oops lab manual-alligned

Ex. No 1 Implementation of Static Data member, Default Argument and

Friend Function

To Write a C++ program for Students mark analysis using Static Data member, Default Argument and Friend Function.

Algorithm

Step 1: Start the Process.

Step 2: Get the Students detail and calculate the Result analysis.

Step 3: Default value is assigned for pass in a function and the function isassigned with default value when value for pass is not given in checking for pass status.

Step 4: Declare the integer count as Static member each time when the student is pass it will be incremented and finally specify pass count.

Step 5: The friend function display is used to access the private variables from two classes and acting as the bridge between two classes.

Step 6: Stop the Process.

Program

#include<iostream.h>#include<conio.h>int cp(int,int,int,int=50);void printline(char ch='*',int range= 70);class per;class acc{int rno,tot;static int count;int m1,m2,m3;char name[20],grade;float avg;public:void getdata(){cout<<"Enter id:";cin>>rno;cout<<"Enter name:";

cin>>name;cout<<"Enter m1";cin>>m1;cout<<"Enter m2";cin>>m2;cout<<"Enter m3";cin>>m3;}friend void display(acc,per);void cal(){tot=0;if(cp(m1,m2,m3)){cout<<"Result=pass"<<endl;tot=m1+m2+m3;avg=tot/3;count=count+1;if(avg>=90)grade='O';if(avg>=70&&avg<90)grade='A';if(avg>=50&&avg<70)grade='B';}else{cout<<"Result=Fail"<<endl;}}static void showcount(void){cout<<endl;cout<<"count:"<<count;}};int acc::count;class per{char add[25];long tel;public:void getdata1(){cout<<"Enter address";cin>>add;

cout<<"Enter phoneno:";cin>>tel;}friend void display(acc a,per p){cout<<endl;cout<<"Name:"<<a.name<<endl;cout<<"ID:"<<a.rno<<endl;cout<<"Address:"<<p.add<<endl;cout<<"Phone no.:"<<p.tel<<endl;cout<<"M1:"<<a.m1<<endl;cout<<"M2:"<<a.m2<<endl;cout<<"M3:"<<a.m3<<endl;if(cp(a.m1,a.m2,a.m3)){cout<<"Total:"<<a.tot<<endl;cout<<"Average:"<<a.avg<<endl;cout<<"Grade:"<<a.grade<<endl;}}};int cp(int m1,int m2,int m3,int pass1){if(m1>=pass1&&m2>=pass1&&m3>=pass1)return(1);elsereturn(0);}void main(){int i,n;clrscr();per p1[20];acc a1[20];cout<<"Enter no of students:";cin>>n;for(i=0;i<n;i++){a1[i].getdata();p1[i].getdata1();a1[i].cal();}for(i=0;i<n;i++){printline('-');display(a1[i],p1[i]);

printline();}acc::showcount();getch();}void printline(char ch,int range){int i;cout<<endl;for(i=0;i<range;i++)cout<<ch;}

OutputEnter no of students:2Enter id:2Enter name:rahulEnter m1:78Enter m2:90Enter m3:67Enter address:coimbatoreEnter phoneno:230000Result=passEnter id:5Enter name:aravindEnter m1:56Enter m2:45Enter m3:78Enter address:maduraiEnter phoneno:456789Result=Fail-----------------------------------------------------------Name:rahulID:2Address:coimbatorePhone no.:230000M1:78M2:90M3:67Total:235Average:78Grade:A***********************************************************-----------------------------------------------------------

Name:aravindID:5Address:maduraiPhone no.:456789M1:56M2:45M3:78***********************************************************count:1ResultThus the program to perform Students mark analysis using Static Datamember, Default Argument and Friend Function was implemented.

Ex. No 2 Implementation of complex number class with operator

overloading and type conversions

To write a C++ program to implement complex number class with

operator overloading and type conversions such as integer to complex, double to

complex, complex to double.

Algorithm

Step 1: Start the program.

Step 2: Create a class with necessary data members and member functions.

Step 3: Create a constructor to initialize the variables.

Step 4: Perform addition of two numbers overloading the necessary operators.

Step 5: Create an object for the Complex class and call the required functions to

perform the action.

Step 6: Perform the type conversion from double to complex, integer to complex

and complex to double.

Step 7: Display the result.

Step 8: Stop the program.

