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M A R G A R E T C A L L E J A
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POPULATION GROWTH AND DENSITY AS A MEASURE OF
THE QUALITY OF LIFE
DEMOGRAPHY
2
A social science
Study of population
Identified on composition, size and spatial distribution
Comprises the dynamic processes of fertility, birth, death, marriage, migration and social mobility
POPULATION GROWTH3
The Demographic Book-keeping Equation states that:
Pt = Po + B – D + I – O The formula implies that:
Pt = Population at time “t”
Po = Population at an earlier time “o”
B = Births between time “o” and time “t”
D = Deaths between time “o” and “t”
I = In-migration / immigration between time “o” and “t”
O = Out-migration / emigration between time “o” and “t”
Theory of Demographic Regulation
Deriving from Charles Darwin’s“balance of nature” principle
Try to keep population equilibriumReason: to keep a balance with resources
POPULATION DENSITY
Number of people per
unit area, usually
people per square
kilometer
4
QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX5
Refers to the component of development
Two levels:
basic level which involves measures such as access to water, food, health and education etc.
higher levels which may include freedom of speech and religious worship
Quality of life index is measured by certain aspects of life such as ........
6 Infant mortality rate – the number of deaths
of infants below one year per every thousand live births
Literacy – defined by UNESCO as “the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute, using printed materials associated with varying contexts
Life expectancy – average number of years that individuals are expected to live depending on where and when they are born and spend their lives
Housing – number of people owing a house and to the standard of living of houses
Economic activity – types of jobs relating to sectors of the economy
- primary sector : activities concerned with extraction or exploitation of raw materials
- secondary sector – manufacturing industries- tertiary sector – providing services- quaternary sector – types of economic
activity involving high technology and information services
The Concepts of TIME and SPACE Operating through different Scales
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GLOBAL
LOCALREGIONAL
G L O C A L I S A T I O N
L O C A L G L O B A L
R E L A T I O N S H I P B E T W E E N T H E L O C A L A N D
T H E G L O B A L
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LOCAL AND GLOBAL PROCESSES
PATTERNS ACTING AS TRIGGERING FACTORS
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DEMOGRAPHIC
HISTORICAL
POLITICAL
ECONOMICAL
SOCIAL
CULTURAL
TRANSPORT
TECHNOLOGICAL
INNOVATION
TRIGGER POPULATION GROWTH AND
DENSITY
•L O C A L P R O C E S S E SP R O C E S S O F U R B A N I S A T I O N , S U B U R B A N I S A T I O NC H A N G E I N L I F E S T Y L E – I N C R E A S E D S T A N D A R D O F L I V I N GC H A N G E I N J O B S – F R O M P R I M A R Y A N D S E C O N D A R Y T O T E R T I A R Y A N D Q U A T E R N A R YI N C R E A S E D C A R O W N E R S H I PM O R E A C C E S S I B I L I T Y – E V O L U T I O N O F T R A N S P O R T N E T W O R K S
•G L O B A L P R O C E S S E SG L O B A L I S A T I O N•E C O N O M I C•P O L I T I C A L•C U L T U R A L•S O C I A L•T E C H N O L O G I C A L
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LOCAL AND GLOBAL PROCESSES
THOMAS MALTHUS
1766-1834
oTHEORY OF POPULATOIN
RELATING TO RESOURCES
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Essay On the Principle of Population1798
oTheory proposed a negative aspect of a large population
oFood production increases arithmetically whereas population increases geomethrically
oTwo kind of checks are needed in order to maintain a balance in the populationPreventive checks – controls on birthrate such as abortion, contraception and prostitutionPositive checks – rise in mortality such as war, famine and disease
ESTER BOSERUP
1910-1999
THEORY RELATING TO HUMAN
POPULATION AND RESOURCES
Her theory proposed a positive aspect of a large population
Identified a new form of agricultural intensification based on technology, population and land
The technology factor was the focus of her theory
Population growth is the trigger of technological change
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Theory of Agricultural Intensification1965 & 1981
FIRST DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
Explains population increases and decreases through variations in the birth rate and death rate
Identifies four stages:
Stage 1 – fluctuating birth rates and death rates
Stage 2 – death rates start to drop as a result of improvements in medicine
Stage 3 – families start getting smaller as a result of improved social conditions
Stage 4 – birth rates level down to replacement levels
First Demographic Transition
13
SECOND DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION14
FIRST STAGE (1960-1970)Identifies the end of younger ages of marriageThe baby boom of World War II endsDivorce starts to rise
SECOND STAGE (1970-1985)Common-law unions start to evolveChildren are born in cohabiting relationships instead of marriage
THIRD STAGE (1985 onwards) Divorce reaches a high pointPost-marital cohabitation increases - widowed persons do not marry again but cohabitateA high proportion of people start having children after the age of 30
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Processes resulting from the triggers
of population growth and
density..........
