political science
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Political ScienceIt is the systematic study of the state &
governmentThe word political came from the Greek word“polis” meaning city equivalent to a sovereign
stateIt is the basic knowledge & understanding of the
state & the principles & ideas which underlie its organization & activities
It is primarily concerned with the association of human beings in a body politic or a political
community
Concepts of State & Government State is a community of persons more or less
numerous , permanently occupying a definite portion of territory , having a government of their own to which a great body of inhabitants render obedience & enjoying freedom from external control
Elements of the State:1. People2. Territory3. Government4. Sovereignty
Origin of States1. Divine right theory2. Necessity or force theory3. Paternalistic theory4. Social contract theory
State Distinguished from Nation1. A state is a political concept, whole a
nation an ethnic concept2. A state is not subject to external control
while a nation may or may not be independent from external control
3. A single state may consist of one or more nations or peoples , a single nation maybe made up of several states
State Distinguished from GovernmentThey are usually regarded as identical. The government is only the agency through
which the state expresses its willA state cannot exist without a governmentIt is possible to have a government without a
state
Purpose & Necessity of GovernmentAdvancement of the public welfare:
government exists for the welfare of the people
Consequence of absence: without an organized structure of government anarchy & disorder & a general feeling of fear & insecurity will prevail in society
Forms of GovernmentA. As to the number of persons exercising
sovereign powers:1. Monarchya. Absoluteb. Limited2. Aristocracy :exercised by a few privileged
class3. Democracy: exercised by a majority of the
people
Forms of GovernmentB. As to the extent of powers exercised by the
central or national powers:1. Unitary government: control of national &
local affairs exercised by the national or central government
2. Federal : powers of government divided: one for national, the other for local affairs
As to relationship between the executive & legislative branches of government:
1. Presidential2. Parliamentary
The Government of the Philippines in TransitionI. Pre-Spanish Government:1. Unit of government :Barangay – settlements or villages with more or less
100 families2. Datu – chief of the Barangay,also called rajah, sultan
or datu assisted by the council of Elders (Maginoos )3. Social classes: a. Nobility b. Freeman c. Serfs d. Slaves4. Early laws: promulgated by the datus Laws were generally fair
The Government of the Philippines in TransitionII. Government during the Spanish Period:1. Spanish colonial administration:1565 to 1821 – Philippines directly governed
by the King of Spain through Mexico1821 to 1898 directly ruled by SpainCouncil of the Indies responsible for the
administration, then the Council of Ministers & the Ministry of Ultramar
The Government of the Philippines in Transition3. Government was unitary, centralized in structure,
national in scopeBarangays consolidated into towns (pueblos) headed
by a gobernadorcilloTowns consolidated into provinces headed be the
governor, the representative of the Governor-GeneralCities governed under special charters each with city
councils or ayuntamiento4. The governor-general/captain general or vice royal
patron :exercise executive, legislative & judicial powers. As vice royal patron exercised certain religious powers
Philippine Government in Transition5. The Judiciary: The Royal Audiencia was the Supreme Court.Courts of First Instance were also establishedThere were special courts like the military, naval,
ecclesiastical courts.III. Governments during the revolutionary era:1. Katipunan2. Biak na Bato /01/1897 to 12/15/18973. Dictatorial government- proclamation of independence
June 12, 18984. Revolutionary government5. First Philippine Republic Jan, 23,1899 to March 23,1901
Philippine Government in Transition IV. Government during the American regime:1.Military Government2. Civil government: July 14, 1901 headed by the Governor-
General with legislative powersLawmaking bodies during the American regime:1901-1907- Phil. Commission headed by the governor1901-1916-Philippine commission as the Upper House,
Philippine Assembly as the Lower HouseSpooner Law in 1916 gave way to Philippine legislature.The Philippines was represented in the US House of
Representatives by the two resident commissioners electedElected by the Philippine Legislature
The Philippine Government in TransitionCommonwealth Government created pursuant to
the Tydings=Mcduffie Law on March 24,1934Transition period of ten years prior to granting of
independenceInaugurated November 15, 1935 with Manuel L.
