philosophy of orthodontic 1

7/23/2019 Philosophy of Orthodontic 1

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/philosophy-of-orthodontic-1 1/54

ORTHODONTICORTHODONTIC

PHYLOSOPHYPHYLOSOPHY

THE MEANINGTHE MEANING

The word ORTHODONTIC comes from

Greek’s words :

• Orthos,means good

• Dons, means teeth

So, ORTHODONTIC can be mentonas a scence that f!es or arranges

dsordered teeth conto"r#

DEFINITIONDEFINITIONThere are fo"r Defntons of

Orthodontc :

$# %ccordng to Dr# &# H# %ng'e ($)**+# %ccordng to -o.es ($)$$+

/# %ccordng to The 0rtsh Socet. of

Orthodontcs ($)+

1# %ccordng to %mercan %ssocaton of

Orthodontst

MAIN OBJECTIVESMAIN OBJECTIVES

There are ten purposes o Ortho!ont"#s $

%& Proh"'"ts the a'nor(a) a#e #ontour

#on!"t"on #ause! '* +a, an! teeth !"sor!er&-& In#reases the r".ht un#t"on o #he,"n.&

/& In#reases the teeth en!uran#e ro( #ar"es&

0& A1o"!s teeth ro( Per"o!onta) !"seases&2& Proh"'"ts ortho!ont"# treat(ent "n o)! a.es&

MAIN OBJECTIVESMAIN OBJECTIVES

3& Proh"'"ts an! 1an"shes the a'nor(a)

'reath '* teeth .ro,th aspe#t&

4& F"5es the ,a* o spea6&7& Van"shes the 'a! ha'"ts that #an

#ause #hron"#a))* !"sor!er&

8& F"5es the a'nor(a)Te(poro(an!"'u)ar +o"nt&

%9& In#rease Se) Con"!en#es

TREATMENTTREATMENTA##or!"n. to The Chara#ter"st"#: Ortho!ont"#

Treat(ent "s !"1"!e! "nto t,o Per"o!s $

%& A#t"1e Per"o!s: the per"o! o arran."n.

(a)un#t"on teeth '* us"n. (e#han"#a)

pressure o an ortho!ont"# .a!.et: or the

treat(ent to (a6e a #orre#t"on o upper an!

)o,er +a, #onne#t"on '* us"n. un#t"ona)

pressure o (outh (us#)es&

E. $ A#t"1e P)ate: A#t"1ator ;M*oun#t"ona)

App)"an#e<

TREATMENTTREATMENT

-&Pass"1e Per"o!: the treat(ent ater

the a#t"1e per"o!: ,"th the

o'+e#t"1e to 6eeps the teeth

pos"t"on ,h"#h ha1e 'een

#orre#te! so the teeth !on=t

re)apse '* us"n. Hawley Retainer &

TREATMENTTREATMENTA##or!"n. to The >s"n. o App)"an#es:

Ortho!ont"# Treat(ent "s !"1"!e! "nto t,o $

1. Removable Appliances: the app)"an#es thatare use! '*e the pat"ents the(se)1es&

E.s $ A#t"1e P)ate: E5pans"on P)ate:A#t"1ator: B"te Ra"ser: et#&

1. Fixed Appliances: the app)"an#es that #an 'euse! on)* '* the !o#tor&

E.s $ Be.. Te#hn"?ue: E!.e,"se: T,"n @"re

Ar#h: Stra".ht,"re: et#&

TREATMENTTREATMENTA##or!"n. to

The T"(e an! Ma)o##)us"on Le1e):Ortho!ont"# Treat(ent "s !"1"!e!

