaPaB} ¬ehAfa karRtYtBinitüedayÉkraCü¦ rbs;
KeRmag eday)aneFVIkarkt;smÁal;GMBIbBaðaTak;TgnwgkarerobcMbøg;dI nigKeRmagerobcMEdndI nigrdæ)al
dIFøI. Ep¥ktamlT§plénkarBinitüedayÉkraCüenH y:agehayNas;manRKYsarcMnYnmYy PaKR)aM
¬19>6°¦ enAkñúgtMbn;TaMg13 Edl)ancuHsikSa)anTTYlplb:HBal;CaGviC¢manBIdMeNIrkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøI
CaRbB½n§ EdlCaTUeTAbBaðaenHekIteLIgtamry³karbdiesFkñúgkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøIEdl)ansagsg;TIlMenA
b¤)aneRbIR)as;}119
. edayEp¥ktamlT§plénkareFVIsmÖasn_ tamRKYsarsRmab;karRtYtBinitüedayÉk
raCüenH bgðaj[eXIjfa {RkumkMNt;RBMudIrbs;KeRmagk¾)aneFVIkarbdiesFkñúgkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøI[RbCaBl
rdæ enAeBlmanbNþwgCMTas; b¤enAeBlEdl mankarkan;kab;elIdIFøIrbs;rdæ}120
.
175> karRtYtBinitüedayÉkraCük¾)aneFVIkMNt;smÁal;pgEdr GMBIkarpþl;B½t’manminRKb;RKan;dl;RKYsarRbCa
BlrdæGMBIdMeNIrkar nignItiviFIénkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøICaRbB½n§enH. eyagtamlT§plénkarRtYtBinitüeday
ÉkraCübgðaj[eXIjfa {GñkTTYlplEdl)anesñIeLIg min)andwgB½t’manTak;Tgnwg {GñkNaCaGñkeFVI?
eFVIGVI? eFVIenAkEnøgNa? eFVIeBlNa? ehtuGVI)anCaeKeFVI? eKeFVIy:agdUcemþc? eFVIsRmab;GñkNa? RBm
119
{karRtYtBinitüedayÉkraCüGMBIbBaðaKNenyüPaB nigtmøaPaBenAkñúgkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøICaRbB½n§/ RbB½n§ nignItiviFIrbs;KeRmag
RKb;RKgrdæ)al nigdIFøI ¬LMAP¦/ tMbn;manTMnas;/ Declan O‟lerary ExkumÖ³ qñaM2006/ TMB½r ii}
120 karRtYtBinitüedayÉkraCü TMB½r 14
66
TaMgbBaðaepSg²eTotTak;TgnwgkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøICaRbB½n§enH}121
. CagenHeTot karRtYtBinitüedayÉkraCü
k¾)anbgðajbEnßmeTotfa RKYsarRbCaBlrdæk¾min)anTTYlB½t’manRKb;RKan;GMBI {bBaðasMxan;Tak;Tgnwg
sMNgTUTat;¼karRBmeRBogenAeBlEdldIrbs;BYkeKEdlesñI sMucuHbBa¢IenHmanTMnas;CamYyrdæ}122
. kar
sikSaedayÉkraCü)anelIkeLIgfa B½t’manGMBIsiT§irbs;RbCaBlrdækñúgkarTTYl)annUvsMNgTUTat; dUc
Edl)anKUsbBa¢ak;enAkñúgÉksarsuvtßiPaBsgÁm EdlTTYl)ankarRBmeRBogedayraCrdæaPi)al nigEdl
RtUvGnuvtþkñúgKeRmagenH min)anerobcM[)ansmRsbeLIy123
.
176> bnÞab;BItMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anRbkasfaCatMbn;vinicä½yrbs;KeRmagkalBIExmIna qñaM2006 KeRmag)an
RbtibtþikarRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBsRmab;ry³eBlbYnqñaM. karGnuvtþKeRmagkñúgry³eBlEvgd¾smRsb
enH KWCakarGnuvtþsakl,gkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag nigkarerobcMnItiviFIGnuvtþ RBmTaMgCakarGnuvtþ
sakl,g CaBiesselIkaredaHRsaybBaðaEdlraMgsÞH nighanIP½ynana. cMNucTI 10>05 én OP )an
bgðajfa karRtYtBinitüKeRmagKb,IeFVIkarkMNt;bBaðaEdlnwgekItmaneLIgenA kñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag
nigpþl;CaGnusasn_dl;rdæaPi)alkñúgkarrkviFIsa®sþ edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaTaMgenaH} nig {pþl;Gnusasn_
edIm,IeFVIkarpøas;bþÚrkarerobcMKeRmagebIGaceFVI)an[smRsb eTAnwgkarvivtþn_rbs;KeRmag b¤tamkal³
eTs³énkarpøas;bþÚr} RBmTaMg {kMNt;GMBIhaniP½ycm,g² edIm,IFana[mannirnþrPaBKeRmag nigpþl;
Gnusasn_GMBIyuT§sa®sþsmRsbsRmab;RKb;RKghanIP½y nigviFankarnanasRmab;sRmab;raCrdæaPi)al
EdlCaGñkTTYlR)ak;km©IBIFnaKarBiPBelak}.
177> KN³kmµarrkeXIjfa karRKb;RKgrbs;fñak;dwknaMKeRmagkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMenH )anemIlrMlgnUvbBaða
sMxan;² EdlCabNþwgtv:aCalkçN³ÉkCnEdl)aneFVIkarvinicä½yeTAelIdIFøIEdlrdæ)anGHGag faCadIrbs;
rdæ. Rkumebskkmµyl;eXIjfa PaBbraC½ykñúgkarRKb;RKgenH )ancUlrYmcMENkkñúgkarbegáIt[
manRBwtþikarN_nanaEdlekIteLIgkñúgdMbn;bwgkk; RBmTaMgnaM[manPaBGnþraynana EdlGñktv:akMBug
CYbRbTHnaeBlbc©úb,nñ. karRtYtBinitürbs;fñak;RKb;RKgelIbBaðacm,g²TaMgenH min)aneqøIytbeTAnwg
karTamTarkñúgcMNuc 13>05én OP/BP.
178> sgáat;RsHck RtUv)anRbkasfaCatMbn;vinicä½y kñúgGMLúgeBlp¥akKeRmagCabeNþaHGasnñ. bnÞab;BI
cab;epþImGnuvtþeLIgvijkalBIExkumÖ³ qñaM2007 ebskkmµRtYtBinitü)aneFVIeLIgenAtMbn;bwgkk; ¬sgáat;
RsHck¦ enAkñúgExmifuna qñaM2008. enAkñúgeBlebskmµRtYtBinitüenH kariyal½yRKb;RKgKeRmag
)anCMrabeTAFnaKarBiPBelak nigédKUGPivDÆn_nanafa bwgkk; KWCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ dUecñHRbCaBlrdæ
minmansiT§iTTYl)anbøg;dIeLIy. KN³kmµar)ankt;smÁal;eXIjfa fñak;dwknaM KeRmagmin)andwgGMBI
121
karRtYtBinitüedayÉkraCü TMB½r 16
122 karRtYtBinitüedayÉkraCü TMB½r 16
123 karRtYtBinitüedayÉkraCü TMB½r iii
67
tMbn;vinicä½yeLIy eTaHbICatMbn;enaHsßitenAkñúgraCFanIPñMeBjk¾eday. KN³kmµark¾)anrkeXIjpg Edrfa
fñak;dwknaMRKb;RKgKeRmagmin)anelIkeLIgGMBIbBaðaNamYy CamYynwgGaCJaFrrbs;rdæaPi)alGMBInItiviFI
edaHRsayTMnas;EdlekItmaneLIgkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; EdlmanRbCaBlrdæBak;B½n§eRcInCa4000RKYsarenaH
eLIy ehIyk¾min)anelIkeLIgBIbBaðaénkarGnuvtþ Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ayénsgsMNgTUTat;Edr.
179> ry³eBlRbEhl06Ex bnÞab;ebskkmµRtYtBinitüenH enAkñúgExmkra qñaM2009 kgnKr)alRbdab;
edayGavuF)anbeNþjRbCaBlrdæRbmaN400RKYsary:agéRBépSecjBIshKmn_dIRkhm. enARtg;cMNuc
enH GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alnana)ancab;epþImBiPakSaCamYyfñak;dwknaMFnaKarBiPBelak nig)anelIkeLIgBI
bBaðananaTak;TgnwgkarKMrambeNþjRbCaBlrdæenAtamshKmn_epSg²eTot dUcCashKmn_RkumTI78
dUcEdl)aneXIjtamlMdab;lMedayénRBwtþikarenAkñúgCMBUkTI2énr)aykarN_enH. FnaKarBiPBelak RtUv
kareBlevlaRbmaNCit04qñaM bnÞab;BImankarRbkasfa sgáat;RsHck KWCatMbn;vinicä½yedIm,IkMNt;
[R)akdGMBIPaBGnþraynana EdlRbCaBlrdæ)anTTYl nigPaBCak;EsþgénsßanPaBenaH.
180> RkumebskkmµrkeXIjfa fñak;dwknaMKeRmagmin)ancat;viFankarkñúgkarpSBVpSayB½t’man enAeBlEdl
manbBaðaekIteLIgenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; EdlCabBaðadMbUgEdlRtUvykcitþTukdak; ehIykarRtYt Binitürbs;
fñak;dwknaMenAkñúgbBaðaenH minmansgÁtiPaBCamYynwgkarTamTarRtg;cMNuc 13>05 én OP/BP.
181> cab;taMgBIedImqñaM2009 enAeBlEdlmankarpSBVpSayB½t’manTak;TgnwgkaresñIsMunanaGaceFVIeLIg )an
dl;RkumGFikarkic© FnaKarBiPBelak)anBüayamy:agykcitþTukdak;kñúgkarCMruj[rdæaPi)al eFVIkarBinitü
emIleLIgvijelIkrNITMnas;dIFøIenAtMbn;bwgkk;. kñúgGMLúgExmkra nigkumÖ³ qñaM2009 Rkumkargar)an
CMruj[mankic©RbCMuBiPakSaCamYyGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al edIm,IBiPakSaGMBIkarRBYy)armÖrbs;BYkeKTak;
TgnwgKeRmag. fñak;dwknaMelIkeLIgfa enAeBlEdlR)akdfa {manPaB c,as;las;kñúgkarBenøÓnnUvdMeNIr
karbeNþjRbCaBlrdæ}enaHnwgman{RbtikmµTan;eBlevla}. fñak;dwknaMcat;viFankarCaeRcInedIm,I eqøIytb
eTAnwgbBaðaEdl)anelIkeLIg. edayeyagtamkar eqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg kñúgcMMeNamcMNat;kar
TaMgenH {fñak;RKb;RKg)anCYbCaeRcIndgCamYyfñak;dwknaMCan;x<s;rbs;raCrdæaPi)al ehIyk¾)anepJIr
lixitCaeRcInpgEdreTAraCrdæaPi)al edayesñIsMu[mankarbg¥ak;CabeNþaHGasnñkñúgkarbeNþjRbCa
BlrdæenH}124
.
182> cab;BIéf¶TI30 ExmIna dl;éf¶TI12 Exemsa qñaM2009 fñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ÚnRkumebskkmµRtYtBinitü
sRmab;KeRmag. r)aykarN_sþIBI ERM )anGMBavnavmþgeTot edIm,I[mankarp¥akCabeNþaHGasnñ kñúgkar
beNþjRbCaBlrdæ. FnaKarBIPBelakk¾)anQanmuxkñúgkarerobcM nwgecjpSaynUvesckþIRbkas
B½t’manCasaFarN³CamYynwgm¨as;CMnYycMnYn10epSgeTot kalBIèf¶TI16 Exkkàda qñaM2009. eday
eyagtamfñak;RKb;RKg esckþIRbkasB½t’manenH bnÞab;mkk¾)anTTYlnUvkarKaMRTBIsMNak;GgÁkarmin
124
kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;dwknaM TMB½r24
68
EmnrdæaPi)alCati GnþrCatiCag60GgÁkarpgEdr. FnaKarBiPBelak k¾)anbegáItRkumebskkmµedIm,I
suvtßiPaBenAkñúgGMLúgéf¶TI3 dl;TI5 ExsIha qñaM2009 RBmTaMgmanTsSn kic©enAraCFanIPñMeBj
BIsMNak;GnuRbFanRbcaMtMbn; cab;BIéf¶TI27 dl;28 ExsIha edIm,ICYbCamYym®nþICan;x<s;rbs;
raCrdæaPi)al km<úCa125
.
183> RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjGMBIkarRKb;RKgbc©úb,nñrbs;fñak;dwknaMKeRmagfa bBaðaEdlelIkeLIgtamkaresñIsMu)an
GnuvtþtameKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarGMBIkarRKb;RKgKeRmagcMNuc13>05énOP/BP. eTaHbICay:agNa
k¾eday k¾RkumGFikarkic©ÉkPaBCamYykartémørbs;Gñktv:afa {vaCaPsþútagEdlfacMMNat;karrbs;KN³RKb;
RKgFnaKarBiPBelakmanPaByWty:aveBk kñúgkarTb;sáat;PaBGnþrayEdl)anekItmanrYcmkehIy}.
X> GHGagfa RbCaCnrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;RtUv)aneKpøas;TIlMenA edayrMelaPelI
eKalneya)ayEdl)anRBmeRBogsþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ
1> karGHGagrbs;GñkesñIsuM nigkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg
184> GñkesñIsuMGHGagfa ¬RtwmEx kBaØa qñaM 2009¦ {RbCaCnCag 900 RKYsar enAbwgkk; RtUv)ane)assMGat
BItMbn;enH edayBuM)anvinicä½yRtwmRtUveTAelIsiTi§dIFøIrbs;BYkeKeLIy . edayKµankarkarBarEpñkc,ab;Na
mYy RKYsarTaMgenH)anTTYlsMNgminRKb;RKan;eRkamlkçxNÐénkarbgçitbgçM}126
. eyagtamsMeNI
enAéf¶TI 10 Ex sIha qña M 2009 RbCaCnCag 160 RKYsar enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anCUndMNwg
GMBIkarbeNþjecjelIkTImYy . BYkeKRtUv)anpþl;CeRmIsmYykñúgcMeNamCeRmIssMNgcMnYnbIEdRtUv
TTYlykkñúgry³ eBlmYys)þah_ ³
R)ak;srubcMnYn 8>500 duløarGaemrik
lMenAdæanmYyxñgenAkñúgtMbn;taMgTIlMenAeLIgvijcm¶ayRbEhl 20 KILÚEm:ERtBItMbn;bwgkk; ¬dMNak;
RTywg¦ b¤
lMenAdæanenAnwgkEnøgkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; EdlnwgtRmUv[mankarerITIlMenAbeNþaHGasnñry³eBlbYnqñaMrg;caM
karbBa©b;rYcral;pÞHfµIenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; ¬karpþl;CUnenH rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkarerITIlMenAbeNþaHGasnñeTAkan;
tMbn;mYyepSgeTot Edlmancm¶ayRbEhl 20 KILÚEm:RtBIkNþalRkugpgEdr - RtBaMgGBa©aj¦ .
125
kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;dwknaM TMB½r25 126
sMeNIsuMGFikarkic© TMB½rTI 5
69
185> GñkesñIsuMkt;smÁal;fa kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ (DCA) )anRbemIlemIlBIlT§PaB
Edlfa karbeNþjecjGacRbRBwtþeTAenAeRkamKeRmag ehIyCalT§pl )anGnuBaØat[mankarGnuvtþ
eKalkarN_ ENnaMEpñkbrisßan nigsgÁmEdlrYmbBa©ÚlRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij
(RPF) . GñkesñIsuM)anbBa¢ak;fa edayrMelaPelIkic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ Rkbx½NÐ
eKalneya)aysþIBIkar taMgTIlMenAeLIgvij minRtUv)anGnuvtþenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;eLIy edaybNþal[
mankarxUcxatF¶n;F¶rcMeBaHRbCaCn EdlRtUvbeNþjecjBItMbn;enaH . GñkesñIsuMGHGagfa kal³eTs³én
karbeNþjecj nigsßanPaBénkEnøgtaMgTIlM enAeLIgvij min)anbMeBjtambTdæan EdlmanEcgenAkñúg
eKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak sþIBIkartaMg TIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ .
186> kñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜn fñak;RKb;RKg)anGHGagfa kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ tRmUv[
mankarGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij enAkñúgehtukarN_ énkarbeNþjecj
BIdIrbs;rdæeRkamsmasFatuKeRmag EdlEcgGMBIkarpþl;kmµsiTi§CalkçN³RbB½n§ nigdac;edayduM127
.
fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa smasFatupþl;kmµsiTi§énKeRmag edaysarkarkMhitEpñkhirBaØvtßú sßab½n bec©kviTüa
nigsmtßPaBmnusS RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedIm,IGnuvtþtamlMdab;lMeday enAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½yEdl)aneRCIserIs
muneK rYcbnÞab;mk bnþeTAkan;TItaMgdéTeTotenAeBlTItaMgdMbUg RtUv)anbBa©b;rYcral;. fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;
bEnßmeTotfa Rkbx½NÐ eKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij RtUvGnuvtþtamlMdab;lMedaydUcKña .
dUecñH fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak; fava {RtUv)anbegáIteLIgy:agc,as;las; b:uEnþedayRbeyal} fanwgmantMbn;
EdlKeRmagminmanPaBskmµ nigfa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijnwgminGnuvtþ
eLIy128
.
187> Tak;TgCak;lak;eTAnwgtMbn;bwgkk; fñak;RKb;RKgyl;RsbCamYyGñkesñIsuMfa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBI
kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijKYrRtUv)anGnuvtþcMeBaHkarpøas;TIlMenAEdlekIteLIgenAkñúgsgáat;RsHck . dUcman
bBa¢ak;enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIg
vij nwgRtUvGnuvtþenAkñúgkrNIénkarbeNþjecjBIdIrdæedaysarskmµPaBKeRmag ehIyEpnkarskmµPaB
taMgTIlMenAeLIgvij Cak;lak;enAnwgkEnøg KYrRtUv)anerobcMeLIgsRmab;karBinitüeLIgvij nigkarÉkPaB
BIFnaKarBiPBelak . fñak;RKb;RKgyl;RsbCamYyGñkesñIsuMfa eTaHbICaminTan;manPaBc,as;las;fa
etItMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anRbKl;kmµsiTi§CUnrdæb¤y:agNak¾eday kic©RBmeRBogCYlEdlrdæaPi)alpþl;[Gñk
GPivDÆn_ÉkCneTAelIdIenaHkñúgqñaM 2007 begáIt)anCakarkMNt;tamRBwtþn½yfa dIenHKWCadIrbs;rdæ .
tamTsSn³rbs;fñak;RKb;RKg ³ {karRcanecalkarGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIg
vij cMeBaHkarbeNþjecjenAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½yénKeRmag edaysardMeNIrkarvinicä½yhak;dUcCaminRtUv)an
127
vtßúbMNg nigsßanPaBénRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij RtUv)anerobrab; nigviPaKkñúgEpñkxageRkam . 128
kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg kfax½NÐ 32
70
GnuvtþtamrhUtdl;TIbBa©b; ehIyBuMmankmµsiTi§pøÚvkarNamYyRtUv)anecjkñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæ KWpÞúyeTAnwg
eKalbMNgEdlenABIeRkaykarGPivDÆrbs;Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij dUcmanEcg
enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ129
.
188> enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜn fñak;RKb;RKgsMedAdl;eKalCMhrrbs;rdæaPi)al EdlGHGagfa tMbn;bwgkk;min
EmnCakgVl;rbs;KeRmageT edaysardIbwgkk;minRtUv)anpþl;kmµsiTi§CUnrdæeday LMAP . eTaHbICafñak;
RKb;RKgCMTas;eTAnwgkarGHGagenH edaysarehtuplEdlkt;smÁal;enAkñúgkfaxNÐmunk¾eday xøÜnk¾TTYl
sÁal;fa {kgVHPaBCak;lak;enAkñúgÉksarKeRmag nigGvtþmanénkic©BiPakSalm¥itGMBIkic©RbwgERbgrbs;
Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij eTaHCakñúgGMLúgénkarerobcMkþI b¤karGnuvtþk¾kþI Gac
cUlrYmcMENkcMeBaHkaryl;dwgrbs;rdæaPi)alGMBIkatBVkic©rbs;xøÜn}130
. fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)anbBa¢ak;fa rhUt
dl;RBwtþikarN_bwgkk;)anekIteLIg TaMgfñak;RKb;RKg TaMgRksYgerobcMEdndImin)anBicarNafa eTaHbICa
dMeNIrkarpþl;kmµsiTi§minmanPaBeBjeljk¾eday viFankarnanaGaceFVIeLIgenAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½y EdlGac
GMBavnav[mankarGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij .
189> fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;fa RbCaCnenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RtUv)anrgsm<aFeGayerITIlMenA nigfa BuMmandMeNIr
karBieRKaHeyabl; b¤crcaRKb;RKan;GMBIkarerITIlMenAeLIy . Tak;TgeTAnwgsMNgEdlpþl;CUnRbCaCn fñak;
RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa ³ {kBa©b;Edl)anesñIeLIghak;dUcCaminsmmUleTAnwgGVIEdlRbCaCnRtUvTTYl)an Rbsin
ebIRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijRtUv)anGnuvtþ}131
. eTaHbICay:agNakþI
fñak;RKb;RKg kt;smÁal;fa
edaysarnItiviFIEdlkMNt;enAkñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij minRtUv )anGnuvtþ
karvaytèmøCak;lak;GMBIPaByutþiFm’ nigPaBRKb;RKan;ènkBab;Edlpþl;[ minGaceFVIeLIg)aneT.
190> kareqøIytbk¾erobrab;lm¥itpgEdrGMBIkic©RbwgERbgfµI²BIsMNak;fñak;RKb;RKgkñúgkarcUlrYmenAkñúgkic©BiPakSa
CamYyrdæaPi)alGMBIbBaðaénkarbeNþjecjenAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug . kic©BiPakSaenH rYmman karpa¥kkarbeNþj
ecjedayrg;caMeKalneya)ayCatisþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij nigkarEklm¥ lkçxNÐénkEnøgtaMgTIlMenA
eLIgvij. CaBiess fñak;RKb;RKg)anpþl;karKaMRTrbs;xøÜn edIm,IEklm¥lkçxNÐ rs;enA nigCIvPaBrbs;
RbCaCnmkBItMbn;bwgkk; EdleRCIserIstaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenAtMbn;eRkATIRkug PñMeBj .
2> karviPaKrbs;RkumGFikarkic© nigKMehIjGMBIPaBGnuelam
129
kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg kfax½NÐ 51 130
TMB½rTI 52 131
TMB½rTI 79
71
191> karRKbdNþb;énRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij ³ eyagtam PAD {xN³eBl
EdlKaµnkarbeNþjecj kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ b¤karTTYldI minRtUv)anrMBwgTukCamunenA
eRkamKeRmageTenaH Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aymYyRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,IkarBarRbCaCn EdlGacTTYl
rgplb:HBal;GviC¢manBIRbPBEdlGacekItmancMnYnbI}132
. Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenA
eLIgvijEdlRtUvKña kMNt;sßanPaBcMnYnbIenAeBlRbCaCnGacTTYlrgplb:HBal;GviC¢man ehIyRkbx½NÐ
eKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijnwgGnuvtþ edaytRmUv[mankarerobcMEpnkartaMgTIlMenAeLIg
vijCak;lak;enAnwgkEnøg ³
1> karbeNþjecjBIdIrdæcMeBaHbuKÁlTaMgLayNaEdlkan;kab;dIenaHmunéf¶TI 30 Ex sIha qñaM 2001
¬kalbriecäTénkarGnum½tc,ab;PUmi)alfµI¦ bnÞab;BIkarpþl;kmµsiTi§cMeBaHdIenaHkñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæ .
2> karbeNþjecjBIdIrdæ ¬RtUv)anpþl;kmµsiTi§kñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæ¦ cMeBaHbuKÁlTaMgLayNa ¬Edlkan;kab;
dIenaHmunéf¶TI 30 Ex sIha qñaM 2001¦ edaysartRmUvkarkñúgkareRbIdIenaHsRmab;kargarsIuvilenA
eRkamKeRmag .
