powerpoint slides for chapter 1: heritable material by a. malcolm campbell, laurie j. heyer, &...
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PowerPoint Slides for Chapter 1:Heritable Material
by A. Malcolm Campbell, Laurie J. Heyer, & Christopher Paradise
1.4 How does DNA’s shape affect its function?
Integrating Concepts in Biology
Title Page Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Biology Learning Objectives• Draw the structure of DNA showing the double helix
and base pairings.• Demonstrate how DNA replication is
semiconservative.• Evaluate experimental design and analyze data from
research on DNA as molecular information.
Bio-Math Exploration Learning Objectives• Estimate the amount of DNA in a sample by finding
the area under a curve.• Determine the number of generations that have passed
in a population of cells.
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Fig.1.9
Nucleotide Structures
You should be able to distinguishdeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from ribonucleic acid (RNA),
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
You should be able to distinguishdeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from ribonucleic acid (RNA),
Fig. 1.9
Nucleotide Structures
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
DNAdATP
RNAATP
Fig. 1.9
Nucleotide Structures
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Fig. 1.9
rotate 90°
2’ carbondATP
Nucleotide Structures
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Nucleotide Structures
Fig. 1.9
ATP or dATP?
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Watson and Crick DNA Model
Fig. 1.10 from Watson and Crick, 1953
Watson and Crick DNA Model
Fig. 1.10 from Watson and Crick, 1953
Watson and Crick DNA Model
Fig. 1.10 from Watson and Crick, 1953
Watson and Crick DNA Model
Fig. 1.10 from Watson and Crick, 1953
Watson and Crick DNA Model
Fig. 1.10
Can you spot their error?from Watson and Crick, 1953
Watson and Crick DNA Model
Fig. 1.10
Can you spot their error?from Watson and Crick, 1953
Watson and Crick DNA Model
Fig. 1.10
phosphate
should be anti-parallel strandsfrom Watson and Crick, 1953
Chemical Bonds
Fig. 1.11 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Chemical Bonds
Fig. 1.11
You should be able to match these representations with the appropriate chemical bonds.
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Chemical Bonds
Fig. 1.11 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Chemical Bonds
Fig. 1.11 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Chemical Bonds
Fig. 1.11
Match the chemicalrepresentations withthe appropriate bonds.
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Chemical Bonds
Fig. 1.11 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Chemical Bonds
Fig. 1.11 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Chemical Bonds
Fig. 1.11
Describe the generalrules for each bond type found in biologicalexamples.
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Chemical Bonds
Fig. 1.11 Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Chemical Bonds
Fig. 1.11
(N or O) and H
bases (+) and acids (-)
any element, often
C – C, C – O, C – N, C – H
Copyright © 2015 by AM Campbell, LJ Heyer, CJ Paradise. All rights reserved.
Maurice Wilkins’ data Rosalind Franklin’s data
X-ray Diffraction of DNA
Fig. 1.12 from Wilkins, et al., 1953 and from Franklin and Gosling, 1953.
Maurice Wilkins’ data Rosalind Franklin’s data
X-ray Diffraction of DNA
Fig. 1.12 from Wilkins, et al., 1953 and from Franklin and Gosling, 1953.
Watson & Crick Base Pairs
Fig. 1.13
Find their mistake.
modified from Watson and Crick. 1953b
Watson & Crick Base Pairs
Fig. 1.13
Find their mistake.
modified from Watson and Crick. 1953b
Watson & Crick Base Pairs
Fig. 1.13
missed H-bond
modified from Watson and Crick. 1953b
Watson & Crick Base Pairs
Fig. 1.13 too far for H-bond modified from Watson and Crick. 1953b
Watson & Crick Base Pairs
Fig. 1.13
pyrimidines
1
1
modified from Watson and Crick. 1953b
Watson & Crick Base Pairs
Fig. 1.13
purines
12
12
modified from Watson and Crick. 1953b
Always Three Rings Wide
Fig. 1.13
12
12
modified from Watson and Crick. 1953b
3
3
3 Models of DNA Replication
Fig. 1.14modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
3 Models of DNA Replication
Fig. 1.14
all old DNA
What are the implications for each model?