"nto three Per"o!s $

%&Pre1ent"1e Ortho!ont"#s

-&Inter#ept"1e Ortho!ont"#s

/&Corre#t"1eCurat"1e Ortho!ont"#s

PREVENTIVEPREVENTIVE

ORTHODONTICSORTHODONTICSThe th"n.s that a1o"! a)) "n)uen#es ,h"#h #an

#han.e the nor(a) .ro,th so (a)pos"t"on o

teeth an! a'nor(a) +a, "nter#onne#t"on #an'e a1o"!e!&

The A#t"on phases$

a& Dur"n. the pre.nan#*: the #h")! nee! a )ot o

nutr"ents&'& Ater the '"rth: 6eep the nutr"ents or #h")!ren=s

hea)th&

#& Ater the #h")! has teeth: 6eep the te(porar* teeth

unt") the teeth are rep)a#e! '* per(anent teeth&

INTERCEPTIVEINTERCEPTIVE

ORTHODONTICSORTHODONTICSInter#ept"1e Ortho!ont"#s "s an ortho!ont"#s

a#t"ons or treat(ent on ne,)* .ro, (a)o##)us"on

to proh"'"ts (a)o##)us"on 'e#o(e ,orse&

The e5a(p)es o Inter#ept"1e Ortho!ont"#s $

%& Ser"a) E5tra#t"on

-& Spa#e Re.a"ner

/& Rap"! Ma5"))ar* E5pans"on ;RME<

0& M*otheraph*

2& Fr"#t"on to a !"sta) (ora) o one per(anent ,eather"t "s up,ar! or !o,n,ar! to #o(p)ete the #ur1e

CORRECTIVE C>RATIVECORRECTIVE C>RATIVE

ORTHODONTICSORTHODONTICS

Corre#t"1e Ortho!ont"#s "s an

ortho!ont"#s treat(ent on a)rea!*

happen (a)o##)us"on&

Corre#t"1eCurat"1e Ortho!ont"#s "s

app)"e! "n the per(anent teeth per"o!&

ORTHODONTICS= TERMSORTHODONTICS= TERMS

Ter(s to e5p)a"n the #orre)at"on 'et,een

teeth on upper an! )o,er +a,&

%& O##)us"on: the #orre)at"on 'et,eenteeth

on upper an! )o,er +a, ,here there "shu.e #onta#t 'et,een the teeth&

-& Ma)o##)us"on: the !e1"at"on o teethro( nor(a) o##)us"on ,h"#h "ntru!es(a"n un#t"on o the teeth&

Dr& E&H& An.)e !"1"!e! the #orre)at"on

'et,een teeth on upper an! )o,er +a, "ntothree .roups $

a& Netro##)us"on ; )as I An.)e <

'& D"sto##)us"on ; )as II An.)e <: PostNormal

#& Mes"o##)us"on ; )as III An.)e <: Pre

Normal

/& O1er+et: hor"onta) .ap 'et,een upper "ns"sa)

"n#"s"1" e!.e to )o,er )a'"a) "n#"s"1" "n the

#entr"# re)at"on +a,s #on!"t"on&

0& O1er'"te: 1ert"#a) .ap 'et,een upper "ns"sa)

"n#"s"1" e!.e to )o,er "ns"sa) "n#"s"1" "n the

#entr"# re)at"on +a,s #on!"t"on&

2& Open '"te: the #on!"t"on ,here there "s a )ost#onta#t spa#e 'et,een upper an! )o,er

teeth "n the #entr"# re)at"on +a,s #on!"t"on&

3& Cross '"te: the #on!"t"on ,here one or

so(e teeth are p)a#e! "n the pa)at"na)

or )"n.ua) )o,er teeth& Th"s #on!"t"on"s a)so #a))e! outer cross bite&

4& S#"ssor '"te: the #on!"t"on ,here

upper pa)at"na) poster"or teethprotrus"on"st p)a#e! "n protrus"on

'u##a) )o,er poster"or teeth&

Ter(s to e5p)a"n the #orre)at"on 'et,een +a,s to

'as"s#ran"" an! or'"ta) area ;S"(on )"ne<&

%& Ja,s Protrus"on Prota#t"on: the pos"t"on o +a,s

are a )"tt)e '"t to the ront&>pper Ja, Protrus"on $ Ma6s")a Protrus"on

Lo,er Ja, Protrus"on $ Man!"'u)a Protrus"on

$ Pro.nat"on $ Pro.en"

>pper an!Lo,er Ja,s Protrus"on $ B"(a6s")er Protrus"on

-& Ja,s Retrut"onRetra#t"on: the pos"t"on o +a,sare a )"tt)e '"t to the 'a#6&

Lo,er Ja, Retrus"on retra#t"on $ Retro.nat"on

Ter(s to e5p)a"n the (a)pos"t"on "n!"1"!ua) teeth&

Th"n.s to (easure an! !"a.nose the (a)pos"t"on

o teeth $

%& The #orre)at"on 'et,een teeth on the sa(e +a,&-& The #orre)at"on 'et,een teeth "n a !"erent +a,&

