premature rupture of membranes

Premature Rupture of Membranes

UNC School of MedicineObstetrics and Gynecology Clerkship

Case Based Seminar Series

Objectives for PROM

List the history, physical findings, and diagnostic methods to confirm the rupture of the membranes

Identify the risk factors for premature rupture of membranes

Describe the risks and benefits of expectant management versus immediate delivery, based on gestational age

Describe the methods to monitor maternal and fetal status during expectant management

Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) Rupture of the chorioamnionic membrane (amniorrhexis)

prior to the onset of labor at any stage of gestation

Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) PROM prior to 37-wk. gestation

Definition

PROM – 12% of all pregnancies PROM – 8% term pregnancies PPROM – 30% of preterm deliveries

Incidence

History “Gush” of fluid Steady leakage of small amounts of fluid

Physical Sterile vaginal speculum exam

Minimize digital examination of cervix, regardless of gestational age, to avoid risk of ascending infection/amnionitis

Assess cervical dilation and length Obtain cervical cultures (Gonorrhea, Chlamydia) Obtain amniotic fluid samples

Findings Pooling of amniotic fluid in posterior vaginal fornix Fluid per cervical os

PROM/PPROM: History & Physical Exam

Test Nitrazine test

Fluid from vaginal exam placed on strip of nitrazine paper

Paper turns blue in presence of alkaline (pH > 7.1) amniotic fluid

Fern test Fluid from vaginal exam placed

on slide and allowed to dry Amniotic fluid narrow fern vs.

cervical mucus broad fern

PROM/PPROM: Diagnosis

False positive Nitrazine test Alkaline urine Semen (recent coitus) Cervical mucus Blood contamination Vaginitis (e.g. Trichomonas)

False-Negative Nitrazine test Remote PROM with no residual fluid Minimal amniotic leakage

PROM/PPROM: Diagnosis

Test Ultrasound

Assess amniotic fluid level and compatibility with PROM

Indigo-carmine Amnioinfusion Ultrasound guided indigo carmine dye amnioinfusion (“Blue tap”) Observe for passage of blue fluid from vagina

PROM/PPROM: Diagnosis

PROM/PPROM: Risk Factors

Risk Factors: Prior PROM or PPROM Prior preterm delivery Multiple gestation Polyhydramnios Incompetent cervix Vaginal/Cervical Infection

Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, GBS, S. Aureus Antepartum bleeding (threatened abortion) Smoking Poor nutrition

Patient counseling Expectant management vs. induction of labor GBS prophylaxis NOT recommended Antibiotics

Incomplete data Corticosteriods NOT recommended

Management: PPROM(< 24 wk gestation – “previable”)

Patient counseling

Fetal complications of prolonged PPROM Pulmonary hypoplasia Skeletal malformations Fetal growth restriction IUFD

Maternal complications of prolonged PPROM Chorioamnionitis

http://www.nichd.nih.gov/about/org/cdbpm/pp/prog_epbo/dataShow.cfm

Management: PPROM(< 24 wk gestation – “previable”)

Gestational Age(In Completed

Weeks)

Death BeforeNICU Discharge

Outcomes at 18 to 22 Months Corrected Age*

DeathDeath/ Profound

NeurodevelopmentalImpairment

Death/Moderate to Severe Neuro-developmental Impairment

22 Weeks 95% 95% 98% 99%23 Weeks 74% 74% 84% 91%24 Weeks 44% 44% 57% 72%25 Weeks 24% 25% 38% 54%

Expectant management Deliver at 34 wks Unless documented fetal lung maturity

GBS prophylaxis Antibiotics Single course corticosteroids Tocolytics

No consensus

Management: PPROM(24 – 31 wk gestation)

Expectant management Deliver at 34 wks Unless documented fetal lung maturity

GBS prophylaxis Antibiotics Corticosteroids

No consensus, some experts recommend

Management: PPROM(32 – 33 wk gestation)

Proceed to delivery Induction of labor

GBS prophylaxis

Management: PROM(> 34 wk gestation)

