plant disease & control_ [compatibility mode]
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Plant Disease and ControlIntroduction to
Abdul HafeezPlant PathologistDepartment of Agriculture Azad Kashmir
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DiseaseDisease
Series of responsesSeries of responses
abnormalityabnormality
lossloss
microorganismsmicroorganisms EnvironmentalEnvironmental factorsfactors
morphologymorphology
physiophysiollogyogy
quantquant ityity
qualiqualityty
PLANT DISEASE ?PLANT DISEASE ?
WHAT ISWHAT IS
(shape)
(function)
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Symptoms
The external & internal alterationsof a plant as a result of a disease
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Primary SymptomsDirect changes of tissues infected by
pathogen
leaf spot
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Secondary Symptoms
Indirect & subsequent changes of a distance
Sclerotium w ilt
from the site of the pathogen
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Localized symptoms
(in a particular part of the plant)
leaf blight
(death of cells in restricted areas)
(death of cells: not restricted)
leaf spot
bacterial canker
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(Death of cells and tissues)
dry rot: fungi
Rots
soft rot: bacteria
anthracnose
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Hypertrophy & Hyperplasia
root knot (gall)
(overgrowth of tissue)
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Systemic symptoms
(spreading throughout the plant body)
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Transformation of tissues/ organs
phyllody
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Stunting/Dwarfing
(Reduced Growth)
Leaf roll / leaf curl
Dwarf
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Changes in colorationChanges in coloration
phosphorus deficiencyphosphorus deficiency
white leaf of sugarcanewhite leaf of sugarcane
mosaic
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Symptoms with SignsSymptoms with Signs
rustrust
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smutsmut
Symptoms withSymptoms withSignsSigns
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downy mildew
powdery mildewpowdery mildew
Symptoms w ith SignsSymptoms w ith Signs
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Naming of DiseaseNaming of Disease
11.. With symptomWith symptom papayapapaya ringspotringspot
Watermelon fruit rotWatermelon fruit rot
22.. With signWith signrustrustsmutsmut
powdery mildewpowdery mildew
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1) Noninfectious/ abiotic agents- imbalance of nutrients
- extreme temperature/moisture
- Air & w ater pollutants, chemicals, etc.
2) Infectious / biotic agents
Fungi, bacteria, mollicutes,
viruses & viroids, nematodes,
protozoa
Causal agentsCausal agents
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Shapes & sizes of plant pathogens
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Fungi
bacteria
mollicutes
viruses
nematodes
viroids
protozoa
Parasitichigherplants
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DiseaseDiseaseTriangleTriangle
TiTi
meme
HostHost
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Disease CycleDisease Cycle
DisseminationDissemination
InfectionInfection
Monocyclic Disease
Polycyclic Disease
inoculationinoculation
SymptomSymptom
(1)
(2)(4)
(3)
developmentdevelopment
Reproduction
(5)
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Diagnostic TechniquesDiagnostic Techniques
1. Visual inspection of symptoms
2. Microscopic exam ination
3. Isolation for pure culture of pathogenand Identification of pure culture
4. Biochemical & physiological methods
5. Nucleic acid-based methods(molecular methods)
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disease
insect
Visual Inspection ofVisual Inspection ofSymptomsSymptoms
Determine : diseaseVS insect
insect
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Determine : biotic agentVS abiotic agent
abioticbiotic
Visual Inspection of SymptomsVisual Inspection of Symptoms
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Determine : Nutrient Deficiency VS Virus
virusnutrient deficiency
Visual Inspection of SymptomsVisual Inspection of Symptoms
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Fungal Diseases
Visual Inspection of SymptomsVisual Inspection of Symptoms
Use hand-lens/ microscope
- mycelium/ fruit ing body/
spores
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bacterial ooze
mass of bacterial cells
cut stem
from xylem
from cut leafspot
Bacterial Diseases
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Virus and Phytoplasma
virus
phytoplamainsect vector
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Transmission test
Indicator plant
Serology
Electron microscope
Nucleic Acid, DNA
Virus andVirus and PhytoplasmaPhytoplasma
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Nematode Damage
root knotroot knot
(gall)(gall)
Nematodes instained root
Symptom , Populat ion density in soil & root
poor growth
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Principles of Plant Disease Control
1. Reducing Initial Inoculum
2. Reducing Rate of Development
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Reducing Initial
InoculumExclusion - no introduction ofpathogen
Eradication-
eliminate pathogeninoculum
Therapy - eliminate pathogen from living host
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Reducing Rate of Development(To Slow Rate of Increase)
Host resistance - horizontal resistance
Protection - protect the host from infection
Avoidance - avoid contact of host and pathogenunder conditions favorable for
disease
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Reducing Rate of Development
AvoidanceAvoid putting host & pathogen in contact with
one another under a favorable environment
A. Geographic Selection
B. Site Selection
C. Environmental Management
D. Cultural Practices
Planting/Harvest dates Short season cultivars Cultivation practices, plant spacing Irrigation management, ferti l ity management
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Reducing Rate of Development
ProtectionA. Biological controlAntagonistic organisms (Streptomyces, Bacil lus,
Trichoderma, Paecil lomyces, Vertici l l ium)
Cross protection (inoculate mild strain to induceresistance for virulent strain of pathogen)
B. Chemical control
Protectant, Eradicant Contact, systemic pesticides
Fungicides, bactericides, nematicides
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Integrated P lantDisease Management
1. Manage the pathogen
2. Manage the host
3. Manage the environment
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Integrated P lant DiseaseManagement
1. Manage the pathogen
- Exclusion of inoculum
- Reduction of inoculum
- Eradication of inoculum
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Integrated P lant DiseaseManagement
2. Manage the host
- Induced resistance
- Breeding for disease resistance
- Protect ion
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Integrated P lant Disease
Management
3. Manage the environment
- Soil management
- Crop management
- Water management
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