/& The teeth pos"t"on to,ar! the sa(e teeth "n thesa(e +a,&

0& The a5"s o the teeth to,ar! the a5"s o a)1eo)ar'one&

Teeth (a)pos"t"on #an 'e !"a.nose! as o))o, $

%& E)on.as"on e5trus"on supra1ers"on supra##)us"on:

the #on!"t"on ,here the teeth are h".her ro(

o##)us"on )"ne&-& Depress"on "ntrus"on "nra1ers"on "nra#)us"on: the

#on!"t"on ,here the teeth are )o,er#an rea#h

o##)us"on area&

/& Mes"o1ers"on $ The teeth to (es#"a) ro( nor(a)&

0& D"sto1ers"on $ The teeth to !"sta) ro( nor(a)&

2& Bu##o1ers"on $ The teeth to 'u##a) ro( nor(a)&

3& Pa)ato1ers"on $ The teeth to pa))at"na) ro( nor(a)&

4& L"n.uo1ers"on$ The teeth to )"n.ua) ro( nor(a)&

7& La'"o1ers"on $ The teeth to )a'"a) ro( nor(a)&8& Trans1erse $ The teeth erupt"on pos"t"on (o1e!

to other teeth area

%9& A6s"1ers"on $ The teeth see(s to (o1e: 'ut the en!

o the roo "s sta* "n one p)a#e

%%& To6s"1ers"on $ The teeth sp"n "n the a5"s: 'ut the en!

o the a5"s are not #han.e&

GOOD LOCGOOD LOC

THAN YO>THAN YO>

DENTO FACIALDENTO FACIAL

THE GROWTH ANDTHE GROWTH AND

DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

DEFINITIONDEFINITION

Growth is the physicochemical processGrowth is the physicochemical process

found in living matter which manifestfound in living matter which manifest

itself in structure, composition and sizeitself in structure, composition and size

of organism, where there is aof organism, where there is aprogressive complexity increase in size,progressive complexity increase in size,

changes in proportion the entire serieschanges in proportion the entire series

of anatomic and physiologic changesof anatomic and physiologic changes

taking place between the beginning oftaking place between the beginning of

prenatal life and the end of senillity.prenatal life and the end of senillity.

INFLUENCEDINFLUENCED

FACTORSFACTORS1.1. GENE!"GENE!"

#.#. !NE$N%& '%"($)!NE$N%& '%"($)

* +etabolism* +etabolism

* Endocrine disturbances -ipophyse,hyroidea* Endocrine disturbances -ipophyse,hyroidea

)uprarenalist)uprarenalist

* EE$N%& '%"($)/EN0!$(N+EN* EE$N%& '%"($)/EN0!$(N+EN

* Nutrition* Nutrition

* iseases* iseases

* -abit, culture* -abit, culture2. G$(3- 4%E$N2. G$(3- 4%E$N

5.5. !!(4%!"!!(4%!"

VARIATIONVARIATION

)-%4E))-%4E)

)!6E)!6E

%GE%GE

CORELATION OF GROWTHCORELATION OF GROWTH

AND DEVELOPMENTAND DEVELOPMENT

!NE$%"!(N, kids learn to walk!NE$%"!(N, kids learn to walk

!NE$E4ENEN, teeth!NE$E4ENEN, teethexchanging periodexchanging period

!NE$"-%NG%7&E, changes from!NE$"-%NG%7&E, changes from

baby voice to adult voicebaby voice to adult voice

PHYSIOLOGYCAL CHANGESPHYSIOLOGYCAL CHANGES

IN GROWTHIN GROWTH 4ulp "hamber4ulp "hamber andand $oot "anal$oot "anal, from, from

temporary teeth to permanent teethtemporary teeth to permanent teeth

"hildren8s 7lood Nerves"hildren8s 7lood Nerves, more elastic, more elastic $esorption for temporary teeth8s root$esorption for temporary teeth8s root

in eruption process of permanentin eruption process of permanent

teethteeth )kull for children)kull for children )pongie 7ones)pongie 7ones

9 "ancellous 7one :9 "ancellous 7one : and for %dultand for %dult,,

"ompact 7one 9 "ortical bone :"ompact 7one 9 "ortical bone :

