penalty chapter 5. penalty contingency the immediate, response-contingent removal of a reinforcer...
Post on 16-Dec-2015
222 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
PENALTY
Chapter 5
PENALTY CONTINGENCY
• The immediate, response-contingent REMOVAL of a REINFORCER resulting in a decreased frequency of that response
BEFORE BEHAVIOR AFTER
Penalty Contingencies
Before Behavior After
Mark has all his points
Mark threatens Mark loses 50 points
Jo has 25 cents Jo swears Jo loses 25 cents
Bob has 10 M&M’s
Bob raises his hand
Bob loses an M&M
Graph
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
None Traditional Penalty
Threats
Threats
Interventions
Penalty Principle
• A response becomes less frequent if loss of a reinforcer or a decrease in a reinforcer has immediately followed it in the past.
Punishment, penalty, or escape?
Before Behavior After
Ed has painful rock in shoe
Ed shakes rock out of shoe
Ed has no painful rock
Jo has no dust in eyes
Jo blows on dusty surface
Jo has painful dust in eyes
Bill has $2 Bill jumps on furniture
Bill loses $1
What contingency?
Before Behavior After
Shock Lever press No shock
No shock Lever press Shock
Food pellets Lever press No food pellets
Contingency Table
Stimulus, event, or condition Present Remove
Reinforcer Reinforcement Penalty
Aversive Condition
Punishment Escape
Specific Penalty Contingencies
• Response cost
• Time out from positive reinforcement
Response-Cost Contingency
• The immediate response-contingent removal of a tangible reinforcer resulting in a decreased frequency of the response
Response Cost
Behavior:
Sam bounces a basketball off of mother’s head
Before:
Sam has new basketball
After:
Sam no longer has new basketball
Time-out ContingencyThe immediate response-contingent removal of
access to a reinforcer resulting in a decreased frequency of that response.
Diagram this contingency. What do you need to know?
Need to Know?
• The target behavior (response)– YELLING OUT
Time Out
Behavior:
Frank yells out
Before:
Frank has access to attention/toys
After:
Frank has no access to attention/toys for 3 minutes
Response Cost vs. Time-Out
• Response Cost– Removal of the
reinforcers themselves
– Loss of earned reinforcers
– Lost forever
– tangibles
• Time-Out– Removal of access to
reinforcers
– Loss of opportunity to earn reinforcers
– Lost temporarily
– Activities
Time-Out
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Baseline Reinforcement Time-Out
Yelling Out
Intervention
% of time
Law of Effect
• The effects of our actions determine whether we will repeat them.
results
E. L. Thorndike
Cats in a puzzle box
• Responses made just prior to “pleasant events” are more likely to be repeated, while responses made just prior to “unpleasant” events are more likely to diminish.
Pleasant events
• Satisfiers
Unpleasant events
• Annoyers
Rolling Over the Dead Man
• Not being tardy
• Not eating junk food
• Not speeding
Basic Behavioral Contingencies
R e in fo rce m e nt E sca pe
R e in fo rce m e ntF req u en cy In cre ases
P u n ish m e nt
R e spo n se C o st T im e -O ut
P en a lty
P u n ish m e ntF re qu en cy D ec re ases
B a sic B eh av io ra l C on tin ge n cies
Penalty & Reinforcement
Before:
Sam has no attention
Before:
Sam can play with toys
After:
Sam has attentionBehavior:
Sam bounces ball off his mother’s head
Inappropriate Natural Reinforcement Contingency
Performance-Management Penalty Contingency
After:
Sam can’t play with the toys
Review
• Contingency Table
Contingency Table
Remove
Contingency Table
Stimulus, Event, or Condition
Remove
Contingency Table
Stimulus, Event, or Condition
Remove
Contingency Table
Stimulus, event, or condition Reinforcer Aversive
condition
Remove Penalty Escape
Present Reinforcement Punishment
Contingency Table
Stimulus, event, or condition Present Remove
Reinforcer Reinforcement Penalty
Aversive Condition
Punishment Escape
Reversal Designs
An experimental design in which we reverse between intervention and baseline conditions to assess the effects of those conditions.
Definition of ABA Design
An experimental design in which the intervention and baseline conditions are reversed to assess the effects of those conditions
0
20
40
60
80
100
days
nu
mb
er
of tim
es A B A
Before Behavior After
Ed has painful rock in shoe
Ed shakes rock out of shoe
Ed has no painful rock
Jo has no dust in eyes
Jo blows on dusty surface
Jo has painful dust in eyes
Bill has $2 Bill jumps on furniture
Bill loses $1
top related