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
3 Models of DNA Replication
Fig. 1.14
half old
half new
semi-conservative
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
3 Models of DNA Replication
Fig. 1.14
all old
all new
conservative
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
3 Models of DNA Replication
Fig. 1.14
all stands half new
mosaic
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
3 Models of DNA Replication
Fig. 1.14
all stands half new
mosaic
all old
all new
conservative
half old
half new
semi-conservative
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
high concentration of salt(high density)
low concentration(low density)
Fig. 1.15Afrom Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.15A
they wanted the DNA to appear about the same total darkness at each time point
backgroundsvary due to
different photographic
exposure times
from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.15A
evenly distributed DNA0
from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.15A
partially equilibrated DNA15
from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.15A
fully equilibrated DNA43
36
from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.15A
density of normal (light 14N) DNA
from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.15B
mix DNA made of 14N (light)
and15N (heavy)
centrifuge in salt gradient
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.15B
density of light(14N) DNA
density of heavy(15N) DNA
mix DNA made of 14N (light)
and15N (heavy)
centrifuge in salt gradient
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.15B & C
(15N) DNA
(14N) DNA
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.15B & C
(15N) DNA
(14N) DNA
quantifying DNA in each band
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.16
experiment performed twice
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.16
experiment #1
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.16
experiment #2
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.16
all cells (DNA) grown in heavy 15N
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.16
harvest cells (DNA) at time zero
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.16
all cells (DNA) switched to light 14N
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.16
harvest cells (DNA) at several time points
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.16
separate new DNAby salt gradient
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
separate mixed DNAby salt gradient
Fig. 1.17modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.17
DNA centrifuged
43 hours
high salt densityon right side
all old/heavy (15N)
time = 0(in generations)0
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.17
high salt densityon right side
quantify DNAin band
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
all 15N DNA
half 15N, half 14N DNAFig. 1.17modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.17
all heavyall light
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.17
all heavyall light
DNA replicated
once
half 15N, half 14N DNAmodified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.17
all heavyall light
DNA replicatesat different times
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.17
DNA replicated
~ twice
all 15N DNA
50% 15N DNA
what has happened? 1.9
all heavyall light
14N 15N 15N14N
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
Fig. 1.17
DNA replicated
~ twice
all 15N DNA
50% 15N DNA
what has happened? 1.9
all heavyall light
14N 15N 15N14N
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
all 15N DNA
50% 15N DNA
what has happened? 1.9
1.0
0
Fig. 1.17
all heavyall light
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
all 15N DNA
50% 15N DNA
half DNA is 100% 14N
half DNA is 50% 14N 50% 15N
1.9
1.0
0
Fig. 1.17
all heavyall light
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
3 Models of DNA Replication
Fig. 1.14
all stands half new
mosaic
all old
all new
conservative
half old
half new
semi-conservative
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
all 15N DNA
50% 15N DNA
1.9
1.0
0
Fig. 1.17modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
all 15N DNA
50% 15N DNA
1.9
1.0
0
Fig. 1.17
✓ data
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
50% 15N DNA
1.9
1.0
0
✓
all 15N DNA
half DNA is 50% 14N 50% 15N
Fig. 1.17
half DNA is 100% 14N
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
50% 15N DNA
1.9
1.0
0
✓
all 15N DNA
half DNA is 50% 14N 50% 15N
Fig. 1.17
✓ datahalf DNA is 100% 14N
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
3 Models of DNA Replication
Fig. 1.14
all stands half new
mosaic
all old
all new
conservative
half old
half new
semi-conservative
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
4
0 & 2
0 & 4
# replications
Fig. 1.17modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
4
0 & 2
0 & 4
# replications
Fig. 1.17
all heavy
all light
modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
4
0 & 2
0 & 4
# replications
Fig. 1.17modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
4 = 16 copies
0 = 1 copy+2 = 4 copies
# replicationspercentage
14N mixed 15N
12.587.5 0.0
40.040.0 20.0
7.552.5 40.0 0 = 1 copy+4 = 16 copies
Fig. 1.17modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
Meselson & Stahl Experiments
DNA is replicated in a semiconservative
process
Fig. 1.17modified from Meselson and Stahl. 1958.
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