pacific marine ecology ppt
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Marine EcologyThe Great Blue Sea
By the end of this unit you will be able to…• Describe the basics of marine ecology• Identify/label the horizontal and vertical zones of the ocean• Describe various marine organisms’ adaptations • Create a marine ecosystem that would live off the coast of Oregon• Describe how global climate change is affecting our oceans
• ACE YOUR FINAL!!
Objective for Today:• I can explain the 8 features of marine ecology and identify the zones
of the ocean.
Essential Question: • What is marine ecology and how is the ocean divided up into different
zones?
Biologists early became intrigued with the amazing variety of life to be found along the shores and among the coral reefs.
HMS Challenger (1872) – the first to be specifically equipped for the study of the sea.
How many oceans are on Earth? Talk to your neighbor. How many can you name?
There are 5!Pacific OceanAtlantic OceanArtic Ocean Indian OceanAntarctic Ocean
What is marine ecology?
It is an interactive science that studies the basic structural and functional relationships within and among living populations and their physical-chemical environments in marine ecosystems.
AKA- the study of biotic and abiotic interactions in marine ecosystems.
Estuaries
Subtopics:• Ecological features of the seaEcological features of the sea
ZonationMangroves and Coral Reefs
Marine Biota and Communities
Features of Marine Ecology
Features of Marine Ecology1. The sea is big – it covers 70% of the Earth’s surface.
2. The sea is deep and life extends to all its depths
- Although apparently there are no abiotic zones in the ocean, life is much denser around the margin of continents and islands.
3. The sea is continuous, not separated as our land and fresh water habitats.
4. The sea is in continuous circulation- air temperature differences between poles and equator set up strong winds such as the trade winds (blowing steadily in the same direction the year around) which, together with rotation of the Earth, create different currents.
Features of Marine Ecology
2 types of water movement that contributes to coastal fertility
Upwelling- bringing to the surface cold water rich in nutrients which have been accumulating in the depths.
-The most productive marine area is located in this region.
Out-welling-occurs when nutrient-rich estuarine water moves out to sea.
5. The sea is dominated by waves of many kind and by tides produced by the pull of moon and sun.
6. The sea is salty- the average salinity or salt contents is 35 parts of salts by weight per 1000 parts of water, or 3.5%.
Sea water has the pH of 8.2Is that basic, neutral, or acidic?
7. The concentration of dissolved nutrients is low and constitutes an important limiting factor in determining the size of marine population.
8. The ocean floor is constantly altered and renewed by tectonic and sedimentary processes.
- the sea floor is slowly spreading outward from mid-ocean ridges, pushing continents apart as it progresses.
Example: continental drift
The Marine Biota
What is Marine Biota?
Biota
The combined flora and fauna of a region.
The animal or plant life of a particular region.
Plants!Animals!
Examples of Marine Biota in the Pacific Ocean
Zooplankton
Phytoplankton Cuttlefis
h
Medusa Jellyfish
California Sea Lion
Brown Pelican
Gray Whale
Chinook Salmon
Example of Marine Food Web and Food Chain
Zonation in the Sea
What is zonation ?
Zonation is a bit of biological terminology that refers to the way an ecosystem can be divided up into zones based on a particular factor, such as altitude or latitude.
Think about the tidal zones we just studied.
Zonation
Marine Environments
Life Zones in the Ocean
I. Horizontal zones- Those extending from the sea.
A.Coastal (Intertidal) Zone:
• region in which tides expose the sea bottom for some part of each day.
• The habitats are alternately submerged under salt water and waterlogged for hours and then exposed to the air and dried out for hours.
B. Pelagic Zone:
• located seaward of the coastal zone’s low-tide mark, this contains the vast open waters of the ocean. Two subdivisions are recognized:
b. Oceanic Zone• the region of the sea extending to the edge of the
continental shelf, over the continental slope, and over ocean floor.
• It is characterized by darkness and tremendous pressure. Vertical line zones are significant here.
a. Neretic Zone• the water underlying the continental shelf. With
the exemption of Antarctica, these waters usually extend to a depth of 600 ft. Sunlight penetrates the entire water column.