3> karBRgIkcMNIpøÚvedayrdæ Edlb:HBal;CaGviC¢mancMeBaHsiTi§kan;kab;dI .
192> karBinitüeLIgvijelIÉksarerobcMKeRmag)anbgðajfa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIg
vij edImeLIyRtUv)anerobcMeLIg edIm,IGnuvtþEtkñúgkrNIénkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijrbs;RbCaCnEdl
rs;enAelIdI EdlnwgRtUv)ansagsg;GaKarkariyal½y b¤kargarsIuvilepSgeTotEdlpþl;hirBaØb,Tan
edayKeRmag ¬]TahrN_ sßanPaBTIBIrxagelI¦ . RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa kic©BiPakSa épÞkñúgkñúg
cMeNambuKÁlikFnaKarBiPBelak GMBIPaBGacGnuvtþ)anéneKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij
edayminsµ½RKcitþ enAkñúgKeRmagrdæ)aldIFøI )annaMRkumkargarKeRmag eGayBRgIkvisalPaBén
Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij edIm,IRKbdNþb;RbCaCnEdlkan;kab;dIsaFarN³ nig
EdlnwgRtUvbeNþjecj edaysarkarpþl;kmµsiTi§dIenaHCUnrdæ . buKÁlikFnaKarBiPBelakmYycMnYn
)ankt;smÁal;fa eTaHbICaeKalneya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelaksþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedaymin
sµ½RKcitþ nwgminRtUv)anbegáIteLIgkñúgkrNIvivaTdIFøIrvagPaKIÉkCnk¾eday k¾eKalneya)ayenHnwgGnuvtþ
cMeBaHTMnas; EdlBak;B½n§PaKIÉkCnEdlrs;enAelIdIrdæ .
193> kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)anbBa¢ak;fa karbEnßmenHcMeBaHkic©BiPakSaEdlqøúHbBa©aMgedayRkbx½NÐ
eKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenAkñúgFnaKarBiPBelak enAkñúgbribTénkarerobcMeKalneya-
)ayfµIsþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ (OP 4>12) nigfa KeRmagRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay
132
PAD TMB½rTI 20
72
sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij KWCaRkbx½NÐsþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijdMbUgeKbg¥s;enAkñúgFnaKarBiPBelak
edIm,IqøúHbBa©aMgGPiRkmenH eBalKW eKalneya)ayenHnwgGnuvtþcMeBaHkarpøas;TIlMenArbs;RbCaCnEdlrs;
enAelIdIEdlRtUv)ankMNt;faCadIrdæ nigRtUv)anpþl;kmµsiTi§kñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæ tamry³dMeNIrkarvinicä½y .
194> RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa esckIþseRmckñúgkarerobcM Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij
manPaBGnuelameTAtambTb,BaØtiþéneKalneya)ayEdlBak;B½n§ - OD 4>30 . RkumGFikarkic©ekat
sresrIrfñak;RKb;RKgEdl)anBRgIky:agTUlMTUlaycMeBaHsßanPaBCaeRcIn EdleKalneya)ayKYrnwgGnuvtþ
edayqøúHbBa©aMgkarKitfµI²enAkñúgFnaKarBiPBelak naeBlenaH Tak;TgeTAnwgkarGnuvtþy:agRtwmRtUv
nUvkarkarBarrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak . 195> eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenA eLIg
vij xVHkarBnül;smRsbGMBIrebob nigeBlevlaEdlRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ayenHnwgRtUv )anbegáIteLIg.
BuMmansßanPaBNamYykñúgcMeNamsßanPaBTaMgbIEdlbegáIteLIg RtUv)anGmedayGtßbTBnül;eLIy. xN³
Edlkic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆmanPaBc,as;las; nigP¢ab;katBVkic©enAkñúgbTb,BaØtiþrbs;
va Tak;TgeTAnwgkatBVkic©rbs;Gñkx©IR)ak;kñúgkarGnuvtþKeRmag RsbtameKalkarN_ENnaMEpñkbrisßan nig
sgÁm rYmman Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBI kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij kgVHPaBc,as;las;GMBIkarGnuvtþCak;
EsþgénRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij manPaBKYr[kt;smÁal;CaBiess EdlbNþal
[manPaBminR)akdRbCa nigkarminRBmeRBogKñaGMBIPaBGacGnuvtþ)anrbs;va . Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay
sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij hak;dUcCaRtUv)anerobcMeLIgCadMbUgsRmab;EtsßanPaBTIBIrb:ueNÑaH ¬kar
beNþjecjkñúgkrNIkargarsIuvilEdlpþl;hirBaØb,TanedayKeRmag¦ cMENkÉsßanPaBTImYy nigTIbIRtUv
)anbBa©Úl enAkñúgdMNak;kaleRkay²énkarerobcMKeRmag nigedayKµankarBicarNaeBjelj edayFnaKar
BiPBelak b¤rdæaPi)alkm<úCa GMBI\T§iBlCak;EsþgénsßanPaBTaMgenHeLIy .
196> Tak;TgeTAnwgsßanPaBTImYy EdlCasßanPaBGnuvtþy:agCak;lak;cMeBaHRBwtþikarN_enAbwgkk; mansmasFatu
CaeRcInEdlnwgtRmUv[mankarENnaMbEnßm edIm,I[FnaKarBiPBelak nigbuKÁlikrdæaPi)alTTYlxusRtUv
cMeBaHkarGnuvtþ nigkarRKb;RKgKeRmag nigédKUGPivDÆn_ edIm,IkMNt;PaBGacGnuvtþ)anénRkbx½NÐeKal
neya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenAkñúgkrNICak;Esþg .
197> rebobEdlRtUvyl;dwgGMBI {karpþl;kmµsiTi§kñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæ} ? RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa bTb,BaØtiþienH
EdlRtUv)anbBa¢ak;enAkñúgsßanPaBTImYyénÉksarRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij nig
RtUv)anqøúHbBa©aMgenAkñúg PAD minRtUv)anrab;bBa©ÚlenAkñúgGtßbTBak;B½n§énkic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;
karGPivDÆeLIy . kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆEcgfa ³
73
>>>Gñkx©IR)ak;RtUvcat;viFankarTaMgenHtamkarcaM)ac; edIm,IFanafa ³ (i) Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBI
kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijRtUv)anGnuvtþKYrCaTIeBjcitþcMeBaHsmaKm rYmTaMg enAkñúgkarGnuvtþkargar
sIuvilTaMgLayNaenAeRkamEpñk x¬k¦ énKeRmag b¤enAkñúgRBwtþikarN_énkarbeNþjecjBIdIrdæ b¤
karBRgIkcMNIpøÚveRkamEpñk K¬x¦ nig ¬K¦ énKeRmag>>> [karsgát;F¶n;RtUv)anbEnßm]133
.
198> dUcmankt;smÁal;xagelI kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ EdlCaÉksarP¢ab;katBVkic©pøÚv c,ab;
sRmab;KeRmag minrYmbBa©Úlr)aykarN_GMBIPaBGacGnuvtþ)anénRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMg
TIlMenAeLIgvijTak;TgeTAnwg {karpþl;kmµsiTi§kñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæ} . RkumGFikarkic©min)andwgfaetIPaBxus
KñabnþicbnþÜcenH KWCaectna b¤CakaremIlrMlgenaHeT b:uEnþvacg¥úlbgðajGMBIPaBxusKñarvag kic©RBm
eRBogsþIBI\NTan sRmab;karGPivDÆ nigRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij .
rdæaPi)alsMedAdl;kareRbI BaküénRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij nigkt;smÁal;fa
Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBI kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijminRtUv)anGnuvtþeLIy edaysarBuMmankarpþl;kmµ
siT§IkñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæenAkñúgtMbn; bwgkk; .
199> xN³Edl PAD )anRbemIlemIly:agc,as;fa karvinicä½ydIk¾rYmbBa©ÚlnUvkarTamTarTak;TgnwgdIrdæ PAD
sgÁt;F¶n;fa vaRtUvkarry³eBlyUr muneBldIrdæTaMgGs;RtUv)ancat;cMNat;fñak; nigpþl;kmµsiTi§RtwmRtUv .
dUecñH dMeNIrkarvinicä½yrbs; LMAP nwgbBa¢ak;GHGagfaetIdINamYyKWCadIrdæ EdlGacbNþal[mankar
beNþjecj b:uEnþkñúgRKb;krNITaMgGs;minTMngCabBa©b;dMeNIrkarGMBI {karpþl;kmµsiT§ikñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæ} .
RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa BuMmaneKalkarN_ENnaMBak;B½n§NamYyenAkñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkar
taMgTIlMenAeLIgvijTak;TgeTAnwgsßanPaBenHeLIy . dUc)ankt;smÁal;pgEdrenAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;
RKb;RKg BuMman{esckIþseRmcEdlmantmøaPaB Ep¥kelIlkçN³vinicä½ nigGacBinitüeLIgvij)an GMBIfaetIdI
manTMnas;KWCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæb¤y:agNaenaHeT}134
.
200> etIfirevlasuBlPaBsRmab;karGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij manry³eBl
b:unµan ? karpþl;kmµsiTi§cMeBaHdIFøIkñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæminsuT§EtnaMmknUvkarbeNþjecjPøam²cMeBaHRbCaCnBIdI
enaHeLIy . rdæGacseRmccitþpþl;dIxøH b¤TaMgGs;sRmab;kmµviFItaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijeRkApøÚvkar b¤GacBnüar
eBlkarbeNþjecjsRmab;ry³eBlminkMNt;mYy . Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij
minpþl;eKalkarN_ENnaMNamYyGMBIPaBGacGnuvtþ)an niglkçxNÐtRmUvrbs;xøÜneLIy ebIBicarNaGMBI
133
kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ kfax½NÐ III (1) éntarag]bsm<½n§ 4 134
kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg kfax½NÐ 54
74
esNarIy:UepSgenH . Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijKUsbBa¢ak;fa sMNg kartaMg
TIlMenAeLIgvij nigkarsþarnItism,TaeLIgvijRtUvEtbBa©b;rYcral; muneBlFnaKarBiPBelakGacecjkar
ÉkPaBcMeBaHkic©snüasRmab;kargarsIuvil b:uEnþ Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijmin)an
KUsbBa¢ak;GMBIlkçxNÐtRmUvRsedogKñaNamYy enAkñúgkrNIEdlkarbeNþjecjekItmaneLIg BIeRBaHdIRtUv
)anpþl;kmµsiTi§kñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæ . Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij BuMmanPaBc,as;las;
GMBIfaetIeBlNa kñúgGMLúgdMeNIrkarpþl;kmµsiTi§ EpnkartMagTIlMenAeLIgvijKYrRtUv)anerobcMeLIg nigdak;
CUnFnaKarBiPBelakedIm,IGnum½teLIy .
201> etIRtUvkMNt;faetIGñkNamansiTi§Rsbc,ab;cMeBaHkarkarBarRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIg
vijy:agdUcemþc? sßanPaBTImYysnµtfa dITMnas;KWCadIRsbc,ab;rbs;rdæ EdlRbEhlCanwgRtUvkMNt;
tamry³dMeNIrkarvinicä½ydI . RbkarenHbgáb;n½yfa RbCaCnEdlTamTarsiTi§kan;kab;RtUv)anbdiesFsiTi§
TaMgenH nigGacRtUv)anbeNþjecjedayRsbc,ab; . esÞIrEtc,as;Nas;fa RbCaCnEdlBak;B½n§ man
RbvtþitaMgTIlMenAxus²Kña . GñkxøHcab;epþImtaMgTIlMenAmunéf¶TI 30 Ex sIha qñaM 2001 ehIyGñkxøHcab;
epþImtaMgTIlMenAeRkayenH . sßanPaBTImYyhak;dUcCabgáb;n½yfa manEtRbCaCnEdlGacbBa¢ak;GMBIkar
kan;kab;dImunéf¶TI 30 Ex sIha qñaM 2001 b:ueNÑaHnwgmansiTi§TTYl)ankarkarBarenAeRkamRkbx½NÐeKal-
neya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij . eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday BuMmankarENnaMNamYyenAkñúgRkbx½NÐ
eKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijGMBIfaetIRtUvkMNt;PaBmansiTi§y:agdUcemþceLIy . CagenHeTA
eTot karRKbdNþb;rbs;kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆ manPaBTUlMTUlayCagRkbx½NÐeKal
neya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij Rtg;fa kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆmintRmUv[buKÁl
TaMgLaycaM)ac;RtUvEtkan;kab;dIrdæmunéf¶TI 30 Ex sIha qñaM 2001 edIm,ITTYl)anGtßRbeyaCn_ enAeRkam
Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenaHeT .
202> etIGacmanCeRmIsepSgeRkABIkarbeNþjecjb¤eT? RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa sßanPaBTImYy tamBit
eTAhak;dUcCaTak;TgeTAnwg {GñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar} eBalKWRbCaCnEdlRtUv)ankMNt;fa BuMmansiTi§
Rsbc,ab;cMeBaHdIEdlBYkeKkan;kab; edaysarBYkeKkan;kab;dIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ . bTBiesaFn_CaGnþrCati
sMedAdl;yuT§saRsþCeRmIsepSg² edIm,IedaHRsaykartaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar EdlkarerITIlMenAKWCayuT§-
saRsþmYy . BuMmankareyagenAkñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij cMeBaHlT§PaBén
CeRmIsepSgeTot ]TahrN_ karGPivDÆ nigkarEbgEckdIenAnwgkEnøg . eTaHbICa PAD KUsbBa¢ak;GMBI
GPiRkmEdlÉkPaBCamYyrdæaPi)al {kñúgkrNIGñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar rYmTaMgGñktaMgTIlMenAxusc,ab;}
75
k¾eday135
k¾BuMmankareyagenAkñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij cMeBaHGPiRkmenH
nigrebobEdlvaTak;TgeTAnwgkarGnuvtþsßanPaBTImYyeLIy .
203> RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa manPaBmnÞilCaeRcInTak;TgeTAnwgrebobEdlRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay
sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijKYrRtUv)anbegáIteLIg nigGnuvtþ . RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa karerobcM
Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij mankarxVHxatbTb,BaØtiþEdlrMBwgTukenAkñúg OD
4>30 Tak;TgeTAnwg {eKalkarN_eFVIEpnkar karerobcMsßab½n niglkçN³vinicä½yénkarerobcMbøg;} .
204> karBicarNaGMBIbBaðataMgTIlMenAeLIgvijkñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag. RkumGFikarkic©yl;eXIjfa
Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij minEdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgkñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþKeRmag
eLIy . dUecñH karesIubGegák¾)anepþatpgEdreTAelIehtuplEdlGacmansRmab;bBaðaenH . eK)anerobcM
CaÉksary:ageRcInfa TMnas;dIFøIrvagrdæ nigRbCaCn mankarekIneLIgcab;taMgBIedImTsvtSr_qñaM 1990
¬sUmemIlkic©BiPakSabEnßmenAkñúgEpñk g xageRkam¦ . edaysarehtuplenH eKrMBwgfa bBaðaénkartaMg
TIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ nigkarGnuvtþEdlGaceFVIeLIgcMeBaHRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMg
TIlMenAeLIgvij nwgtRmUv[mankarBicarNaBIRkumkargarrbs; LMAP k¾dUcCafñak;RKb;RKg kñúgGMLúgeBl
CaeRcInqñaMénkarGnuvtþKeRmag .
205> RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa bBaðananaTak;TgeTAnwgdIrdæ nigkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij RtUv)anedaHRsay
Cacm,g enAkñúgkic©BiPakSakñúgGMLúgebskkmµRtYtBinitüelIkTImYy nigTIBIr ¬Ex ]sPa nigEx tula qñaM
2002¦ . kñúgGMLúgebskkmµelIkTImYy FnaKarBiPBelak)anelIkeLIgGMBIbBaðalT§PaB énkartaMgTIlM
enAeLIgvij eFVIeLIgenAkñúgTItaMgsRmab;GaKarEdl)anesñIeLIgsRmab;RksYgRKb;RKgEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ
135
kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;karGPivDÆTTYlsÁal;fa {TaMgFnaKarBiPBelak TaMgRksYgerobcMEdndI BuMman]tþm
PaBeRbobeFob kñúgkaredaHRsayGñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar nigGñktaMgTIlMenAxusc,ab;eLIy . CakarRbesIrCagsRmab;
KeRmagkñúgkarKaMRTRkumkargarGPivDÆn_ Edlbc©úb,nñkMBugeFVIkarenAtammUldæan} . kic©RBmeRBogsþIBI\NTansRmab;kar
GPivDÆ)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa {kic©RBmeRBogRtUv)an eFVIeLIgCamYyRksYg (MLMUPC) GMBIGPiRkmEdlRtUveRbIR)as;enAkñúgkrNIGñk
taMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar rYmTaMg GñktaMgTIlMenAxusc,ab; . KeRmag ³ ¬k¦ nwgecjb½NÑkmµsiTi§dI RbsinebImankic©RBmeRBog
edayrdæaPi)alkñúgkarpþl;dI EdlRtUvcuHbBa¢ICUnGñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar . ¬x¦ nwgsRmbsRmYlkarpþl;esva nigkarpþl;
kmµsiTi§dI enAeBlsalaRkugkMBugeFVIkarCamYyRkumGPivDÆn_ edIm,Ipþl;dICUnGñktaMgTIlMenAeRkA pøÚvkar tamry³ kmµviFIEck
rMElkdI nig¼b¤kmµviFIerITIlMenA Ep¥kelIeKalkarN_ UNCHS nig ¬K¦ nwgminecjb½NÑkmµsiTi§ RbsinebIBuMmankic©RBmeRBog
kñúgkarEbgEckdIdl;GñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar b¤tamry³karEckrMElkdI nig¼b¤kmµviFIerITIlMenA . KeRmagenH )anbegáItnItiviFI
sRmab;RtYtBintü nigBieRKaHeyabl; edIm,IFanafa lkçxNÐxagelIRtUv)anÉkPaB muneBlpþl;esvacuHbBa¢I nigpþl;kmµsiTi§dIFøI}
. ¬PAD TMB½rTI 20¦
76
nigsMNg; (MLMUPC) ehIyÉksarCMnYysµartIKUsbBa¢ak;fa rdæaPi)alnwgeFVICMerOnRbCaCnEdlrs;enA
TIenaH nigdak;r)aykarN_CUnFnaKarBiPBelakRtwmEx kBaØa qñaM 2002 . RkumGFikarkic©BuM)anrkeXIj
ÉksareyagNamYy GMBIr)aykarN_enHeLIy enAkñúgkMNt;RtaRtYtBinitübnþbnÞab; .
206> ebskkmµelIkTIBIr sgát;F¶n;eTAelItRmUvkarkñúgkarkMNt;GaTiPaBkargareKalneya)ayTak;TgeTAnwgkar
RKb;RKgdIrbs;rdæ . elxaFikardæanénRkumRbwkSaeKalneya)aydIFøI (CLP) nwgepþateTAelIvis½yeKal-
neya)aycMnYnR)aM EdlkñúgenaHrYmman (i) karecjkmµsiTi§dIsRmab;cieBa©ImpøÚvføl; nigpøÚvTwk nig (ii) karcuH
bBa¢IdIrdæ EdlBak;B½n§edaypÞal;sRmab;karbkRsaysßanPaBRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIg
vij . kgVl;nana CaBiess kgVk;Tak;Tgnwgkarpþl;kmµsiT§icMNIpøÚv køayCaRbCanbTmYyenAkñúgGMLúg
ebskkmµRtYtBinitüelIkTIbIpgEdr . ÉksarCMnYysµartITIbIkt;smÁal;fa ebskkmµenH)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa
eKalkarN_ENnaMEpñksgÁm nigbrisßanEdl)anÉkPaB karBarsiTi§rbs;buKÁlTaMgLayNaEdlkan;kab;dI
tamcieBa©ImpøÚv muneBlrdæaPi)alecjbTbBa¢asþIBIcMNIpøÚv . edaykt;smÁal;bBaðaenHmþgeTotenAkñúgÉksar
CMnYysµartITIbYnBIEx mkra qñaM 2004 fñak;RKb;RKg)anbEnßmfa eKalneya)aysþIBIkarkarpþl;kmµsiT§I
cMeBaHcieBa©Imfñl; nwgRtUvbegáIteLIg nigGnum½tedayRkumRbwkSaeKalneya)aydIFøI nigfa eKalneya)ay
enH RBmTaMgesckIþRBagsaracrmYy nwgRtUvdak;CUnnaykrdæm®nþIRtwméf¶TI 30 Ex ]sPa qñaM 2004 .
ebskkmµelIkTIR)aM ¬ebskkmµBinitüeLIgvijBak;kNþalGaNtþikñúgEx tula qñaM 2004¦ )anraykarN_fa
knøgmkBuMmankarpþl;kmµsiTi§NamYycMeBaHkarBRgIkcMNIpøÚveLIy ehIysaracrenHkMBugsßiteRkamkarerobcM
b:uEnþminTan;)anbBa©b;enAeLIyeT .
207> CaEpñkmYyénkarerobcMebskkmµBinitüeLIgvijBak;kNþalGaNtiþkñúgEx tula qñaM 2004 kRmgsMNYrmYy
sþIBIkarkarBarRtUv)anbegáIteLIg. kareqøIytbrbs;rdæaPi)aleTAnwgsMNYrnanamanPaBc,as;las; .
ÉksarenHKUsbBa¢ak;fa {rdæaPi)alminTan;)ankMNt;eKalkarN_ENnaMsRmab;karRKb;RKgdIrdæenAeLIyeT}
nigfa {LMAP BuMmanGaNtiþGnuvtþkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþeLIy . bc©úb,nñ LMAP cUlrYm
EtenAkñúgkarpþl;kmµsiTi§edaysµ½RKcitþb:ueNÑaH . kñúgkrNImanCemøaHekIteLIgrvagPaKINamYy karpþl;
kmµsiT§iminRtUv)aneFVIeLIgeLIy rhUtTal;EtmandMeNaHRsaycMeBaHbBaðaenaH} . rdæaPi)alk¾Rbkan;CMhr
c,as;las;fa {LMAP BuMmansiTi§ecjsMNgkñúgTRmg;NamYyEdlbNþalmkBIkarerITIlMenArbs;RbCaCn
ecjBIcieBa©ImpøÚveLIy . manEtRksYgesdækic© nighirBaØvtßúb:ueNÑaHEdlmanyutþaFikareFVIkarelIbBaðaTaMg
enH} .
208> karBinitüeLIgvijBak;kNþalGaNtþi)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa BuMmanplb:HBal;GviC¢manEpñksgÁménKeRmageLIy
ehIyk¾BuMmankarBicarNaNamYy RtUv)aneFVIeLIgsRmab;KeRmagEdlGaceFVI[b:HBal;dl;brisßanEdr .
77
r)aykarN_enHk¾rMlwkdl;rdæaPi)aledaypÞal;fa {Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij
RKb;RKgelIral;karykdI EdlbNþal[b:HBal;dl;RbCaCn>>>}136
. enAkñúgÉksarCMnYysµartIeRkay² eK
kt;smÁal;fa esckIþRBagGnuRkwtsRmab;karcuHbBa¢IpøÚvfñl; nigdIEdlenACab;pøÚvfñl; )anBnüareBl . bBaða
ènkarkarBar nigcieBa¨ImpøÚv RtUv)anrYmbBa¨ÚlKñaenAkñúgGVIEdlRtUv)anBN’nafaCa {karBinitüeLIgvijeday
ÉkraCüelIc,ab;Tak;TgnwgdIFøI} . mkRtwmebskkmµRtYtBinitüelIkTI 9 mankarrIkceRmIntictYceTAelIkar
sikSaedayÉkraCüelIdMeNaHRsayeRkApøÚvkarGMBIkareRbIR)as;dI .
