practice exam 4
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BIOTECHNOLOGYWhat is the difference between CLONING and DNA CLONING?
CLONING: Production of
identical copies of an organism
through asexual means
DNA CLONING (or Gene Cloning)
Production of many identical copies of a
single gene.
USES FOR GENE CLONING
1. Produce a large quantity of the gene’s product = Protein.Example: humulin or human insulin
2. Learn about the function of the protein coded by the gene
Example: Role of a particular protein in cancer protection
3. Make a transgenic organismExample: Pest resistant corn
So do you think a transgenic animal is the same as a cloned animal?
BIOTECHNOLOGYDNA FINGERPRINTING or PROFILING
What are the 4 steps of fingerprinting?
4. Run an electrophoresis gel
1. Collect DNA
2. Amplify DNA if necessary using Polymerase Chain Reaction
3. Cut DNA in fragments at specific locations
EXERCISE 1INVESTIGATE THE ROBBERY
A woman has been attacked in her house. Her husband finds her and calls the police. She doesn’t remember her attacker. The police arrests a suspect.
STEP 1: Collect Blood
1. From the woman2. From the husband3. From the suspect
Crime scene blood
Crime scene hair
Victim’s blood
Husband’sblood
Suspect’s blood
STEPS 2 and 3: Prepare DNA samples by PCR and digestion (amplify and cut)
STEP 4: Run an electrophoresis gel
Has DNA a POSITIVE or NEGATIVE charge? NEGATIVE
Crime scene blood
Crime scene hair
Victim’s blood
Husband’sblood
Suspect’s blood
gel
Holes in which the cut DNA is placed
Crime scene blood
Crime scene hair
Victim’s blood
Husband’sblood
Suspect’s blood
Let’s switch the current on…
Crime scene blood
Crime scene hair
Victim’s blood
Husband’sblood
Suspect’s blood
Whose blood from the crime scene belongs to?THE WOMAN
Crime scene blood
Crime scene hair
Victim’s blood
Husband’sblood
Suspect’s blood
Whose hair from the crime scene belongs to?THE HUSBAND
Crime scene blood
Crime scene hair
Victim’s blood
Husband’sblood
Suspect’s blood
Does the police have DNA evidence for the suspect?NO
EXERCISE 2THE WILL
Marc was married to Julia. They had 2 children: Luke and Maria. Marc has died from a heart attack. He left a will.Robert comes in, introduces himself as Marc’s son and wants his share.
STEP 1: Collect Blood
1. From Marc2. From Julia3. From Luke4. From Maria5. From Robert
Marc Julia Luke Maria Robert
STEPS 2 and 3: Prepare DNA samples by PCR and digestion (amplify and cut)
STEP 4: Run an electrophoresis gel
Has DNA a POSITIVE or NEGATIVE charge? NEGATIVE
Marc Julia Luke Maria Robert
gel
Holes in which the cut DNA is placed
Marc Julia Luke Maria Robert
Let’s switch the current on…
Marc Julia Luke Maria Robert
Is Luke Marc’s son?Is Luke Julia’s son?
Marc Julia Luke Maria Robert
Is Maria Marc’s daughter?Is Maria Julia’s daughter?
Marc Julia Luke Maria Robert
Is Robert Marc’s son?Is Robert Julia’s son?
HUMAN BODY ORGANIZATION
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION?
What is the smallest level?
What is the largest level?
A cell
The organism
What is called a group of cells performing a similar function?
A tissue example?
What is called a group of tissues? An organ example?
Organs are organized into? An organic systemexample?
What is a tissue?
What are the 4 types of tissues?
A tissue is composed of similarly specialized cells that perform a common function in the body
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
What is the function of Epithelial tissue?
1. covers body surfaces and lines cavities
2. supports and binds body parts
3. moves the body and its parts
4. receives stimuli, processes that information,
and conducts impulses
1
What is the function of Nervous tissue?
1. covers body surfaces and lines cavities
2. supports and binds body parts
3. moves the body and its parts
4. receives stimuli, processes that information,
and conducts impulses
4
What is the function of muscle tissue?
1. covers body surfaces and lines cavities
2. supports and binds body parts
3. moves the body and its parts
4. receives stimuli, processes that information,
and conducts impulses
3
What is the function of Connective tissue?
1. covers body surfaces and lines cavities
2. supports and binds body parts
3. moves the body and its parts
4. receives stimuli, processes that information,
and conducts impulses
2
The only major type of tissue specialized for movement is the___________tissue.
1.Nervous
2.cardiac muscle
3.Muscle
4.connective
How is Epithelial Tissue Classified?
1. Shape of the cells2. Number of layers
What shapes can you find? Squamous
• (squashed) flat
Cuboidal
• Cube shape
Columnar
• Column shape
How many layers of cells? Simple
• Only one layer
Stratified
• Several layers
Pseudostratified
• Looks stratified but really is simple
What kind of epithelial tissue is this?
1. Squamous2. Cuboidal3. Columnar
A. simpleB. stratifiedC. pseudostratified
What kind of epithelial tissue is this?
1. Squamous2. Cuboidal3. Columnar
A. simpleB. stratifiedC. pseudostratified
What kind of epithelial tissue is this?
1. Squamous2. Cuboidal3. Columnar
A. simpleB. stratifiedC. pseudostratified
Epithelium that appears layered due to the varying levels at which nuclei are found in cells, but in reality is not layered, is:
1. Simple cuboidal epithelium
2. pseudostratified columnar epithelium
3. stratified squamous epithelium
4. stratified columnar epithelium
The primary purpose of stratification, or layering, in epithelial tissue is for increased: (where could you find this type of epithelial tissue?)