TEETH GROWTHTEETH GROWTH

here are two kinds of teeth growth here are two kinds of teeth growth

1.1. )omatogenetic)omatogenetic; from one cell; from one cell

become many cells, manage by become many cells, manage by

thyroid, adrenal, gonadthyroid, adrenal, gonad

#.#. +orfogenetic+orfogenetic; from embryo arise; from embryo arise

kinds of organs, manage by &obuskinds of organs, manage by &obus

anterior hipo<seanterior hipo<se

GROWTH ANDGROWTH AND

DEVELOPMENT PERIODDEVELOPMENT PERIOD%.%. 4$EN%%& 4E$!(4$EN%%& 4E$!(

1.1. (vum 4eriod(vum 4eriod; from conception until; from conception until

# weeks,# weeks,

(0=+(0=+ +itosis+itosis i>erentiatei>erentiate 7lastula7lastula Gastrula Gastrula

Ecthodermal, +esodermal, EndodermalEcthodermal, +esodermal, Endodermal

#.#. Embryo 4eriod;Embryo 4eriod; # weeks until ? weeks# weeks until ? weeks

EcthodermalEcthodermal eyes, @aweyes, @aw

+esodermal+esodermal nose, teethnose, teeth

EndodermalEndodermal etcetc

A.A. 'etus 4eriod;'etus 4eriod; # month until 1B month# month until 1B month

eyes, @aweyes, @aw

nose, teethnose, teeth 7aby 7aby

etcetc

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTGROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

PERIODPERIOD7.7. N%%&N%%&

".". 4()N%%& 4E$!(4()N%%& 4E$!(

1. !nfancy 4eriod, from B to A year old1. !nfancy 4eriod, from B to A year old#. "hildhood 4eriod, A years to C years old#. "hildhood 4eriod, A years to C years old

A. 4uberty 4eriod, femaleA. 4uberty 4eriod, female C to 1A years oldC to 1A years old

malemale C to 12 years oldC to 12 years old

2. %dolescence 4eriod,2. %dolescence 4eriod,femalefemale 1A to 1? years old 1A to 1? years old

malemale 12 to #B years old 12 to #B years old

5. +aturity 4eriod, 1? D #B years to CB years old5. +aturity 4eriod, 1? D #B years to CB years old

C. )enility 4eriod, start from CB years oldC. )enility 4eriod, start from CB years old

GROWTH SIZEGROWTH SIZE

1.1. 'ace 7one Growth'ace 7one Growth#.#. "ranium Growth"ranium Growth

A.A. (s basis "ranii(s basis "ranii

PROCESS OF BONEPROCESS OF BONE1.1. Endrochondral 9"artilagineus:;Endrochondral 9"artilagineus:;

%t <rst, "artilago grows fast 9the cells%t <rst, "artilago grows fast 9the cells

arise from unde>erentiatedarise from unde>erentiatedmesenchym cell: appositely and thenmesenchym cell: appositely and then

the interstitial is calci<ed on itsthe interstitial is calci<ed on its

centercenter#.#. !ntramembraneus; mesenchym cell!ntramembraneus; mesenchym cell

directly di>erentiated as osteoblastdirectly di>erentiated as osteoblast

and its matrics is calci<edand its matrics is calci<ed

Elemen pd @ar tulangElemen pd @ar tulang

1. 7E$)!'% 4E$+%NEN1. 7E$)!'% 4E$+%NEN

* osteocyt* osteocyt

* )ubst intercellulair* )ubst intercellulair

* 'ibril dan subst semen* 'ibril dan subst semen

#. 7E$)!'% 4E$+%NEN#. 7E$)!'% 4E$+%NEN

* (steoblast* (steoblast

* (steoclast* (steoclast

PROCESS OF BONEPROCESS OF BONE

"ranium Growth "ranium Growth

1.1. "alvarium Growth 9Neurocranium:"alvarium Growth 9Neurocranium:

#.#. "ranium 7asis Growth"ranium 7asis Growth

A.A. 'acial Growth 9)planchnocranium,'acial Growth 9)planchnocranium,

0iscerocranium:0iscerocranium:

PROCESS OF BONEPROCESS OF BONE

7ones which are in "ranium 7ones which are in "ranium

12 splanchnocranium bones/facial bones12 splanchnocranium bones/facial bones

# os maxillaries, # os palatinalis, # os# os maxillaries, # os palatinalis, # oszygomaticum, # os nasalis, # os nasaliszygomaticum, # os nasalis, # os nasalis

conchae inferior, # os lacrimalis, 1 os vomer,conchae inferior, # os lacrimalis, 1 os vomer,

1 os mandibularies.1 os mandibularies.