209> kñúgGMLúgebskkmµRtYtBinitüelIkTIR)aMbYn kñúgEx mifuna qñaM 2007 ÉksarCMnYysµartIraykarN_fa
{KeRmagminTan;)anTTYl nigminrMBwgTukGMBIkartv:aNamYycMeBaHkarbeNþjecj kartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij
edayminsµ½RKcitþ b¤kareFVIlT§kmµdI EdlCalT§plénkarpþl;kmµsiTi§eLIy} . ÉksarCMnYysµartI)anbnþKUs
bBa¢ak;fa {dUcEdlRtUv)anerobcM manEtdIKµanTMnas;b:ueNÑaHnwgRtUv)anecjb½NÑkmµsiTi§CUn cMENkÉdIepSg²
eTot nwgRtUvedaHRsayCadMbUgedayPaKIBak;B½n§ nig¼b¤tamry³sßab½nBak;B½n§ muneBlb½NÑkmµsiTi§RtUv)an
ecjCUn} . eyagtamÉksarCMnYysµartI eTaHbICaminmankarTTYl)ankartv:aNamYyk¾eday k¾Rkbx½NÐ
eKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ RtUv)anerobcMeLIgsRmab;KeRmagEdlpþl;
eKalkarN_ENnaMnanasRmab;buKÁlEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;BIKeRmag {RbsinebIRtUv)antRmUv} . BuMman
esckIþlm¥itbEnßmGMBIfaetIeBlNaRbkarenHekIteLIgenaHeT eBalKWkarpþl;karBinitücMeBaHsßanPaBnana
énRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij . ÉksarCMnYysµartI)anraykarN_CafµImþgeTotGMBI
PaBGnuelamtameKalkarN_ENnaMEpñkbrisßan nigsgÁménKeRmag .
210> r)aykarN_RtYtBinitüsRmab;KeRmag min)anraykarN_GMBIkardak;bBa©ÚlGñkCMnajEpñkkarBar eTAkñúg
ebskkmµNamYykñúgcMeNamebskkmµRtYtBinitüTaMgenHeLIy elIkElgEtebskkmµelIkTImYykñúgEx
]sPa qñaM 2002 . karelIkeLIgbnÞab;EtmþgKt;GMBIkardak;bBa©ÚlkarBinitüeLIgvijelIkarkarBar rYmTaMg
GñkCMnajEpñkkarBar KWeFVIeLIgkñúgGMLúgeBlerobcMebskkmµRtYtBinitüelIkTI 10 nigTI 11 . dUcman
bgðajenAkñúgbBa¢IeQµaHGñkcUlrYmsRmab;ebskkmµ GñkCMnajEdlRtUv)ankMNt;fa nwgcUlrYmenAkñúgebskkmµ
RtYtBinitüelIkTI 10 nigTI 11 TIbBa©b;EbrCamin)ancUlrYmenAkñúgebskkmµenaHeTAvij .
211> RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa karykcitþTukdak;rbs;fñak;RKb;RkgcMeBaHplvi)akEpñksgÁménkarpþl;kmµsiTi§dI
rYmTaMgkarbeNþjecjEdlGacekItman BuMmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§eT nigTTYlrgkgVHkarykcitþTukdak;BI
sMNak;GñkCMnajEpñkkarBarsgÁm . vaKWCakþIkgVl;EdlebskkmµRtYtBinitüCaeRcIn)ansnñidæanfa BuMman
sßanPaBNamYyEdltRmUv[mankarGnuvtþkarkarBarEpñksgÁm nigbrisßaneLIy rYmTaMg Rkbx½NÐ
136
ÉksarCMnYysµartITI 6 ]bsm<½n§ X karkarBarEpñksgÁm éf¶TI 27 Ex kBaØa - éf¶TI 11 Ex tula qñaM 2004
78
eKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij RbsinebIKµankarRtYtBinitüy:agl¥itl¥n;GMBIbBaðaeTenaH .
RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjPsþútagenAkñúgkMNt;RtaRtYtBinitüEdlfñak;RKb;RKg enAkñúg»kasCaeRcIn )anelIk
bBaðaGMBIkarRKb;RKgdIrdæEdlGacBak;B½n§ sRmab;karGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenA
eLIgvij . RkumGFikarkic©)anekatsresIrFnaKarBiPBelak Edl)antamdanbBaðaeKalneya)ayd¾Bi)ak
enH enAkñúgbribTkm<úCa EdlmanPaBresIbEpñkneya)ay nigsµúKsµaj . b:uEnþ kartamdanbBaðaTaMgenH
minmanlkçN³RKb;RKan;eT nigrYmcMENkbgá[manbBaðaTaMgLayenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; . RbkarenHminman
PaBGnuelamCamYybTb,BaØtiþén OP/BP 13>05 sþIBIkarRtYtBinitüKeRmageLIy . eTaHbICa
RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa GñkCMnajEpñkdIFøIepSg²Kñay:agehacNas;cMnYn 17 rUb )aneFVIdMeNIrmk
RbeTskm<úCa CaEpñkénebskkmµRtYtBinitüepSg²rbs;KeRmagk¾eday k¾bBaðaTaMgenHminEdlRtUv)anedaH
RsayeLIy.
212> PaBGacGnuvtþ)anénRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenAkñúgkrNItMbn;bwgkk;.
Tak;TgeTAnwgbBaðafaetIsßanPaBenAtMbn;bwgkk;sßitenAeRkamsßanPaBmYy b¤eRcIn EdlkMNt;edaysßanPaB
enAkñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijb¤y:agNa RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa Ep¥kelI
karGegátxagelIkarbeNþjecjBIdIrdæRtUv)aneFVIeLIg nigfa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenA
eLIgvij KYrRtUv)anGnuvtþenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; . CagenHeTAeTot RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa Rkbx½NÐ
eKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijBuM)anbgðajPaBxusKñaGMBIPaBGacGnuvtþ)anrbs;va rvagdIÉkCn
rbs;rdæ nigdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ dUecñHehIy Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij KYrRtYv)an
GnuvtþenAeRkamKeRmag LMAP edayminKitGMBIlkçN³pøÚvc,ab;éndIrdæEdlmanTMnas;eLIy .
213> RkumGFikarkic©k¾)ankt;smÁal;fa sßanPaBTIbI EdlmanbBa¢ak;enAkñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMg
TIlMenAeLIgvij k¾hak;dUcCaGnuvtþpgEdr . karGPivDÆkalBIeBlfµI² nigEpnkarsRmab;tMbn;bwgkk; )an
bgðajfa cMNIpøÚvEdlmanRsab;sRmab;pøÚvrfePøIgkat;tamtMbn;enH nwgRtUvBRgIk nigfa pøÚvfñl;EdlmanRsab;
k¾nwgRtUv)anBRgIkpgEdr .
214> RkumGFikarkic©yl;eXIjfa karbkRsayrbs;rdæaPi)alGMBIPaBGacGnuvtþ)anénRkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay
sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij KWfa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij minRtUv)anbegáIteLIg
enAkñúgkrNItMbn;bwgkk;eLIy edaysardIenHminRtUv)anpþl;kmµsiTi§kñúgeQµaHrbs;rdæ . dUc)ankt;smÁal;
xagedImenAkñúgCMBUkenH fñak;RKb;RKg)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa dMeNIrkarvinicä½yeBjeljminRtUv)anGnuvtþsRmab;
tMbn;bwgkk;eLIy ehIyfa LMAP k¾min)ancUlrYmedaypÞal;enAkñúgkarecjb½NÑkmµsiT§iNamYyCUnrdæ b¤
TIPñak;garsaFarN³NamYysRmab;dIenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;Edr. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday RkumGFikarkic© yl;
79
RsbCamYyfñak;RKb;RKg nigGñkesñIsuMfa edaysarrdæaPi)alcat;viFankarpøÚvkar edIm,IeFVIniytkmµ Epñknana
éntMbn;bwgkk;CaRTBüsm,tiþrbs;rdæ karkMNt;dIenaHCadIrbs;rdæ)anekIteLIg enAkñúgkarGnuvtþCak;Esþg .
dUecñH Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijKYrRtUv)anGnuvtþ ehIyEpnkartaMgTIlMenAeLIg
vijsRmab;tMbn;bwgkk; KYrRtUv)anerobcMeLIg[)anTan;eBlevla munkarbeNþjecj EdlbNþalmkBI
skmµPaBKeRmagEdlRtUv)anGnuvtþ .
215> vahak;dUcCamanPaBc,as;las;BIkarBinitüeLIgvijelIr)aykarN_RtYtBinitüfa RBwtþikarN_TaMgLayEdl
)anlatRtdagenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;cab;taMgBIqñaM 2007 minRtUv)anFnaKarBiPBelakemIleXIjfaCabraC½y
d¾F¶n;F¶rénKeRmag rhUtdl;eBly:agyUreRkaymk enAcugqñaM 2008 nigedImqñaM 2009 enAeBlGgÁkar
minEmnrdæaPi)alkñúgRsuk)ancab;epþImelIkeLIgGMBIkgVl;rbs;BYkeKCamYybuKÁlikFnaKarBiPBelak ehIy
karbeNþjecjcMeBaHshKmn_epSg²eTotenATIRkugPñMeBjkMBugekItmaneLIg . fñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ak;enA
kñúgkareqøIytbfa kñúgEx mifuna qñaM 2008 ebskkmµBhum©as;CMnYy rYmTaMg buKÁlikFnaKarBiPBelak)an
eFVITsSnkic©eTAkan;tMbn;bwgkk; nigRtUv)anCUndMNwgedaybuKÁlikKeRmagfa enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; RbCaCnBuM
)anTTYlb½NÑkmµsiT§ieLIy BIeRBaHdIenaHKWCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ . fñak;RKb;RKg)anbEnßmeTotfa eTaHbI
B½t’manGMBIkarCYldIeTA[GñkGPivDÆn_ÉkCnRtUv)aneKdwgB¤k¾eday {BuMmanGñkNamñak; eTaHCamkBIFnaKar
BiPBelak b¤édKUGPivDÆn_kþI )anrkeXIjTMnak;TMngrvagkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþEdlGac
ekItmaneLIg nigKeRmagenAeBlenaHeLIy}137
.
216> Tal;Etkñúgry³eBlQandl;karbgðajsMeNIsuMGFikarkic© eTIbFnaKarBiPBelakyl; nigTTYlsÁal;fa
karbeNþjecjenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk;manCab;Tak;TgeTAnwgskmµPaBGnuvtþn_rbs; LMAP nigfa Rkbx½NÐ
eKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij nwgRtUv)anGnuvtþcMeBaHkarpøas;TIlMenArbs;RbCaCnenAtMbn;bwg
kk; . eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday enAeBlFnaKarBiPBelakelIkykerOgenHdak;CUnrdæaPi)al nig)anesñIkar
p¥akrYmKñacMeBaHkarebIkR)ak; rdæaPi)al)anlubecalsmtulüén\NTanEdlminTan;ebIkenAéf¶TI 07 Ex
kBaØa qñaM 2009 .
217> RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa braC½yrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgkñúgkarFana[mankarGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKal-
neya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij BuMGnuelamtam OD 4>30 nig OP/BP 13>05 sþIBIkarRtYtBinitü
KeRmag .
137
kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg kfax½NÐ 55
80
218> dMeNIrkarénkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþ ³ dUc)ankt;smÁal;xagelI Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay
sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij KWCaRkbx½NÐmYyEdlbgðajGMBIeKalkarN_ nignItiviFIEdlRtUvGnuvtþtam edIm,I
pþl;sMNg nigCYyRbCaCnEdlGacRtUv)anpøas;TIlMenAeRkamKeRmagenH edaymaneKalbMNgFanafa
BYkeKGacEklm¥ b¤y:agehacNas;sþarCIvPaBrs;enArbs;xøÜn)an . enAkñúgsßanPaBEdlRkbx½NÐeKal-
neya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijRtUv)anbegáIteLIg EpnkarskmµPaBsþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijCak;
lak;enAnwgkEnøg (RAP) nwgRtUvEterobcMeLIg . eyagtamRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenA
eLIgvij EpnkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijGacCaEpnkarmYyEpñk b¤TaMgRsug GaRs½yelIcMnYnRbCaCnEdlrgpl
b:HBal; EdlmancMnYnticCag b¤eRcInCag 200 .
219> Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij bgðajGMBIeKalkarN_sRmab;dMeNIrkarerobcMEpnkar
skmµPaBtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij nigsRmab;karGnuvtþkarbeNþjecj nigkarerITIlMenA . eKalkarN_sMxan;²
kñúgcMeNameKalkarN_TaMgenH KW ³
karBieRKaHeyabl;kñúgTRmg;Cakic©RbCuMfñak;PUmi muneBldMeNIrkarvinicä½ycab;epþIm edIm,IkMNt;plb:HBal;
GviC¢manF¶n;F¶rEpñksgÁmEdlGacmanBIskmµPaBpþl;kmµsiT§idI .
karGegátCamUldæanmYyEdlRKbdNþb;RKb;RKYsarTaMgGs; EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal; nwgRtUveFVIeLIg .
RbCaCnEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysarKeRmag (PAP) cUlrYmenARKb;dMNak;kalepSg²énkareFVI
Epnkar nigkarGnuvtþ .
RbCaCnEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysarKeRmag nwgRtUv)anCUndMNwgRtwmRtUvGMBIbTb,BaØtiþénRkbx½NÐ
eKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenAÉkic©RbCuMsaFarN³nana .
karerobcMkalviPaKsRmab;sMNg nigkarsþarnItism,Ta EdlRtUvbBa©b;rYcral;CaTIeBjcitþ muneBl
FnaKarBiPBelakpþl;karyl;RBm .
eRkayBIkarpþl;sMNg RbCaCnnImYy²EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysarKeRmag RtUvcuHhtßelxaelI
lixitTTYlyk .
RbCaCnEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysarKeRmag manlT§PaBTTYl)annItiviFIbNþwgsarTukçkñúgmUldæan
eday\tKitéfø .
220> edIm,IeRtomyfaPaBénkarGnuvtþRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij eK)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa
smtßPaBEpñksßab½nnwgRtUvEtGPivDÆenAkñúgKeRmag tamry³ ³
karbNþúHbNþalbuKÁlikKeRmagGMBIbBaðataMgTIlMenAeLIgvij .
81
karbegáItRkumkargarBiessenAfñak;kNþal nigfñak;extþ edIm,IENnaM nigBinitütamdanskmµPaBtaMg
TIlMenAeLIgvij .
karFanafa bBaðataMgTIlMenAeLIgvij KWCaEpñkmYyénkarBinitütamdanKeRmagCaeTogTat; .
220> RkumGFikarkic©)andwgGMBIkarBitEdlfa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijminEdl
RtUv)anbegáIteLIgCapøÚvkarenAkñúgkrNItMbn;bwgkk;enaHeT dUecñHehIy fñak;RKb;RKgKeRmagmin)ancUlrYm
enAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþeLIy . eTaHbICay:agNak¾edayRkum
GFikarkic©BuM)anrkeXIjPasþútagNamYyénkic©RbwgERbgrbs;KeRmag edIm,IbegáItsmtßPaBEpñksßab½n TUeTA
kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaénkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij dUcmanbgðajxagelIeLIy kñúgkrNIEdlRkbx½NÐ
eKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijnwgRtUv)anbegáIteLIg . fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)ankt;smÁal;GMBI
{Gvtþmany:agc,as; énkic©BiPakSalm¥itGMBIkarseRmc)anenARkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenA
eLIgvij kñúgGMLúgeBlerobcM b¤kñúgGMLúgeBlGnuvtþn_}138
.
221> dUcmanBN’naenAkñúgCMBUkTI 2 RkumGFikarkic© enAkñúgGMLúgkarcuHTsSnkic©tammUldæanrbs;xøÜn )anTTYl
skçIPaBCaeRcInBIRbCaCnEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysarKeRmag edayerobrab;GMBIdMeNIrkarénkartaMg
TIlMenAeLIgvij EdlminbMeBjtambTdæanrMBwgTukenAkñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIg
vij b¤qøúHbBa©aMgGMBIbTdæanEdlTTYlsÁal;y:agTUlMTUlayCaGnþrCatieLIy ¬dUcCa bTdæanEdlmanEcgenA
kñúglixitubkrN_sþIBIsiT§imnusSEdlBak;B½n§¦ . BuMmandMeNIrkarEbbBieRKaHeyabl; nigEbbcUlrYmeLIy
kargarsIuvil)ancab;epþImCayUrya mundMeNIrkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijRtUv)anGnuvtþKYrCaTIeBjcitþ ehIy
RbCaCnEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;edaysarKeRmag TTYlrgnUvsm<aFkñúgkarcakecjBIpÞHsEm,grbs;BYkeK
edayKµansiTi§TTYl)annItiviFIbNþwgsarTukçNamYyeLIy .
222> PaBmansiTi§Edlpþl;CUnRbCaCnEdlRtUv)anpøas;TIlMenABItMbn;bwgkk;³ Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay
sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij CaTUeTA bgðajGMBIGñkNamansiTi§TTYl)ansMNg . Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)ay
sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij rYmbBa©ÚlRbCaCnEdl)at;bg;dI nigrcnasm<½n§lMenAdæan RbCaCnEdl)at;bg;dI
ksikmµ Gñkrs;enAEdl)anCYlpÞH b¤dI nigRbCaCnEdl)at;bg;GaCIvkmµ . Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkar
taMgTIlMenAeLIgvij)ankMNt;RbePTepSg²eToténsMNg Ep¥kelIRbePTénkar)at;b;g; .
223> Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijk¾)anKUsbBa¢ak;fa sMNgnwgRtUv)anpþl;CUn tamtémø
pøas;bþÚr EdlRtUv)ankMNt;faCa {cMnYnTwkR)ak;EdlRKb;RKan;kñúgkarpøas;bþÚrRTBüsm,tiþEdl)at;bg; nig
témømuxrbr . enAkñúgkarvaytémøenH karrMls;éførcnasm<½n§ nigRTBüsm,tiþ minKYrRtUv)anBicarNa .
138
kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg kfax½NÐ 52
82
sRmab;kar)at;bg;EdlminGacvaytémø b¤TUTat;sMNgy:aggayRsYlCaTwkR)ak; karBüayamnanaRtUv)an
eFVIeLIgedIm,IbegáItlT§PaBTTYl)anFnFan nig»kasrkcMNUlsmmUl nigEdlGacTTYlyk)anEpñk
vb,Fm’} . eyagtamRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij enAeBlEdlc,ab;kñúgRsukmin
GacbMeBjtambTdæanénsMNgtamtémøpøas;bþÚrRKb;cMnYn sMNgRtUv)anbMeBjbEnßmedayviFankarbEnßm
EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IbMeBjtambTdæanéntémøpøas;bþÚr .
225> edayELk sMNgEdlRtUvpþl;CUn rYmman ³
sMNgtamtémøpøas;bþÚrsRmab;pÞHsEm,g nigrcnasm<½n§EdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;déTeTot edayminkat;
bnßyéførMls; b¤smÖar³Edl)aneRsacRsg;sRmab;pÞHsEm,g nigrcnasm<½n§déTeToteLIy .
sRmab;dIksikmµ sMNgCadI sRmab;dIEdlmansmtßPaBplitsmmUl .
karpøas;bþÚrTItaMg¼dIlMenAdæanEdlmanTMhMsmmUl EdlGacTTYlyk)ancMeBaHRbCaCnEdlTTYlpl
b:HBal; .
karepÞr nigR)ak;]btßmÖsRmab;karrs;ran RbsinebIsmRsb .
226> RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij kñúgcMeNameKal
karN_ nigvtßúbMNgrbs;va erobrab;GMBIsiTi§kñúgkarsþarmeFüa)ayciBa©wmCIvit b:uEnþBuM)anpþl;B½t’manlm¥it
GMBICeRmIsrkcMNUl EdlGacmancMeBaHRbCaCn EdlRtUv)anpøas;TIlMenAeLIy . kñúgkrNIEdlehdæa
rcnasm<½n§shKmn_ dUcCa salaeron eragcRk RbPBTwk pøÚvfñl; RbB½n§lU b¤bNþajpÁt;pÁg;GKÁisnI TTYl
rgkarxUcxat KeRmagRtUvFanafa karxUcxatTaMgenHnwgRtUvsþar nigCYsCuleLIgvijtamkrNInImYy²
edayshKmn_BuMr:ab;rgelIcMNayeLIy eyagtamRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij .
227> RkumGFikarkic©)ancuHTsSnkic©TIkEnøgtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij EdlRbCaCnxøHmkBItMbn;bwgkk;RtUv)anerITIlM
enA . RkumGFikarkic©k¾)aneXIjfa sßanPaBTItaMgmanbTdæanTabCagy:ageRcIn eRbobeTAnwgeKal-
neya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijedayminsµ½RKcitþrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak . eTaHbICamansalaeron
mnÞIreBTü GKÁisnI nigTwkk¾eday k¾mankart¥ÚjEt¥rGMBIlT§PaBTTYl)anesvaTaMgenHpgEdr . eTaHbICa
y:aNakþI kart¥ÚjEt¥rcm,gKWfa TIkEnøgtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijenAq¶ayeBkBIRbPBrkcMNUlmunrbs;BYkeK
nigBuMman»kas rkcMNUlepSgRKb;RKan;enAÉ b¤Ek,rTIkEnøgtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij . pSarmYypþl;nUvesva
nig meFüa)ayciBa©wm CIvitCamUldæan bu:EnþcMNUl CaTUeTA mancMnYnTabCagxøaMg edaysarRbCaCnPaK
eRcInRtUvbgçMcitþcMNayeBlevlay:ageRcIn nigFnFanxSt;exSayeTAelIkareFVIdMeNIreTAkan;kEnøgeFVIkar
enATIRkug .
83
228> RbCaCnCaeRcInk¾)ant¥ÜjEt¥rGMBIKuNPaB nigbøg;lMenAdæanEdlpþl;[ . edaysarvaCapÞHElVg BYkeKmin
GacBRgIkcMehogpÞH)aneLIy ehIyedaysarpÞHTaMgenHBuMmanRKwHrwgmaM eKminGacsg;bEnßmCan;TIBIr)an
enaHeT . CacugeRkay RbCaCnCaeRcInminRtUv)anpþl;[nUvkmµsiTi§eBjeljcMeBaHpÞHfµIrbs;BYkeKeLIy
ehIyRbCaCnxøHminR)akdGMBIfaetIBYkeKkan;kab;siTi§sñak;enARbePTGVIeLIy . RkumGFikarkic©RtUv)anCUn
dMNwgfa RKYsarCaeRcIn)ancakecjBITIkEnøgtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij ehIy)anRtLb;mkkan;TIRkugPñMeBjvij
edIm,IsþarCIvPaBrbs;xøÜn ehIypÞHCaeRcInxñgEdlmandak;pøak {sRmab;lk;} nigelxTUrs½BÞ KWCaskçIPaB
énkgVHRbCa RbiyPaBéntMbn;rbs;RKYsarEdltaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij .
229> PsþútagénerOgr:avxøI²)anbgðajfa témølk;eLIgvijénpÞHElVgenAkñúgtMbn;taMgTIlMenAeLIgvij kñúg
krNIxøH TabRtwm 6000 duløarGaemrik . témøenHTabCag 8>000 duløarGaemrik EdlRtUv)anpþl;
CUncMeBaHRbCaCnTaMgLayEdlTTYlyksMNg ehIysMNgenHeTotesat KWmantémøTabCagTIpSar
y:agxøaMgenAkñúgkNþalRkugPñMeBj EdldIRtUv)anraykarN_famantémøx<s;rhUtdl; 3>000 duløar
GaemrikkñúgmYyEm:Rtkaer: . RbkarenHqøúHbBa©aMgGMBItémøTIpSarRbEhl 150>000 duløarGaemrik sRmab;
dIEdlmanTMhM 50 Em:Rtkaer:enAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; . PaBxusKñaenHCYyBnül;GMBIkRmitEdlRbCaCnman
GarmµN_fa BYkeKRtUv)ane)akR)as;cMeBaHsiTi§rbs;xøÜn .
