plant and animal taxonomy

Plant and Animal Taxonomy Bio 19 by: Ms. GEonyzl J. Lepiten

Objectives :Objectives :

•To define TAXONOMY

•To trace the history of taxonomy.

•To know the people who pioneered taxonomy

•To discuss the nature of taxonomy

•Importance of taxonomy.

•Relevance of taxonomy to you.

What is taxonomy to you?What is taxonomy to you?

TAXONOMY…………TAXONOMY…………

* is a practice and science of * is a practice and science of classificationclassification..

* from two * from two GreekGreek words: words:

- “taxis””,, 'order' + 'order' + νόμοςνόμος, ,

-“nomos””,, 'law' or 'science'. 'law' or 'science'.

* * taxonomic unitstaxonomic units known as: known as:

- taxa (singular (singular taxontaxon), ),

* a part of systematics* a part of systematics

- It is a science that classify organisms into groups

and its natural relationships

Three main Schools of Taxonomy:

1.Phenetic taxonomy – classify organisms based on overall form and structure or genetic similarity

- also called NUMERICAL TAXONOMY

2.Cladistics taxonomy - classify organisms based on branching points.

- not based on origin but on the shared characteristics

- also called PHYLOGENETIC TAXONOMY

3. Evolutionary taxonomy – classify organisms based on combination and divergence

- also called TRADITIONAL TAXONOMY

HISTORY………. Long long time ago……

-GREEKS and ROMANS - practiced naming and classification of organisms based to its use and they feared most.

Most of the naming were done

by the Herbalist

Theophratus (370 – 285 B.C.)

* Greek student of Plato

* established a first documentation

local flora.

* discussed more than 500 species and varieties of plants from lands bordering the Atlantic and Mediterranean

Published works on systematics:

1. Inquiry into Plants – translated by

Theodorus Gaza

2. The Causes of Plants

Some generic name made by Theophratus.........

Daucus - carrots

Asparagus

Narcissus -

Dioscorides (1st century A.D.)

- Roman military surgeon

- writing a five volume book

De Materia Medica

* most influential herbal books

-Added 100 species of flora

from Mediterranean

Represented modern Families identified by Dioscorides:

Fabaceae Lamiaceae

Apiaceae

Albertus Magnus

(1200 – 1280 A.D.)

- known as:

Saint Albert the Great

and Albert of Cologne, was a

Dominican friar

-Produced a first recognized

classification of plants into:

a. MONOCOT

b. DICOT

THE

HERBALIST

John Gerard

(1542 – 1612)

-English

-Published the book titled,

“Herball, or Generall Historie of Plants” (1597)

-Added 182 new plants

-Revised the arrangement and appended his observations

-But it was corrected by Thomas Johnson

Leonhart Fuchs

(1501 – 1566)

- Provide a clear

illustrations of the plant

specimens

Rembert Dodoens (1517-1585)

he include the medical importance of the plants and its localities.

“Aloe groweth very plenteously in India, and from thence commeth the best iuyce ... It is to be seene

also in this Countrie in the gardens of some Herboristes. ... it is a soueraigne medicine for

vlcers about the secrete partes, and fundement. The same boyled with wine and hony, healeth the outgrowinges & riftes of the fundament, & stoppeth

the abounding fluxe of the Hemorrhoides.” Source: Dodoens / Lyte (1578)

Artificial Classification

Carolous Linnaeus

(Carl von Linne)

(1707-1778)

-Develop a ‘sexual system’ that divided the plants into 24 classes

- develop the Linnean System of naming or Binomial nomenclature

- Published 23 volumes of the book “Species Plantarum”

Natural Classifications

-1883 the “Genera Plantarum” was completed, the fruit of a 21-year collaboration with Sir Joseph Hooker.

- This monumental work outlined what became known as the Bentham-Hooker classification system for flowering plant

George Bentham

(1800 -1884)

Phylogenetic Classifications