? neurocranium bones /calvarium bones? neurocranium bones /calvarium bones

1 os frontalis, 1 os occipitalis, # os parietalis,1 os frontalis, 1 os occipitalis, # os parietalis,

# os temporalis, # os spenoidalis, 1 os# os temporalis, # os spenoidalis, 1 os

ethmoidalisethmoidalis

CALVARIUM/NEUROCRANIUCALVARIUM/NEUROCRANIU

MMRelated t !"a#$ G"%t&Related t !"a#$ G"%t&

' ( ) t#*e+ !#,,e" t&a$' ( ) t#*e+ !#,,e" t&a$

S-la$&$"a$#*S-la$&$"a$#*

Adlt0+ Cala"#* +#2e #+ a &al3 &eadAdlt0+ Cala"#* +#2e #+ a &al3 &ead+#2e a$d 1/' 3 !d4 le$,t&.+#2e a$d 1/' 3 !d4 le$,t&.

At t&e a,e 3 56 )7 8 ,"%t&At t&e a,e 3 56 )7 8 ,"%t&

G"%t& d#"et#$G"%t& d#"et#$( A$te"-+te"#"( A$te"-+te"#"

( T"a$+e"+al 9%#de$:( T"a$+e"+al 9%#de$:

( Ve"t#al( Ve"t#al

;. CRANIUM BASIS;. CRANIUM BASIS

GROWTHGROWTHENDOCHONDRALLY ENDOCHONDRALLY

* )ynchondrosys )phenoethmoidalius* )ynchondrosys )phenoethmoidalius

* )ynchondrosys !nterspenoidalis* )ynchondrosys !nterspenoidalis* )ynchondrosys )phenooccipitalis* )ynchondrosys )phenooccipitalis

MA<OR <AW GROWTH WHEN THEMA<OR <AW GROWTH WHEN THEFIRST PERMANENT MOLAR TEETHFIRST PERMANENT MOLAR TEETH

ERUPTEDERUPTED

CRANIUM BASIS GROWTHCRANIUM BASIS GROWTH

PICTUREPICTURE

=. FACIAL GROWTH=. FACIAL GROWTH

9SPLANCHNOCRANIUM:9SPLANCHNOCRANIUM:

Fa#al G"%t& #+ $t de-e$d $Fa#al G"%t& #+ $t de-e$d $

B"a#$ G"%t&B"a#$ G"%t&

T% >#$d+ 3 Fa#al G"%t& ?T% >#$d+ 3 Fa#al G"%t& ?

( Ma@#lla G"%t&( Ma@#lla G"%t&( Ma$d#!la G"%t&( Ma$d#!la G"%t&

MAILLA GROWTHMAILLA GROWTH

!nFuenced by "ranium 7asis Growth!nFuenced by "ranium 7asis Growth

he position an relation of +axilla he position an relation of +axillatrough calvarium depend on thetrough calvarium depend on the

growth on these suturagrowth on these sutura

* )phenooccipitalis* )phenooccipitalis* )phenoethmoidalis* )phenoethmoidalis

Ma@#lla #+ $$eted tMa@#lla #+ $$eted t

C"a$#* Ba+#+ !4 ?C"a$#* Ba+#+ !4 ?

)utura 'rontomaxillaries)utura 'rontomaxillaries

)utura 6ygomaticomaxillaries)utura 6ygomaticomaxillaries

)utura 6ygomaticotemporalies)utura 6ygomaticotemporalies

)utura 4terigopalatina)utura 4terigopalatina

Re+"-t#$ a$d A--+#t#$ P"e++ $Re+"-t#$ a$d A--+#t#$ P"e++ $Ma@#llaMa@#lla

&a--e$ #$ t&e+e a"ea+?&a--e$ #$ t&e+e a"ea+?

uberocity +axillaries uberocity +axillaries 4rocessus 6ygomaticomaxillaries4rocessus 6ygomaticomaxillaries%rcus +axillaries%rcus +axillaries

4rocessus 4alatinus4rocessus 4alatinus 4remaxilla4remaxilla(rbita(rbita$egio Nasalis$egio Nasalis

STATEMENTSSTATEMENTS

r. ohnr. ohn

%pposition and resorption process on the%pposition and resorption process on thesurface of bone is a remodeling process whichsurface of bone is a remodeling process whichfunction to keep the position and proportionfunction to keep the position and proportionconstantconstant

r. 3aiman and )icherr. 3aiman and )icher

he )uturas8 position are obliHue and not in a he )uturas8 position are obliHue and not in arow, even so the direction of maxilla growthrow, even so the direction of maxilla growthare downward and frontwardare downward and frontward