Program

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<math.h>

class complex

float real,img,temp;

public:

complex()

real=img=0;

complex(int a)

real=a;

img=0;

complex(double a1)

real=a1;

img=0.0;

void outdata()

if(img>=0.0)

cout<<real<<"+"<<img<<"i";

cout<<real<<img<<"i";

complex operator+(complex c)

complex temp;

temp.real=real+c.real;

temp.img=img+c.img;

return(temp);

complex operator-(complex c)

complex temp1;

temp1.real=real-c.real;

temp1.img=img-c.img;

return(temp1);

complex operator*(complex c)

complex temp2;

temp2.real=real*c.real-img*c.img;

temp2.img=real*c.img+img*c.real;

return(temp2);

complex operator/(complex c)

complex temp3;

temp3.real=(((real*c.real)+(img*c.img))/((c.real*c.real)+(c.img*c.img)));

temp3.img=(((img*c.real)-(real*c.img))/((c.real*c.real)+(c.img*c.img)));

return(temp3);

operator double()

double magnitude;

magnitude=sqrt(pow(real,2)+pow(img,2));

return magnitude;

void main()

clrscr();

complex c1,c2,c3,c4,c5,c6;

int real;

double real1;

cout<<"Enter the real number";

cin>>real;

c1=real;

cout<<"Integer to complex conversion"<<endl;

cout<<"Enter the real number";

cin>>real1;

c2=real1;

cout<<"Double to complex conversion"<<endl;

c3=c1+c2;

c4=c1-c2;

c5=c1*c2;

c6=c1/c2;

cout<<"\n\n";

cout<<"addtion result is:";

c3.outdata();

cout<<"\n\n";

cout<<"subraction result is:";

c4.outdata();

cout<<"\n\n";

cout<<"multiplication result is:";

c5.outdata();

cout<<"\n\n";

cout<<"division result is:";

c6.outdata();

cout<<"Conversion from complex to double"<<endl;

double mag=c3;

cout<<"Magnitude of a complex number"<<mag;

getch();

Output

Enter the real number:2

Integer to complex conversion

Enter the real number:2.0

Double to complex conversion

addtion result is:4+0i

subraction result is:0+0i

multiplication result is:4+0i

division result is:1+0i

Conversion from complex to double

Magnitude of a complex number:4

Result

Thus the program to implement complex number class with operator

overloading and type conversions such as integer to complex, double to complex,complex to double is implemented.

Ex. No 3 Implement the Matrix Class using Constructor, Destructor,Copy

Constructor, Overloading assignment operator

To Write a C++ program to Implement Matrix Class using Constructor,

Destructor, Copy Constructor, Overloading assignment operator

Algorithm

Step 2: Create the class name as MATRIX.

Step 3: Declare the data member and member function.

Step 4: Declare constructor, destructor and copy constructor

Step 6: Stop the process.

Program

#include<conio.h>

class matrix

private:

int row;

int col;

int **p;

public:

matrix() //Constructor

row=col=0;

p=NULL;

matrix(int r,int c);

~matrix(); //Destructor

void read();

void show();

void add(matrix &a,matrix &b);

void sub(matrix &a,matrix &b);

void operator =(matrix &m1)

row=m1.row;

col=m1.col;

p=new int *[m1.row]; //dynamic allocation

for(int i=0;i<m1.row;i++)

p[i]=new int[m1.col];//dynamic allocation

matrix(matrix &m2)//copy construtor

row=m2.row;

col=m2.col;

p=new int *[m2.row]; //dynamic allocation

for(int i=0;i<m2.row;i++)

p[i]=new int[m2.col];//dynamic allocation

for(i=0;i<m2.row;i++)

for(int j=0;j<m2.col;j++)

p[i][j]=m2.p[i][j];

matrix::matrix(int r,int c)

row=r;

col=c;

p=new int *[row]; //dynamic allocation

for(int i=0;i<row;i++)

p[i]=new int[col];//dynamic allocation

matrix::~matrix()

for(int i=0;i<row;i++)

delete p[i];

delete p;

void matrix::add(matrix &a,matrix &b)

int i,j;

row=a.row;

col=b.col;

for(i=0;i<row;i++)

for(j=0;j<col;j++)

p[i][j]=a.p[i][j]+b.p[i][j];

void matrix::sub(matrix &a,matrix &b)

int i,j;

row=a.row;

col=b.col;

for(i=0;i<row;i++)

for(j=0;j<col;j++)

p[i][j]=a.p[i][j]-b.p[i][j];

void matrix::read()

int i,j;

