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InstitutInstitut TeknologiTeknologi BandungBandung, Indonesia, Indonesia
FakultasFakultas TeknologiTeknologi IndustriIndustri -- DepartemenDepartemen TeknikTeknikKimiaKimia
3030 MarchMarch 2010 in2010 in BandungBandung
ADVANCED COGENERATION SYSTEMSADVANCED COGENERATION SYSTEMS --
A DESALINATIONA DESALINATION--POWER PLANTPOWER PLANT--CONCEPTCONCEPT
Dr.Dr.--Ing. Claudia WernerIng. Claudia Werner
Technische UniversitTechnische Universitt Berlin, Germanyt Berlin, Germany
Fachgebiet
Anlagen- undSicherheitstechnik
Fachgebiet
Anlagen- undSicherheitstechnik
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Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. State of the Art of Desalination/Electricity Production
3. Combination - Desalination Plant /CCGT Plant
4. Recent Research - Thermoeconomics and Optimisation Approaches
5. Simulation Process
6. Results of the Simulation Process
7. Conclusion and Outlook
8. Acknowledgement
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Cogeneration is the simultaneous production of heat and power in a
single thermodynamic process
Cogeneration systems such as CCGT power plants or block heat andpower plants are available on the market
Application is motivated by different issues of climate protection
Advanced cogeneration systems:
- Combined production of
Electricity/District Cooling
- Combined production of
Electricity/Chemicals
- Combined production of
Electricity/Fresh Water
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
1. INTRODUCTION - Cogeneration Systems
Source: http://www.vattenfall.de, 2010.
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1. INTRODUCTION - Water Supply/Water Withdrawal
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
Increasing world water withdrawals since 1900
Source: http://www.worldwatercouncil.org, 2010.
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Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
1. INTRODUCTION - Withdrawal to Availability Ratio
Source: Konishi,T. Global Water Issues and Nuclear Seawater Desalination, 2010.
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18,000 island, 6,000 inhabited
by 215 million people
endowed with 5,590 riversflowing over 5,500 km/year
of water
annual amount of precipitation in the range of 1,000 mm to 5,000 mm
fresh water supply by shallow water wells and deep water ground
surface
annual water resources in Indonesia: 1,690 x 10 m/km or16.8 x 10 m/capita
intrusions of seawater detected in Jakarta, Medan, Semarang, Surabayaand Ujung Pandang
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
1. INTRODUCTION - Situation in Indonesia
Source: www.weltkarte.com, 2010 .
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Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
1. INTRODUCTION - Water Resource and Water Demand
358,813156,8503,221,000Indonesia
1,886589981,000Mollucas+Papua
23,0938,2041,008,000Borneo
49,58325,298738,000Sumatra
77,30525,555247,000Celebes
42,27413,82760,000Lesser Sunda
164,67283,378187,000Java
20152000
(mill. m/year)
(mill. m/year)
Water DemandWater ResourceIsland(s)
Source: Sunaryo, G. R. Prospect on Desalination and other non-electric Applications of Nuclear Energy in Indonesia,
2010.
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Thermal Processes
- Multi Effect Distillation (MED)
- Multi Stage Flash (MSF)- Thermal Vapor Compression (TVC)
Non-Thermal Processes
- Reverse Osmosis (RO)- Mechanical Vapor Compression (MVC)
Desalination Projects in Indonesia
- Fossil Desalination Projects (Pulau Seribu, Sulawesi)
- Nuclear Desalination Projects (Madura Island)
- Renewable Desalination Projects (Cituis)
Thermal Processes
- Multi Effect Distillation (MED)
- Multi Stage Flash (MSF)- Thermal Vapor Compression (TVC)
Non-Thermal Processes
- Reverse Osmosis (RO)- Mechanical Vapor Compression (MVC)
Desalination Projects in Indonesia
- Fossil Desalination Projects (Pulau Seribu, Sulawesi)
- Nuclear Desalination Projects (Madura Island)
- Renewable Desalination Projects (Cituis)
1. INTRODUCTION - Desalination Processes and Projects
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
Source: Konishi,T. Global Water Issues and Nuclear Seawater Desalination, 2010.
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2. STATE OF THE ART - Desalination Plants
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
Multi Effect Distillation (MED)
Typical capacity: 500 - 18,000 m/d
Electric consumption: 1 - 2.5 kWh/m
Heat consumption: 150 - 260 MJ/m
Product salinity: < 10 ppm TDS
Facility: Telde & Las Palmas -Gran Canaria
Multi Effect Distillation ProcessSource: http://www.ide-tech.com, 2009.
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2. STATE OF THE ART - Desalination Plants
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
feed
product
sole
finalcondenser
stage 1
steam
stage 2 stage 3
condensate
steamfromCCGT
steam toCCGT
sole
feed
product
sole
finalcondenser
stage 1
steam
stage 2 stage 3
condensate
steamfromCCGT
steam toCCGT
p1 > p2 > p3T1 > T2 > T3
H. Mller-Holst: Mehrfacheffekt-Feucht-
luftdestillation bei Umgebungsdruck, 2002.
