part 2 geografie politica
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ELEMENTE DE GEOGRAFIE POLITICAPart 2
• limitele teritoriului de stat
GRANITELE (frontierele)
• Granite naturale
• Granite conventionale
• -Suprafata Terrei: 510 072 000 kmp din care
– uscat:148,94 mil kmp (29,2%)
– apa: 361 132 kmp( 70,8%)
• -Lungimea granitelor pe uscat: – 250 708 km
• 2 state se invecineaza fiecare cu cate 14 state: – China si Rusia
• -44 state si teritorii nu au iesire la mare
• 94 state si teritorii sunt insule si nu se invecineaza cu niciun alt stat (decat la nivelul apelor teritoriale):
• American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Baker Island, Barbados, Bermuda, Bouvet Island, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Clipperton Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Comoros, Cook Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominica, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Faroe Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Greenland, Grenada, Guam, Guernsey, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Howland Island, Iceland, Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jan Mayen, Japan, Jarvis Island, Jersey, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Madagascar, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated States of Micronesia, Midway Islands, Montserrat, Nauru, Navassa Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Palmyra Atoll, Paracel Islands, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Spratly Islands, Sri Lanka, Svalbard, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Virgin Islands, Wake Island, Wallis and Futuna, Taiwan
• Granite naturale• obstacole naturale
intre state• au, in general, un
traseu sinuos
• rauri, • fluvii, • lacuri,• fasii maritime;• creste muntoase
GRANITE CONVENTIONALE
• Stabilite intre state in doua moduri:– de comun acord, prin
negocieri si tratate internationale
– Impuse cu forta in urma unor conflicte intre state
• se traseaza pe harti si apoi pe
• Au traseu: – Sinuos (linii curbe)– Rectiliniu:de-a lungul
paralelelor si/sau meridianelor
– de linii frante
STATELE CU CELE MAI LUNGI GRANITE:
China 13,759 miles Russia 12,514 miles Brazil 9,129 miles India 8,763 miles USA 7,611 miles Democratic Republic of Congo 6,382 miles Argentina 6,006 miles Canada 5,526 miles Mongolia 5,042 miles Sudan 4,783 miles
• Cea mai lunga frontiera intre 2 state:
• Canada - SUA , 8.893 km (nepazita), de-a lungul paralelei de 490 lat N
• Rusia: 57 000 km de granita cu 14 tari diferite:
• Coreea de Nord, • China, • Mongolia,• Kazakhstan,• Azerbaijan,• Georgia, • Ucraina, • Belarus, • Letonia, • Estonia, • Finlanda, • Norvegia, • Lituania, • Polonia
Romania2,508 km
Bulgaria: 608 km Hungary: 443 km Moldova: 450 km Serbia: 476 km Ukraine : 531 km
• Pozitia geografica si traseul frontierelor determina forma statelor;
• State alungite in lungul unor lanturi muntoase sau tarmuri: Chile, Argrntina, Somalia, Nepal
• State extinse de-a lungul unor zone climatice: Rusia, Canada, SUA,
• State cu forma cvasicirculara: Romania
• State cu forma poligonala: Franta• State cu forma suprapusa unor bazine
hidrografice:Venezuela, Pakistan• State -continent: Australia• State –peninsula: India, Turcia• State- insula: Madagascar, Islanda,
Nauru• State-arhipelag: Indonezia, UK• State continental-insulare: Grecia,
Italia, Danemarca• State enclava; Leshoto, Swaziland
Clasificarea statelor dupa marimea teritoriului
• Statele ocupa supr.diferite pe cont. si insule.
• SINGURUL continent neteritorializat (fara state) este ANTARCTICA
• Marimea teritoriului influenteaza: – evolutia si dezv. ec. si
soc. a statelor,– organizarea
administrativa, – repartitia geografica si
densitatea populatiei,– sistemul de cai de
comunicatii si transporturi, etc.
• Cu cat e mai extins un stat are o mai mare varietate de cond. si resurse
• 1.) state cu dimensiuni continentale, >7 mil km2 )
• impreuna, ocupa 42% din suprafata uscatului Terrei
Rank
Country Total Area (km2) Coastline (km)
1. Federatia Rusa 17,075,000 37,650
2. Canada 9,985,000 202,080
3. China 9,634,000 16,840
4. USA 9,631,400 19,920
5. Brazil 8,512,000 7,490
6. Australia 7,686,850 25,760
• 2.) state f. mari (1-3 mil km2)
Rank
Country Total Area (km2) Coastline (km)
7. India 3,287,600 7,000
8. Argentina 2,760,000 4,900
9. Kazakhstan 2,717,300 0
10.
11
12
13
Sudan
Algeria
R D Congo
Arabia SauditaMexicIndoneziaLybiaIranMongoliaPeruChadNigerAngolaMaliR S AColumbiaEtiopiaBoliviaMauritaniaEgipt
2,505,000
2 149 6901 964 375
1 002 000
850
• 3.) state mari (500 km2 - 1 mil
km2)
• Tanzania• Nigeria• Venezuela• Namibia• Mozambic• Pakistan• Turcia• Chile• Zambia• Myanmar• Afganistan• Somalia• Franta• R. Central Africana• Ucraina• Madagascar• Botswana• Kenia• Yemen• Thailanda• Spania
• 4. state mijlocii
(500 km2 -100 000 km2
55 state, inclusiv Romania
• Ex: Turkmenistan 488 100 km2
• Islanda 103 000 km2
• 4. state mici
(10 000 - 100 000 km2)
• Ex:• Corea: 99 678 km2
• Liban: 10 452 km2
• 5. state f. mici
(<10 000 km2)1 Vatican: 0,44 km2 ;
1000 loc.2 Monaco: 1,95 km2 ;
32 000loc3 San Marino:
60,57km2 ; 30 000 loc
4 Liechtenstein: 160km2 ; 30 000loc
5 Andorra: 430 km2 ; 70 000 loc
Componenta demografica
POPULATIA CU TOATE CARACTERISTICILE EI GEOEMOGRAFICE
• NATIUNEA• forma istorica de
comunitate umana, caract. prin unitatea de:
• teritoriu• limba• viata sociala• cultura si civilizatie
No.