230> CeRmIsTIbIEdlpþl;CUnedayGñkGPivDÆn_ KWkarTTYlykpÞHfµIenAnwgkEnøgEdlmanRbePTRsedogeTAnwg
pÞHElVgenAkEnøgGPivDÆn_eLIgvijmYyeTot EdleKsÁal;fa burIkILa . eTaHbICay:aNak¾eday
RbCaCnenA tMbn;bwgkk;)anbdiesFCeRmIsenH mYyEpñk edaysarBYkeKmincUlcitþbøg;burIkILa b:uEnþPaK
eRcIn edaysarBYkeKcaM)ac;RtUverIecjry³eBlbYnqñaMeTArs;enApÞHCYl edaycMNaypÞal;xøÜn nigminTuk
citþGñkGPivDÆn_kñúgkareKarBtamkarsnüarbs;BYkeK eRkayBIputry³eBlenaH .
rUbPaBTI 5 ³ kEnøgtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij dMNak;RTywg cm¶ayRbEhl 20 KILÚEm:RtBITIRkugPñMeBj
84
231> fñak;RKb;RKg)anKUsbBa¢ak;enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜnfa eTaHbICaxøÜnminGacQandl;karsnñidæanGMBIPaB
RKb;RKan;énkBa©b;Ed;lpþl;edayrdæaPi)alk¾eday k¾RbCaCndUcCaTTYl)anticCag RbsinebIsineKGnuvtþ
Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij . RkumGFikarkic©k¾)andwgkñúgGMLúgebskkmµfa
RbCaCnEdlTTYlrgplb:HBal;mYycMnYnyl;RBmTTYlykTwkR)ak;srub nigcakecjBITItaMg . BuMman
ynþkartamdanBYkeK RtUv)anbegáIteLIgeLIy . RbCaCnCaeRcInEdlRtUv)anbeNþjecj GHGagfa BYk
eKminTaMg)anTTYlPaBman siTi§eBjeljrbs;xøÜnpg .
232> karxUcxatEdlRbCaCnTTYlrgedaysarkarbeNþjecj nigkarpøas;TIlMenAeRkaymk EdlminbMeBj
tambTdæan EdlmanEcgenAkñúgRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij KWmanPaBc,as;las;
cMeBaHRkumGFikarkic©. RkumGFikarkic©BuM)anrkeXIjkMNt;RtaNamYyfa fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarBiPBelak
)anelIkeLIgGMBIbBaðaenHCamYyrdæaPi)al b¤buKÁlikKeRmageLIy rhUtdl;qñaM 2009 enAeBlsßanPaB
manPaBF¶n;F¶rEdlminGacCYsCul)an . RkumGFikarkic©)andwgfa manRbCaCnCag 6800 RKYsar
EdlRtUv)anbeNþjecj pøas;TIlMenA b¤sßiteRkamkarKMramkMEhgénkarbeNþjecjenAkñúgextþnanaén
KeRmag .
233> CaTUeTA RkumGFikarkic©yl;eXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarKYr)anrkeXIjbBaðaF¶n;F¶r EdlCYbRbTHeday
RbCaCnenAtMbn;bwgkk;)anqab;CagenH nigBicarNaGMBIviFankarsmRsb . karxkxanmin)aneFVIEbbenH
min)anGnuelamtameKalneya)aysþIBIkarRtYtBinitüKeRmagrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakeLIy .
234> RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij CaTUeTA manPaB
Gnuelamtam OD 4.30 . b:uEnþ mankgVHkarENnaMGMBIskmµPaBsþarnItism,TaeLIgvij nigskmµPaB
sþarcMNUl EdleyagtamRkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij KYrRtUv)anBnül;
lm¥itenAkñúgEpnkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij .
235> RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa dMeNIrkarénkarGnuvtþkarbeNþjecjenAkñúgtMbn;bwgkk; kRmiténsMNg nig
bTdæanénTIkEnøgtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij minGnuvtþtameKalkarN_EdlmanEcgedayRkbx½NÐ
eKalneya)ay sþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij nigbTb,BaØtiþBak;B½n§én OD 4.30 .
g> GHGagfa dMeNIrkarpþl;kmµsiTi§EdlGnum½tedayKeRmag
eFVI[Tn;exSaydl;siTi§ kan;kab;dIEdlmanBImun
1> karGHGagrbs;GñkesñIsuM nigkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg
85
236> GñkesñIsuMGHGagfa {karENnaMGMBIdMeNIrkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøICalkçN³RbB½n§ enAfñak;kNþal nigCapøÚvkar eRkam
LMAP )aneFVI[Tn;exSaycMeBaHkarTTYlsÁal;RbB½n§kan;kab;dICaRbéBNIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa . eday
sarRbCaCnenAtMbn;bwgkk; minGacepÞrsiTi§CaRbéBNIrbs;xøÜneTACab½NÑkmµsiTi§dIpøÚvkareRkam LAMP
KeRmag minRtwmEtbraC½ykñúgkareFVI[manlkçN³pøÚvkarcMeBaHkarkan;kab;dIrbs;BYkeKb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ
EfmTaMgeFVI[Gn;fydl;sßanPaBkan;kab;dIEdlmanBImuneTotpg} .
237> CaPsþútagbEnßmeTot GñkesñIsuMkt;smÁal;fa {eyagtammaRta 248 énc,ab;PUmi)alkm<úCa qñaM 2001
rhUtTal;EttMbn;NamYyRtUv)anRKbdNþb;edayEpnTIlibiRkmsurieyadI ehIysiTi§elIkmµsiTi§RtUv)anFana
enaHBuMmanTegVINamYyEdlraraMgGclnRTBürbs;Gñkkan;kab;Rsbc,ab; RtUv)anGnuBaØateLIy . maRta
248 pþl;nUvkarkarBarsiTi§kan;kab;dIRsbc,ab;cMeBaHRbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;TaMgLayNa Edlmin
Tan;RKbdNþb;edayEpnTIlibiRkm . dMeNIrkarvinicä½yEdl)anekIteLIgenAkñúgsgáat;RsHck rYmTaMg
karbegáItEpnTIlibiRkmsurieyadI )anCMrujdl;karelIkkm<s;karkarBar Edlpþl;edaymaRta 248
RbqaMgeTAnwgkar b:HBal;dl;RbCaCn rYmTaMg tamry³karbeNþjecj} .
238> enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜn fñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ak;fa {vaminmanPaBR)akdRbCaGMBIfaetIBakü {siTi§Ca
RbéBN} kMBugRtUv)aneRbIR)as;y:agdUcemþc} . eyagtamfñak;RKb;RKg lkçN³BiessKnøwHmYyénc,ab;
PUmi)al qñaM 2001 bgðajfa siTi§kan;kab;RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;faGacpøas;bþÚreTACab½NÑkmµsiTi§pøÚvkar)an
RbsinebIlkçxNÐmYycMnYnRtUv)anbMeBj . fñak;RKb;RKg)ankt;smÁal;fa karpþl;b½NÑkmµsiTi§ KYrEtBRgwg
siTi§kan;kab; EdlGacTTYlsÁal;)aneRkamc,ab;PUmi)al . b:uEnþfñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ak;fa {siTi§EdlmanBI
munGacRtUv)aneFVI[b:HBal;edaydMeNIrkarEdlmanPaBxVHcenøaH EdlGacemIleXIjc,as;enAkñúgkrNI
énkarvinicä½ycMeBaHsgáat;RsHck rYmTaMg GvtþmanénesckIþseRmccitþEdlmantmøaPaB Ep¥kelIlkçN³
vinicä½y nigGacBinitüeLIgvij)an GMBIfaetIdITMnas; KWCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæb¤y:agNa} . fñak;RKb;RKg)an
kt;smÁal;fa Gñkkan;kab;yUrGEgVg EdlKµansiTi§kan;kab;mansuBlPaBenAeRkamc,ab;PUmi)al RbEhlCa
minGacTTYl)annUvb½NÑkmµsiTi§eLIy RbsinebIdMeNIrkarpþl;kmµsiTi§snñidæanfa BYkeKminmansiTi§EdlGac
TTYlsÁal;Rsbc,ab;eTAelIdIEdlBYkeKkMBugkan;kab; RbsinebIdIenaHRtUv)ankMNt;faCadIrdæ . fñak;RKb;
RKg)anbBa¢ak;fa Rkbx½NÐeKalneya)aysþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij {RtUv)anerobcMeLIg kñúgcMeNam
Rkbx½NÐepSgeTot edIm,IGnuvtþcMeBaHRbCaCnEdlRtUv)anbeNþjecjedaysardIRtUv)an {pþl;kmµsiTi§kñúg
namrbs;rdæ} .
86
239> fñak;RKb;RKgminyl;RsbCamYyGñkesñIsuMEdlfa karerobcMEpnTIlIbiRkmsurieyadI )aneFVI[RbCaCnenA
tMbn;bwgkk;kan;EtmanPaBgayrgeRKaHcMeBaHkarbeNþjecj . fñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ak;fa xøÜn {bk
RsaykarkarBarEdlmanEcgenAkñúgmaRta 248 faenAEtmanPaBsmRsb rhUtTal;EtEpnTIlibiRkm
surieyadI RtUv)anbBa©b;rYcral; eyagtamdMeNIrkarEdl)ankMNt; EdlBak;B½n§nwg kñúgcMeNam RbkarepSg
eTot karbgðajCasaFarN³nUvEpnTIEdl)anesñIeLIg karvinicä½yeBjeljeTAelIsiTi§»kas sRmab;kar
beBa©jeyabl; siTi§TTYl)andMeNaHRsaycMeBaHTMnas; nigkarseRmccugeRkayGMBIkmµsiTi§} . eTaH
Cay:agNak¾ edayeyagtamfñak;RKb;RKg enAkñúgkrNIBiessenH {vamanPaBxVHcenøaHFMduMenAkñúgdMeNIr
karEdlRtUv)anGnuvtþ} .
240> fñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ak;fa xøÜn {min)andwgGMBIPsþútagEdlfa rdæaPi)alBwgEp¥kelIkarelIkkm<s;kar
karBar enAkñúgmaRta 248 CamUldæansRmab;esckIþseRmccitþ b¤viFankarrbs;xøÜnTak;TgeTAnwgtMbn;bwgkk;
eLIy} . eTaHCay:agNa fñak;RKb;RKg)ansarPaBfa RbkarEdlkarbegáItEpnTIminRtUv)anGmeday
dMeNIrkarvinicä½y eBjelj {)aneFVI[RbCaCnEdlGacmansiTi§kan;kab;caj;eRbob} .
2> karviPaKrbs;RkumGFikarkic©
241> RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa karGHGagrbs;GñkesñIsuMEdlRtUv)ankMNt;mineBjelj GacRtUv)an
eKyl;CakarecaTRbkan;fa nItiviFIpøÚvkarEdlkMBugRtUv)anGnum½tsRmab;karpþl;kmµsiTi§dI CalkçN³RbB½n§
enAeRkam LMAP eFVI[cuHexSaydl;siTi§manBImunEdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal; . karyl;dwgkan;EtTUlMTUlay
GMBIkarGHGagenH KWfa RbCaCnCaeRcInEdlTamTarsiTi§manBImun Ep¥kelIRbB½n§kan;kab;CaRbéBNI b¤eRkA
pøÚvkarepSgeTot CaBiess RbCaCnRkIRk niggayrgeRKaH min)anTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIKeRmag tamrebob
EdlRtUv)anRbemIl emIlBIdMbUgeLIy edaysarBYkeK RtUv)anpat;ecjBIdMeNIrkarenH b¤manPaBxVHcenøaH
cMeBaHviFIGnuvtþdMeNIrkar .
242> karviPaKrbs;RkumGFikarkic©eTAelIkarTamTarenH KWEp¥kelIeKalkarN_cMnYnbI ³ siTi§EdlmanBImunRtUv
)anTTYlsÁal;enAkñúgnItiviFIrbs; LMAP, LMAP )anpþl;karFanakarkan;kab;sRmab;RbCaCnCaeRcIn
nigsiTi§ EdlmanBImunsßitenAeRkamsm<aFGs;ry³eBly:agyUr .
243> siTi§EdlmanBImunRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;enAkñúgnItiviFIrbs; LMAP . dMeNIrvinicä½yrbs; LMAP Edlman
EcgenAkñúgesovePAENnaMGMBIkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøIrbs; LMAP RtUv)anbegáIteLIgQrelImUldæanénc,ab;
PUmi)al qñaM 2001 . esovePAENnaMGMBIkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøIbgðajGMBIdMeNIrkarénkarkMNt;karTamTarcMeBaHdI
87
TaMgGs;enAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½y rYmTaMg dIsaFarN³ nigdIÉkCn . enAkñúgÉksarEckcaysRmab;kic©RbCuM
fñak;PUmi eK)anbBa¢ak;fa {CemøaHdIFøIekItmanCajwkjab;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa edaysarmUlehtuCaeRcIn .
CemøaHsMxan;² kñúgcMeNamCemøaHTaMgenH KWPaBminR)akdRbCaGMBIRBMRbTl;dIEdlsßiteRkamkarRtYtRta
rbs;sßab½nrdæepSg² nigbuKÁlÉkCn}139
. m®nþIvinicä½yRtUvekaHRbCuMnItibuKÁl nigrUbv½nþbuKÁl Edlmanpl
RbeyaCn_enAkñúgdIvinicä½y edIm,Ibnül;GMBImUldæanc,ab;sRmab;bNþwgTamTarkarkan;kab; .
244> karekaHRbCuMenH rYmman karBnül;GMBIPaBxusKñarvagdIsaFarN³ nigÉkCn Edl {CabBaðaTak;TgnwgdI
CaCagm©as;dI}140
. esovePAENnaMenHKUsbBa¢ak;GMBImaRta 15 énc,ab;PUmi)al EdlkMNt;y:agTUlM
TUlaycMeBaHdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ xN³EdlTTYlsÁal;fa maRtaenH {EtÉg BuMmanPaBRKb;RKan;sRmab;[
eKdwgfaetIRTBüsm,tiþCak;lak;GVIxøHRtUv)ankMNt;CaRTBüsm,tiþsaFarN³rbs;rdæ . ]TarhN_ etIRcaMg
TenøEdlGaceFVInavacrN_)anbBa©b;enARtg;Na ? etIRKb;tMbn;EdlmanedImeQI suT§EtCa {éRBeQI}
ehtudUecñH CaRTBüsm,tiþsaFarN³rbs;rdæb¤y:agNa ? bBaðaTaMgenHsuT§EttRmUv[manc,ab; nig¼b¤
bTbBa¢aGMBIkarkMNt; nigkarRKb;RKgRTBüsm,tiþrbs;rdæ . esovePAENnaMenHnwgRtUv)aneFVIbc©úb,nñPaB
enAeBlbTb,BaØtiþc,ab;TaMgenHRtUv)anGnum½trYcPøam . eTaHCay:agNak¾eday lkçN³vinicä½ymYycMnYn
kñúgcMeNamlkçN³ vinicä½yTaMgenHEdlbegáIteLIgenAkñúgmaRta 15 énc,ab;PUmi)al manPaBc,as;las;
nigGnuBaØat[mankarvinicä½yedaypÞal;eTAelIlkçN³ {saFarN³} éndI . RTBüsm,tiþEdleFVIRKb;RKg
edayrdæ nigGclnRTBümYycMnYn Cajwkjab; GacRtUv)anvinicä½yedaypÞal;famanlkçN³
{saFarN³}}141
.
245> RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa nItiviFIvinicä½ypøÚvkarrbs; LMAP TTYlsÁal;siTi§EdlmanBImun dUcman
EcgenAkñúgc,ab;km<úCa . b:uEnþ RkumGFikarkic©k¾)ankt;smÁal; dUcmanbgðajenAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;
RKb;RKgpgEdrfa GacmankrNIén {PaBxVHcenøaHFMduM} enAkñúgkarGnuvtþdMeNIrkar LMAP ¬sUmemIlxag
eRkam¦ EdlCabBaðaTak;TgnwgTMnYlxusRtUvkñúgkarRtYtBinitürbs;FnaKarBiPBelak .
246> Tak;TgnwgkarGHGagrbs;GñkesñIsuMEdlfa karbegáItEpnTIlibiRkmsurieyadIenAkñúgsgáat;RsHck )an
elIkkm<s;karkarBar Edlmanpþl;CUnenAkñúgmaRta 248 énc,ab;PUmi)al RkumGFikarkic© )anyl;RsbCa
mYyfñak;RKb;RKgfa BuMmanPsþútagNamYyRtUv)anTTYl EdlbBa¢ak;fa rdæaPi)alkMBugBwgEp¥kelIkar
elIkm<s;karkarBarenAkñúgmaRta 248 CamUldæansRmab;esckIþseRmccitþ nigviFankarrbs;xøÜn Tak;Tg
139
esovePAENnaMGMBIkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøIrbs; LMAP TMB½rTI 1 140
Ibid TMB½rTI 90 141
Ibid TMB½rTI 91
88
nwgtMbn;bwgkk;eLIy . b:uEnþ RkumGFikarkic©k¾yl;RsbCamYy fñak;RKb;RKgpgEdrfa karbegáItEpnTI
edayKµandMeNIrkar vinicä½yRtwmRtUv)aneFVI[RbCnCn EdlGacmansiTi§kan;kab;dImanPaBcaj;eRbob .
247> LMAP )anpþl;karFanakarkan;kab;dIsRmab;RbCaCnCaeRcIn . eKalbMNgmYyEdlRtUv)anbBa¢ak;én
KeRmag KWkarpþl;sMNgcMeBaHkgVHPaBc,as;las; nigkarFanafycuH Edlpþl;edayRbB½n§kan;kab;dIeRkA
pøÚvkar tamry³karpþl; RbsinebIGac b½NÑkmµsiTi§cuHbBa¢IEdlnwgRtUvFanaedayrdæ dUcmanEcgenAkñúg
maRta 1 énc,ab;PUmi)al qñaM 2001 . PAD )anerobrab;lm¥itGMBITMnak;TMngbeNþaHGasnñrvagkar
pþl;kmµsiTi§ nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk edaykt;smÁal;fa ³ {GñkTTYlplEdlrMBwgTuk suT§EtRkIRk nig
gayrgeRKaH cMeBaHkarbeNþjecjBIdIEdlBYkeKrs;enA nigeFVIksikmµ . karpþl;[BYkeKnUvb½NÑ
kmµsiTi§EdlmankarFana nwgCYykat;bnßyy:agxøaMgcMeBaHhaniP½yénkar)at;bg;dIEdlBYkeKRbQmna
eBlbc©úb,nñ}142
.
248> RtwmqñaM 2009 LMAP )ancuHbBa¢I nigpþl;kmµsiTi§cMeBaHdICag 1/1 lank,aldI . RkumGFikarkic©
)ankt;smÁal;fa KeRmag)anpþl;plRbeyaCn_y:agc,as;dl;RbCaCnCag 1 lanRKYsar nigTTYlsÁal;
smiT§pld¾sMxan;enHrbs; LMAP . k¾manPsþútagpgEdr faGñkTTYlplPaKeRcIn cat;Tukb½NÑ
kmµsiTi§fµI faCaCMhanmYyeq<aHeTAmux . karGegáteTAelItMNagRbCaCncMnYn 1>236 RKYsar enAkñúgtMbn;
vinicä½y EdlRtUv)anRbkascMnYn 19 kEnøg enAkñúgextþeKaledAcMnYn 11 Edl)aneFVIeLIg cab;BIEx vicäika
qñaM 2005 dl;Ex mkra qñaM 2006 )anrkeXIjfa {RKYsarPaKeRcIn ¬83°¦ Edl)anTTYlb½NÑkmµsiTi§
)anbBa¢ak;fa BYkeKmankarsb,ay citþCagEdl)anTTYlb½NÑkmµsiTi§ RBmTaMgmanGarmµN_kan;Etman
suvtßiPaB}143
.
249> siTi§EdlmanBImunsßiteRkamsm<aFGs;ry³eBly:agyUr. RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa kRmitén
karTTYlsÁal;RbB½n§kan;kab;dI ¬nigkarkab;karb;EdlBak;B½n§¦ CaRbéBNI xusEbøkKñay:agxøaMgkñúgcMeNam
tMbn;nana . eTaHCay:agNak¾edayRbB½n§TaMgenHhak;dUcCaRtUv)aneFVI[Tn;exSaytameBlevla.
250> krNItMbn;bwgkk; )anbgðajfa RbCaCnCaeRcIncat;TukxøÜnÉgCam©as;dI nigkan;kab;ÉksarEdlbBa¢ak;GMBI
kmµsiTi§ . BYkeKsMedAdl;Éksar nigkic©RBmeRBog EdlcuHhtßelxaedayRbFanPUmi b¤ecAsgáat; Edl
bBa¢ak;GMBIkarTijdI b¤karTUTat;R)ak; . dUcmankt;smÁal;enAkñúgCMBUkTI 2 dIRtUv)ankan;kab; epÞr nig
sñgbnþ tamry³RbB½n§kan;kab;dImYycMnYnGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaM ehIyRbB½n§TaMgenH)anTTYlPaBRsb
c,ab; nigkarTTYlsÁal;EpñksgÁmmYykRmitBIsMNak;GaCJaFrBak;B½n§ nigGñkeRbIR)as; eTaHbICaxVHRbB½n§pøÚv
142
; PAD TMB½rTI 10 143
karBinitüeLIgvijedayÉkraCüelItmøaPaB nigKNenüPaB Ex kumÖ³ qñaM 2006 TMB½rTI 11
89
karfñak;CatiénkarecjÉksar . karsikSamYyrbs; LMAP EdleFVIeLIgkñúgqñaM 2007 Edl)anGegát
elIRbCaCnrs;enAkñúgRkug nigCayRkugcMnYn 1663 RKYsar enATIRkugPñMeBj )anbgðajfa RKYsar
TaMgLay {BwgEp¥keTAelI TRmg;ÉksarepSg²CaeRcIn . dUcenAkñúgtMbn;CnbTEdr RKYsarTaMgenHhak;
dUcCa cUlcitþBwgEp¥kelIÉksar eRkApøÚvkar>>> RbkarenH rYmman ÉksarGegátdIFøI ¬50/2°¦ nigbgáan;
édsRmab;kareRbIR)as;CalixitbBa¢ak; ¬22/8°¦ esµInwgdIsrubcMnYn 73° EdlTTYlsÁal;CapøÚvkar b:uEnþ
BuMmanÉksarRsbc,ab;}144
.
251> karsikSa)anbgðajfa manRKYsarEt 5/4° b:ueNÑaH)anraykarN_famanlixitbBa¢ak;pøÚvkar . RKYsarkñúg
cMnYnd¾tictYcenH EdlmanÉksareBleljGMBIkarkan;kab;dIrbs;BYkeK qøúHbBa©aMgGMBIkRmittictYc Edl
kariyal½ysurieyadIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa GaccuHbBa¢IdIFøI ehIyBitNas;KWCaehtuplcm,gsRmab;kar
begáItKeRmag LMAP edIm,IvaytémøCapøÚvkar tamry³karvinicä½y kRmitEdlsiTi§TaMgenHeFVI[Gñkkan;
kab;dImansiTi§TTYl)ankarpþl;kmµsiTi§dI .
252> enAkñúgtMbn;CnbT karsikSananabgðajfa RbEhlBIrPaKbIénbNþwgTamTardIÉkCn minGacRtUv)anKaMRT
edayÉksarRbePTNamYyeLIy . karsikSaCamUldæanGMBItMbn;CnbT EdleFVIeLIgkñúgqñaM 2004
sRmab; LMAP145
)anrkeXIjfa RbEhl 62/7° éndIksikmµEdlRKbdNþb;enAkñúgtMbn;Gegát
minEdlmankarcuH bBa¢IÉksarRbePTNamYyeLIy . kñúgcMeNamdIEdl)ancuHbBa¢IÉksar 61/6°
manbgáan;édsRmab;kareRbIR)as;CalixitbBa¢ak; cMENkÉ 14/9° eTot manÉksaresIubGegátkar
GegátdI . manEt 8/1° b:ueNÑaH manlixitbBa¢ak;kmµsiTi§dI b¤b½NÑkmµsiTi§Cak;Esþg . 6/3° eTot
Bak;B½n§eTAnwgkareRbIR)as;Éksar RbePTepSg²eTot . kareRbIR)as;ÉksareRkApøÚvkar mansgÁtiPaB
cMeBaHkarkan;kab;dIRKb;TMhMTaMgGs; .