Insert Picture of Neretic and Oceanic Zones
Life Zones in the OceanII. Vertical line zones of the oceanic zone
Defined by:• How much light it receives• Depth • Amount of pressure
A. Neustic zone:• the thin film or “skin” formed by surface tension at
the surface of the water.
B. Sunlight or Euphotic zone (Epipelagic):• the top of the water column as far down as light is
available for photosynthesis. Depending upon water clarity, the bottom of the euphotic zone is about 500 ft. below sea level.
• 90% of life lives here due to the availability of light!
C. Twilight or Disphotic zone:• the water column below the euphotic
zone. Food chains usually begin with detritus (dead stuff) or living algae and bacteria sinking from above.
• Very little light => NO PLANTS!
D. Midnight or Abyssal Zone or Aphotic!
Makes up 90% of the oceanVery few organisms live hereNo light reaches this depth of the
ocean!
III. Benthic Zone
This zone contains all the habitats of the sea bottom, whether in coastal, continental shelf, or deep sea environments. Organisms may live within the bottom material or on its surface.
Life Zones in the Ocean
III. Benthic Zone
Quiz Yo Self!Use your white board to write your
answers.
DON’T SHOW YOUR NEIGHBOR!! THIS IS AN INDIVIDUAL QUIZ!
Use your notes!
Write down the 5 oceans of Earth
Write down the 5 oceans of Earth
Check yo self!
1.Artic2.Pacific3.Indian4.Atlantic5.Antarctic
How salty is the ocean?
A. 45%B. 100%C. 3.5%D. 20%
How salty is the ocean?
A. 45%B. 100%C. 3.5%D. 20%
The sea covers how much of the Earth’s surface?
A.20%B.40%C.60%D.70%
The sea covers how much of the Earth’s surface?
A.20%B.40%C.60%D.70%
What are two types of water movement that circulates nutrients in the ocean?
Write it down!
What are two types of water movement that circulates nutrients in the ocean? Up-welling- Brings nutrients from the
bottom of the ocean to the surface
Out-welling- Brings nutrients into the ocean from estuaries
What are the two pelagic (horizontal) zones?
Write them down!
What are the two pelagic (horizontal) zones? Neretic- Water under the continental
shelf
Oceanic- Water past the continental shelf and beyond
What are the four vertical zones of life in the ocean? Write them down!
What are the four vertical zones of life in the ocean? Share with your neighbor- did you get
them right?
What are the four vertical zones of life in the ocean? Neustic- Thin film on the top of the water
Euphotic/Sunlight - Water column that still has light, lots of photosynthesis
Dysphotic/ Twilight- Water column that is starting to darken
Aphotic/ Midnight/ Abyssal- Water column without light
What is the bottom of the ocean floor called?
A. NeusticB. NereticC. BenthicD. Oceanic
What is the bottom of the ocean floor called?
A. NeusticB. NereticC. BenthicD. Oceanic
Draw a picture of an example of marine biota.
What does biota mean??
Mangrove and Coral Reefs
Emergent land plants that tolerate the salinities of the open sea.
Mangrove and Coral Reefs
This ecosystem traps and cycles various organic materials, chemical elements, and important nutrients. Mangrove roots act not only as physical traps but provide attachment surfaces for various marine organisms.
Many of them attached to organisms filter water through their bodies and, in turn, trap and cycle nutrients.
It provides:
- Protection- Food- Shelter- Extension coast- Building islands- Major energy input into fisheries
Florida’s mangroves are tropical species; therefore, they are sensitive to extreme temperature fluctuations as well as subfreezing temperatures.
Research indicates that salinity, water temperature, tidal fluctuations, and soil also affect their growth and distribution.
Coral Reefs
- Widely distributed in swallow waters of warm seas.
- Among the most biologically productive, taxonomically diverse and aesthetically celebrated of all communities.
Three types of Reef according to Darwin
a.Barrier reefs along continents
b.Fringing reefs around islands
c.Atolls, which are horseshoe-shaped ridges of reefs and islands with lagoon in the center.
In certain conditions coral reefs develop far from the continents, around small islands, or towards the edge of the continental shelf.
Here the reefs do not join up to the mainland, but grow upwards on all sides. Large, elongated structures far offshores are called barrier reefs. They are separated from the land by a lagoon. When barrier reefs grow up in remote ocean areas, they are termed bank reefs.