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2. STATE OF THE ART - Desalination Plants
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
Reverse Osmosis (RO)
Typical capacity: 1 - 10,900 m/dElectric consumption: 4 - 9 kWh/m
Product salinity: < 500 ppm TDS
product
concentrate
feed
HP PUMP
pretreat-ment
posttreat-ment
H. Mller-Holst: Mehrfacheffekt-Feuchtluftdestillation bei Umgebungsdruck, 2002.
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2. STATE OF THE ART - Hybrid Desalination Plants
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
Increased flexibility in desalination plant management
Economic aspects of hybrid desalination plants
Modulation of the Power-to-Water-Ratio (PWR) as required
MEDMED--MSFMSFMEDMED--MSFMSF--VCVCMEDMED--VCVCMEDMED--RORO
ThermalThermal ratioratio of hybrid MEDof hybrid MED plantsplants
Figure: Hybrid desalination plants based on MED according to the thermal ratio
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2. STATE OF THE ART - Hybrid Desalination Plants
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
MED/RO in parallel connection
- independent operation of the
desalination units (MED/RO)
- complete sharing of the energy
supply, the water pre- and post-treatment as well as the product
and sole removal facilities
- examples (parallel connection):
Jubail (Saudi Arabia)
Madina-Yanbu (Saudi Arabia)
common
intake
MED plant
RO plant
outfall
product
Source: M. A. Helal, et al.: Optimal design of hybrid
RO/MSF desalination plant, 2003.
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2. STATE OF THE ART - Hybrid Desalination Plants
electric power requirement
(MED/RO)1.3 kWh/m / 6.5 kWh/m(3)
steam recirculation (MED)66 t/h / 1.1 bar / 102 C(2)steam requirement (MED)66 t/h / 1.1 bar / 157 C(1)
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
product
water
feed
(seawater)
Hybrid desalination plant
MED Plant
A2
RO Plant
A1 A3
sole
TotalTotal desalinationdesalination capacitycapacity = 2 x 17,500 m= 2 x 17,500 m/d/d
MEDMED capacitycapacity/ RO/ RO capacitycapacity = 1= 1 :: 11
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2. STATE OF THE ART - Electricity Production (750 MW)
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
CCGT Seabank Power Station -
Electric base and mid-load supply
Source: Kraftwerksschule Essen e.V.
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low pressure parameter36.2 t/h / 4.8 bar / 235 C
medium pressure parameter52.1 t/h / 30 bar / 320 C
reheat parameter247.6 t/h / 28.5 bar / 550 C
high pressure parameter253.3 t/h / 110 bar / 550 C
Electricity Production: CCGT Seabank Power Station
Triple-pressure process and single reheat
CCGT Power Station on natural gas basis
Electricity yield: 57.8 %
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
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3. COMBINATION - Desalination plant /CCGT plant
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
flue gas
product
water
feed
(seawater)
CCGT power plantair
natural gas gas turbines HRSGsteam
turbines
Hybrid desalination plant
MED Plant
A2
RO Plant
A1 A3
sole
electric
power
electric power requirement
(MED/RO)1.3 kWh/m / 6.5 kWh/m(3)
steam recirculation (MED)66 t/h / 1.1 bar / 102 C(2)
steam requirement (MED)66 t/h / 1.1 bar / 157 C(1)
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Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
Interfaces Desalination Plant - CCGT Power Station
Interface Desalination PlantInterface Desalination PlantInterfaces Desalination PlantInterfaces Desalination Plant
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4. RECENT RESEARCH -
Aspects of Thermoeconomics
component k
in,k,nC&
in,k,2C&
OMk
CIkk ZZZ
&&& +=
1
out,k,2C&
out,k,1C&
2
1
out,k,mC& mn
2
in,k,1C&
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
jjjjjj emcEcC ==&&
( ) ( )==
=++
m
joutkjj
OMk
CIk
n
jinkjj
EcZZEc
1,
1,
&&&&
Source: A. Bejan, et al.: Thermal design and optimization, 1996
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ED/ED,max in %
(Z/ED)/(Z/ED
)maxin%
mediumlow hi h
lo
w
mediu
m
high
4. RECENT RESEARCH -
Optimisation Approach according to Ogriseck/Meyer
.
.
.
.
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
An increase of the capital cost of
these components is recommended
A decrease of
the capital cost
of these
components is
recommended
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4. RECENT RESEARCH -
Optimisation Approach according to Scheffler
.
.
.
.
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
Direction and extent
specifications for the inputparameter variations within
the optimisation process
Example of an isolineillustration to describe the
nonlinear correlation of the
input parameters
(x1, x2 - cp. figure)
Source: E. Scheffler: Statistische Versuchsplanung
und -auswertung, 1997.
