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Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
Jessica Grove-SmithPassivhaus Institut ° Darmstadt, Germany
www.passiv.de
May 19th, 2009Thessaloniki
Passivhaus Institut, Darmstadt: • Private research institute• Quality assurance & certification of buildings and components• Dissemination of information• Annual international conference
CONTENTS
• What is a Passive House?
• How does the concept work in the Mediterranean Climate?– Cooling– Dehumidification– Thermal mass
What is a Passive House?
A Passive House is a highly energy efficient building...
...the standard achieves high thermal comfort and indoor air quality with a minimal energy requirement
surface9°C
outside-12°C
air 21°C air
21°Csurface> 17°C
outside-12°C
Passive HouseBuilding stock
Heating system, 10 kW Small reheater, max 1 kW
What is a Passive House?
How to achieve this standard......
Use the ‚pencil rule‘ to create an uninterrupted airtight
layer and thermal envelope around the building. � air-tight construction
• Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery in the winter
• Optimised solar gains
• A good building envelope
� one insulation layer
� avoid thermal bridges
In summer: limit solar
gains e.g. with
exterior blinds
heat recoveryactive bypassed
What is a Passive House?
Wolfgang Feist, Darmstadt, GermanyArchitects: Bott, Ridder, Westermayer
1991: 1st Passive House
What is a Passive House?
Hea
ting
ener
gy d
eman
d kW
h/(m
²a)
existing building
low-energy house
CEPHEUS Passive Houses
90%
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
The building has to suit the local climatic conditions!
Source: Meteotest; database Meteonorm (www.meteonorm.com)
Average annual global radiation in Europe
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
A note on thermal comfort...
inner comfort range
extended comfort range
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
Conventional construction: Heating and cooling demands
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
35000
- M
annh
eim
01 -
Lis
bon
02 -
Por
to
03 -
Sev
ille
04 -
Mad
rid
05 -
Bor
deau
x
06 -
Car
pent
ras
07 -
Nic
e
08 -
Tor
ino
09 -
Ven
ice
10 -
Cam
pob.
11 -
Nap
les
12 -
Pal
erm
o
Hea
ting/
Coo
ling
Dem
and
[kW
h/(m
²a)]
HeatingLatent CoolingSensible Cooling
Man
nhei
m
Tor
ino
Mad
rid
Sev
ille
Pal
erm
o
Insulation wall [cm] 25 20 10 8 6 Insulation roof [cm] 35 25 25 20 20 Insulation basement [cm] 20 15 6 0 0 U window frames [W/(m²K)] 0.72 0.72 0.72 1.6 1.6 U-value glazing [W/(m²K)] 0.7 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Humidity control for cooling no yes no no yes Heating demand [kWh/(m²a)] 15.6 14.8 12.7 4.6 3.1 Sensible cooling [kWh/(m²a)] 0 0.8 0.4 4.2 7.2 Latent cooling [kWh/(m²a)] 0 2.3 0 0 7.2
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
Example Passive Houses for selected locations(conditioning over solely air-supply is possible)
insulated frame & double low-e glazing for
thermal comfort
construction determined by winter conditions
floor slab not insulated
significant cooling required
roof alwayswell insulated
Man
nhei
m
Tor
ino
Mad
rid
Sev
ille
Pal
erm
o
Insulation wall [cm] 25 20 10 8 6 Insulation roof [cm] 35 25 25 20 20 Insulation basement [cm] 20 15 6 0 0 U window frames [W/(m²K)] 0.72 0.72 0.72 1.6 1.6 U-value glazing [W/(m²K)] 0.7 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Humidity control for cooling no yes no no yes Heating demand [kWh/(m²a)] 15.6 14.8 12.7 4.6 3.1 Sensible cooling [kWh/(m²a)] 0 0.8 0.4 4.2 7.2 Latent cooling [kWh/(m²a)] 0 2.3 0 0 7.2
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
Example Passive Houses for selected locations(conditioning over solely air-supply is possible)
no dehumidification required
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
Passive Houseprototype performance in Seville during hot period
Cooling Capacity:~ 8 W/m²
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
Passive Housepassive cooling, light colour, night flushing, no HR
mostly sufficient,
sometimes up to 30 °C
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
Standard insulationpassive cooling, light colour, night flushing, no HR
up to 37 °C
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
Dynamics with active cooling
Seville: Existing buildingSignificant peak demands
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
Example Passive Houses for selected locations(conditioning over solely air-supply is possible)
Man
nhei
m
Tor
ino
Mad
rid
Sev
ille
Pal
erm
o
Insulation wall [cm] 25 20 10 8 6 Insulation roof [cm] 35 25 25 20 20 Insulation basement [cm] 20 15 6 0 0 U window frames [W/(m²K)] 0.72 0.72 0.72 1.6 1.6 U-value glazing [W/(m²K)] 0.7 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Humidity control for cooling no yes no no yes Heating demand [kWh/(m²a)] 15.6 14.8 12.7 4.6 3.1 Sensible cooling [kWh/(m²a)] 0 0.8 0.4 4.2 7.2 Latent cooling [kWh/(m²a)] 0 2.3 0 0 7.2 dehumidification
required!
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
Cooling & dehumidification in Palermo (reference Passive House)
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
Nightflushing is not always a good idea
Types of Window Operation
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0S
evill
e
Mad
rid
Tor
ino
Pal
erm
o
Hea
ting
/ Coo
ling
Dem
and
[kW
h/(m
²a)]
tilt (ref.)
turn
turn w/ohumidistat
Sensible cooling
Latent cooling
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
The effect of thermal mass
Madrid,no coolingOperative temperature of
living room
Passive House...
...vs. no insulation
Passive Houses in the Mediterranean Climate
... the general principle works!
Winter• sufficient insulation: roof, walls, double low-e gl azing• more windows facing south• some thermal mass?• airtightness & mechanical ventilation with heat reco very• less relevant: floor slab, thermal bridges
Summer• solar control !!• less windows?• good insulation, especially in the roof• in hot climates: light colours• automatic heat recovery bypass• night ventilation (if possible)• some active cooling recommended for robustness
CONCLUSION
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