Mooréa Fringing Reef
A fringing reef is a type of coral reef that extends outward from the shore of an island or mainland, with no body of water separating land reef. The fringing reef pictured here surrounds much of the Polynesian island of Mooréa.
By submarine volcanic activity- Pacific reef developed into basaltic
rock.
Biological deposition of calcium carbonate is the means by which the reef builds up to sea level.
I.DEFINITION AND TYPES
ESTUARY
ESTUARY
Semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free connection with the open sea
Strongly affected by tidal action Within it sea water mixed with fresh water Estuarine or blackish water is classified as
oligomeso or polyhaline according to average salinity
Physical condition in estuaries are stressful with low species diversity
The food conditions are also favorable that the region is packed with life
It belongs to the important class of “fluctuating water-level ecosystems”
CLASSIFICATIONS WILL BE PRESENTED BASED ON:
a) GEOMORPHOLOGY
b) WATER CIRCULATION AND STRATIFICATION
c) SYSTEMS ENERGETICS
According to GEOMORPHOLOGY1. DROWNED RIVER VALLEYS
are developed along coastlines with relatively low and wide coastal plain
2. FJORD-TYPE ESTUARIESare deep U-shaped coastal indentures
gouged out by glaciers and generally with a shallow sill at their mouths formed by terminal glacial deposits.
3. BAR-BUILT ESTUARIESare shallow basins, often partly exposed
at low tide, enclosed by a chain of offshore bars or barrier islands, broken at intervals by inlets.
4. ESTUARIES PRODUCED BY TECTONIC PROCESSES
are coastal indentures formed by geological faulting or by local subsidence often with large inflow of fresh water.
RIVER DELTA ESTUARIES
Found at the mouths of large rivers such as the Mississippi or the Nile.
Semi-enclosed bays, channels, and brackish marshes are formed by shifting silt deposits.
1. Highly stratified or “salt-edge” estuaries.
The river water is more dominant over tidal actions. This will exhibit a salinity profile with a “halocline” or zone of sharp change in salinity from top to bottom.
CIRCULATION AND STRATIFICATION
2. The partially mixed or moderately stratified estuary.
Fresh water and tidal inflow are more nearly equal. Turbulence is the dominant mixing agent. This create a complex pattern of layers and water masses.
CIRCULATION AND STRATIFICATION
3. The completely mixed or vertically homogenous estuary.
Tidal action is strongly dominant and vigorous. The water tends to be well mixed from top to bottom and the salinity relatively high.
CIRCULATION AND STRATIFICATION
HYPERSALINE ESTUARY
Flow of fresh water is small, the tidal amplitude low, and the evaporation is very high. Salinity may rise above that of the ocean.
ECOSYSTEM ENERGETICS
1. Physically stressed systems of wide latitudinal range.
Subjected to high energy breaking waves, strong tidal currents, severe temperature or salinity rocks, low nighttime oxygen, or high rates of sedimentation.
2. Natural arctic ecosystems with ice stress.
Exemplified by glacial fjords, winters ice stressed intertidal zones and under—ice communities on arctic coast.
ECOSYSTEM ENERGETICS
3. Natural temperate coastal ecosystems with seasonal programming.
The more subdued tides, waves and currents in the semi-enclosed basins provide energy subsidies rather than stresses.
ECOSYSTEM ENERGETICS
4. Natural tropical coastal ecosystems of high diversity.
Temperature, salinity, and other physical factor stresses are low so that much energy of special adaptation can go into diversity rather than into “anti-thermal maintenance”
ECOSYSTEM ENERGETICS
5. Emerging new systems associated with man.
These are ecosystems developed for adaptation for man-made wastes.
ECOSYSTEM ENERGETICS
Biota of hypersaline estuaries is of marine origin.
Seafood population are observable in estuaries.
Estuaries are used as nursery grounds because of protection and abundant of food.
II. BIOTA AND PRODUCTIVITY
Intertidal and adjacent shallow-water zones
--- most productive and most important part of the estuaries.
Estuaries are more productive than either the sea on one-side or the freshwater drainage on the other.
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