253> kñúgkarvaytémøPsþútagEdlman vaCakarRbtükSEdlfa man]TahrN_CaeRcIn EdlkñúgenaH GñkPUmi nig
RbCaCnRkIRktamTIRkugEdlrs;enAeRkamTRmg;kan;kab;dICalkçN³RbéBNIEbbruraN b¤TRmg;Bak;B½n§
epSg² RtUv)andkhUtdIrbs;xøÜnedaybuKÁl Rkum b¤GgÁPaBmanGMNac EdlCajwkjab;mankareRbIGM
144
KeRmagGegátCamUldæanénkmµviFIpþl;kmµsiTi§dIFøIkm<úCa ³ r)aykarN_cugeRkay ³ dMNak;kalTIRkug II ¬esckIþRBag¦
viTüasßanRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_km<úCa (CDRI) edayshkarCamYyRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; (MLMUPC)
Ballard, B and Runsinarith, P. PñMeBj km<úCa Ex sIha qñaM 2007 TMB½rTI 49 145
kmµviFIpþl;kmµsiTi§dIFøIkm<úCa ³ r)aykarN_cugeRkayénKeRmagGegátCamUldæan ³ dMNak;kalCnbT I ¬esckIþRBag¦
viTüasßanRsavRCav nigGPivDÆn_km<úCa (CDRI) edayshkarCamYyRksYgerobcMEdndI nKrUbnIykmµ nigsMNg; (MLMUPC)
Ballard, B and Sovannarith, S. PñMeBj km<úCa Ex kkáda qñaM 2004 TMB½rTI ix-x
90
eBIhigSa b¤karKMrameRbIGMeBIhigSa nigfa Tmøab;Gnuvtþn_TaMgenH)anrIkraldal TaMgkñúgtMbn;CnbT
TaMgkñúgtMbn;TIRkug Gs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñaMmkehIy . GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alCMnYyEpñkc,ab;km<úCa146
mYy)anGHGagfa BYkeKkMBugedaHRsayerOgkþIsrubcMnYn50 krNI tagnam[RbCaCncMnYn 9>603 RKYsar
EdltMNag[RbCaCn cMnYn 49>936 nak; enAkñúgry³eBl 8 ExdMbUgénqñaM 2001 EtmYyKt;147
.
k¾manr)aykarN_CaeRcIn pgEdrEdlkt;RtaGMBIkrNIénkarbeNþjecjcMeBaHGñkPUmi nigRbCaCn Edl
PaKeRcIn enAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug edayBuMTTYl)andMeNIrkarsmRsb cab;taMgBITsvtSr_qñaM 1990 mkTl;
eBlbc©úb,nñ ¬sUmemIlEpñk c énCMBUkenH¦ .
254> Psþútag)anbgðajfa bBaðaenHekIteLIgedaysarsm<aFekIneLIgeTAelIdIsRmab;kareRbIR)as;Epñkksikmµ
BaNiC¢kmµ niglMenAdæan CaBiess enAtMbn;TIRkug nigCayRkug EdlkMeNInRbCaCnmanel,Ónqab;rh½s .
eyagtamkarGegátCamUldæansRmab;tMbn;TIRkug {témødI)anekIneLIg eTaHbICa CaTUeTA BuMmanb½NÑ
kmµsiTi§dIk¾eday} . karGegátenH)anelIkeLIgGMBITIPñak;garGclnRTBümYyEdl)anbBa¢ak;fa {kñúg
GMLúgry³eBl BIqñaM 2000 dl; 2007 témødI)anekIneLIgerogral;qñaM>>> tMbn;mYycMnYnkñúgcMeNamtMbn;
EdlmankarRbkYt RbECg nwgGacrkR)ak;cMeNjCag )anekIneLIgrhUtdl; 30 - 80°}148
. enAkñúg
bribTenHehIy Edl karRbkYtRbECgdIFøI)annaMmknUvkarbeNþjecjd¾raldal .
255> r)aykarN_mYyEdlerobcMeLIgedayGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)almYyRkum EdleFVIkareTAelIbBaðakan;kab;dI
)ankt;smÁal;fa {karcab;ykdI nigkarbeNþjecjedaybgçM kMBugrYmcMENkeFVI[PaBKµandIFøIekIneLIg
vismPaBkñúgkarkan;kab;dI nigRKYsarRkIRkTTYlrgkarpøas;TIlMenAeTAkan;tMbn;EdlKµanlkçxNÐrs;
enARKb;RKan;}149
. manPsþútagCaeRcInfa Pñak;garrdæaPi)alfñak;kNþal nigfñak;mUldæan)anbdiesFmin
TTYlsÁal;siTi§kan;kab;dIrbs;RbCaCnCaeRcIn CaBiess enAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug EdlmanÉksarbBa¢ak;fa
karkan;kab;dI rbs;BYkeKRsbeTAtambTb,BaØtiþénc,ab;PUmi)al qñaM 2001 nigfa BYkeKGacmankar
GHGagrwgmaMcMeBaH kmµsiTi§dIeyagtamkarvinicä½y .
146
CMnYyEpñkc,ab;énkm<úCa (LAC) begáIteLIgkñúgqñaM 1995 KWCaGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al CMnYyEpñkc,ab;km<úCa .
CMnYyEpñkc,ab;énkm<úCa {sßanPaBénkrNIbNþwgdIFøIFM² ³ srubkrNIbNþwgdIFøITUeTAsRmab;ry³eBlR)aMbIExdMbUg qñaM 2001 {
Ex tula qñaM 2001 . 147
KitRtwméf¶TI 31 Ex FñÚ qñaM 2001 CMnYyEpñkc,ab;énkm<úCa )anbnþ b¤bBa©b;rYcral;nUvkrNIbNþwgdIFøIFM²cMnYn 58 krNI
tagnam[RbCaCn cMnYn 47>148 nak; rYmTaMg GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alcMnYn 2 EdlrYmKñaBak;B½n§eTAnwgdIcMnYn 18>640
hicta . 148
KeRmagGegátCamUldæanénkmµviFIpþl;kmµsiTi§dIFøIkm<úCa ³ r)aykarN_cugeRkay ³ dMNak;kalTIRkug II TMB½rTI 61 . 149
KeRmagGegátCamUldæanénkmµviFIpþl;kmµsiTi§dIFøIkm<úCa ³ r)aykarN_cugeRkay ³ dMNak;kalTIRkug II TMB½rTI 17 .
91
256> Ep¥ktamPsþútagxagelI RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa kRmiténkarFanaEdlpþl;edayRbB½n§kan;kab;dI
tamEbbburaN CaRbéBNI b¤eRkApøÚvkarepSg²eTot CaBiessenAtMbn;TIRkug )anfycuHy:agxøaMg
cab;taMgBIedIm TsvtSqñaM 1990 . sßanPaBenHRtUv)aneKdwgB¤CaTUeTA muneBlKeRmagRtUv)anbegáIteLIg
ehIy RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa PAD TTYlsÁal;y:agc,as;las;cMeBaHbBaðenH RBmTaMgbBaða
RbQmEdlBak;B½n§ . eTaHbICay:agNakþI dUcmanerobrab;lm¥itbEnßmxageRkam RkumGFikarkic©)anrk
eXIjcMNucexSaysMxan;²enA kñúgkarbegáIt nigGnuvtþKeRmagTak;TgeTAnwgviFankar kñúgkarkarBar
RkumRkIRk nigRkumgayrgeRKaH EdlBwgEp¥keTAelIsiTi§kan;kab;dICaRbéBNI b¤ eRkApøÚvkarepSgeTot .
rUbPaBTI 6 ³ pÞHEdlRKbdNþb;edayPk;kñúgGMLúgkarcak;bMeBjbwgkk;naeBlfµI² . rUbPaBpþl;CUneday BABSEA
3> KMehIjGMBIPaBGnuelam
257> KMehIjrbs; RkumGFikarkic©GMBIPaBGnuelam RtUv)anerobcMCaBIrEpñk EpñkTImYy epþateTAelIdMNak;kal
erobcM nigvaytémø ehIyEpñkTIBIr epþateTAelIkarRtYtBinitü .
258> karerobcM nigkarvaytémø ³ RkumGFikarkic©)anBinitüemIlcMNucexSaycMnYnBIrénkarerobcMKeRmag
EdlGac rYmcMENkCaskþanuBlcMeBaHkareFVI[sßanPaBrbs;RbCaCnRkIRk niggayrgeRKaHkan;Etman
lkçN³F¶n;F¶r enAkñúgtMbn; LMAP dUcCa PaBminR)akdRbCaGMBIrebobedaHRsay tMbn;EdlmanbNþwg
TamTardICemøaHrvag rdæ nigbuKÁlÉkCn nigrebobEdlkartaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar RtUv)anedaHRsayenA
kñúgkarerobcMKeRmag .
259> rebobEdl {dITMnas;} RtUv)anedaHRsayenAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag . eTaHbICadIRbEhl 80° RtUv)an):an;
sµanfaCadIrbs;rdæk¾eday PAD TTYlsÁal;fa {rdæhak;dUcCamindwgGMBIbrimaN TItaMg nigRBMRbTl;dIEdl
sßiteRkamkarkan;kab;rbs;xøÜneLIy . Cakarc,as;las; dICaeRcInminRtUv)aneFVIGegátKUsEpnTI b¤pþl;
92
kmµsiTi§eLIy}150
. PAD )ankt;smÁal;GMBIPaBxusKñarvagdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ nigdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ
nig)an bgðajfa dIÉkCnrbs;rdæGacRtUv)anlk; nig
{RtUv)anraykarN_Cajwkjab;fa)anlk;edayRksYgnana nig TIPñak;garbs;rdæCalkçN³Biess
edayR)ak;cMNUlmin)anbgVilcUlrtnaKarsRmab;plRbeyaCn_ saFarN³eLIy}151
. PAD
sMedAdl;cMnYnRbCaCnKµandIEdlekIneLIgedaysarkarlk;edaybgçM b¤kar lk;edaysarTal;Rck
nigcMnYnd¾x<s;énTMnas;dIFøI .
260> PAD k¾)ankt;smÁal;fa {mankarelIkeLIgfa Pñak;garrdæ dUcCa eyaFa nigbuKÁlEdlBak;B½n§nwg
neya)ay )andkhUtdIrbs;RbCaCn EdlkMBugRtUv)ansRmYl edaysarkgVHkarTTYlsÁal;CapøÚvkarnUv
siTi§elIdITaMgenaH}152
¬mankarbBa¢ak;bEnßm¦. tamBit enAeBlerobcM nigvaytémøKeRmag manPsþútag
sn§wksn§ab;GMBI karKMramkMEhgbeNþjecj b¤karerITIlMenAedaybgçMcMeBaHRbCaCn . PAD k¾sMedAdl;
cMnYnd¾x<s;énCemøaH dIFøIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa edaysarmUlehtuCaeRcIn nigkt;smÁal;fa mUlehtucm,gén
CemøaHTaMgenH {KWPaBminR)akdRbCaGMBIRBMRbTl;dIEdlsßiteRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;sßab½nrdæepSg² nig
buKÁlÉkCn}153
.
261> eTaHbICaKeRmagRtUv)anerobcMeLIgenAkñúgbribTenHk¾eday k¾ PAD )anrYmbBa©ÚlesckIþeyagminc,as;
las; nigeFVI[Pan;RcLMcMeBaH {dIenAkñúgtMbn;EdlTMnas;TMngCaekItmaneLIg} nig)anbBa¢ak;fa KeRmag
enHnwgminpþl;kmµsiTi§dl;dITaMgenHeT luHRtaEtkic©RBmeRBogRtUv)anseRmcsþIBIsßanPaBéndIenaH .
eTaHbICakarTTYlsÁal;karlM)akkñúgkarEbgEckcMNat;fñak;dI nigkMNt;RBMRbTl;rvagdIsaFarN³
nigÉkCnk¾eday karerobcMKeRmag)anrMBwgfa TidæPaBTMnas;d¾sMxan;énKeRmagnwgRtUv)anedaHRsaytam
ry³karBieRKaHeyabl;CasaFarN³ . dUcmanBiPakSalm¥itenAkñúgEpñk x énCMBUkenH enAkñúgGMLúgeBl
GnuvtþKeRmag r)aykarN_ PAD enH kñúgry³eBlGnuvtþKeRmag)anbkRsaykñúgkarpat;ecjdITMnas; .
bBaðaenHmanlkçN³kan;Et F¶n;F¶renAeBldITMnas;RtUv)anGHGagCadIrdæ nigkMNt;lkçN³CadICemøaH
ehIyRbCaCnenAkñúgtMbn;enaHRtUv )anbdiesFnUv»kaskñúgkarTamTarsiTi§kan;kab;rbs;xøÜn edaysarkar
pat;ecjdIenHBIdMeNIrkarvinicä½yenAeRkamKeRmag .
150
PAD TMB½rTI 4 151
PAD TMB½rTI 4 152
PAD TMB½rTI 5 153
PAD TMB½rTI 5
93
262> enAkñúgbriyakasEdlBuMmankarEbgEckcMNat;fñak;dIFøI nigBuMmankareFVIEpnTI edIm,IkMNt;RBMEdnénRbePT
dIepSg² CaBiess rvagdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ nigdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ karerobcMKeRmagenH)anQandl;kar
kMNt;dI tamTMenIgcitþ ehIytamRBwtþn½yCadIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ . CalT§pl RbCaCnEdlrs;enAelIdITaMg
enHRtUv)anRbkasfa CaGñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar¼GñktaMgTIlMenAxusc,ab; nigRtUv)anpat;ecjBIdMeNIr
karpþl;kmµsiTi§eRkamKeRmag .
263> RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa cMNucxVHxatenAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag)annaMeTArkkarpat;ecjtamTMenIgcitþ
cMeBaHdIBIdMeNIrkarpþl;kmµsiTi§ nigfa RbkarenH)anbdiesFRbCaCn CaBiess RbCaCnRkIRk nigRbCaCn
gayrgeRKaH nUv»kaskñúgkarTamTar nigeFVI[manlkçN³pøÚvkarcMeBaHsiTi§EdlmanBImunrbs;BYkeK
tamry³dMeNIrkarvinicä½yeRkam LMAP .
264> rebobEdl {kartaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar} RtUv)anedaHRsayenAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag . karerobcMKeRmag
)anpat;GñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar¼GñktaMgTIlMenAxusc,ab;ecjBIdMeNIrkarpþl;kmµsiTi§eRkamKeRmag luH
RtaEtrdæaPi)alyl;RBmGnuBaØat[dIenaHTTYl)ankarcuHbBa¢IcMeBaHGñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar . PAD
)ankt;smÁal;fa KeRmagnwgminecjb½NÑkmµsiTi§CUneLIy RbsinebIBuMmankic©RBmeRBogedIm,IEbgEckdICUn
GñktaMg TIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar b¤tamry³kmµviFIEbgEckdI nig¼b¤kmµviFIerITIlMenA . dUcmanBiPakSalm¥itenA
kñúgEpñk x énCMBUkenH karpþl;karFanacMeBaHkarkan;kab;dl;GñktaMgTIlMenAxusc,ab; KWCakmµviFIrbs;
UNCHS/ UNDP, DfID nig Cities Alliance . kic©RbwgERbgTaMgenHsßiteRkamdMeNIrkarenAkñúg
qñaMdMbUg²énKeRmag b:uEnþRtUv)anbBaÄb;kñúgqñaM 2004 ehIyminRtUv)anCMnYsvijeLIy . CalT§pldUcRtUv
)anTTYlsÁal; edayfñak;RKb;RKg {sRmab;ry³eBl 5 qñaM cugeRkay BuMmankmµviFINamYy edIm,IeFVI
niytkmµkarkan;kab;dI enAkñúgtMbn;taMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar tamrebobNamYyEdlnwgGnuBaØat[BYkeK
TTYl)ankarpþl;kmµsiTi§enAeRkamKeRmageLIy} .
265> RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKg)anxkxankñúgkarTTYlsÁal;fa Bakü dUcCa {GñktaMgTIlMenAxus
c,ab;} nig {tMbn;taMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar} manlkçN³lem¥óg luHRtaEtRtUv)ankMNt;BitR)akd tamry³
dMeNIrkarvinicä½y . eKKYrkt;smÁal;fa enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigRbeTsepSgeTot BaküTaMgenH Cajwk
jab; tMNag[RkumCnRkIRk niggayrgeRKaHbMput Tak;TgeTAnwgkarRbQmcMeBaHkarbeNþjecj nig
TRmg; epSgeToténkarrMelaPbMBan . PaBxVHcenøaHTaMgenHenAkñúgkarerobcMKeRmag eFVI[fñak;
RKb;RKgFnaKarBiPBelakmankarlM)akkñúgkarseRmcvtßúbMNgEdl)ankMNt;énKeRmag Tak;TgeTAnwg
karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigkarpþl;karFanacMeBaHkarkan;kab;dIsRmab;RbCaCnRkIRk ehtudUecñHehIy
PaBxVHcenøaHTaMg enHminGnuelamtam OMS 2.20 eLIy .
94
266> karRtYtBinitü ³ RkumGFikarkic©TTYlsÁal;fa vtßúbMNgcm,génKeRmag KWkarkarBarRkumCngayrgeRKaH
xN³eBlENnaMGMBIRbB½n§ {TMenIb} EdlmantmøaPaBénkarRKb;RKg nigkarkan;kab;dI . smasFatu
sMxan;² EdlRtUv)anENnaMenAkñúgKeRmag edIm,IKaMRTRbCaCngayrgeRKaH KWkarBRgwgkaryl;dwgCa
saFarN³ nigkarpþl;lT§PaBTTYl)anCMnYyEpñkc,ab; nigynþkaredaHRsayvivaTsRmab;CnRkIRk .
RsedogKñaenHEdr karKaMRTeRkamKeRmagcMeBaHkarEklm¥karRKb;RKgdIrdæ ¬smasFatuTI 5¦ RtUv)anemIl
eXIjfa CameFüa)ayd¾sMxan;mYykñúgkarvinicä½ybNþwgTamTarrvagrdæ nigbuKÁlÉkCn . dUcRtUv)anTTYl
sÁal;enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg smasFatuTaMgenHminRtUv)anGnuvtþtamkarrMBwgTukeLIy .
267> karKaMRTBiesssRmab;RbCaCnRkIRk . smasFaturgénkaryl;dwgCasaFarN³ nigkarcUlrYmrbs;;
shKmn_ (PACP) mansar³sMxan;y:agxøaMgkñúgkarCUndMNwg nigeFVI[saFarNCnkm<úCacUlrYmenA
kñúgdMeNIrkarcuHbBa¢I nigdMeNIrkarvinicä½y . eTaHbICamankarBüayameRcInelIkeRcInsark¾eday k¾KeRmag
enHBuM)ancuHkic©snüaCamYyGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al[KaMRTkarGnuvtþkmµviFIyl;dwgCasaFarN³ nigkar
cUlrYmrbs;shKmn_eLIy eTaHbICaeKTTYlsÁal;fa kareRCIserIsGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al mansar³
sMxan;Casarv½nþ sRmab;Eklm¥RbsiT§PaBéndMeNIrkar PACP . fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;PaBxVHcenøaH
énkarerobcMKeRmag kñúgkarrMBwg[rdæaPi)alcuHkic©snüaCamYyGgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil nigkt;smÁal;fa GgÁkar
minEmnrdæaPi)almincg;cUlrYmenAkñúgkic©snüaCamYyRksYg nigfa BuMmandMeNaHRsayEdlman
RbsiT§PaBNamYyRtUv)anrkeXIjeLIy .
268> KeRmagenHmin)ancuHkic©snüaCamYyGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al edIm,Ipþl;CMnYyEpñkc,ab;dl;CngayrgeRKaH
eRkamynþkaredaHRsayvivaTeLIy . eyagtamfñak;RKb;RKg RksYgminTTYl)aneCaKC½ykñúgkarpþl;kic©
snüa edIm,IBRgIk LMAP eRkayBIKeRmagsakl,gmYyCamYyGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alkñúgRsuk . fñak;
RKb;RKg TTYlsÁal;fa {CeRmIsepSg²eRkABIkareRCIserIsGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al edayeRbIR)as;FnFan
\NTan KYrRtUv)anBicarNaenAdMNak;kalGnuvtþn_} .
269> karRKb;RKgdIrdæ. dUcKñaenHEdr EpñksRmab;RKb;RKgdIFøI KW)anGnuvtþxøH²Etb:ueNÑaH. TnÞwmnwgeBlEdl
rdæaPi)al )anbegáItRkbx½NÐc,ab;Eklm¥mYysRmab;kMNt;dIFøI karGnuvtþrbs;xøÜnmanPaBrIkcMerInyWtxøaMg
nighak;dUcCaminGnuvtþ CaRbB½n§dUcGVIEdl)anEcgenAkñúgKeRmageBlEdleKtak;EtgdMbUg. rhUtmkdl;
eBlEdlfñak;RKb;RKgerobcMÉksareqøIytbenH Kµanextþ Rsuk b¤XMu NamYy manEpnTIkMNt;dIFøIEdl
bgðajBIRBMuRbTl; nigRbePTdIenAeRkamkareRbIR)as;CasaFarN³. ehtudUcenH KN³RKb;RKg)ancat;
Tukfa EpñkenH mankareBjcitþbnþicbnþÜcbMputsRmab;KeRmagenH. KN³RKb;RKg )ankMNt;fa {kartak;
95
EtgKeRmag )a:n;sµanminRKb;RKan;sRmab;FatuénPaBsµúRKsµaj nigbBaðaneya)ay cMeBaHkarRKb;RKg
dIrdæ}.154
270> RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa min)anGnuvtþnUvviFankarTaMgGs;Edl)antak;EtgCak;lak;sRmab;KaMRTdl;Gñk
RkIRk nigGñkEdlgayrgeRKaH dUcEdlmanEcgenAkñúgEpnkarKeRmageT. RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa
KN³RKb;RKgmin)antam[Cab;lab;cMeBaHkarebþCJacitþGnuvtþKeRmag edIm,IBRgwgkaryl;dwgdl;
saFarN³Cn nigshKmn_cUlrYm FanakarBarpøÚvc,ab;dl;RbCaCnEdlRbQmnwghaniP½yénkar
beNþjecj nigmin)anpþl;[)anRKb;RKan;cMeBaHkarTTYl)anynþkaredaHRsayvivaT. TaMgenHmin
)anGnuelameTAnwgeKalkarN_ OP/BP 13>05. RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa karxVHxatkarKaMRTcMeBaH
GñkRkIRkTaMgenH KWedaysarkarGnuvtþmin)anRKb;RCugeRCay nig min)anRKb;RKan;cMeBaH EpñkmYycMnYnén
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pøÚvkarmYyEdlEcgedayKeRmag LMAP. shKmn_mYycMnYnkñúgcMeNamshKmn_TaMgenH mankarekIn
eLIgkrNIkmµsiTi§minmansuvtßPaB nigkarbeNþj ecjedaybgçM}.
272> enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜn KN³RKb;RKg)anTTYlsÁal;fa {GsuvtßPaBkmµsiTi§elIdIFøIenAbnþCabBaðacMbg
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Fñak;RKb;RKg)anEpøgfa Kwfa
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154
kareqøIytbrbs;KN³RKb;RKg TMB½rTI 31. 155
kareqøIytbrbs;KN³RKb;RKg TMB½rTI 50.
96
RtUv)anbeNþjecj b¤KMrambeNþjecj}. fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)ankt;smÁal;Edrfa {enAmankarKMrambnþeTot
cMeBaHkaredaHdUrdI nigkarbeNþgecjcMeBaHshKmn_ EdlgayrgeRKaH}.156
273> fñak;RKb;RKg)andak;ecjnUvskmµPaBmYycMnYnedIm,IedaHRsaykarRBYy)armµN_TaMgenH eday)ankt;
smÁal;fa {RbFanKeRmagkMBugEtRbmUlB½t’manedIm,IkMNt;krNIEdlGacekItmaneLIgcMeBaHshmn_
EdlRbEhlCaRtUv)an eKbeNþjecjBItMbn;vinicä½yedayminmankarGnuvtþ[)anRtwmRtUvtamGVIEdlman
EcgenAkñúg RPF}. KN³RKb;RKg)anEføgfa {rhUtdl;Ex tula qñaM 2009 man8krNI RtUv)ankMNt;
manPUmicMnYn 10 ¬b¤EpñkxøH énPUmi¦}. bEnßmBIelIenH fñak;RKb;RKg)anGHGagfa cab;taMgBIExemsa qñaM
2009 mankaresñIsMumþgehIymþgeTot suM[rdæaPi)aldak;ecjnUvkarp¥ak;CabeNþaHGasnñcMeBaHkar
beNþjecjedaybgçMTaMgenA {TIRkugPñMeBj nigenAtMbn;epSg²eTot}.