10Yolearn

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for( i=0;i<row;i++)

for( j=0;j<col;j++)

cout<<"Matrix["<<i<<","<<j<<"]=";

cin>>p[i][j];

void matrix::show()

int i,j;

for(i=0;i<row;i++)

cout<<endl;

for( j=0;j<col;j++)

cout<<p[i][j]<<"\t";

void main()

int m,n,p,g,q;

clrscr();

cout<<"Enter the A matrix"<<endl;

cout<<"How many rows?";

cin>>m;

cout<<"How many col?";

cin>>n;

matrix a(m,n);

a.read();

matrix b;

b=a;//overloading assignment operator

cout<<”Overloading assignment operator Invoked”<<endl;

cout<<”Enter the B matrix”;

b.read();

cout<<"Matrix A is ..";

a.show();

cout<<endl<<"Matrix B is..";

b.show();

matrix c(m,n);

c.add(a,b);

cout<<endl<<"c=a+b..";

c.show();

matrix d(m,n);

d.sub(a,b);

cout<<endl<<"d=a-b..";

d.show();

cout<<"\nCopy constructor invoked"<<endl;

matrix e(d);//Copy Constructor

e.show();

getch();

Output

Enter the A matrix

How many rows?2

How many col?2

Matrix[0,0]=2

Matrix[0,1]=2

Matrix[1,0]=2

Matrix[1,1]=2

Overloading assignment operator Invoked

Enter the B matrix

Matrix[0,0]=1

Matrix[0,1]=1

Matrix[1,0]=1

Matrix[1,1]=1

Matrix A is ..

Matrix B is..

c=a+b..

d=a-b..

Copy constructor invoked

Result

Thus the C++ program to Implement Matrix Class using Constructor,

Ex. No 4 Overloading of new and delete operators for addition of

vector elements

To write a C++ program to Overload the new and delete operators for

addition of vector elements to provide custom dynamic allocation of memory.

Algorithm

Step 1: Start the program.

Step 2: Declare the necessary function prototype.

Step 3: Define void *operator new (), void operator delete () functions to allocate

storage and to delete the memory with the help of malloc and free

functions respectively.

Step 4: read () and sum () functions to get and calculate the vector addition.

Step 5: Stop the program.

Program

const int asize=10;

class vector

int *a;

public:

void * operator new(size_t )

vector *v;

v=::new vector;

v->a=new int[asize];

return v;

void operator delete(void *vec)

vector *v;

v=(vector *)vec;

delete(int*) v->a;

::delete vec;

void read()

for(int i=0;i<asize;i++)

cin>>a[i];

int sum()

int sum=0;

for(int i=0;i<asize;i++)

sum+=a[i];

return sum;

void main()

vector *v=new vector;

cout<<”Enter the vector elements”;

v->read();

cout<<”the sum of vector elements”<<v->sum();

delete v;

Output

Enter the vector elements 10

The sum of vector elements: 100

Result

Thus the program to Overload the new and delete operators for

addition of vector elements to provide custom dynamic allocation of memory is implemented.

Ex. No 5 Implementation of Template for Linked List Class

with necessary methods

To write a C++ program to implement the template of linked list class.

Algorithm

Step1: Start the program.

Step2: Create an emp and linked list class, declare necessary data members.

Also create a node structure with template based variables and link field.

Include necessary constructor, member function and destructor.

Step3: Define constructor linklist() to initialize the variable. Define

member function such as., void append(T),void addatbeg(T),void

addafter(int,T),void del(int),void display(),int count() to perform various

operation in the linked list.

Step4: Use destructor ~linklist() to destroy the allocated memory.

Step5: Create required objects to call the necessary function to perform all the

operations.

Step6: Display the result.

Step7: Stop the program.

Program

#include<string.h>

class emp

private:

char name[20];

int age;

float sal;

public:

emp(char *n="",int a=0,float s=0.0)

strcpy(name,n);

age=a;

sal=s;

friend ostream&operator<<(ostream &s,emp &e);

ostream&operator<<(ostream &s,emp &e)

cout<<e.name<<'\t'<<e.age<<'\t'<<e.sal;

return s;

template<class T>

class linklist

private:

struct node

T data;

node *link;

public:

linklist();

void append(T);

void addatbeg(T);

void addafter(int,T);

void del(int);

void display();

int count();

~linklist();

template<class T>

linklist<T>::linklist()

p=NULL;

//Adds a new node at the end of the linked list

template<class T>

void linklist<T>::append(T num)

node *q,*t;

//if the list is empty

if(p==NULL)

//create first node

p=new node;

p->data=num;

p->link=NULL;

//go to the last node

while(q->link!=NULL)

q=q->link;

//add node at the end

t=new node;

t->data=num;

t->link=NULL;

q->link=t;

//adds a new node at the beginning of the linked list

template<class T>

void linklist<T>::addatbeg(T num)

node *q;