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5. SIMULATION/OPTIMISATION PROCESS
Combination of the parameters of both subsystems
Stationary nominal operation of the cogeneration system
Simulation of the energy supply of the hybrid desalination plant
on the basis of GE Energy - GateCycle
Thermoeconomic analyses on the basis GATEX, MATLAB and
Microsoft Excel
SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS:
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
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5. SIMULATION PROCESS
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
Electricity cost: 4.32 ct/kWh Water cost: 2.08 EUR/m
0
33
67
100
0 33 67 100
ED/ED,max in %
(Zk/ED
)/(Zk/ED)maxin%
mediumlow high
low
medium
high
CMB1/CMB2
HPSHT3/HPSH23
PUMP2
PUMP3MPECO/MPECO2ST2
ST1
PUMP1
MPZHT2/MPZH22
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6. RESULTS OF THE SIMULATION PROCESS
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
100 C 140 C
1220 C 1220 C
- 0.22 %
0.00 %
Exergy
efficiency
- 0.03 %
0.00 %
Electricity
cost
- 0.07 %
0.00 %
CMB1/CMB2
Fuel preheating
Outlet Temperature
Water
cost
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Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
- 0.01 %
0.00 %
0.00 %
0.00 %
0.00 %
0.00 %
- 0.02 %
0.00 %
- 0.02 %
85.0 % 80.5 %
85.0 % 85.0 %
85.0 % 83.0 %
PUMP1
PUMP2
PUMP3Isentropic efficiency
25.3 K 54.3 K9.8 K 67.8 K
33.9 K 81.9 K
85.0 % 82.0 %
89.0 % 87.5 %
100 C 140 C
1220 C 1220 C
- 0.10 % 0.00 %
- 1.31 %
- 0.20 %
- 0.12 %
- 0.22 %
0.00 %
Exergy
efficiency
- 0.58 %- 0.43 %
- 1.01 %
- 0.03 %
- 0.03 %
- 0.03 %
0.00 %
Electricity
cost
- 0.07 %
0.00 %
CMB1/CMB2
Fuel preheating
Outlet Temperature
- 0.04 %
- 0.01 %
ST1
ST2
Isentropic efficiency
- 0.34 %- 0.37 %
- 0.41 %
HPSHT3/HPSH23MPECO/MPECO2
MPZHT2/MPZHT22Temperature difference
Water
cost
6. RESULTS OF THE SIMULATION PROCESS
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6. RESULTS OF THE SIMULATION PROCESS
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
Electricity cost: 4.23 ct/kWh Water cost: 2.05 EUR/m
0
33
67
100
0 33 67 100ED/ED,max in %
(Zk/ED)/(Zk/ED)maxin%
prior to optimisation
after optimistion
mediumlow high
low
medium
high
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Application of combined methods including thermoeconomic and
statistical approaches
Investigation of further cogeneration concepts, e. g. combined
production of hydrogen and electricity
7. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK
Each component is characterised by specific dimensioning parameters,
which qualify the relative exergy destruction and the specific cost ratios
According to the optimisation approach by Ogriseck/Meyer differentcomponents are determined to affect the exergy or cost efficiency
Modifications investigated result in decreased product cost
(electricity/water) and decreased exergy efficiency
Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
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The author gratefully acknowledge the support of the Kraftwerksschule
Essen e.V. and Siemens AG.
Contact Data: Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
Technische Universitt Berlin
Institut fr Prozess- und Verfahrenstechnik
Fachgebiet: Anlagen- und Sicherheitstechnik (TK-01)Strae des 17. Juni 135
D-10623 Berlin
http://www.ast.tu-berlin.de/
claudia.werner@tu-berlin.deFachgebiet
Anlagen- undSicherheitstechnik
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Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
Sensitivity Analyses - Product Cost (Electricity/Water)
Variation of the component parameters 5 % (prior to optimisation)
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
-5 -2.5 0 2.5 5
parameter variation in %
costvariationin
CMB1/CMB2 - Fuel preheating CMB1/CMB2 - Outlet temperature
PUMP1 - Isentropic efficiency PUMP2 - Isentropic efficiency
PUMP3 - Isentropic efficiency ST1 - Isentropic efficiency
ST2 - Isentropic efficiency HPSHT3/HPSH23 - Temperature difference
MPECO/MPECO2 - Temperature difference MPZHT2/MPZH22 - Temperature difference
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
-5 -2.5 0 2.5 5
parameter variation in %
costvariationin
Electricity Water (MED/RO)
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Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
Economic Aspects of Hybrid Desalination Plants (MED:RO)
Water cost in EUR/m related to the ratio of MED: RO and
the total desalination capacity
0.0 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.5 2.3 4.0 9.0
13500
20250
27000
33750
40500
47250
54000
60750
67500
MED:RO-Verhltnis
total
desalinationcapacityinm/
1.00-1.25 1.25-1.50
1.50-1.75 1.75-2.00
2.00-2.25 2.25-2.50
2.50-2.75 2.75-3.00
MED : RO
Totaldes
alinationcapacity
inm/d
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Dr.-Ing. Claudia Werner
10.32 EUR/temission certificate (CO2 )
2.63 EUR/GJfuel cost
1.0 %fuel escalation
0.7 %general escalation
2.3 %inflation12 %interest rate
7446 hannual utilisation period
30 alife cycle
01/2007reference date
Economic Data of the Desalination Plant/CCGT Plant (Selection)
Desalination data according to the publications of Wangnick Consul-
ting GmbH, IDE Technologies Ltd. and A. M. Helal et al.
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