2> karviPaKrbs;RkumGFikarkic©
274> karbeNþjecjedaybgçMenAkm<úCa. karbeNþjecjedaybgçMKWCabBaðamYyd¾FMTak;TgeTAnwgkarrMelaP
siTi§mnusSenAkm<úCa Edlb:HBal;dl;RKYsarrab;Ban;enATUTaMgRbeTs TaMgenAtMbn;TIRkug nigenACnbT
CaBiessRbCaCn Edlrs;enAkñúgPaBRkIRk. mankarkt;Rtaya:geRcInkñúgÉksarrbs;GgÁkarminEmn
rdæaPi)alTak;TgeTAnwgbBaðaenH.157
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tMbn;TIRkug nigtMbn;CayRkug. eyagtamr)aykarN_vaytémøPaBRkIRkenAqñaM 2006 rbs;FnaKar
BiPBelak )anraykarN_fa enAcenøaH qñaM 1998 nig qñaM 2003 sala Rkug)anbeNþjRbCaCn
11000 RKYsaredaybgçM PaKeRcInKWRKYsarRkIRkenATIRkugEdlrs;enAkñúgb¤CittMbn;kNþalTIRkug. 158
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RbeTs RtUv)aneKdwgfars;enAkñúghaniP½yénkarbeNþjecj.159
156
kareqøIytbrbs;KN³RKb;RKg TMB½rTI 26 kzax½NÐTI 61. 157
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nig JRS qñaM 2009. 158
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PñMeBj Ex kumÖ³ qñaM 2006 TMB½rTI 48 ¬Gg;eKøs¦. 159
Rights Razed³ karbeNþjecjedaybgçMenAkm<úCa edayGgÁkarelIkElgeTasGnþrCatiqñaM 2008 TMB½rTI 7 ¬Gg;eKøs¦.
97
275> enAqñaM 1992 km<úCa)ancuHsc¨ab½nsnþisBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiTi§esdækic¨ sgÁm nigvb,Fm’160
EdlbegáItecj
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mnusSGnþrCatienH.162
276> RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa karbeNþjecjedaybgçM vaminEmnCaerOgfµIenAkm<úCaeT ehIydUcGVIEdl
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erOgenHva)anekIteLIgenAPñMeBjmuneBlEdlKeRmagenHerobcMmkemøH. edaysarEtKeRmag)an
bBa©ÚlkartaMgTIlMenA enAkñúgTIRkugFM² edayrYm TaMgTIRkugPñMeBj EdlCaTIkEnøgmYykñúgcMeNamextþ
epSg²Edldak;enAkñúgKeRmag enHCakarRbQmeTAnwghaniP½y x<s;sRmab;FnaKarBiPBelak.
RkumGFikarkic©)ankt;smÁal;fa karerobcMKeRmag enHmin)anedaHRsaybBaðad¾sMxan; nighaniP½y
elIekriþeQµaHenH[)anRKb;RKan;enaHeT .
277> karGnuvtþKeRmag nigkarepÞógpÞat;eTAnwg RPF. mankarRBYy)armµN_mYycMnYn RtUv)anelIkeLIg
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bBa¢IdIFøIlkçN³CaRbB½n§ cab;taMgBIedImqñaM 2005. CalT§pl mankarRtYtBinitüeLIgvijCaÉkraCmYy
RtUv)aneFVIeLIgrvag Exviciäka qñaM 2005 nigExmkra qñaM 2006 edaykMNt;elIextþTaMg11EdlKeRmag
enHRKbdNþb; nig)anGnuvtþ.163
eyagtamesckþIsegçbrbs;va ÉksarBinitüemIleLIgvijenH )ankMNt;
nigbBa¢ÚlviFisa®sþcUlrYmedayeRbIR)as;karsmÖasn_CamYynwgRKYsar Edl)anTTYlpl edaybBa©ÚlCa
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160
GnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiTi§esdækic¨ sgÁm nigvb,Fm’ (ICESCR) KWsn§isBaØaBhuPaKImYyEdlGnum½tedaysPaGgÁkar
shRbCaCatikalBIéf¶TI 16 ExFñÚ qñaM 1966 ehIycab;epþImcUlCaFrmancab;taMgBIéf¶TI 3 Ex mkra qñaM 1976. GnusBaØaenH
KWtRmUv[PaKIcuHhtßelxIeFVI kareq<aHeTArkkarTTYl)ansiTi§esdækic¨ sgÁm nigvb,Fm’ (ESCR) sRmab;buKÁlmñak;²
edayrYmTaMg siTi§elIBlkmµ nigsiTi§elIsuxPaB Gb;rM nigkarrs;enARbkbeTAedaysþg;darsmrmü. GnusBaØaenH
KWCaEpñkmYyénc,ab;siTi§ mnusSGnþrCati RsbCamYynwgesckþIRbkasCa sklsþIBIsiTi§mnusS (UDHR)
nigGnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiTi§CaCnsIuvil nigneya)ay ICCPR. 161
maRtaTI11én ICESCR 162
KN³kmµkarsiTi§esdækic¨ sgÁm nigvb,Fm’ . kMNt;smÁal;TUeTATI4³ siTi§TTYl)anlMenAdæansmrmü ¬maRtaTI 11
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karBinitüemIleLIgvijénbBaðatmøaPaB nigkarTTYlxusRtUv ExkumÖ³qñaM 2006
98
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lkçN³CaRbB½n§.
278> CarYm tMNagRKYsarcMnYn 1236 nak;)ancUlrYmkñúgkareFVIbTsmÖasn_enH ehIyRkumBiPakSaminpøÚvkar
RtUv)anerobcMeFVIeLIgenAPUmicMnYn 53 EdlRbkasCatMbn;vinicä½ykñúgextþTaMg 11. ÉksarBinitüemIl
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cenøaHenH vahak;dUcCaelcecjnUvplb:HBal;CaxøaMg ya:gehacNas;RbmaNCa 1PaK5 ¬19/6
PaKry¦ énRKYsarTaMgGs; KWrkeXIjEbbenHenAkñúgRsuk RbkasCa tMbn;vinicä½ycMnYn 13164
kñúg
cMeNam 19 Edl)aneTATsSnkic©. ¬manEcgenAkñúgc,ab;edIm¦.
279> eyagtamkarBinitüemIleLIgvijedayÉkraC BMumanehtuplCaÉksarcMeBaHkarbdiesFelIkmµsiTi§
b¤karcuH bBa¢IenHRtUv)anpþl;CUndl;emRKYsarnigRKYsar. elIsBIenHeTAeTotÉksarBinitüemIleLIgvij
enH )anelIkeLIgfa karminbgðaj[c,as;énkarrkSaTukdIrbs;rdæ KW)anelIkeLIgfavanwgmanplb:HBal;
d¾xøaMgmYydl;eKaledA nigeKalbMNgrbs;KeRmag LMAP. dUcEdl)anEcgxagelI ÉksarBinitüemIl
eLIgvijenH )anraykarN_fa 20 PaKry énshKmn_Edl)anRbwkSamanGarmµN_faBYkeK {)at;}
dIrbs;BYkeKmYycMnYnedaysarrdæ)anTamTarfadIenaHCadIrbs;rdæ. dUcEdlkñúgkrNIbwgkk; ÉksarBinitü
emIleLIgvij)ankt;smÁal;GMBIehtukarenHfaCakEnøgEdlRbCaCnRtUv)aneKR)ab;fa BYkKat;kMBugEtrs;
enAelItMbn;dImanCemøaH KWmann½yfa {dIrdæ} . elIsBIenHeTAeTot r)aykarN_enaH)ankt;smÁal;fa
minmanB½t’manRtUv)aneKpþl;CUndl;RKYsarTak;TineTAnwgsiTi§GacTTYl)ansMNgsRmab;karb:HBal;F¶n;F¶r
dUcEdl)anEcgenAkñúgÉksarkargarsgÁmEdl)andak;enAkñúgKeRmag LMAP.
280> eTaHbICamankarrkeXIjd¾Cak;lak;énRkumRtYtBinitü nigkarrkeXIjmþgehIymþgeTot kñúgr)aykarN_
BinitüemIlKeRmagrbs;KN³RKb;RKg EdlbgðajGMBIPaBminRKb;RKan;énynþkaredaHRsayCMelaH
CaBiessenAeBlEdlPaKIBak;B½n§enaHCaGñkmanGMNackþI FnaKarBiPBelakminmanviFankarKnøWH
NamYyedIm,IedaHRsayplb:HBal;minl¥TaMgenaHeT. eyagtamkarrkeXIjrbs;RkumRtYtBinitü
minmanr)aykarN_RtYtBinitüKeRmag )ansresr]b,tiþehtuNamYyEdlepÞógpÞat;eTAnwg RPF. Rkum
164
ÉksarBinitüemIleLIgvijenH)ancuHPñMeBj ¬x½NÐTYleKak¦ extþkNþal ¬RsukkNþalsÞwg¦ extþkMBt; ¬RsukkMBg;Rtac
GgÁrC½y¦ extþkMBg;s<W ¬RsuksMerag¦ extþéRBEvg ¬Rsuk)aPñM RsukéRBEvg¦ RkugRBHsIhnu ¬x½NÐmitþPaB¦ extþesomrab
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99
GFikarkic©kt;smÁal;faeKalneya)ay RPF minRtUv)aneKGnuvtþkñúgGMLúg eBlénkarGnuvtþKeRmageT
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281> skmµPaBfµI²rbs;fñak;RKb;RKg. eyagtamRbPBepSg² karbeNþjecjedaybgçM)aneLIgdl;kMBUl
enAqñaM 2009 enAeBlEdlmanTItaMgcMnYn 26 kEnøg manRbCaCncMnYn 27000 nak; RtUv)aneKbeNþj
ecjedaybgçM. enA Exmkra qñaM 2009 m®nþIÉkeTsÉkraCrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatimñak;)anehAkar
beNþjecjedaybgçMenAkm<úCafaCa {pñÚrkb;siTi§mnusS} ehIy)anesñIrsMu[mankarsg;dl;GñkEdl)anbg;
pÞHsMEbg nigpþl;CeRmIsCapÞHsMEbg.165
382> éf¶TI 16 Exkkáda qñaM 2009 bnÞab;BIebskkmµBinitüemIleLIgvijsRmab;karelIkkm<s;KeRmag
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ecjesckþIEføgkarN_CasaFarN³mYy esñIrsMu[bBaÄb;karbeNþjecjRbCaCnRkIRkenATIRkugenARbeTs
km<úCa . manGgÁkarCati nigGnþrCati Cag 60 )an saTrcMeBaHesckþIRbkasenH.
383> fñak;RKb;RKgFnaKarBiPBelak )anCMrabeTARkumGFikarrkic©fa enAExFñÚqñaM 2009 fñak;RKb;RKg)aneFVIkar
RsavRCavenAtamTItaMgedIm,IEsVgyl;fa etImankarRtYtKñarvagr)aykarN_karbeNþjecjEdleFVIeLIg
edayGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al ehIysarB½t’man nigkarcuHbBa¢IdIlkçN³CaRbB½n§enAtMbn;EdlRKbdNþb;
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b:HBal;dl;RbCaCnRbmaN 4250 RKYsar enAmanPUmicMnYn 20 eTot EdlRtUv)aneKRbkasCatMbn;
vinic½äy b:uEnþRbCaCnenAPUmiTaMgenaHRtUv)aneKbgçM[ecj b¤TTYlrgkarKMramkMEhg[cakecj. PUmiTaMg
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biTRbkasCasaFarN³nUvkrNIcMnYnBak;kNþalelIkrNI 23 ehIyesÞIrEtRKb;krNITaMgGs; min)an
qøgkat;nItiviFIkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøIlkçNHCaRbB½n§eT. eyagtamkarRtYtBinitüenH )an[dwgfa enAeBlEdl
mankarbeNþjmYycMnYnekIteLIgelIRbCaCnEdlrs;enAelIdIrdæ EdlGHGagedayrdæaPi)aleKalneya-
)ay RPF min)anGnuvtþ ehIyesÞIrEtRKb;krNITaMgGs;Edlb:HBal;dl;RbCaCnBYkKat;min)anTTYl
sMNg b¤TTYl)ansMNgEdr b:uEnþmineqøIytbeTAnwgeKalneya)ay O.D 4.30 rbs;Fnakar
BiPBelaksþIBIkarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenAedaysµ½RKcitþ.
165
karbeNþjecjedaybgçM)anbnSl;TukRbCaCnramBan;nak;KñapÞHsMEbgRCkenAkm<úCa
enHebItamkarbriyayrbs;GñkÉkeTs GgÁkarshRbCaCati EdldkRsgecjBImNÐlB½t’manGgÁkarshRbCaCati èf¶TI 30
Ex mkra qñaM 2009. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29723&Cr=housing&Cr1=human+rights
100
285> minmankartamdan nigvaytémø[)anRKb;RKan;. DCA )anTamTarfaRbB½n§tamdan nigvaytémømYy
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RtYtBinitüKeRmag)anbgðajfa RbB½n§tamdannigvaytémøminRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgeT rhUtdl;qñaM
2007. kñúgGMLúgeBlBinitüemIleLIgvijenABak;kNþalGaNtiþénKeRmag cab;BIéf¶TI27 ExkBaØa
dl;éf¶TI 11 Extula qñaM 2004 RbFanKeRmag)ankt;Rta nUvkarTamTar[begáItRbB½n§tamdannig
vaytémøCaRbB½n§nigrwgmaMmYysRmab;KeRmag LMAP [)ancb;rYcral;enAéf¶TI 31 Exmkra qñaM 2005 .
eRkaymkeTotmanebskkmµRtYtBinitücMnYnBIr KWmYyenAExmifuna nigmYyeTotenAExviciäka qñaM 2005
)ankt;RtadEdlfa minmanskmµPaBbegáItCaRbB½n§tamdannigvaytémøeT.
286> edaymankartamBinitüemIlelIkarTamTarenH eKalkarN_tamdannigkarvaytémømYy RtUv)anGnum½t
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)anTTYlsÁal;edayKN³RKb;RKgfa ehtukarN_enAkNþalTIRkugPñMeBj enAtMbn;Rbkasvinic½äyEdlTak;
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ebskkmµRtYtBinitKeRmagkalBIExmifuna qñaM 2008. karBinitümYycMeBaHr)aykarN_ ebskkmµ)an
bgðajfa minmanRbB½n§tamdannigvaytémøsRmab;KeRmagrhUtdl;qñaM 2007. RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIj
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13.05 eT.
101
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nig bBaðaRbQménKeRmagRKb;RKgdI nigrdæ)al. eyIgsgÇwmfa karBiPakSaenH Gacpþl;nUvemeronCaeRcIn
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karvinicä½ypg nigedIm,IbegáIntmøaPaB niglT§PaBBüakrN_TukkñúgkarkMNt;dIrbs;rdææpg. PAD )anTTYl
sÁal;famanhaniP½yx<s;b¤eRcInTak;TgeTAnwgkarsnµt;CaeRcIn Edl)ancat;Tukfa manlkçN³sMxan;cMeBaH
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rdæaPi)al nwgxVHkarebþCJacitþkñúgkarFanafa ynþkardMeNaHRsayCMelaHdMeNIrkareTARbkbedayRbsiT§ipl
nigRtwmRtUv ehIycat;TukfaCaviFankarkat;bnßyhaniP½ymYyEdl {KeRmagenHnwgRtUvedIrfyeRkayvij
RbsinebI xVHkarebþCJacitþcMeBaHdMeNIrkaredaHRsayCMelaHd¾RtwmRtUvmYy}.
289> dUcEdl)anraykarN_enAkñúgCMBUk3 smasFatusMxan;²TaMgGs;ényuT§saRsþrbs;KeRmag EdlmaneKal
bMNgedIm,Ikat;bnßyhaniP½yenH RtUv)anBnüaeBlenAkñúgkarGnuvtþ )anGnuvtþedayEpñk b¤min)ancab;
epþIm. k¾b:uEnþ KeRmagEdlmankarelIkTwkcitþd¾skmµBIfñak;RKb;RKg )ancab;epþImbegáInkic©RbwgERbgedIm,I
seRmceKaledAnanaTak;TgeTAnwgkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§i. kargarenHrYmman karbgðaj[dwgGMBIR)ak;Ex
sRmab;;buKÁlikEp¥kelIkarRbtibtþikargar. edayBicarNaelIdMeNIrkarbc©úb,nñ enAkñúgFnaKarBiPBelak
edIm,I bgðaj[dwgGMBIviFIsaRsþEbøkeKsRmab;;karpþl;R)ak;km©IsRmab;;karvinieyaKEp¥kelIkarvaytémø
haniP½y bTBiesaFn_rbs; LMAP KWCaemeronEdlmansar³sMxan;.
290> TImYy karerobcM LMAP RtUv)anKaMRTedaykarvaytémø ¬KWkarvaytémøsgÁm¦ elIesdækic©neya)ay
énkarRKb;RKgdIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa EdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwghaniP½yEdl)anBak;B½n§.
k¾b:uEnþ karyl;eXIjeRkayBIGVIEdl)anekIteLIg bgðajPsþútagfa KµanPaBCam©as;eBjeljeT enAkñúg
cMeNamPaKIBak;B½n§TaMgLayénviFIsaRsþcMruHenH EdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIg. GVIEdlemIleXIjfasmehtupl
enAelIRkdas lT§plTTYl)anmindUecñaHeT.
102
291> RkumGFikarkic©eCOfa FnaKarBiPBelakmantYnaTIGPivDÆd¾sMxan;mYykñúgkarpþl;hirBaØb,TanelIRbtibtþikar
EdlmanhaniP½yx<s; k¾b:uEnþ bTBiesaFn_rbs; LMAP bgðajGMBIeRKaHfñak;énkareqøIytbeTAnwghaniP½y
nana tamry³karbegáItKeRmagmYyEdlmanlkçN³sµúRKsµajxøaMg. RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfasmas-
Fatu fµI²RtUv)andak;bEnßmkñúgGMLúgeBldMeNIrkarerobcM eday)at;bg;nUvPaBc,as;las;GMBIrebobEdlEpñk
epSg² RtUv)ansnµt;fa manTMnak;TMngKñay:agl¥ nigKµankarBicarNaRtwmRtUvelIlT§PaBrbs;viFIsaRsþ
TaMgGs;.
292> TIBIr karRtYtBinitüemIlrbs; LMAP min)anBicarNaRKb;RKan;elIhaniP½ynanaEdlBak;B½n§enaHeT
RkumGFikarkic© dUcEdl)ankt;sMKal;enAkñúgCMBUkxagedIm )anrkeXIjfa GñkCMnajxagsgÁmminRtUv)andak;
bBa©Úl eTAkñúgebskmµRtYtBinitüenaHeT eTaHbICamankþIkgVl;)anelIkeLIgenAkñúg PAD Tak;TgeTAnwgkar
karBarplRbeyaCn_CnRkIRk nigCngayrgeRKaHkþI. sBaØaRBmanBIGñksegátkarN_ÉkraCüCaeRcIn hak;dUc
CaminRtUv)anykmkBicarNaeT. kmµviFIsRmab;;karRtYtBinitüemIlplb:HBal;)ancab;epþImyWty:avNas;
CamYynwgkarsikSaCamUldæanenAkñúgTIRkugEdl)anbBa©b;enAkñúgqñaM2007 KW5qñaMeRkayKeRmag)ancab;
epþIm. RkumGFikarkic¨minGacrkeXIjnUvÉksarkt;Rtarbs;fñak;RKb;RKgEdl)aneFVIkarts‘UmtielIkaryWt
y:avkñúgdMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§ienaHeT edayrgcaMTal;EtmankarBRgIksmasFatudéT²EdlkMBugEtman
karGPivDÆyWt.
293> RkumGFikarkic©TTYlsÁal;fa ktþaCaeRcIneRkABIkarRtYtBinitürbs;fñak;RKb;RKg)anbgá[manPaBminesµIKña
enAkñúgdMeNIrkarenH k¾b:uEnþ bBaðaenHmin)anBnül; b¤eFVIyutiþkmµGMBIkgVHxatCak;Esþgrbs;yuT§saRsþRKb;RKg
haniP½yd¾rwgmaMsRmab;;KeRmagenHeT. CamYynwgyuT§saRsþEdlmanRsab;EbbenH BIkarcab;;epþImén
RbtibtþikarenH karlM)akbnÞab;rbs;KeRmag GacTMngCamantictYc.
294> karpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idICaviFIsaRsþynþkarEtmYy. LMAP RsbKñamYynwgKeRmag RKb;RKgdIEdlmanRsab;
déT²eTotCaeRcIn RtUv)aneFVIyutþikmµ TaMgCameFüa)ayedIm,ICMrujkMeNInesdækic©pg nigTaMgedIm,Ikat;bnßy
PaBRkIRkpg tamry³karEklm¥snþisuxénkarkan;kab;dIFIøsRmab;;RbCaBlrdæRkIRk niggayrgeRKaH.
emeron nanaTTYl)anBI LMAP nigkaresIubGegátEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgdIFøIdéT²eTot bgðajfa karpþl;b½NÑ
kmµsiT§idI xøÜnÉgminGacRtUv)aneKrMBwgfa TTYlsÁal;TisedAénneya)aysgÁm nigesdækic©epSg²Kña enAkñúg
bribTenHeT. ebIBicarNaeTAelIÉkeTsrbs;RkumCMnaj va)anbgðajc,as;GMBIRbsiT§iPaBenAkñúgtMbn;nana
EdlkarRbkYtRbECgdeNþImykdIFøImankRmitTab ehIykEnøgEdlCMelaHmankRmit k¾b:uEnþ KñaRbsiT§iPaB
ehIyenAkñúgkal³eTs³xøH vapÞúyBIGtßRbeyaCn_ nigenAkEnøgEdlskmµPaBenH GacbNþal[mankarekg
Rbv½Ba©GtßRbeyaCn_.
103
295> RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa PaBmann½yminc,as;las;EbbenHenAkñúgrcnabTKeRmag niglT§pl RtUv)an
elIkeLIgenAkñúgkarsikSaÉkraCü nigkarRtYtBinitürbs;buKÁlikmYycMnYn raykarN_EtBIrbIqñaMb:ueNÑaH
eRkay eBlKeRmag)ancab;epþIm. sBaØaénkarRBmanTaMgenH TMngCaminRtUv)anykcitþTukdak;xøaMgeT
rhUtTal;EtbBaða BKL køayCabBaðabnÞan;. eRkABIkarRtYtBinitüemIleLIgvijelIemeronTaMgenHEdl)an
ekIteLIg KeRmagenH)ansMedAeTArkcMnucEtmYykan;EteRcIneLIg²eq<aHeTArkviFIsaRsþynþkarEtmYyEdl
vas;EvgPaBeCaKC½yTak;TgeTAnwgb½NÑkmµsiT§imYycMnYnEdl)anpþl;[. RbsiT§iPaBénviFIsaRsþenH
Tak;TgeTAnwgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk TisedATIBIr minEdlRtUv)aneKeFVIkaresIubGegáthµt;ct;enaHeT.
EmeronRbtibtþimYyKWfa karRtYtBinitüemIleLIgvijBak;kNþalGaNtþiGacRtUv)andak;bBa©ÚlkarRtYtBinitü
emIlhµt;ct;elITisedAnig rcnabTrbs;KeRmag .
296> k¾b:uEnþ bTBiesaFn_rbs; LMAP minKYrraraMgFnaKarBiPBelakmin[eFVIRbtibtþikarenAkñúgtMbn;TIRkugenaHeT
eTaHbICabTBiesaFn_enHpþl;Caeyabl;fa eKcaM)ac;RtUvykcitþTukdak;bEnßm[)aneRcInkñúgkarbegáItKeRmag
nigkmµviFInanaEdleqøIytbeTAnwgbribTkñúgRsukkIþ. bTBiesaFn_enHGnuvtþn ¾CaBiesscMeBaHKeRmagnana
EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarEklMGRbsiT§iPaB nigsmFm’ènTIpSardI nigTIpSarlMenAdæan enAkñúgtMbn;eFVInK
rUbnIykmµqab;rh½y.
