plasma liquid portion of blood without cellular components serum plasma after a blood clot is formed...
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PlasmaLiquid portion of blood without cellular components
SerumPlasma after a blood clot is formed
Cellular Components Red & White blood cells, platelets
The average adult contains 8-10 pints of blood
Straw colored Contains no cellular components
Water Blood Proteins Plasma Proteins
Fibrinogens- Necessary for blood clotting, synthesized in liver Albumin- From the liver, helps maintain blood’s osmotic pressure and
volume Prothrombin- A globulin which helps blood coagulate. Vitamin K
necessary for prothrombin synthesis Nutrients Electrolytes Hormones, vitamins, enzymes Metabolic waste products
Do not contain nucleus/cellular elements Shape
Biconcave discs, donut shaped
Hemoglobin Gives red color, heme is iron and globin is protein
FunctionTransports oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide
away from cells
Normal:Men= 14-18 gmWomen= 12-16 gm
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) travel through the lungs where O2 is carried to tissues and released CO2 picked up and carried back to lungs for exchange
Arterial bloodLots of oxygenBright red
Venous bloodLots of CO2 Dark crimson
Manufacture of red blood cellsOccurs in bone marrowRed cells live 120 daysOld cells are broken down by the spleen
and liverHemolysis
Rupture or bursting of erythrocyte, can be from a blood transfusion or disease.
Larger than erythrocytes – main function to fight infection 5 types Normal count
3200-9800
Shape Granular, agranular, translucent or ameboid
Types Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes
Phagocytosis Process when white cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria
PhagocytosisProcess when white cells surround, engulf, and
digest harmful bacteriaPerformed by phagocytes
Basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
Basophils produce heparinAn anticoagulant
DiapedesisWhen white cells move through capillary wall into
neighboring tissue
Smallest of solid components of bloodSynthesized in red marrowNot cells
Fragments of megakaryocytesNecessary for the initiation of the blood
clotting process
Blood TypesBLOOD TYPES• Four major types of blood – A, B, AB, & O• Inherited from parents• Determined by presence or absence of an ANTIGEN on the surface of the red blood cell
ANTIBODY – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the body
Someone with type A blood has B antibodies.Someone with type B blood has A antibodies.Someone with type AB blood has NO antibodies.Someone with type O blood has A & B antibodies.
UNIVERSAL DONOR – Blood Type OUNIVERSAL RECIPIENT – Blood Type AB
Blood Types cont’d Red cells also may contain Rh Factor
• If you have it, you’re Rh +• If you don’t, you’re Rh –
When an Rh – mother is pregnant with an Rh + baby, the baby’s blood (usually during delivery) can mix with the mom’s blood, causing the mom’s blood to make anti Rh antibodies.
If the mom gets pregnant again with another Rh + positive, her anti Rh antibodies will attack the baby’s blood, causing ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS.
RHO Gam will destroy any baby blood cells in the mom, & her immune system won’t produce antibodies.
Disorders
ANEMIA• Deficiency in number or %
of red blood cells
IRON-DEFICENCY ANEMIA• Usually in women, children and adolescents• Deficiency of iron in the diet causing in
sufficient hemoglobin synthesis• Treat with iron supplements and green, leafy
vegetables
PERNICIOUS ANEMIA• Caused by deficiency of B12 or intrinsic factor
(produced by stomach mucosa, necessary for absorption of B12)
• Symptoms – dyspnea, pallor, fatigue, & neurologic changes
• Treatment – injections of B12
APLASTIC ANEMIA• Bone marrow does not produce enough red &
white blood cells• Caused by drugs or radiation therapy
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA• Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents• Causes the red cells to form in abnormal sickle shape• Siclke cells break easily & carry less oxygen• Occurs primarily in blacks• Treatment – blood transfusions
COOLEY’S ANEMIA• Also known as Thalassemia Major• Caused by a defect in hemoglobin• Affects people of Mediterranean descent
POLYCYTHEMIA• Too many red blood cells are formed• May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude
EMBOLISM• Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. That is carried by the
bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage• Also known as a “moving blood clot”
THROMBOSIS• The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel• The blood clot is a THROMBUS
HEMATOMA• Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or
space• Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture
HEMOPHILIA• Hereditary• Missing clotting factor• Blood clots slow or abnormally• Sex-linked – transmitted genetically from mother to sons• Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma
THROMBOCYTOPENIA• Not enough platelets• Blood will not clot properly
LEUKEMIA• Malignant condition• Overproduction of immature white
blood cells• Hinders synthesis of red cells
SEPTICEMIA• Presence of pathogens or toxins in the
blood
• Pus- cream colored liquid
• Abscess- pus filed cavity
• Pyrexia- fever
• Leukocytosis-increase in white blood cell count (>10,000 per cubic centimeter)
• Edema-excessive fluid in tissues
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