//add new node

q=new node;

q->data=num;

q->link=p;

//adds a new node after the specified number of nodes

template<class T>

void linklist<T>::addafter(int c,T num)

node *q,*t;

int i;

//skip to the desired portion

for(i=0;q=p,i<=c;i++)

q=q->link;

//if end of linked list is encountered

if(q==NULL)

cout<<endl<<"There are less than"<<c<<"elements.";

return;

//insert new node

t=new node;

t->data=num;

t->link=q->link;

q->link=t;

//deletes the specified node from the linked list

template<class T>

void linklist<T>::del(int n)

node *q,*r;

int i=1;

//if node to be deleted is first node

if(n==1)

p=q->link;

delete q;

return;

//traverse list till the last but one node is reached

while(q!=NULL)

if(i==n)

r->link=q->link;

//free the memory occupied by the node

delete q;

return;

q=q->link;

cout<<endl<<"Element"<<n<<"not found";

}//displays the contents of the linked list

template<class T>

void linklist<T>::display()

node *q;

cout<<endl;

//traverse the entire linked list

for(q=p;q!=NULL;q=q->link)

cout<<q->data<<endl;

}//counts number of nodes present in the linked list

template<class T>

int linklist<T>::count()

node *q;

int c=0;

//traverse the entire linked list

for(q=p;q!=NULL;q=q->link)

return(c);

}//destroys the linked list object

template<class T>

linklist<T>::~linklist()

node *t;

while(p!=NULL)

p=p->link;

delete t;

void main()

linklist<int>l1;

cout<<endl<<"No.of elements in Linked list="<<l1.count();

l1.append(11);

l1.append(22);

l1.append(33);

l1.append(44);

l1.append(55);

l1.append(66);

l1.addatbeg(100);

l1.addatbeg(200);

19Yolearn

l1.addafter(3,333);

l1.addafter(6,444);

l1.display();

cout<<endl<<"No.of elements in linked list="<<l1.count();

l1.del(200);

l1.del(66);

l1.del(0);

l1.del(333);

l1.display();

linklist<emp>l2 ;

cout<<endl<<"No.OF elements in linked list="<<l2.count();

emp e1("Sanjay",23,1100.00);

emp e2("Sachin",33,3500.00);

emp e3("Sourav",24,2400.00);

emp e4("Sanket",25,2500.00);

emp e5("Sandeep",26,2600.00);

l2.append(e1);

l2.append(e2);

l2.append(e3);

l2.append(e4);

l2.append(e5);

l2.display();

l2.del(3);

l2.display();

l2.addatbeg(e5);

l2.display();

l2.addafter(3,e1);

l2.display();

Output

No.of elements in linked list =0

No.of elements in linked list=10

Element200not found

Element66not found

Element0not found

Element333not found

No.OF elements in linked list=0

Sanjay 23 1100

Sachin 33 3500

Sourav 24 2400

Sanket 25 2500

Sandeep 26 2600

Sanjay 23 1100

Sachin 33 3500

Sanket 25 2500

Sandeep 26 2600

Sanjay 23 1100

Sachin 33 3500

Sanket 25 2500

Sandeep 26 2600

Sanjay 23 1100

Sachin 33 3500

Sanket 25 2500

Sandeep 26 2600

Result

Thus the program to implement the template of linked list class is

implemented.

Ex. No 6 Generating Templates for standard sorting

algorithms

To write a C++ program to implement the Templates of standard sorting

algorithms such as bubble sort, insertion sort, merge sort, and quick sort

Algorithm

Step 2: Create the template to handle bubble sort, insertion sort, and

quick sort, merge sort.

Step 3: Get the element using for loop.

Step 4: Call the template function for sorting.

Step 6: Stop the process.

Program

#include<conio.h>

int a[20];

enum Boolean{false,true};

void merge(int,int,int);

//Bubble Sort

template<class T>

void swap(T &x,T&y)

template<class T>

void bubb(T &s,int size)

Boolean swapped=true;

for(int i=0;(i<size-1)&&swapped;i++)

swapped=false;

for(int j=0;j<(size-1)-i;j++)

if(s[j]>s[j+1])

swapped=true;

swap(s[j],s[j+1]);

//Merge Sort

Template<class T>

void merge_sort(int low,int high)

int mid;

if(low<high)

mid=(low+high)/2;

merge_sort(low,mid);

merge_sort(mid+1,high);

merge(low,mid,high);

void merge(int low,int mid,int high)

int h,i,j,b[50],k;

h=low;

i=low;

j=mid+1;

while((h<=mid)&&(j<=high))

if(a[h]<=a[j])

b[i]=a[h];

b[i]=a[j];

if(h>mid)

for(k=j;k<=high;k++)

b[i]=a[k];

for(k=h;k<=mid;k++)

b[i]=a[k];

for(k=low;k<=high;k++) a[k]=b[k];

