phonetics study of the physical properties of speech- sounds – how they are made – how they are...

PHONETICSStudy of the physical properties of speech-sounds– how they are made – how they are heard– how they are transmitted

PHONOLOGYStudy of the linguistic properties of speech-sounds – the “sound system” of language – the sound systems of individual

languages

PHONETICSStudy of the physical properties of speech-sounds

Articulatory Phonetics– how they are made

Auditory Phonetics– how they are heard

Acoustic Phonetics– how they are transmitted

PHONETICSStudy of the physical properties of speech-sounds– how they are made – how they are heard– how they are transmitted

PHONOLOGYStudy of the linguistic properties of speech-sounds – the “sound system” of language – the sound systems of individual

languages

PHONETICSUniversal: the study of the sounds produced in human speech

PHONOLOGYLocal: the study of the sound system of one single language or variety of language

The Talking White Male Head

(Ladefoged p.2)5

Daniel Jones, 1918, An Outline of English PhoneticsFrontispiece from the 9th edition, 1972

6

7

CLOSE (HIGH)

BA

CK

FR

ON

T

OPEN (LOW) 8

[e]

Phonetic symbols are shown in square brackets:

/e/

Phonological symbols are shown in slashes:

phonesphonemesallophones

phonesphonemesallophones

phonessounds of language

Segments• How fine can you slice language?

• sentence

• phrase

• word

• syllable

• letter ... ?

Review the slide on

Slicing Language in

the first week ….

Letters ?

cat rat

cat cot

cat cap

Letters ?

cat rat

cat cot

cat cap

Letters ?cat coat caught

k V tcodekeyed

k V dright write rite

r V t

Segments• How thin can you slice language?

• sentence

• phrase

• word

• syllable

• letter ....... phone

cat ratcat cotcat cap

top stoplip milkcode cold

significant difference- different word

non-significantdifferent- change impossible

cat ratcat cotcat cap

top stoplip milkcode cold

significant

non-significant

predictable

non-predictable

meaning

structure

cat ratcat cotcat cap

top stoplip milkcode cold

PHONEMES

ALLOPHONES

phones are either:

• phonemessignificant sound differencesmeaning-based choice

• allophonesnon-significant sound differencesfixed choice

How can we tell whether a sound is a phoneme or an allophone?

Minimal pairscat ratcat cotcat cap

kæt rætkæt kotkæt kæp

Minimal pairs

cat rat

tight tide

core score

nose knows

Korea career

service surface

kæt rættait taidkO(r) skO(r)n0uz n0uzk01ri0 k01ri0k01ri0 k01rir

Minimal pairs

service surface

show sew

make maid

ghost toast

wail whale

1sEvis 1sEfis1sErvis 1sErfis1sEv0s 1sEf0sS0u s0umeik meidg0ust t0ustweil weilweil Weil

Minimal contexts

pressure measure

fission vision

1preS0 1meG01fiS0n

1viG0n

Allophones

top stop

pie spy

care scare

top stoppai spaike0 ske0ker sker

Allophones

top stop

pie spy

care scare

No free choice between p and pH.

Complementary distribution

tHop stoppHai spaikHe0 ske0kHer sker

Compementary angles:

phoneme

allophone

/ /

[ ] [ ]

phoneme

allophone

Usually, of course, the different ALLOPHONES of the same PHONEME are all similar to each other - they form a FAMILY of sounds. But we mustn't fall into the trap of thinking that ALLOPHONIC difference is small while PHONEMIC difference is large. There is actually no real difference between these differences! We can see this by the fact that the same difference can be allophonic in one language, and phonemic in another.

from http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/02/TOP/phonemes.html

seat sheet

massivemachine

basic nation

She is fine as morn in May,mild, divine and clever.Like a shining summer’s dayshe is mine for ever.

Sr. Sigurður Norland í Hindisvík

Mitsubishi

Subaru

phoneme

allophone

MitsubishiSubaru

this theatre

think this thought

þ ð þ

þessi þýðing

þessi þýðing

The lateral - l

lipyellowmillmillermilkpeople

l

http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~danhall/phonetics/sammy.html

l

phoneme

allophone

The phoneme /l/ is light before a vowel, otherwise dark

The lateral - l

lipyellowmillmillermilkpeople

trouble follows the blameless milkman like a wealthy lawyer trÆbl fol0uz ð0 bleimlis milkm0n laik 0 welþ^ lOj0

layplaysplayclay

exclaim

(from week 6):

Is it followed by a vowel?

Does it follow k or p in a stressed syllable?

clayplay

layyellow

millmilk