MANDIBULA GROWTHMANDIBULA GROWTH

%t Natal 4eriod both mandibula%t Natal 4eriod both mandibula

ramus are still separated byramus are still separated by

)ymphisis)ymphisis

(n the <rst year of birth, there is an(n the <rst year of birth, there is an

active aposition growth on the loweractive aposition growth on the loweredge and surface &ateral +andibulaedge and surface &ateral +andibula

and "ondylus +andibulaeand "ondylus +andibulae

GROWTH DIRECTIONGROWTH DIRECTION

OF FACIAL SUTURASOF FACIAL SUTURAS

APPOSITION AND RESORPTION ONAPPOSITION AND RESORPTION ON

MAILLA AND GROWTH DIRECTIONMAILLA AND GROWTH DIRECTION

CONDYLUS GROWTHCONDYLUS GROWTH

"ondylus consist of "artylago -yalin covered"ondylus consist of "artylago -yalin covered

by thick and solid <brous membraneby thick and solid <brous membrane

"ondylus grows in two ways "ondylus grows in two ways

1.1. "artilago make an !nterosteum growth"artilago make an !nterosteum growth

further replaced by bonefurther replaced by bone

#.#. %position "artilago growth beneath the%position "artilago growth beneath the

membrane which cover it and then make amembrane which cover it and then make a

bone formingbone forming

RESORPTION HAPPEN ON?RESORPTION HAPPEN ON?

'rontal side of $amus +andibulae'rontal side of $amus +andibulae

&ingual side of !ncisivi&ingual side of !ncisivi

&ingual side of 4rocessus alveolaris&ingual side of 4rocessus alveolaris

FORMING PROCESS OF MANDIBULA INFORMING PROCESS OF MANDIBULA IN

NATAL PERIOD ?NATAL PERIOD ?

)hort $amus)hort $amus

7lunt %ngulus7lunt %ngulus

=nclear "ondylus and "ollam +andibulae=nclear "ondylus and "ollam +andibulae

"analis +andibularis placed on the lower"analis +andibularis placed on the lower

side closed to 7asis +andibulaside closed to 7asis +andibula

GROWTH DIRECTIONGROWTH DIRECTION

1.1. %nteropost 9 )agital / 'orward :%nteropost 9 )agital / 'orward :

#.#. -eight 9 0ertical / ownward :-eight 9 0ertical / ownward :

A.A. 3ide 9 ransversal / (utward :3ide 9 ransversal / (utward :

VERTICAL GROWTHVERTICAL GROWTH

OF THE FACEOF THE FACE1.1. %ction of gravity%ction of gravity

#.#. "hanges of 'ace 7one Growth"hanges of 'ace 7one Growth

* )inus +axillaries* )inus +axillaries* )inus 'rontalies* )inus 'rontalies

* Nasal "avity* Nasal "avity

* Glanoid 'ossa* Glanoid 'ossa

* $amus* $amus

* Gonion %ngle* Gonion %ngle

* )inus )phenoidalis on "ranee basis* )inus )phenoidalis on "ranee basis

VERTICAL GROWTHVERTICAL GROWTH

OF THE FACEOF THE FACE

A.A. emporary / 4ermanent eeth emporary / 4ermanent eeth

EruptionEruption

2.2. 4rocessus %lveolaries Growth4rocessus %lveolaries Growth

5.5. he e>ect of +astication +uscle he e>ect of +astication +uscle

function to the body of thefunction to the body of themandible and %rcus 6ygomaticcummandible and %rcus 6ygomaticcum

ANTEROPOST / SAGITALANTEROPOST / SAGITAL

GROWTH OF THE FACEGROWTH OF THE FACE

1.1. uber maxillaries Growth uber maxillaries Growth

#.#. 4yramidali Growth4yramidali Growth

A.A. rigonum $etromolar Growth rigonum $etromolar Growth

%nak*anak%nak*anak ewasaewasa

GOOD LOC GOOD LOC

THAN YOUTHAN YOU

philosophy of orthodontic 1

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applied philosophy: philosophy of technology 1

1. external root resorption during orthodontic - vn

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predictability of orthodontic movement with orthodontic...

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lecture 2 analyzing orthodontic problems.ppt orthodontic...