//Insertion Sort

template<class T>

void insertionsort(T numbers[], int array_size)

T i, j, index;

for (i=1; i < array_size; i++)

index = numbers[i];

j = i;

while ((j > 0) && (numbers[j-1] > index))

numbers[j] = numbers[j-1];

j = j - 1;

numbers[j] = index;

//Quick Sort

template<class T>

int Partition(int low,int high,T arr[])

{ T pivot,high_vac,low_vac;

pivot=arr[low];

while(high>low)

high_vac=arr[high];

while(pivot<high_vac)

if(high<=low) break;

high--;

high_vac=arr[high];

arr[low]=high_vac;

low_vac=arr[low];

while(pivot>low_vac)

if(high<=low)

break;

low++;

low_vac=arr[low];

arr[high]=low_vac;

arr[low]=pivot;

return low;

template<class T>

void Quick_sort(int low,int high,T arr[])

int Piv_index;

if(low<high)

Piv_index=Partition(low,high,arr);

Quick_sort(low,Piv_index-1,arr);

Quick_sort(Piv_index+1,high,arr);

void main()

int num[25],temp[25];

float floatnum[25];

int i,size,ch;

clrscr();

cout<<"Program to sort.."<<endl;

cout<<"enter the size of interger and float:";

cin>>size;

cout<<"Enter the integer element"<<endl;

for(i=0;i<size;i++)

cin>>num[i];

cout<<"Enter the float element"<<endl;

for( i=0;i<size;i++)

cin>>floatnum[i];

cout<<"Sorting"<<endl;

cout<<"1.Merge Sort\n2.Quick sort\n3.Insertion sort\n4.Bubble

sort\n5.Float bubble sort\n6.Float insertion sort\n7.Float quick

sort\n8.Exit"<<endl;

cout<<"Enter your choice:";

cin>>ch;

switch(ch)

case 1:

merge_sort(0,size);

cout<<"sorted vector:"<<endl;

for(i=0;i<size;i++)

cout<<num[i]<<"\n";

break;

case 2:

Quick_sort(0,size-1,num);

for(i=0;i<size;i++)

cout<<num[i]<<"\n";

break;

case 3:

insertionsort(num,size);

for(i=0;i<size;i++)

cout<<num[i]<<"\n";

break;

case 4:

bubb(num,size);

for(i=0;i<size;i++)

cout<<num[i]<<"\n";

break;

case 5:

bubb(floatnum,size);

for(i=0;i<size;i++)

cout<<floatnum[i]<<"\n";

break;

case 6:

insertionsort(floatnum,size);

for(i=0;i<size;i++)

break;

case 7:

Quick_sort(0,size-1,floatnum);

for(i=0;i<size;i++)

break;

case 8:

break;

}while(ch<8);

getch();

Output

Program to sort..

enter the size of interger and float:5

Enter the integer element

Enter the float element

Sorting

1.Merge Sort

2.Quick sort

3.Insertion sort

4.Bubble sort

5.Float bubble sort

6.Float insertion sort

7.Float quick sort

8.Exit

Enter your choice:2

sorted vector:

Sorting

1.Merge Sort

2.Quick sort

3.Insertion sort

4.Bubble sort

5.Float bubble sort

7.Float quick sort

8.Exit

Enter your choice:7

Sorting

1.Merge Sort

2.Quick sort

3.Insertion sort

4.Bubble sort

5.Float bubble sort

7.Float quick sort

8.Exit

Enter your choice:8

Result

Thus the program to implement the Templates of standard sorting

algorithms such as bubble sort, insertion sort, merge sort, and quick sort is

implemented.

Ex. No 7a Design of Stack classes with necessary

Exception handling

To write a C++ program to implement the stack class with necessary

exception handling.

Algorithm

Step 1: Start the Process

Step 2: Create the class for stack.

Step 3: Declare the member function for push and pop operation.

Step 4: Push operation to insert the element.

Step 5: Pop operation to delete the element.