Quezon & Sergio Osmena as Vice PresidentIt was republican in form,under the presidential
typeLegislative power vested initially in a unicameral
legislature: the National Assembly later a bicameral congress. Filipinos had complete control, the Americans on foreign affairs
The Philippine Government in TransitionThe commonwealth government functioned in
exile during World War IIV. Governments during the Japanese Occupation:Japanese military administration established in
Manila January 3, 1942Philippine Executive Commission –the civil
government headed by Jorge Vargas composed of Filipinos It exercised both executive & legislative powers
The Japanese sponsored Republic; October 14,1943 with Jose P. Laurel as President
The Philippine Government in TransitionPrevious Philippine Republics:Republic of the Philippines was formally inaugurated
on July 04,1946 with Manuel Roxas as first President & Elpidio Quirino as Vice President
Philippine republics established:First- January 23,1899 under the Malolos constitutionSecond – October 14,1943 under the Japanese
sponsored ConstitutionThird – July 14,1946Fourth – Proclaimed by President Marcos under the 1973 Constitution
The Philippine Government in TransitionProvisional Government of 1986:The government established under the President
Aquino was:1. revolutionary2. de jure/de facto3. constitutional & transitory4. DemocraticIt derived its powers from the people to whom it
was accountableA Provisional constitution was promulgated to
replace the 1973 Constitution
Concept of ConstitutionIt refers to the body of rules & principles in
accordance with which the powers of sovereignty are regularly exercised
Constitution of the Philippines is a written instrument by which the fundamental powers of the government are established, limited and defined and by which these powers are distributed among the several departments or branches for their safe & useful exercise for the benefit of the people.
Nature & Purpose or Function of the Constitution1. Serves as the fundamental or supreme law2. Establishes basic framework & underlying
principles of governmentConstitutional Law – Branch of public law
which treats of constitutions, their nature, formation, amendment & interpretation
Kinds of Constitution1. As to origin & history:a. Conventional or enactedb. Cumulative or evolved2. As to their form:a. Writtenb. Unwritten3. As to manner of amending them:a. Rigid or inclusiveb. Flexible or elastic
Requisites of a good ConstitutionAs to form:1. Brief2. Broad3. DefiniteAs to contents:1. constitution of government2. constitution of liberty3. constitution of sovereignty
Constitution Distinguished from Statute1. constitution is legislation from the people,
statute from the people’s representatives2. a constitution states the general
framework of the law, a statute provides the details of the subject it treats
3. a constitution is intended to govern the future, a statute to meet existing conditions
4. a constitution is the supreme or fundamental law to which all statutes must conform
Constitution of the Republic of the PhilippinesI. The 1935 Constitution1. Framing & ratification:a. Approval on March 24, 1934 by President Franklin
Roosevelt of the Tydings McDuffie Law known as Philippine Independence Act
b. Approval on May 5, 1934 by the Phil. Legislature of a bill calling a constitutional convention
c. Approval on February 8,1935 by the convention of the Constitution
d. Approval on march 23,1935 by President Roosevelt of the constitution
e. Ratification on May 14, 1935 of the constitution by the Filipino electorate
Constitution of the Republic of the PhilippinesThe TydingsMcDuffie Law empowered the Filipinos to
frame their constitution but it imposed certain limitations like: the constitution being republican in form, should contain bill of rights & define the relationships between the US & the Philippines
Sources: constitution of the US, the 1898 Malolos constitution, & three organic laws as: Instruction of President Mckinley to the 2nd Phil. Commission,Phil. Bill of 1902, & Jones Law of August 26,1916
The constitution was intended for the Commonwealth & the Republic
However it ceased to operate during the Japanese Occupation :1942-1944
The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines Amendments to the 1935 Constitution:1. Establishment of a bicameral legislature2. Reeligibility of the President & Vice
President for a second four-year term3. Creation of the Commission on elections4. Parity amendments5. Right of suffrage granted to women
Constitution of the Republic of the PhilippinesThe 1973 constitution:1. Framing of the Constitution:a. Congress on June 17,1969 authorized the holding
of a constitutional convention in 1971b. Republic Act no. 6132 – set Nov. 10,1970 as
election day for the 320 delegates to the conventionc. Rewriting of the Constitution by the convention
started June 01,1971 & was signed Nov. 30,1972The 1935 Constitution was made the basisThe constitution was approved by the Citizen
Assemblies
Constitution of the Republic of the PhilippinesAmendments to the 1973 Constitution:1. making of the President as the regular President
& Vice President2. granting of legislative powers to the President3. establishing of a modified parliamentary form of
government4. permitting natural born citizens who have lost
their citizenship to be transferees of private lands5. allowing the “grants “ of lands of public domain to
qualified citizens6. providing land reforms & urban housing programs
Constitution of the Republic of the PhilippinesThe 1987 constitution:Framing & ratification:1. Under Article 5 of Presidential
Proclamation on March 25,1986, the 1987 was drafted by the Constitutional Commission
The proposed Constitution was approved October 12, 1986 & was approved by the President October 15 ratified by the people February 02,1987
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