population unit - 2 bba

PopulationBy Radhika

Introduction

• India & many other Countries are now passing through the phase of Population explosion.

• This situation has arisen because Economic development failed to maintain pace with population growth.

• Rapid growth of population causes…….

Current Population of Gujarat in

2013 is 62,700,003

Demographic Transition

• Population problem is an inevitable result of reproductive behavior of man.

• But theory of Demographic Transition rejects this view, it talks about population explosion is result of sudden spurt in the rate of population growth & a rapid fall in the mortality rate.

• According to this theory every country passes through THREE stages of Demographic Transition.

First Stage

• In the first stage, both birth & death rates are high. Hence, the population remains more or less stable.

• In backward economies where agriculture is main occupation of the people…

• Mass population deprived of even basic necessities.• A large number of people live on inadequate &

unbalanced diet.• Under these circumstances medical facilities are limited

this results in high mortality rate.• Lack of education, superstitions social evils are cause of

high birth rate.

Second Stage

• The second stage is characterized by rapid growth of population because despite substantial reduction in the mortality rate there is no corresponding decline the birth rate.

• With beginning the process of development….• Government will make special efforts for medical

facilities.• These development generally bring down the mortality

rates.• But the society might not have been changed.

Cont.

• In this situation the population increases at an alarming rate.

• In the 2nd stage generally birth rate stays around 35 to 40 per thousand where as death rate comes down to roughly 15 per thousand.

• Consequently population increases at an annual rate of about 2 % or more.

Third Stage

• In the 3rd stage of demographic transition the birth rate declines significantly & thus the rate of population growth remains low.

• A country can hope to overcome the problem of population explosion where industrialization, urbanization & education becomes widespread.

• Industrialization • Migration• In this situation birth rate declines from 35-40 to 15-20

per thousand.• Once this happens to the country…..

India’s Population:Size & Growth Trends

Census Year Population in Crores Annual Growth Rate

1901 23.83 0.18

1911 25.21 -

1921 25.13 -

1931 27.9 -

1941 31.8 -

1951 36.1 1.96

1961 43.91 2.22

1971 54.82 2.20

1981 68.33 2.14

1991 84.63 1.93

2001 102.90 1.60

2011 121.02 -

India’s Population the FUTURE

1. Absolute level of Population– Tim Dyson has estimated the population in 2026 at about

142 crores

– The UN’s recent “medium” projection puts the level of population in 2051 at 165 crores & “high” projection puts it at 196.4 crores

– India may become the most populous country in the world

– It might be only the country ever to contain 200 crore people

2. Regional pattern

3. Fertility & Mortality

4. Double Burden of Disease

Cont.

5. Urbanization projections

6. Consequences for economic growth

7. Pressure on environment

8. Political & administrative challenges

Causes for Rapid Growth of Population

1. Causes of decline in the Mortality Rate

2. Causes of high Birth Rate

i. Economic Factors

ii. Social Factors

Cont.

1. Causes of decline in the Mortality RateI. Elimination of Famines

II. Control of epidemics & decline in the incidences of malaria & tuberculosis

III. Other factors– Supply of pure drinking water– Sanitation & Hygiene – Education & expanded medical facilitates

Cont.

2. Causes of high Birth Rate

I. Economic Factors1. Predominance of agriculture

2. Slow urbanization process

3. Poverty

Cont.

II. Social Factors1. Near universality of marriage

2. Lower age at the time of marriage

3. Religious & social superstitions

4. Joint family

5. Lack of education

Remedies for Population Explosion

• Three fold measures:

1.Economic Measures

2.Social Measures

3.The Family Planning Measures

1. Economic Measures

I. Expansion of the industrial sector

II. Creation of employment opportunities

III. Equitable distribution of income

2. Social Measures

1. Education

2. Improving the Status of women

3. Raising the minimum age of Marriage

3.The Family Planning Programme

1. Public Information Programme

2. Incentives & Disincentives

3. Family Planning Centers

4. Research