297> bBaðaRbQmrbs;KeRmagRKb;RKgdI nigrdæ)al. edaysarEtRkumGFikarkic©k¾)ankt;smÁal;;pgEdrenAkñúg
r)aykarN_rbs;xøÜnnaeBlfµI²sþIGMBIRbeTs)a:Nam:a KWKeRmagrdæ)aldIFøI karesIubGegátrbs;RkumGFikarkic©
elIKeRmagTaMgBIrenH)anKUsbBa¢ak;haniP½yCaeRcInTak;TgeTAnwgKeRmagRKb;RKgdI nigrdæ)al Edlbgðaj
fa KeRmagdIFøImanlkçN³sµúRKsµaj nigBi)akGnuvtþ[manRbsiT§iPaB ehIyCajwkjab; KWEtgEtmanPaB
cRmUgcRmas;Epñkneya)ay. karcUlrYmBak;B½n§kñúgeBlGnaKtenAkñúgKeRmagTaMgenH nwgTTYl)an
GtßRbeyaCn_ BIkarKaMRTEpñkbec©keTsEdlRtUv)anBRgwg karvaytémøelIhaniP½yRbtibtþikarEdlman
lkçN³CaRbB½n§ kan;EteRcIneLIg nighaniP½yénlkçN³esdækic©neya)ay nigkarEbgEckbuKÁlikEdl)an
bNþúHbNþalRKb;RKan; nigFnFan.
104
]bsm<½n§ 1 ³ taraglT§pl
bBaða kareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg lT§plrkeXIjedayRkumGFikarkic©
karRbkasTamTar
EdlRBwtþikarN_enA
kñúg BKL RtUv)an
dak;bBa¢ÚnCabnþ
bnÞab; eTAkan;
LMAP
tamkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa
{tMbn;vinicä½yRsHckKWCatMbn;mYyEdlKeRmag
enH kMBugGnuvtþkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idIEdlman
lkçN³CaRbB½n§} ehIynItiviFInanasRmab;;kar
eFVIvinicä½yEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§enH nigeKal
karN_ENnaMEpñkbrisßan nigsgÁmEdl)anÉk
PaBsRmab;; LMAP nwgykmkGnuvtþ.
RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa tMbn; BKL
sßitenAkñúgextþEdlRKbdNþb;edayKeRma
gmYy ehIyRtUv)an RbkastMbn;vinicä½y
eRkam LMAP dUecñH skmµPaBnanaEdl
Bak;B½n§eTAnwgkar bBa¢ak;GMBIsiT§ikan;kab;
dI nigPaBCam©as; bnÞab;BIkarCUndMNwg
GMBIkareFVItMbn;vinicä½y manTMnak;TMngpÞal;
eTAnwgKeRmagenH. enH RsbKñaeTAnwg
eKalCMhrrbs;fñak; RKb;RKg.
karRbkasTamTar
EdlGñktaMgTIlMenA
enA BKL )an
bdiesF kar
eFVIvinicä½yelIkar
TamTarRTBüsm,tþi
rbs;xøÜneRkam
LMAP.
fñak;RKb;RKgRBmeRBogCamYyGñkesñIsMueday
)anbBa¢ak;fa {fñak;RKb;RKg)ansnñidæanfa nIti
viFIRtwmRtUvnana minRtUv)anGnuvtþtamenAkñúg
kareFVIvinicä½ykñúgtMbn;XMuRsHckenaHeT}.
eyagtamkareqøIytb)an[dwgfa GñktaMgTIlM
enAkñúgtMbn; BKL minRtUv)anpþl;»kas[
edIm,I bgðajnUvkarTamTarPaBCam©as;dIrbs;
BYkxøÜneT ehIyKµanPsþútagEdlmankarcUlrYm
manlkçN³tmøaPaBminRtUv)anGnuvtþ edIm,I
kMNt;kareFVIcMNat;fñak;enAkñúgenaHeT. fñak;
RKb;RKg k¾)ankt;smáal;;pgEdrfa {dMeNIrkar
Edl)ancab;epþImeRkam LMAP Ca mYynwgkar
eFVItMbn;vinicä½y minRtUv)anbMeBj eTAtamnIti
viFIEdl)anRBmeRBogenaHeT}.
fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa {eyagtamB½t’manpþl;
[edaybuKÁlikrbs; MLMUPC enAkñúg
Exmifuna qñaM2008 )an[dwgfa enAkñúgPUmiCa
vaCaTsSn³rbs;RkumGFikarkic©Edlfa
EpñkCaeRcInéntMbn; BKLGacsmnwg
eFVIkarBicarNakñúgkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§I
sRmab;PaBCam©as;ÉkCneRkamnItiviFIén
kareFVItMbn;vinicä½yrbs; LMAP.
RkumGFikarkic©RBmRBagCamYyfñak;RKb;R
Kgfa GñktaMgTIlMenAenAkñúgtMbn; BKL
RtUv)an bdiesFn_minpþl;lT§PaB[
TTYl)annUv dMeNIrkareFVIkarvinicä½ysm
RsbmYysRmab;;TamTarnUvRTBüsm,tþirb
s;xøÜnenaHeT. RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa
GñktaMgTIlMenA enAkñúgtMbn;BKLRtUv)an
eFVIyutiþkmµeday rMBwgfakarRbkas
TamTarrbs;BYkeKedIm,IykdIenaHKWsmnw
gBicarNaeRkamkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idI
EdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ ehIyeRkABIenH
fakarRbkasTamTardIFøI TaMgGs;enA kñúg
XMunwgRtUv)aneFVIkarvinicä½yGnuelameTA
105
eRcInenA CuMvijtMbn; BKL manEtRBMRbTl;PUmi
b:ueNÑaH RtUv)ankMNt;kñúgkMLúgeBléndMeNIr
karpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§i EdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§
ehIyKµan karkMNt;RBMRbTl;edayEpñk
sRmab;buKÁlenaHeT. PaBCam©as;enAkñúgtMbn;
enHRtUv)aneK yl;fa nwgmanbgðajenAelI
Éksarkt;RtasUrieyadIfa {mindwg}. enHTMng
CakareFVIcMNat;fñak;mYy EdlCaTUeTARtUv)an
eRbIR)as;enAeBl EdldIsaFarN³rbs;rdæRtUv
)aneqøIytbkñúg kMLúgeBldMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑ
kmµsiT§i RBmTaMgenAeBlEdldIenaHsßitenA
eRkamCMelaHmYyEdl minGacedaHRsay)an
kñúgkMLúgeBldMeNIrkarpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§ienAÉ
fñak;mUldæan}.
fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;fa enAkñúgGtItkal
{karRtYtBinitüemIlelIviFankarkarBarsuvtßi
PaB nigviFankarsgÁmdéT²eTotKYrEtman
lkçN³rwgmaM>>> ehIyTTYlsÁal;fa kar
raykarN_GMBIkarRtYtBinitüsþIGMBIbBaðakarBar
rhUtdl;ebskmµkarBarfµIbMputenAkñúgBak;
kNþalqñaM 2009 GacRtUv)anEklm¥}.
enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜn fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)an
segçbpgEdrfaBYkeKmanEpnkarcat;viFankar
edIm,IEklm¥sßankarN_enH. fñak;RKb;RKg kt;
smÁal;fa TMnak;TMngrvagFnaKarBiPBelak
nigrdæaPi)alRtUv)anxUcxat edaysarEtkar
GPivDÆenACMuvijRBwtþikarN_ BKL ehIyEdl
rdæaPi)al)anbBa¢ak;mþgehIymþgeTotGMBIkar
tamnItiviFInana nigdMeNIr karnanasRmab;;
eFVIkarvinicä½yelIkarTamTar RTBüsm,tþi
edaymankaryl;RBmrvag rdæaPi)al
FnaKarBiPBelak nigédKUGPivDÆn¾nana
EdlKaMRTdl; LMAP.
RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;;fa GnuRkitü
elx 46 nignItiviFIeFVIvinicä½yEdl)an
begáIteLIg eRkamLMAPmin)andak;
bBa©Úl x EcgsRmab;dkecjEpñknanaén
tMbn;vinicä½yEdl)anRbkasehIyenaHeT
dUecñHdMeNIr karenH)ancab;epþImeLIg
edayRsbc,ab;. RkumGFikarkic©k¾)ankt;
smÁal;;pgEdrfa KµanÉksareyagenAkñúg
ÉksarKeRmag sMxan;² cMeBaHeKal-
karN_nanasRmab; kMNt; {tMbn;Edl
manCMelaH} b¤nItiviFI faetIRtUvdkecjnUv
tMbn;EbbenHecjBI karpþl;b½NÑkmµ
siT§iEdlmanlkçN³Ca RbB½n§y:agdUc
emþc.
RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal; fa karseRmc
citþ minKaMRTniy½tkmµénkartaMgTIlMenA
eRkA pøÚvkareRkamKeRmagenH minRsbKña
Ca mYynwg ¬enAkñúgPADb¤kic©RBmRBag
\NTanGPivDÆn¾¦ karkMNt;niymn½yCa
pøÚvkarénBakü {GñktaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚv
kar} {kartaMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar} b¤
{GñktaMgTIlMenAxusc,ab;}. RkumGñk
CMnajyl;eXIjfa TisedAsMxan;rbs;
106
minÉkPaBrbs;xøÜnCamYynwgTMnak;TMngrvag
KeRmagenH nigkarbeNþjecjnUvtMbn;
BKL. rdæaPi)al)anlubecalnUvKeRmag enH
kalBI éf¶TI07 ExkBaØa qñaM2009 EdlCa
lT§plénkarminÉkPaBenH. eTaHbICafñak;
RKb;RKg rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak)ancg¥úl
bgðajeTArdæaPi)alfa katBVkic©rbs;xøÜneRkam
kic©RBmeRBog\NTanGPivDÆn¾enH enAEtbnþ
rhUtdl;karbg;R)ak;eBjeljén\NTanenH
kþI k¾rdæaPi)al )anbnþminyl;RBmelIkar
GnuvtþskmµPaB Edl)anesñIeLIgedayfñak;
RKb;RKgrbs;Fna KarBiPBelakenaHEdr.
KeRmag KW ¬edayKµanRBMRbTl;EbgEck
cMNat;fñak;dIc,as;las;¦ edIm,IkMNt;
nItüanukUlPaBénkarTamTardIenaH rYm
bBa©ÚlTaMgRbCaCnEdlBIdMbUgemIleTA
hak;dUcCakMBugkan;kab;dIFøIedayxus
c,ab; tamry³dMeNIrkareFVIkarvinicä½y.
eTaHbICakarbBa¢ak;enAkñúgPADedIm,I
sRmbsRmYly:agCitsñiT§CamYykmµviFI
rbs; UNCHS/UNDPEdlRKb;RKg
Gñk taMgTIlMenAeRkApøÚvkar nigGñktaMg
TIlMenA xusc,ab; RkumGFikarkic©Kµan
lT§PaBTTYl )annUvPsþútagkñúgkMLúg
eBleFVIkaresIub Gegátrbs;xøÜneT Edl
kic©sRmbsRmYl EbbenH b¤karKaMRT
EbbenHRtUv)anpþl; edayKeRmag dl;
kmµviFI UNCHS/UNDP munnwg
KeRmag enHRtUv)anbBa©b;enAkñúgqñaM
2004. ehIyk¾KµanPsþútagpgEdr GMBI
karpøas;bþÚrviFIsaRsþTak;TgeTAnwgkartaMg
TIlMenAxusc,ab;eRkaykalbriecäTenH.
RkumGFikarkic©RBmRBagCamYylT§pl
rbs;ERM'sfakgVHxaténkarkMNt;Epn
TI dIrdæ)annaM[mankarkMNt;BitR)akd
éndI rdæ ¬saFarN³ nigÉkCn¦ edaymin
)an GnuvtþnUvdMeNIreFVIvinicä½yrbs;
LMAP.
RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa rcnabTén
KeRmag manlkçN³minc,as;las;faetI
107
KeRmag nwgmanyuT§saRsþGVI TaMgTak;Tg
eTAnwgkarkMNt;yktMbn;nanasRmab;;kar
pþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idIEdlmanlkçN³Ca
RbB½n§ ¬KW tMbn;vinicä½y¦ ehIyedaHRsay
CMelaHnanarvagsßab½nrbs;rdæ nigbuKÁl
ÉkCnnanakñúg kMLúgdMeNIrkareFVIkar
vinicä½y.
RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa PaBminc,as;
las;TaMgenHenAkñúgrcnabTKeRmag
edayEpñk )anbNþal[manplb:HBal;
EdlGñkesñIsMukMBugEtCYbRbTH. Ca
lT§plRkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa eTaHbI
CahaniP½ynanaEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwg
KeRmag RtUv)ankMNt;rkeXIjy:agRtwm
RtUvk¾eday k¾fñak;RKb;RKgmin)anGnuvtþ
tamOMS2.20sþIGMBIkarvaytémøKeRma
g Tak;TgeTAnwgkaredaHRsayhaniP½y
TaMgenHEdr.
RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa karRtYtBinitü
rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgelIKeRmagenHsRmab;r
y³eBleRcInqñaM)anemIlrMlgbBaðasMxan;é
nkareFVIvinicä½yelIkarTamTarykdICa
lkçN³ÉkCnEdlrdæ)anRbkasyk.
karbraC½yrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgenH tam
TsSn³rbs;RkumGFikarkic©yl;eXIjfa
)ancUlrYmcMENk[manRBwtþikarN_enAkñúg
tMbn; BKLnigeFVI[mankarxUcxatEdl
GñkesñIsMukMBugCYbRbTH. karRtYtBinitü
108
rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgelIbBaðasMxan;enHmin
)aneqøIytbeTAnwgt®mUvkarrbs;
OP/BP 13.05. enaHeT.
RkumGFikarkic©)anrkeXIjfa fñak;RKb;
RKgxkxanmin)ancat;viFankarN_elI
B½t’manenAeBlEdlbBaðananaEdlkMBug
ekItmaneLIgenAkñúgtMbn;BKLRtUv)aneK
cab;GarmµN_CaelIdMbUg ehIyrkeXIjfa
karRtYtBinitürbs;fñak;RKb;RKgkñúgbBaða
enHminRsbKñaCamYynwgt®mUvkarrbs;
OP/BP 13.05 enaHeT.
RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa karRtYtBinitü
emIlKeRmagnaeBlfµI²rbs;fñak;RKb;RKg
elIbBaðaEdl)anelIkeLIgtamkaresñIsMu
RsbKñaCamYynwgeKalneya)ayrbs;
FnaKarBiPBelaksþIGMBIkarRtYtBinitü
KeRmag OP/BP 13.05.
k¾b:uEnþ RkumGFikarkic©RBmRBagCamYynwg
karvaytémørbs;GñkesñIsMufa {vaKWCaPsþú
tagEdlbgðajfa cMNat;viFankarEdl
eFVIeLIgedayfñak;RKb;RKgrbs;FnaKar
BiPBelak KWmanlkçN³yWteBkkñúgkar
Tb;sáat;plb:HBal;EdlkMBugekIteLIg
kñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ}.
karRbkasTamTar
EdlGñktaMgTIlMenA
enAkñúgBKLRtUv)an
tamkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg bBa¢ak;GH
Gagfa DCA )anTamTar[Gnuvtþ RPF
enAkñúg
RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa karseRmccitþ
edIm,IerobcMRkbxNÐeKalneya)aytaMg
TIlMenAsaCafµI RsbKñaCamYynwg x Ecg
109
eK[bþÚrTItaMgeday
bgçMtameKalneya
)ayEdl)anRBm
RBagsRmab;;kartaMg
TI lMenAeLIgvij
edaybgçM.
RBwtþikarN_énkarbeNþjecjBIdIrbs;rdæeRkam
EpñkénKeRmagenHEdl)anpþl;[sRmab;karpþ
l;b½NÑkmµsiT§iEdlmanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ nig
mineTogTat;. fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa kar
pþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§ielIEpñkrbs;KeRmag eday
sar EtbBaðakMhitEpñkhirBaØvtßú sßab½n
bec©keTs nigsmtßPaBFnFanmnusS®tUv )an
begáIteLIgedIm,I GnuvtþtamlMdab;lMedayenA
kñúgtMbn;vinicä½y Edl)aneRCIserIselIkdMbUg
ehIybnÞab;mk bnþeTATItaMgdéTeTot enA
eBlEdlTItaMgcas; RtUv)anbBa©b;. fñak;RKb;
RKgbEnßmfa karGnuvtþ RPF RtUv)aneKsnµt;
faedIrtamlMdab;énRBwtþikarN_dUcKña. dUecñH
fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa {vaRtUv)aneKBicarNa
y:agc,as;las;nighµt;ct;} EdlKeRmagenaH
minmanskmµPaB ehIy Edl RPF min)an
ykmkGnuvtþ.
Tak;TgeTAnwgtMbn; BKL CaBiess fñak;RKb;
RKgRBmRBagCamYyGñkesñIsMuTaMgLayfaRkb
xNÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAeLIgvijKYrEt
RtUv)anGnuvtþsRmab;karbþÚrTItaMgEdl)anekIt
eLIgenAkñúgXMuRsHck. dUcEdl)ankMNt;
c,as;las;enAkñúg DCA RPF RtUvEt)an
GnuvtþenAkñúgRBwtþikarN_énkarbeNþjecjBIdI
rdæEdlCalT§plénskmµPaBrbs;KeRmag
ehIy EpnkarskmµPaBtaMgTIlMenAeLIgvij
Cak;lak; sRmab;tMbn;mYy KYrEtRtUv)anerobcM
eLIgsRmab;[FnaKarBiPBelakRtYtBinitü
emIleLIgvij nigGnum½t. fñak;RKb;RKg
éneKalneya)ayEdlGacGnuvtþ)an KW
OD4.30. RkumGFikarkic©pþl;eyabl;
dl; fñak;RKb;RKg[BRgIkTMhMénsßan
karN_ EdleKalneya)ayenHnwgGnuvtþ
qøúH bBa©aMg[eXIjGMBIkarKitKUrfµIenAkñúg
FnaKarBiPBelakkñúgeBlenaH EdlTak;
TgeTAnwgkarGnuvtþd¾RtwmRtUvénviFankar
karBarrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak. Rkum
GFikarkic©rkeXIjfa manPaBminc,as;
las;CaeRcInTak;TgeTAnwgrebobEdl
RkbxNÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAsa
CafµIRtUv)ancab;epþIm nigRtUv)anGnuvtþ
y:agNaenaH. RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa
karbegáItRkbxNÐeKalneya)aytaMgTI
lMenAsaCafµI mancMnucxVHxatEcgCa eRcIn
EdlrMBwgfamanenAkñúg OD4.30
EdlTak;TgeTAnwg {eKalkarN_eFVIEpn
kar karerobcMsßab½n niglkçniþk³énkar
begáIt}.
RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfakarcab;GarmµN_
rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgcMeBaHplvi)aksgÁmén
karpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§idI rYmTaMgkarbeNþj
ecjEdlmanlkçN³skþanuBl KWKµan
lkçN³CaRbB½n§enaHeT ehIyTTYlrgpl
b:HBal;BIkarxVHxaténkarcab;GarmµN_BI
GñkCMnajkarBarsuvtßiPaBsgÁm. vaKWCa
bBaðaénkþI)armÖmYyEdlebskmµRtYtBinitü
CaeRcIn)ansnñidæanfa KµansßankarN_Edl
TamTar[GnuvtþviFankarkarBarsgÁm
110
ÉkPaBCa mYynwgGñkesñIsMunanafa eTaHbICa
vaminTan;manlkçN³ c,as;las;enAeLIyfa
etItMbn; BKL RtUv)anpþl;kmµsiT§ieTA[rdækþI
k¾kic©snüaCYlenaHEdlrdæaPi)al)an pþl;eTA
[GñkGPivDÆn_ÉkCnmYyenA elIdIenaHenAkñúg
qñaM 2007 bgðajGMBIkarseRmc citþd¾Bit
R)akd EdldIenaHKWCadIrbs;rdæ. tamTsSn³
rbs;fñak;RKb;RKg ³ {edIm,IdkecjnUv kar
Gnuvtþ RPF cMeBaHkarbeNþjecjenAkñúg
tMbn;vinicä½yKeRmag edaysardMeNIrkarvinic½äy
TMngCaminRtUv)anGnuvtþtamsRmab;eFVIkarsnñi
dæanrbs;xøÜn nigKµanb½NÑkmµsiT§ipøÚvkarRtUv
)anpþl;[kñúgnamCardæ vanwgpÞúyeTAnwgeKal
bMNg EdlsßitenAeRkamkarGnuvtþ RPF
dUcEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúg DCA}.
tamkareqøIytbrbs;fñak;RKb;RKg KWsMedAeTA
elIeKalCMhrrbs;rdæaPi)alEdlGHGagfa
tMbn; BKL minEmnCakþIkgVl;rbs;KeRmageT
eRBaHdI BKL minRtUv)anpþl;kmµsiT§ieTA[rdæ
tamry³ LMAP eT. enAeBlEdlfñak;RKb;
RKgCMTas;eTAnwgkarGHGagenHsRmab;ehtup
lCaeRcInEdl)ankt;sMKal;enAkñúgkfax½NÐxa
g edIm fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)anTTYlsÁal;pgEdrfa
{kgVHxatPaBCak;lak;enAkñúgÉksarKeRmag
nigkarKµankic©BiPakSalMGitGMBITMhMrbs; RPF
TaMgkñúgkMLúgeBlbegáItKeRmag b¤TaMgkñúg
eBlGnuvtþ GaceFVI[rdæaPi)alyl;dwgGMBI
katBVkic©rbs;xøÜn}. fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)anbBa¢ak;
pgEdrfa rhUtTal;EtRBwtþikarN_ BKL )an
nigbrisßanenaHeT rYmTaMg RPFpgEdr
Edl TMngCaKµankarRtYtBinitüedayhµt;
ct;elIbBaðaenH. RkumGFikarkic©rk
eXIjPsþútag enAkñúgÉksarkt;Rta
RtYtBinitüfafñak;RKb; RKgenAkñúgkal³
eTs³CaeRcIn )anelIk bBaðananaTak;Tg
eTAnwgkarRKb;RKgdIrdæ EdlBak;B½n§Ca
skþanuBleTAnwgkarGnuvtþ RPF.
RkumGFikarkic©pþl;eyabl;[FnaKar
BiPBelakbnþbBaðaeKalneya)ayd¾
lM)akenHenAkñúgbribTénRbeTskm<úCa
EdlmanlkçN³resIbEpñkneya)ay nig
sµúRKsµaj. k¾b:uEnþ kartamdanelIbBaða
TaMgenH manlkçN³minRKb;RKan; ehIy
)anbNþal[manbBaðaCaeRcInenAkñúg
tMbn; BKL. bBaðaenHminRsbCamYy
nwg x Ecgnanarbs; OP/BP13.05
sþIGMBI karRtYtBinitüKeRmagenaHeT.
RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfakarbraC½yrbs;
fñak;RKb;RKgkñúgkarFanadl;karGnuvtþ
RkbxNÐeKalneya)aytaMgTIlMenAsa
CafµI minRsbKñaCamYynwg OD4.30eT
nig CamYy OP/BP13.05 sþIGMBIkar
RtYtBinitüKeRmageT.