Program

#define MAX 5

class stack

protected:

int arr[MAX];

public:

int item;

int top;

stack()

top=0;

class overflowException{};

void push(int a)

cout<<top;

if(top<MAX)

top++;

arr[top]=a;

{throw overflowException();

class underflowException{};

int pop()

if(top==0)

throw underflowException();

int data=arr[top];

top--;

return data;

int main()

char ch;

int choice;

stack a;

cout<<”1.Push\n2.Pop<<end1;

cout<<"Enter the choice";

cin>>choice;

switch(choice)

case 1:

cout<<"enter the item";

cin>>a.item;

a.push(a.item);

cout<<”Item pushed”;

catch(stack::overflowException )

cout<<"Stack overflow";

break;

case 2:

cout<<”Item Popped:”<<a.pop();

catch(stack::underflowException)

cout<<"Stack is empty";

break;

cout<<"do u want to continue";

cin>>ch;

while(ch=='y');

return 0;

Output

1.Push

Enter the choice:1

enter the item:2

Item pushed

do u want to continue Y

1.Push

Enter the choice:1

enter the item:3

Item pushed

do u want to continue Y

1.Push

Enter the choice:2

Item Popped:3

do u want to continue n

Result

Thus the program to implement the stack class with necessary exception

handling is implemented.

Ex. No 7b Designing of Queue classes with necessary

Exception handling

To write a C++ program to implement the Queue class with necessary

exception handling.

Algorithm

Step 1: Start the Process

Step 2: Create a class for queue.

Step 3: Declare the member function for front and rear operation.

Step 4: Provide necessary exception handling for stack and queue.

Step 6: Stop the Process

Program

class que

int size;

int arr[5];

int rear,front;

int data;

public:

size=5;

rear=-1;

front=-1;

class quefullException{};

void enque(int data)

if(rear+1>=size)

throw quefullException();

if(rear==-1&&front==-1)

front++;

rear++;

cout<<"rear"<<rear;

arr[rear]=data;

cout<<arr[rear];

class queEmptyException{};

int deque()

if(front>rear)

throw queEmptyException();

return(arr[front++]);

int main()

que q;

char choice;

Cout<<”1.Insert\n2.Delete”<<endl;

cout<<"enter the choice:";

int ch;

cin>>ch;

switch(ch)

case 1:

cout<<"enter the element to insert";

int item;

cin>>item;

q.enque(item);

cout<<“Item inserted”;

catch(que::quefullException)

cout<<"Queue is full";

break;

case 2:

cout<<"the deleted item from queue"<<q.deque();

catch(que::queEmptyException)

cout<<"queue is empty";

break;

cout<<"continue(y/n)";

cin>>choice;

}while(choice=='y');

Output

1.Insert

2.Delete

Enter the choice:1

enter the element to insert :2

Item inserted

continue (y/n)y

1.Insert

2.Delete

Enter the choice:1

enter the element to insert :3

Item inserted

continue (y/n)y

1.Insert

2.Delete

Enter the choice:2

the deleted item from queue:2

continue (y/n)n

Result

Thus the program to implement the Queue class with necessary exception

handling is implemented.

Ex. No 8 Implementation of Graph for calculating Minimum

Spanning Tree

To Write a C++ Program to implement the graph and to obtain a minimum

cost spanning tree.

Algorithm

Step 2:.Create a class to get the edges and cost of the graph.

Step 3: Define a Graph class which represents the collection of Point and Arc

objects.

Step 4: Write a method to find a minimum cost spanning tree in a graph.

Program

#include<conio.h>

class kruskal

private:

int n; //no of nodes

int noe; //no edges in the graph

int graph_edge[100][4];

int tree[10][10];

int sets[100][10];

int top[100];

public:

void read_graph();

void initialize_span_t();

void sort_edges();

void algorithm();

int find_node(int );

void print_min_span_t(); };

void kruskal::read_graph()

cout<<”*************************************************\n”

<<”This program implements the kruskal algorithm\n”

<<”*************************************************\n”;

cout<<”Enter the no. of nodes in the undirected weighted graph ::”;

cin>>n;

noe=0;

cout<<”Enter the weights for the following edges ::\n”;

for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)

for(int j=i+1;j<=n;j++)

cout<<” < “<<i<<” , “<<j<<” > ::”;

int w;

cin>>w;

if(w!=0)

noe++;

graph_edge[noe][1]=i;

graph_edge[noe][2]=j;

graph_edge[noe][3]=w; } } }

// print the graph edges

cout<<”\n\nThe edges in the given graph are::\n”;

for(i=1;i<=noe;i++)

cout<<” < “<<graph_edge[i][1]

<<” , “<<graph_edge[i][2]

<<” > ::”<<graph_edge[i][3]<<endl;

void kruskal::sort_edges()

