plant kingdom. non-vascular plants bryophytes -first to evolve on land -no vascular tissue...
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PLANT KINGDOM
NON-VASCULAR PLANTS
BRYOPHYTES
- First to evolve on land
- No vascular tissue
- Dependent on diffusion and osmosis
- Grow in mats of low, tangled vegetation that easily hold water (no roots)
- Contain Rhizoids (small root-like structures)
NON-VASCULAR PLANTS: BRYOPHYTES
3 Phyla:
- Mosses
- Liverworts
- Hornworts
NON-VASCULAR PLANTS: BRYOPHYTES
MOSSES LIVERWORTS HORNWORTS
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
Short, vertical stems with leaf like structures
Leafy stems or small flattened blades
Leafy stems or small flattened blades
THICKNESS 1 cell thick 1 cell thick 1 chloroplast per cell
HABITAT Variety of ecosystems
Moist, shady places on rocks, trees, rotten wood, soil
Damp locations such as tree trunks, riverbanks
IMPORTANCE Most abundant biomass in bogs (peat accumulation), nutrient cycling, pharmaceutical potential
Most like green algae, one of the first organisms to colonize disturbed areas, nutrient cycling, pharmaceutical potential
Nutrient cycling, pharmaceutical potential
NON-VASCULAR PLANTS: BRYOPHYTES
BRYOPHYTE LIFE CYCLE
- Alternation of generations
- Haploid gametophyte is the larger, longer-lasting dominant form
GAMETOPHYTE –sexual phase in the alternation of generations
SPOROPHYTE – asexual phase in the alternation of generations
NON-VASCULAR PLANTS: BRYOPHYTES
1. Gametophyte generation produces sporophytes that grow up on tall stalks
NON-VASCULAR PLANTS: BRYOPHYTES
2. Spores are produced on the end capsule of the sporophyte via meiosis
NON-VASCULAR PLANTS: BRYOPHYTES
3. Spores are released when the capsule bursts
NON-VASCULAR PLANTS: BRYOPHYTES
4. Spores germinate on the ground and develop into male or female gametophytes
NON-VASCULAR PLANTS: BRYOPHYTES
5. Female gametophyte develops an archegonium (makes eggs)
NON-VASCULAR PLANTS: BRYOPHYTES
6. Male gametophyte develops antheridium (makes sperm)
NON-VASCULAR PLANTS: BRYOPHYTES
7. Antheridium release sperm which swim to the archegonium for fertilization
8. Zygote is produced which undergoes mitosis to form a sporophyte
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
First to form forests 350 million years ago
Developed vascular tissue to grow tall
Sporophyte generation is the dominant phase, still requiring moisture for sexual reproduction
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
4 Phyla:
- Whisk ferns
- Club mosses
- Horsetails
- Ferns
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
WHISK FERNS
CLUB MOSSES
HORSETAILS
FERNS
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
No leaves or roots
Small needle-like leaves
Hollow stems with scale like leaves that grow from nodes
Have roots, stems and leaves
HABITAT Moist, tropical environments
Moist, woodland environments
Moist, tropical and temperate environments
Warm, moist environments and cooler drier habitats
REPRODUC-TION
Spores dispersed by wind
Spores dispersed by wind (formed in clusters of leaves at the end of stems)
Spores dispersed by wind (formed in clusters of leaves at the end of stems)
IMPORTANCE Greenhouse plant
Oldest living vascular plant
Scouring rushes
Ornamental plant
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
FERN LIFE-CYCLE
1. Sporangium produces haploid spores that germinate to form a gametophyte (prothallus)
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
FERN LIFE-CYCLE
2. Prothallus produces antheridia (male organs) and archegonia (female organs)
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
FERN LIFE-CYCLE
3. Sperm from antheridia swim to an egg from the archegonium
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
FERN LIFE-CYCLE
4. Fertilized egg grows into a sporophyte
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
FERN LIFE-CYCLE
5. Sporophyte matures and roots and fronds develop from rhizome
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
FERN LIFE-CYCLE
6. Sori develop on pinnae. Sori forms spores via meiosis
SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS
First appeared 280 million years ago when climate grew cooler and drier
Two types:
1. Gymnosperms: vascular plant with non-enclosed seeds
2. Angiosperms: vascular plant with seeds enclosed in protective tissue
SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS
SEEDS: allow plants to reproduce sexually with out needing water and provide protection against harsh environmental conditions
SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: GYMNOSPERMS
Gymnosperm = “naked seed”
- Seeds that are exposed on the surface of cone scales
SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: GYMNOSPERMS
3 Types of Gymnosperms
1. Conifers (Cone bearing trees): pines, firs, yew, spruce, cedars, redwood, etc
2. Cycadophytes: short, palm-like trees
3. Ginkgophyte: ginkgo biloba
SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: GYMNOSPERMS
Cones: conifer reproductive structures
- Male: soft and short-lived
- Female: hard and longer-lasting; made of scales where eggs develop
*** Transport of sperm from male cones to unfertilized eggs in the female cone via pollen (reduced gametophytes) ***
SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: ANGIOSPERMS
Angiosperms: flowering (small or large and non-colourful or colourful) vascular, seed plants
- Seeds are contained in a fruit
- Flowers, non-coniferous trees, grasses, roadside weeds
- Appeared 150 million years ago
SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: ANGIOSPERMS
ANGIOSPERM REPRODUCTION
Male gametophyte: pollen grain containing sperm nuclei
- Transported via wind or insects
SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: ANGIOSPERMS
ANGIOSPERM REPRODUCTION
- Common for individual plants to be both male and female
Ex: Lily
SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: ANGIOSPERMS
ANGIOSPERM REPRODUCTION
FRUIT: a mature ovary containing seeds
- Adapted to disperse seeds successfully
SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: ANGIOSPERMS
ANGIOSPERM CLASSIFICATION
Two types:
1. Monocots
2. Dicots
** Cotyledon: structure in the embryo that helps to nourish the plant as it first starts to grow
SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: ANGIOSPERMS
ANGIOSPERM CLASSIFICATION
1. MONOCOTS: embryo contains one cotyledon
- Flowers and fruits divided into threes or multiples of threes
- Leaves have parallel veins
- Corn, orchids, onions
SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: ANGIOSPERMS
ANGIOSPERM CLASSIFICATION
Two types:
2. DICOTS: embryo contains two cotyledons
- Flowers and fruits divided into fours or fives
- Leaves have veins in a netted pattern
- dandelions, crab apples, maple trees
SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: ANGIOSPERMS
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