CarYmRkumGFikarkic©emIleXIjfafñak;RKb;
RKgrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakKYrEtrk[
eXIjnUvbBaðaF¶n;F¶rnanaEdlRbCaBlrdæ
enAkñúgtMbn;BKL)anCYbRbTHenAkñúg
111
ekIteLIgTaMgfñak;RKb;RKg nigTaMgRksYgEdndI
min)anBicarNafa RbsinebIdMeNIrkarénkar
pþl;b½NÑkmµsiTi§min)anbBa©b;skmµPaBnana
GacekIteLIgenAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½ymYyEdlGac
esñIsMu[mankarGnuvtþ RPF.
fñak;RKb;RKgTTYlsÁal;faRbCaCnenAkñúgtMbn;
BKL)anTTYlrgnUvKMnab[bþÚrTItaMg nigfa
KµankarBieRKaHeyabl;RKb;RKan; b¤dMeNIrkar
crcaBak;B½n§eTAnwgkarbþÚrTItaMgenHeT. Tak;
TgeTAnwgsMNgEdl)anpþl;eTA[RbCaCn
fñak;RKb;RKg)anbBa¢ak;fa {vaemIleTATMngCa
fa kBa©b;Edl)anesñIeLIgenaH vaminesµIeTAnwg
GVIEdlRbCaCn)anTTYlBIkarGnuvtþrbs; RPF
enaHeT}. fñak;RKb;RKgkt;smÁal;facab;taMgBI
nItiviFI)anEcgenAkñúg RPF minRtUv)anGnuvtþ
kar vaytémøCak;lak;mYyelIPaBRtwmRtUv
nigPaBsmlµménkBa©b;sMNgEdl)anpþl;
[minGac RtUv)aneFVIeLIgenaHeT.
kareqøIytbenHk¾)anlMGitpgEdrGMBIkic©Rbwg
ERbgrbs;fñak;RKb;RKgkñúgkarcUlrYmenAkñúgkic©
BiPakSapøas;bþÚreyabl;CamYyrdæaPi)alsþIGMBI
bBaðabeNþjecjenAkñúgtMbn;TIRkug. kareqøIy
tbenHrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgkaresñIsMu[mankarp¥ak
elIkarbeNþjecjrg;caMrhUtTal;EtmaneKal
neya)aytaMgTIlMenAsaCafµIfñak;Cati nigkar
EklMGlkçxNÐéntMbn;taMgTIlMenAsaCafµI.
CaBiessfñak;RKb;RKg)anpþl;enAkarKaMRT
rbs;xøÜnedIm,IEklMGlkçxNÐrs;enA nigCIvPaB
dMNak;kaledImdMbUg nigKYrBicarNaGMBI
viFankarEdlsmrmü. karxkxanmin
)aneFVIdUecñH KWminGnuelameTAtameKal
neya)ayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelaksþIGMBI
karRtYtBinitüKeRmagenaHeT.
RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa RPF CaTUeTA
GnuelameTAtam OD4.30. k¾b:uEnþ man
kgVHxatGMBIkarENnaMcMeBaHkarsþareLIg
vijnigskmµPaBsþarR)ak;cMNUleLIgvij
EdleyageTAtam RPF KYrEtRtUv)an
lMGitenAkñúgEpnkartaMgTIlMenAsaCafµI.
RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa dMeNIrénkar
GnuvtþkarbeNþjenAkñúgtMbn; BKL
kRmiténkarTUTat;sMNg nigbTdæan
éntMbn;taMgTIlMenAsaCafµI minRsbeTA
tameKal karN_Edl)andak;ecjeday
RPF nig Bak;B½n§eTAnwgxEcgnanarbs;
OD4.30 enaHeT.
112
rs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæecjBItMbn;bwgkk;Edl
)aneRCIserIstaMgTIlMenAsaCafµIenAkñúgtMbn;
eRkAraCFanIPñMeBj.
karRbkasTamTar
EdldMeNIrpþl;b½NÑ
kmµsiT§iGnum½teday
KeRmag
eFVI[cuHexSay
siT§ikan;kab;dIEdl
manBImunmk
tamkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜnfñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa
{vamanlkçN³minR)akdRbCafaetIBakü
'siT§iCaRbéBNI ' kMBugRtUv)aneRbIR)as;}.
eyagtamfñak;RKb;RKg)an[dwgfa lkçN³
sMxan;énc,ab;dIFøIqñaM2001bgðajfasiT§iénPaB
Cam©as;RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;fa Gacpøas;bþÚr)an
eTACab½NÑkmµsiT§ipøÚvkar RbsinebIeqøIytbeTA
nwglkçxNÐBitR)akd. fñak;RKb;RKgkt;
smÁal;;fa karpþl;b½NÑkmµsiT§iKYrEtBRgwg
siT§iPaBCa m©as;EdlmankarTTYlsÁal;eRkam
c,ab;PUmi)al. k¾b:uEnþ fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa
{siT§iEdl manmkBImunGacRtUv)ansRmb
sRmYleday dMeNIrmYyCamYynwgcMnucxVHxa
nanaEdlCa PsþútagenAkñúgkrNIénkar
eFVIvinicä½yenAkñúgXMuRsHck rYmTaMgkarKµankar
seRmccitþEdlmantmøaPaB Ep¥kelIlkçnþik³
nigGacRtYtBinitü emIleLIgvij)an faetIdI
Edlminc,as;las; enaHKWCadIsaFarN³rbs;
rdæb¤y:agNa.}
RkumGFikarkic©kk;smÁal;fa KeRmag
)anpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_y:agBitR)akddl;
RkumRKYsarRbEhl1lanRKYsar nig
TTYlsÁal;smiT§ipld¾sMxan;enHrbs;
LMAP.
RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfa cMnucexSayén
karbegáItKeRmag enH)annaM[mankarmin
dak;bBa©ÚldI edaybMBanelIdMeNIrkarpþl;
b½NÑkmµsiT§i ehIyfadMeNIrkarenH)an
bdiesFGñktaMgTIlMenACaBiessRbCaCn
RkIRk nigRbCaCngayrgeRKaH »kaskñúg
karTamTar nigeFVI[siT§iEdlmanBImunmk
rbs;BYkeKkøayeTACapøÚvkar tamry³
dMeNIrkarvinicä½yeRkamLMAP.
RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfafñak;RKb;RKgxk
xanmin)anTTYlsÁal;Baküfa 'GñktaMgTI
lMenAxusc,ab;' nig 'kartaMgTIlMenAeRkA
pøÚvkar' manlkçN³stüanum½trhUtTal;
EtRtUv)ankMNt;Cak;lak; tamry³dMeNIr
énkareFVIvinicä½y.
kMhusénkarbegáItKeRmag TaMgenH)an
eFVI[mankarlM)aksRmab;;fñak;RKb;RKg
rbs;FnaKarBiPBelakkñúgkarseRmc)an
TisedAKeRmag Edl)ankMNt;Tak;TgeTA
113
nwgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk nigkarpþl;
snþisuxkñúgkarkan;kab;dIFøIsRmab;RbCaCn
RkIRk nigminGnuvtþtam OMS2.20
enaHeT.
RkumGFikarkic©rkeXIjfaminmanviFan
karTaMgGs; RtUv)anbegIáteLIgy:ag
Cak;lak; edIm,IKaMRTdl;RbCaCnRkIRk
nigRbCaCn gayrgeRKaHRtUv)anGnuvtþ
eTAtamEpnkarenaHeT. RkumGFikar
kic©rkeXIjfa fñak;RKb;RKgmin)an
BinitütamdanemIl RKb;RKan;elIkar
ebþCaJcitþrbs;KeRmagkñúg karBRgwgkar
yl;dwgCasaFarN³ nigkar cUlrYmrbs;
shKmn_enaHeT EdlFana dl;karkarBar
pøÚvc,ab;dl;GñktaMgTIlMenA Edl)an
RbQmeTAnwghaniP½yénkarbeNþj
ecj nigpþl;lT§PaBRKb;RKan; dl;
ynþkaredaHRsayCMelaH. bBaðaenH min
GnuelameTAtam OP/BP13.05 enaH
eT.
karRbkasTamTar
EdlshKmn_déT
eTotenAkñúgextþEd
lRKb;dNþb;eday
KeRmag kMBug CYb
RbTHkarbeNþj
ecjedaybgçM.
enAkñúgkareqøIytbrbs;xøÜn fñak;RKb;RKgTTYl
sÁal;fa {GsnþisuxénsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøIbnþCa
bBaðasMxan;mYyenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa} nigfakar
ekIneLIgfµI²éntémødI)annaM[mankareKob
sgát;ekIneLIg {CaBiesselIshKmn_gayrg
eRKaHEdlkMBugrs;enAelIdIEdlcat;TukfaCadI
saFarN³rbs;rdæ}. fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa
xøÜn {\LÚvenHdwgGMBItMbn;déTeTotEdl)an
Rbkaskarvinicä½yeRkamKeRmagenHEdlRKYsar
RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa karbeNþj
ecjedaybgçMminEmnCaerOgfµIeTenAkñúg
RbeTskm<úCa ehIydUcEdl)ankt;
smÁal; enAkñúgkarvaytémøGMBIPaBRkIRk
rbs;FnaKarBiPBelakenAkñúgRbeTs
km<úCa )ankMBug bnþeFVIenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj
cab;taMgBImunerobcMKeRmagenH.
EdaysarEtKeRmag enH)andak;bBa©Úl
nUvkartaMgTIlMenAkñúg TIRkugsMxan;²
114
nanaRtUv)aneKbeNþjecj b¤RtUv)aneKKMram
kMEhgbeNþjecj}. fñak;RKb;RKgk¾)ankt;
smÁal;;pgEdrfa {enAmankarKMramkMEhgCa
bnþelIkarpøas;bþÚrm©as;dI nigkarbeNþjecj
sRmab;shKmn_gayrgeRKaH}.
fñak;RKb;RKgsegçbGMBIviFankarnanakñúgkar
edaHRsaykþIkgVl;TaMgenH edaykt;smÁal;fa
{RkumkargarkMBugEtRbmUlB½t’manedIm,IeFVIGtþ
sBaØaNkmµkrNIskþanuBldéT²eTotrbs;
shKmn_nanaEdlGacnwgRtUv)aneKbeNþj
BItMbn;vinicä½yedayKµankarGnuvtþ RPF Rtwm
RtUv}. fñak;RKb;RKgbBa¢ak;fa {rhUtmkdl;
éf¶TI 29 Extula qñaM2009 krNIskþanuBl
cMnYn8krNIRtUv)anrkeXIj rYmmanTaMgPUmi
cMnYn10 ¬b¤EpñkCaeRcInkñúgcMeNamenaH¦}.
eRkABIenHfñak;RKb;RKgGHGagfa cab;taMgBIEx
emsaqñaM2009mk xøÜn)anGMBavnavmþgehIy
mþgeTot[rdæaPi)alp¥akkarbeNþjecjeday
bgçM {enAkñúgraCFanIPñMeBj nigtMbn;déT
eTot}.
rYmTaMgraCFanIPñMeBj kñúg cMeNamextþ
EdlRKb;dNþb;edayKeRmag bBaða
enHKWCahaniP½yCak;lak;EdlTak; TgeTA
nwgekrþ×eQµaHrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak.
RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa rcnabT
KeRmag min)aneqøIytbRKb;RKan;
eTAnwgbBaðasMxan;enH nighaniP½yEdl
Tak;TgeTAnwg ekrþ×eQµaHenHeT.
eTaHbICamanlT§plc,as;las;énkar
RtYtBinitüemIleLIgvijÉkraCü niglT§
pldUcKñaenAkñúgr)aykarN_RtYtBinitü
rbs;fñak;RKb;RKgEdlbgðajGMBIPaBmin
RKb;RKan;énynþkaredaHRsayCMelaHenaH
kþI CaBiessenAeBlEdlmanPaKIEdl
manGMNacEdl)ancUlrYm k¾fñak;RKb;RKg
rbs;FnaKarBiPBelakmin)ancat;viFan
karrwgmaMedIm,IedaHRsayplb:HBal;
GviC¢manTaMgenHEdr. karRtYtBinitüemIl
eLIgvijelIr)aykarN_RtYtBinitübgðaj
faKµanRbB½n§RtYtBinitü nigvaytémø
sRmab; KeRmagenHrhUtdl;qñaM2007.
RkumGñk CMnajrkeXIjfa edaysar
EtkgVHxaténRbB½n§RtYtBinitü nigvay
témørwgmaMsRmab; KeRmagenH fñak;dwknaM
rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak min)andwgGMBI
bBaðaCak;lak;nanaEdl ekItecjBIKeRmag
enHeT. krNIenHmin )anGnuelam
eTAtam OP/BP13.05 eT.
115
RkumGFikarkic©kt;smÁal;fa eTaHbICaman
ÉksarCaeRcInbgðajfa RKYsarCak;lak;
mYycMnYnRtUv)anTTYlrgplb:HBal;GviC¢
mank¾eday k¾eKmin)andwgGMBITMhMénpl
b:HBal;GviC¢manelIRKYsarnanaEdlkMBug
rs;enAkñúgtMbn;vinicä½yenaHEdr. Rkum
GFikarkic©mankþI)armÖy:agxøaMgGMBIcMnYn
mnusS d¾eRcInEdlRtUv)anbeNþjecj
edaybgçM bþÚrTItaMgedaybgçM b¤sßitenA
eRkamkarKMramkMEhgénkarbeNþj
ecjenAkñúg tMbn;KeRmag .
116
]bsm<½n§ 2³ CIvRbvtiþ
RkumsmaCikGFikarkic©
elak rU:ebItU ELntun (Roberto Lenton) ¬CnCatiGasg;Tin¦RtUv)anEtgtaMgCasmaCikRkumGFikarkic©enA
ExkBaØa qñaM 2007 ehIy)ankøayeTACaRbFanRkumGFikarkic©enAExviciäkaqñaM 2009. elakTTYl)ansBaØab½Rt
visVksIuvilBIsaklviTüal½y Buenos Aires nigsBaØab½RtbNÐitBIviTüasßanbec©keTs m:asaCusest
(Massachusetts). edaysar elakmanCMnajxagFnFanTwk nigkarGPivDÆRbkbedaynirnþrPaB CamYynwg
bTBiesaFn_GnþrCati 30 qñaM elIvis½yenH elakRtUv)anEtgtaMgCaRbFanRkumRbwkSashRbtibtiþkarpÁt;pÁg;Twk
nigGnam½y ehIyCasmaCikRkumRbwkSanaykén CMnYyEpñkTwkGaemrik (WaterAid America) bnÞab;eTotelak
TTYltMENgCaRbFanKN³kmµkarbec©keTsénPaB CaédKUTwkskl (Global Water Partnership) rhUtdl;
ExkkádaqñaM 2009 . elak ELntun CashniBn§esovePAmYy mancMNgeCIgfa Applied Water Resources
Systems ¬karGnuvtþeTAtamRbB½n§FnFanTwk¦ ehIyelakk¾CashniBn§ esovePAEdlmancMNgeCIgfa
“Integrated Water Resources Management in Practices,” ¬smahrNkmµkar RKb;RKgFnFan
TwkeTAkñúgkarRbtibtiþ¦ elakk¾dwknaMRkumniBn§esovePAmYymancMNgeCIgfa health, Dignity and
Development: What will it Take? ¬suxPaB esckþIéføfñÚ nigkarGPivDƳ etIeRCIserIsykmYyNa?¦ ehIy
r)aykarN_cugeRkayénRkumkargarKeRmagshsvtSrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati sþIBITwknigGnam½y KWelakk¾Ca
shRbFanEdr. munenaH elak ELntun CanaykEpñkfamBl nigbrisßanRbkbedaynirnþrPaB rbs;kmµviFI
GPivDÆn_GgÁkar shRbCaCati (UNDP) enATIRkug jÚy:k ehIyCaGKÁnaykviTüasßanRKb;RKgTwkGnþrCati
enARbeTsesrILaMgka nigm®nþIkmµviFIenAkñúgkmµviFIPaBRkIRknigFnFanenACnbTénmUlniFi Ford EdlmanTItaMg
enARkugjÚedlI nigTIRkugjÚy:k . elak)anbMerIkarCasa®sþacarüCMnYyenAEpñkkic©karGnþrCati nigsaFarN³
enAsaklviTüal½ykULÚmbU nigCaCMnYykar sa®sþacarü EpñkvisVkrsIuvil nigbrisßanenAviTüasßan MIT .
elak GhV eCIv (Alf Jerve) ¬CnCatiN+ev¦ )anEtgtaMgCaRkumkargarGFikarrkic©enAExviciäkarqñaM 2008 . elak
eCIv )anBaMnaM[RkumGFikarkic©nUvbTBiesaFn_kargarCit3TsvtSr_elIEpñkGPivDÆn_. karTTYl)ankarGb;rMxagnrviTU
sgÁm elak)ancUlrYmya:gTUlMTUlaykñúgskmµPaBGPivDÆn_ edayrYmTaMgkarsikSaRsavRCavRbkbedaysIuCMerA
enAtMbn; GaRhVik nigGasIu. kñgcMeNamkargarEdlelakTTYlbnÞúk KWelak)aneFVIkarCit 3 qñaM enARbeTs
tan;saejó CamYy nwgPñak;garN+evsRmab;kic©shRbtibtiþkaredIm,IGPivDÆn_ mantYnaTICaGñksRmbsRmYlkmµviFI
GPivDÆn_CnbT. BIqñaM 1993 dl; qñaM 1995 elakTTYlbnÞúksRmab;edaHRsaybBaðakarpøas;bþÚrTIlMenA nig
karsßareLIgvijenAkñúgKeRmag mYyenARbeTs bg;køaeds enAeBlenaHelakTTYl)ankargarBIFnaKarBiPBelak.
enAqñaM 1995 elak)ankøay eTACaCMnYykarnayk ehIyk¾)anbMerIkargarCanaykenAqñaM 2005 nig 2006
enAviTüasßan Christian Michelsen enARbeTsN+ev viTüasßanenHTTYlsÁal;CaGnþrCatielIkarsikSaRsavRCav
117
EpñkGPivDÆn_ ehIyenATIenaH elak)ancMNayTaMgkMlaMgkay nigCMnaj edIm,IsikSaRsavRCavnigviPaKelIEpñkCa
eRcInénbBaðaeKalneya)ay nigkmµviFI Edlb:HBal;dl;RbCaCnenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_. kñúgry³eBlb:unµan
qñaMenaH elak)ancUlrYmya:geRcInCamYynwgKN³ kmµkarvaytémøedayÉkraC edayPñak;garGPivDÆn_eTVPaKI nig
BhuPaKI ehIyelakk¾CasmaCikmñak;énRkumCMnajkar (Roster of Experts) sRmab;kargarGFikarkic©enAFnakar
GPivDÆn_GasIu . elakTTYl)ansBaØab½RtGnubNÐitEpñk nrviTüasgÁmBIsaklviTüal½yebIEhÁn ehIyelak
TTYlbriBaØab½RtEpñkviTüasa®sþbrisßannigCIvviTüa. esovePArbs; elakKWepþateTAelIkarGPivDÆCnbT vimCÄkar
karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ehIyenAeBlfµI²enHKWeTAelIPaBCam©as;elI kic©shRbtibtiþkarCMnYysRmab;karGPivDÆ.
elakRsI eGmI va:taNaeb (Eimi Watanabe) ¬CnCatiCb:un¦ )anEtgtaMgCasmaCikRkumGFikarkic©enAéf¶TI 1
Ex viciäka qñaM 2009 . qøgtambTBiesaFn_kargar elakRsI va:taNaeb )anbgðajBIkarebþCJacitþedIm,Iyk mk
GnuvtþnUvkarviPaK k¾dUcCayuT§sa®sþcUlrYmedIm,IbegáItCakmµviFIGPivDÆn_mYyeLIg ehIymankMNt;Rtad¾rwgmaMmYy
cMeBaHkarshkarkargarCamYynwgGgÁkarsgÁmsIuvil rdæaPi)al nigGgÁkarGPivDÆn_nana. edayTTYl)ankarGb;rM
EpñksgÁmsa®sþ elakRsI)ancUlrYmya:gTUlMTUlayenAkñúgvis½ysMxan;² TaMgenAkRmitKeRmag nigkRmiteKaln-
eya)ay edayrYmman karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk GPi)alkic© eynD½r suxPaB nigGaharrUbtmÖkumar GPivDÆn_
smtßPaB brisßan nigGenþaRbevsþn_GnþrCati. elakRsI va:taNeb TTYlsBaØab½RtGnubNÐit nigbNÐit BIsala
esdækic©TIRkugLúgd¾ nig )anTTYlbriBaØab½RtEpñksgÁmBIsalkviTüal½yRKisÞinGnþrCatienATIRkugtUküÚ. BIqñaM 1998
dl; qñaM 2001 elak RsI)anbMerIkarCaCMnYkarGKÁelxaFikar nigCanaykkariyal½yEpñkeKalneya)ay
GPivDÆn_énkmµviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati (UNDP) . muneBlenaH elakRsI KWCaGñksRmbsRmYlGgÁkar
shRbCaCati nigCatMNag UNDP RbcaM RbeTsbg;køaeds ehIyCatMNagGgÁkar UNICEF RbcaMRb
eTs\NÐa. naeBlfµI²enH elakRsI)anbMerIkargarCa smaCikmñak; kñgKN³kmµkarpþl;eyabl;yuT§sa®sþ nig
svnkmµ énkariyal½yGgÁkarshRbCaCatisRmab;esvaKeRmag. elakRsI va:taNaeb naMmk[RkumGFikarkic©nUv
bTBiesaFn_rbs;Kat;Cag 30 qñaM kñúgvis½yGPivDÆn_.
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TIRbwkSaCMnaj
elak eCIRhVI Epn (Geoffrey Payne) KWCaTIRbwkSaEpñkxagGPivDÆn_pÞHsMEbg nigTIRkug edaybTBiesaFn_
ry³eBl 4 TsvtSmkehIyenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_. elak)anbMerIkargarCaTIRbwkSa karRsavRCav nig
karbNþúHbNþalenAesÞI RKb;EpñkénBiPBelaksRmab;Pñak;garGPivDÆn_CaeRcIn nigbeRgónedaypÞal;cMeBaHkRmit
eRkay]tþm nigkmµviFIbNþúH bNþalÉkeTsenAsßab½nGb;rMnaMmuxeKenARbeTsGg;eKøs nigenAbNþaRbeTskMBug
GPivDÆn_mYycMnYneTot.
118
elak eCIRhVI (Geoffrey Payne) )anbegáIt GPA (www.gpa.rog.uk) enAqñaM 1995 ehIy)ane)aH
BumÖÉksarTak;Tin eTAnwgpÞHsMEbg eKalneya)aydIFøI siTi§elIkmµsiTi§ Rkbx½NÐc,ab;nana nigPaBCaédKUrvag
saFarN³nigÉkCn. elak KWCaRkumRbwkSaPi)almUlniFisMNg;GaKar nigpÞHsgÁmkic© nigCaGñkRbwkSaxageRkAdl;
RkumRbwkSaRbeTsGg;eKøs nigCashesvinénraCasil,³sgÁm nigraCasgÁmGasIu. elakCasmaCikbegáItbNþaj
GPivDÆn_eRkayeRKaHmhnþray (DFDN: www.developmentfromdisasters.net) ehIyk¾CasmaCikén RIBA
shKmn_cMeNHdwgsRmab;karGPivDÆ nigCMnYyseRgÁaHeRKaHmhnþrayénRkumÉkeTs. ÉkeTsrbs;elakeCIRhVI
rYmman kmµsiTi§dIFøIenAtMbn;TIRkug nigsiTi§elIkmµsiTi§ eKalneya)aypÞHsMEbg nigEpnkarKeRmag eKalkarN_
bTdæanc,ab;sRmab;karGPivDÆtMbn;TIRkug nigkarbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ nigksagsmtßPaB. RbFanbTsñÚlén
kargarrbs;elakKWTak;TgeTAnwgksagsmtßPaBenA mUldæan edIm,IelIkkm<s;karGPivDÆsgÁm nigesdækic© nigkat;
bnßyPaBRkIRkrbs;RbCaCnenATIRkug.
CamYynwgkarshkarN_CamYyGñkRsavRCavenAmUldæan elak eCIRhVI )aneFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavelIbBaðakmµsiTi§dIFøI
enARbeTsmYycMnYn edayrYmTaMgRbeTskm<úCa edaymankarBinitüemIl mYyeFVIeLIgenAcenøaHqñaM 2003 nig
2004. karRsavRCavenHepþatelIEtTIRkugPñMeBj nigmankarsÞg;mtiya:gTUlMTUlay nigmankrNIsikSamYycMnYn
ehIy)anbBa©b;edayeFVIsikçasalamYy nigr)aykarN_kMNt;CeRmIseKalneya)ay mYycMnYnsRmab;karpøas;bþÚr
nana.
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