/**** Sort the edges using bubble sort in increasing order**************/

for(int i=1;i<=noe-1;i++)

for(int j=1;j<=noe-i;j++)

if(graph_edge[j][3]>graph_edge[j+1][3])

int t=graph_edge[j][1];

graph_edge[j][1]=graph_edge[j+1][1];

graph_edge[j+1][1]=t;

t=graph_edge[j][2];

graph_edge[j+1][2]=t;

t=graph_edge[j][3];

graph_edge[j+1][3]=t; } } }

// print the graph edges

cout<<”\n\nAfter sorting the edges in the given graph are::\n”;

for(i=1;i<=noe;i++)

cout<<” < “<<graph_edge[i][1]

<<” , “<<graph_edge[i][2]

<<” > ::”<<graph_edge[i][3]<<endl; }

void kruskal::algorithm()

// ->make a set for each node

for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)

sets[i][1]=i;

top[i]=1; }

cout<<”\nThe algorithm starts ::\n\n”;

for(i=1;i<=noe;i++)

int p1=find_node(graph_edge[i][1]);

int p2=find_node(graph_edge[i][2]);

if(p1!=p2)

cout<<”The edge included in the tree is ::”

<<” < “<<graph_edge[i][1]<<” , “

<<graph_edge[i][2]<<” > “<<endl<<endl;

tree[graph_edge[i][1]][graph_edge[i][2]]=graph_edge[i][3];

tree[graph_edge[i][2]][graph_edge[i][1]]=graph_edge[i][3];

// Mix the two sets

for(int j=1;j<=top[p2];j++)

top[p1]++;

sets[p1][top[p1]]=sets[p2][j]; }

top[p2]=0; }

cout<<”Inclusion of the edge “

<<” < “<<graph_edge[i][1]<<” , “

<<graph_edge[i][2]<<” > “<<”forms a cycle so it is removed\n\n”; } } }

int kruskal::find_node(int n)

for(int i=1;i<=noe;i++)

for(int j=1;j<=top[i];j++)

if(n==sets[i][j])

return i; } }

return -1; }

int main()

clrscr();

kruskal obj;

obj.read_graph();

obj.sort_edges();

obj.algorithm();

return 0;

getch(); }

Output

*************************************************

This program implements the kruskal algorithm

*************************************************

Enter the no. of nodes in the undirected weighted graph ::3

Enter the weights for the following edges ::

< 1 , 2> ::3

< 1 , 3> ::1

< 2 , 3> ::4

38Yolearn

The edges in the given graph are::

< 1 , 2 > ::3

< 1 , 3 > ::1

< 2 , 3 > ::4

After sorting the edges in the given graph are::

< 1, 3 > ::1

< 1, 2 > ::3

< 2, 3 > ::4

The algorithm starts ::

The edge included in the tree is :: < 1 , 3 >

The edge included in the tree is :: < 1 , 2 >

Inclusion of the edge < 2 , 3 > forms a cycle so it is removed

Result

Thus the Program to implement the graph and to obtain a minimum cost

spanning tree is implemented.

Ex. No 9 Implementation of dynamic polymorphism & RTTI

To write a C++ program to implement Hierarchy classes with Dynamic

polymorphism and Use Virtual concept along with RTTI

Algorithm

Step 2: Create a class SHAPE with data member and one member function as

Virtual.

Step 3: Create a derived class square,rectangle,polygon,circle and triangle with

SHAPE as base class.

Step 4: Create a Object in the main function.

Step 5: Invoke the appropriate function using object.

Step 6: Finally display the result.

40Yolearn

Program

#include<conio.h>

class shape

public:

int x,y;

public:

void getdata(int a,int b=0)

virtual void area()

cout<<"shape ";

class square:public shape

public:

void area()

cout<<"area of square:"<<x*x<<endl;

class rectangle:public shape

public:

void area()

cout<<"area of rectangle:"<<x*y<<endl;

class circle:public shape

public:

void area()

cout<<"area of circle:"<<(3.14)*x*x<<endl;

class triangle:public shape

public:

int area1;

void area()

cout<<"area of triangle:";

area1=(0.5)*x*y;

cout<<area1<<endl;

class polygon:public triangle

public:

void area()

cout<<"area of polygon:"<<6*area1<<endl;

void main()

clrscr();

shape *s;

triangle t;

square sq;

rectangle rt;

polygon p;

circle c;

s->getdata(3,2);

s->area();

s=&sq;

s->getdata(4);

s->area();

s->getdata(3);

s->area();

s=&rt;

s->getdata(2,4);

s->area();

getch();

Output

area of triangle:3

area of square:16

area of circle:28.26

area of rectangle:8

area of polygon:23772

Result

Thus the program to implement Hierarchy classes with Dynamic

polymorphism and Use of Virtual concept along with RTTI is implemented.