1. Protection
2. Secretion
3. absorption
The structure of connective tissue correlates with its function.
Where do you find Connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue
(under the skin)
Blood
Adipose Tissue
Fat droplets
Fibrous connective Tissue (tendons)
Cartilage
(at the end of the
bone)
Bone
Which of these is NOT a connective tissue?
1. Blood
2. Bone
3. Muscle
4. cartilage
Choosing from the following list of connective tissues, which one consists of cells in a fluid matrix?
1. loose connective tissue
2. adipose tissue
3. Bone
4. blood
How many types of Muscle tissues there is?
3 types
What are they?Cardiac muscle
•Not striated
• In the heart
Skeletal muscle
•Striated (lines)
• In muscle attached to skeleton
•VOLUNTARY
Smooth muscle
•Not striated (no lines)
• In blood vessel walls, digestive tract
•UNVOLUNTARY
WHERE DO YOU FIND SMOOTH MUSCLE?
1. Intestinal Wall
2. Heart
3. Blood vessels
4. Biceps
WHERE DO YOU FIND CARDIAC MUSCLE?
1. Intestinal Wall
2. Heart
3. Blood vessels
4. Biceps
WHERE DO YOU FIND SKELETAL MUSCLE?
1. Intestinal Wall
2. Heart
3. Blood vessels
4. biceps
Only Skeletal muscle is voluntary.
TRUE
FALSEFALSE
What is the function of Nervous tissue?
1. covers body surfaces and lines cavities
2. supports and binds body parts
3. moves the body and its parts
4. receives stimuli, processes that information,
and conducts impulses
What is the basic unit of the nervous system?
NEURON
Where do you find nervous tissue?
Brain
Spinal Cord
CAVITIES
Dorsal
cavity
Cranial
cavity
Thoracic cavity
Ventral
cavity Abdominal
cavity
Pelvic cavity
vertebrae
spinal cord
diaphragm
Vertebral
canal
Which of these are located in the thoracic cavity?
1. Lungs
2. Stomach
3. Intestine
4. Ovaries
5. Heart
6. Rectum
7. Liver
8. Brain
9. Spinal Cord
1 and 5
Which of these are located in the pelvic cavity?
1. Lungs
2. Stomach
3. Intestine
4. Ovaries
5. Heart
6. Rectum
7. Liver
8. Brain
9. Spinal Cord
4 and 6
Which of these are located in the Abdominal cavity?
1. Lungs
2. Stomach
3. Intestine
4. Ovaries
5. Heart
6. Rectum
7. Liver
8. Brain
9. Spinal Cord
2, 3 and 7
Which of these are located in the cranial cavity?
1. Lungs
2. Stomach
3. Intestine
4. Ovaries
5. Heart
6. Rectum
7. Liver
8. Brain
9. Spinal Cord
8
Which of these are located in the vertebral cavity?
1. Lungs
2. Stomach
3. Intestine
4. Ovaries
5. Heart
6. Rectum
7. Liver
8. Brain
9. Spinal Cord
9
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
1. Supports body2. Protects soft body parts3. Produces blood cells4. Stores mineral and fat5. Along with muscles, permits flexible
body movement
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM?
Skull:
mandible
ribs
phalanges
humerus
ulna
phalanges
tibia
clavicle
scapulaThoracic cage:sternum
Costal cartilages
Vertebral column
Pelvic girdle
sacrumcoccyx
femur
patella
fibula
carpals
radius
tarsalsmetatarsals
metacarpals
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cranium
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Which of these is found in the axial skeleton?
1. Sternum
2. Carpals
3. Ribs
4. Vertebra
5. Cranium
6. Patella
7. Tibia
8. Femur
1, 3, 4 and 5
Which of these is found in the appendicular skeleton?
1. Sternum
2. Carpals
3. Ribs
4. Vertebra
5. Cranium
6. Patella
7. Tibia
8. Femur
2, 6, 7 and 8
What are the 3 types of skeletal joints?
Don’t move - FIBROUS
• skull
Move a little bit -CARTILOGENOUS
• Ribs, sternum , vertebra
Move - SYNOVIAL
What are synovial joints and what are the different types?
What kind of movement can you do?
permit movement in all planes
permit movement in one direction only
permit only rotational movement
Give an example of a ball and socket joint.
Give an example of a hinge joint.
Give an example of a pivot joint.
compact bone
cartilage
spongy bone(contains red bone marrow)
Central cavity(contains yellow bone marrow)
blood vessel
diaphysis
epiphysis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
epiphysis
Fibrous connective tissue
Where is the yellow bone marrow located?
diaphysis
epiphysis
epiphysis
In the diaphysis
What does the yellow bone marrow store?
2. Red blood cells
1. Fat
2. Red blood cells
Where is the red bone marrow located?
diaphysis
epiphysis
epiphysis
In the epiphysis
What does the red bone marrow produce?
2. Red blood cells
1. Fat1. Fat
• Pull on bones to produce movements
• Skeletal muscles = voluntary movements
• Attached to the bone by tendons
• 650 human skeletal muscles
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Name the muscle
ABDUCTOR sorry about the mistake in class
Name the muscle
Name the muscle
Name the muscle
Name the muscle
Name the muscle
Name the muscle
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