.........ACTING AS A MEASURE OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX
MIGRATION16
Population movements across space
o In-migration and out-migration
Daily or seasonal movements –commuting;work;travel
Forced –famine;war;poverty
Voluntary – search for better jobs; education
.
MIGRATION TRIGGERS17
Suburbanisation
Counterurbanisation
Urbanisation
URBANISATION - a large proportion of the
population lives in towns and cities – people migrate from the rural to the urban
SUBURBANISATION - people migrate in the outer
district within the commuting zone of the urban area
COUNTERURBANISATION - people move away from
large urban settlements –migration from urban to rural
The processes of ......
MALTESE POPULATION GROWTH AND DENSITY IN THE 2OTH CENTURY
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Density comparison table 1995-2005 by district
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1995 2005
District Population per km
Population per km
Change 1995-2005 per km
MALTAMaltaGozo and Comino
1,2001,417422
1,2851,517452
8510029
Southern Harbour 3,186 3,097 -89
Northern Harbour 4,920 4,967 47
South Eastern 1,019 1,184 165
Western 713 787 74
Northern 609 776 167
Gozo and Comino 422 452 29
Factors acting as measures on the quality of life inedx in the Maltese Islands
20 POPULATION GROWTH AND
DENSITY
14 censuses from 1842-2005 1842,1851,1861,1881,1891,1901,1911,1
921,1931,1957,1967,1985,1995, 2005
Population in 1842 – 114,499
Population in 2005 – 404,962 Doubled 3.5 times in 163 years
MEASURING THE QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX
Health – improved health facilities leading to a low infant mortality rate, life longevity
Education – high literacy rate, lifelong learning, higher percentage of a graduated workforce, high percentage of women working
Housing – rise in persons owing their own personal dwellings, increase in dwellings due a large number of persons living independently - second demographic transiton:rise in separation leads to an increase in single households
Economic activity – shift from the primary and secondary sectors to the tertiary and quaternary sectors
References21
Bogue, D.J., (1969) Introduction to the Study of Demography in Principles of Demography (Chapter 1 pg 1); John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York
Bogue, D.J., (1969) Population Change and Its Components in Principles of Demography (Chapter 2 pg 37-38); John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York
Haggett, P., (2001) Ester Boserup and Agricultural Intensification in Geography A Global Synthesis (Chapter 9 pg 283); Pearson Education Limited, England
Ogden, P., (1984) Migration and Urban Growth in Migration and Geographical Change (Chapter 4 pg 51); University Press, Cambridge, Great Britain
Pacione, M., (2001) Urban Geography from local to global in Urban Geography ; 2nd ed. (Chapter 1 pgs4-5); Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow Great Britain
Winch, D., (1987) The Principle of Population in Malthus (Chapter 3 pg 19); Oxford University Press, Great Britain
INTERNET SOURCES
Census 2005 accessed on http://www.nso.gov.mt/docs/CensusVol2.pdf
Definitions of geography accessed on http://www.tuition.com.hk/geography on 15th March 2010
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION22
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