Ex. No 10 File operations with randomly generated complex

Number

To a C++ program to implement the randomly generates complex

numbers and write them two per line in a file along with an operator. The

numbers are written to file in the format(a+ib).Write another program to read

one line at a time from this file, perform the corresponding operation on the two complex numbers read and write the result to another file.

Algorithm

Step 2: Create two files.

Step 3: One file is to read and another file to write.

Step 4: Do the operations in one file and write the result in another file.

Program

//Complex Class defined in a.cpp program

class complex

float real,imag;

public:

void get()

cin>>real>>imag;

float put1()

return real;

float put2()

return imag;

//Program for writing a complex numbers in a file along with operators

#include "a.cpp"

#include<fstream.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{clrscr();

fstream f("a.txt",ios::out);

complex c,c1;

char ch;

cout<<"enter the complex number1";

c1.get();

cout<<"enter the complex number2";

c.get();

char op;

cout<<"enter the operation to perform";

cin>>op;

f<<c1.put1()<<",i";

f<<c1.put2()<<"\t"<<op<<"\t";

f<<c.put1()<<",i";

f<<c.put2()<<endl;

cout<<"do u want to write one more";

cin>>ch;

}while(ch=='y');

f.close();

//Program for reading from file one line at a time and doing corresponding

operation and write the result in another file

#include<fstream.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<string.h>

#include<stdlib.h>

void main()

clrscr();

fstream f1("a.txt",ios::in);

float r1,r2,r3,im1,im2,im3;

char *opertor,*c1,*c2,buffer[100];

while(!f1.eof())

f1.getline(buffer,100);

cout<<buffer<<endl;

for(int j=0;j<100;j++)

{if(buffer[j]=='+'||buffer[j]=='-'||buffer[j]=='*'||buffer[j]=='/')

char o=buffer[j];

opertor=&o;

c1=strtok(buffer,opertor);

cout<<"c1"<<c1<<endl;

c2=strtok(NULL,opertor);

cout<<"c2"<<c2<<endl;

if(*opertor=='+')

char *s=strtok(c1,",");

char *s1=strtok(NULL,",i");

cout<<s<<s1<<"1st"<<endl;

r1=atof(s);

im1=atof(s1);

r2=atof(strtok(c2,","));

im2=atof(s2);

cout<<"real,img of c1:"<<r1<<r2<<im1<<im2<<endl;

r3=r1+r2;

im3=im1+im2;

cout<<r3<<im3;

fstream f2("out.txt",ios::out|ios::app);

f2<<r3<<"i"<<im3<<endl;

if(*opertor=='-')

{ char *s=strtok(c1,",");

cout<<s<<s1<<"2nd"<<endl;

r1=atof(s);

im1=atof(s1);

im2=atof(s2);

cout<<"real,img of c2:"<<r1<<r2<<im1<<im2<<endl;

r3=r1-r2;

im3=im1-im2;

cout<<r3<<im3;

f2<<r3<<im3<<"i"<<endl;

f2.close();

if(*opertor=='*')

cout<<"entered";

cout<<s<<s1<<"3rd"<<endl;

r1=atof(s);

im1=atof(s1);

im2=atof(s2);

cout<<"real,img"<<r1<<r2<<im1<<im2;

r3=(r1*r2)-(im1*im2);

im3=(im1*r2)+(im2*r1);

f2<<r3<<","<<im3<<"i"<<endl;

f2.close();

if(*opertor=='/')

cout<<s<<s1<<"3rd"<<endl;

r1=atof(s);

im1=atof(s1);

im2=atof(s2);

cout<<"real,img"<<r1<<r2<<im1<<im2;

r3=((r1*r2)+(im1*im2))/((im1*im1)+(im2*im2));

im3=((im1*r2)-(im2*r1))/((im1*im1)+(im2*im2));

cout<<r3<<im3;

f2<<r3<<im3<<"i"<<endl;

f2.close();

Output:

Writing in a file:

enter the complex number11

enter the operation to perform+

do u want to write one more y

enter the complex number1 2

enter the operation to performdo u want to write one more y

enter the operation to perform*

do u want to write one more y

enter the operation to perform/

do u want to write one more n

Text file a.txt:

1,i1 + 1,i1

2,i2 - 1,i1

1,i1 * 1,i1

2,i1 / 2,i2

Out.txt

1.2 -0.4i

Result

Thus the program to implement the randomly generates complex

numbers and write them two per line in a file along with an operator.

oops lab manual-alligned

static data

default argument

function

int

default

pass

process

assigned

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