Antibiotics Prolong latency period Prophylaxis of GBS in neonate Prevention of maternal chorioamnionitis and neonatal sepsis

Corticosteroids Enhance fetal lung maturity Decrease risk of RDS, IVH, and necrotizing enterocolitis

Tocolytics Delay delivery to allow administration of corticosteroids Controversial, randomized trials have shown no pregnancy

prolongation

Management: Rationale

Antibiotics Ampicillin 2 g IV Q6 x 48 hrs Amoxicillin 500 mg po TID x 5 days Azithromycin 1 g po x 1

Corticosteroids Betamethasone 12 mg IM q24 x 2 Dexamethasone 6 mg IM q12 x 4

Tocolytics Nifedipine 10 mg po q20min x 3, then q6 x 48 hrs

Management: Drug Regimen

Typically performed after 32 wks

Tests for fetal lung maturity (FLM) Lecethin/Sphingomyelin ratio (not commonly

used, more for historic interest) L/S ratio > 2 indicates pulmonary maturity

Phosphatidylglycerol > 0.5 associated with minimal respiratory distress

Flouresecence polarization (FLM-TDx II) > 55 mg/g of albumin

Lamellar body count 30,000-40,000

If negative, proceed with expectant management until 34 wks

Management: Amniocentesis

Courtesy of Thomas Shipp, MD.

Maternal: Monitor for signs of infection Temperature Maternal heart rate Fetal heart rate Uterine tenderness Contractions

Fetal: Monitor for fetal well-being Kick counts Nonstress tests (NST’s) Biophysical profile (BPP)

Management: Surveillance

Immediate Delivery Intrauterine infection Abruptio placenta Repetitive fetal heart rate decelerations Cord prolapse

Management: Surveillance

Expectant Management Risks:

Maternal Increase in chorioamnionitis Increase in Cesarean delivery Spontaneous labor in ~ 90% within 48 hr ROM Increased risk of placental abruption

Fetal Increase in RDS Increase in intraventricular hemorrhage Increase in neonatal sepsis and subsequent cerebral palsy Increase in perinatal mortality Increase in cord prolapse

Expectant Management vs. Preterm Delivery

Preterm Delivery Risks: use NICHD calculator http://

www.nichd.nih.gov/about/org/cdbpm/pp/prog_epbo/epbo_case.cfm

Expectant Management vs. Preterm Delivery

Gestation (w)

Weight Sex Steroids Survival Survival w/o profound ND impairment

25 550 Female Yes 64% 50%

24 500 Male Yes 35% 22%

23 450 Male Yes 16% 9%

22 401g Female No 2% 1%

Bottom Line Concepts Preterm premature rupture of membranes refers to rupture of fetal

membranes prior to labor in pregnancies < 37 weeks.

A history of PPROM or PROM, genital tract infection, antepartum bleeding, and smoking are risk factors for PPROM and PROM.

A clinical history suggestive of PPROM or PROM should be confirmed with visual inspection and laboratory tests including ferning and nitrazine paper.

Management of PPROM at < 24 wks includes a discussion with the family reviewing the maternal risks against the fetal risks of significant morbidity and mortality during expectant management.

For women with PPROM or PROM in whom intrauterine infection, abruptio placenta, repetitive fetal heart rate decelerations, or a high risk of cord prolapse is present, immediate delivery is recommended.

Counseling after the delivery for the recurrence risk of PROM should occur, and modifiable risk factors addressed

References and Resources

APGO Medical Student Educational Objectives, 9th edition, (2009), Educational Topic 25 (p52-53).

Beckman & Ling: Obstetrics and Gynecology, 6th edition, (2010), Charles RB Beckmann, Frank W Ling, Barabara M Barzansky, William NP Herbert, Douglas W Laube, Roger P Smith. Chapter 22 (p213-217).

Hacker & Moore: Hacker and Moore's Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 5th edition (2009), Neville F Hacker, Joseph C Gambone, Calvin J Hobel. Chapter 12 (p150-153).