pivotal hydrogen internal combustion engine “the right tool for the job” 1

Pivotal Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine

“The right tool for the job”

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Scale of OpportunityPivotal Engine is a

A multi-application technology

It is a global industry opportunity

Pivotal will grow into a global power-unit provider bridging the chasm between efficiency / low CO2 and

viability

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The engine industry is very mature so

incremental development has been the

safe option

But, the world is changing and

external forces are disrupting

‘business as usual’

New demands bring opportunity and

sometimes the simple solution is best

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What we have

Simple, highly developed and truly novel ICE

Multi-fuel capability

The ideal hydrogen fuel design

High thermal efficiency

High power density

Secured global IP

A comprehensive understanding of the opportunities and the path to

commercialization

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What is an Internal Combustion Engine?A device that

processes fuel/air - harnesses combustion

EngineEngine TorqueTorqueFuelFuel

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Fuel characteristics dictate design

Hydrogen is a very different fuel so - incremental changes to convert the old engine will not deliver the hydrogen engine we need

Progress often demands that we take a step back in order to head in the right direction

The Pivotal design presents a leapfrog opportunity

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Hydrogen Combustion Characteristics

• Low volumetric power density

• Low energy required for ignition

• High flame speed (at stoichiometric ratios)

• High auto-ignition temperature

• Short quenching distance

• High diffusivity

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Hydrogen Combustion Characteristics

• Low volumetric power density

• Low energy required for ignition• High flame speed (at stoichiometric ratios)

• High auto-ignition temperature

• Short quenching distance

• High diffusivity

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High flame speed at or near-to stoichiometric ratios

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Hydrogen Combustion Characteristics

• Low volumetric power density

• Low energy required for ignition

• High flame speed (at stoichiometric ratios)

• High auto-ignition temperature• Short quenching distance

• High diffusivity

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The Water Cooled Pivotal Piston

1996 1998 2000 2003 2006

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•400 cc•Twin chamber•11000 RPM•100 MPH

The 400cc Motorcycle

1996 1998 2000 2003 2006

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One Litre Twin Chamber Engine

•Water-cooled piston•1000cc•twin chamber•100 hp •6200 rpm

1996 1998 2000 2003 2006

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Pivotal DI Engine

•1000 cc •Twin Chamber •Orbital direct injection

1996 1998 2000 2003 2006

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Pivotal Light Sport Plane Engine

•Power 120 hp.•Weight 120 lb.•TBO 1000 hours.•BSFC ½ lb.per hp/hr

1996 1998 2000 2003 2006

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30 kW military stand-alone Genset

•30 kW•250 kg•JP8 fuel

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Prototype 38kW Pivotal engine set-up to test 30kW generator at C.E. Niehoff in Illinois USA

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2 Litre Opposed Four Engine 65 kg and170 kW @ 6,000rpm or bus series-

hybrid generator – 60 kW @2,800rpm

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High power density?

100 hp100 hp

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Moving Mass takes Energy

More MassMore Mass

More EnergyMore Energy

More FuelMore Fuel

More EmissionsMore Emissions

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Compact Car with 230 HP Pivotal Engine

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An Automotive Comparison

Toyota V6 Pivotal Opp 4

Capacity (cc /CI)

3000 / 183 2000 /122

Power (hp) 220 220

Weight (lb) 380 160

Box Size (cu.ft) 12 6

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Do we use our car less?

ordo we take less car

with us?

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What will drive the change to a hydrogen economy?

• Competition for reducing oil supplies• Public awareness on the effects of CO2

• Cheap hydrogen from waste disposal• Clean domestic and industrial CHP• Storage and conversion of sustainably

produced power • Clean City Programmes – Hydrogen buses,

taxis, delivery trucks, rubbish removal (other captured fleets)

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The Pivotal Engine is the catalyst to grow the hydrogen/electric economy

There is no insurmountable technology gap

The full range of technologies needed to deliver efficient hydrogen/electric hybrid

vehicles is available now.

Designer and assembler of the London H2 fleet

Hybrid System Integrator

Supplier of the Hybrid Propulsion System

Supplier of the Electric Storage System

Integrator of the selected Hydrogen

combustion engine into the vehicle

Project Role

Combustion is still the best means to convert hydrogen fuel to driving torque

The Pivotal engine is the low cost and simple solution - it presents an opportunity

to develop new industry.

Good design - changes everything

YES WE CAN

Recognize - invest - work - prosper