Country Population
1. China 1,347,380,882
2. India 1,184,130,123
3. United States 310,207,441
4. Indonesia 243,001,006
5. Brazil 201,122,152
6. Pakistan 179,674,399
7. Bangladesh 158,067,060
8. Nigeria 152,198,748
9. Russia 139,387,254
10 Japan 126,835,958
Statele cel mai putin populate
• 1. Vatican City – Europa – 826 loc• 2. Tuvalu – Pacific – 12 373• 3. Nauru – Pacific – 14 019 • 4. Palau – Pacific – 20 000• 5. San Marino – Europa – 30,167• 6. Monaco – Europa – 32 9657. • 7.Liechtenstein – Europa – 35 446• 8. Saint Kitts and Nevis – Caribbean- 52 000• 9. Marshall Islands – Pacific –62 000• 10. Dominica – Caribbean – 72 660
3.componenta politico- administrativa
-Forma de guvernamant
-Regimul politic
-
Forma de organizare interna
Clasificarea statelor dupaforma de guvernamant
Iordania
Kuwait
Spania
• FORMA DE GUVERNAMANT
• Monarhie• Republica
MONARHIILE
• Monarhii constitutionale
• Monarhii absolute
• SUVERANUL/MONARHUL:
• Imparat (Japonia)
• Rege (UK,Spania, Suedia, Arabia Saudita,
Iordania, Lesotho,
Sultan (Brunei, Oman) Emir (Kuwait, Oman, EAU)
Print (Monaco, Liechetenstein)Mare Duce (Luxemburg)
monarchy Commonwealth
realm (state foste sau actuale teritorii dependente de coroana britanica)
-constitutional
monarchy -Absolute monarchy -Monarchy in some
subnational entities
• MONARHII ABSOLUTE
• Brunei · • Saudi Arabia·• Swaziland · • Vatican
• MONARHII CONSTITUTIONALE
• Italics red indicate Commonwealth realms, of which the monarch of the United Kingdom is Head of State.
• Antigua and Barbuda · Australia · Andorra · Bahamas · Bahrain · Barbados · Belize · Belgium · Bhutan · Cambodia · Canada · Denmark · Grenada · Jamaica · Japan · Jordan · Kuwait · Liechtenstein · Lesotho · Luxembourg · Malaysia · Monaco · Morocco · Netherlands · New Zealand · Norway · Oman · Papua New Guinea · Qatar · Spain · Saint Kitts and Nevis · Saint Lucia · Saint Vincent and the Grenadines · Solomon Islands · Sweden · Thailand · Tonga · Tuvalu · United Arab Emirates · United Kingdom
• MONARHII ELECTIVE
• Andorra ·• Cambodgia · • Kuwait · • Malaysia ·• Swaziland · • Vatican
• Subnationale (provincii/regiuni in cadrul unor state)
– Ghana• Ashanti · • Dagbon
– Uganda• Ankole · • Buganda · • Bunyoro · • Busoga · • Toro
REPUBLICILE
• republici • prezidentiale• parlamentare
red - presidential republics, full presidential system green - presidential republics, executive presidency linked to a parliamentolive - presidential republics, semi-presidential system orange – parliamentary republics brown - republics whose constitutions grant only a single party the right to govern
REGIMUL POLITIC
• Regimul politic • State cu regim politic democratic– Alegeri libere– Pluripartitism– Drepturi si libertati
cetatenesti– Stat de drept
• State cu regim politic autoritar/dictatorial– Partid unic– Limitarea/nerespectarea
drepturilor si libertatilor cetatenesti
• CLASIF. ST DUPA ORGANIZAREA AD-TIVA INTERNA
• STATE UNITARE• STATE FEDERATIVE(
FEDERATII)
• STATELE UNITARE• Unitatile ad-tive au o
autonomie mai redusa, ele se subordoneaza guvernului central
• Legislatia nationala este valabila si obligatorie peste tot
• STATELE FEDERALE• FEDERATII- stat format
prin asocierea a 2 sau mai multe state care au un statut egal in cadrul acesteia
• Sunt autonome• Au organizare, legislatie
si conducere proprie• Se supun atat legislatiei
federale cat si celei proprii
SUACanadaAustraliaGermaniaFederatia RusaElvetiaMexic
IndiaMalaysiaNigeria
State federaleexemple
CLASIFICAREA STATELOR
DUPA GRADUL DE DEZVOLTARE ECONOMICA
•Valoarea PIB/tara;loc•Consumul de energie•Valoarea exporturilor
1. STATE PUTERNIC DEZVOLTATE
•Forta financiara si tehnologica
•Pozitii cheie in economia mondiala
•Controleaza comertul mondial
2. STATE RECENT INDUSTRIALIZATE(emergente)
•Tari cu potential natural si uman important, care au investit, in ultimele decenii, mari resurse financiare in dezvoltarea tehologica si industriala
3.TARI IN DEZVOLTARE
•State de pe toate cont care fac eforturi importante pentru dezvoltarea economica
GLOBALIZAREAGLOBALIZAREA
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