present & future of accelerators for hadrontherapy a. faus-golfe ific-ifimed 10-11 june...
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Present & Future of Accelerators for Hadrontherapy
A. Faus-GolfeIFIC-IFIMED
10-11 June 2009 1IFIMED'09 Symposium
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““Hadrontherapy” is a collective wordHadrontherapy” is a collective word
“hadrons” are
made of quarks
carbon ion =
6 protons + 6 neutrons
atom
Proton or
neutron
quark “u” or “d”
electron “e”
It covers therapy with beams of particles made of quarks:
neutrons
protons
pions
helium, lithium, boron, carbon, oxygen … ions
antiprotons
10-11 June 2009 IFIMED'09 Symposium
The Early years
The Present of Hadrontherapy
Proton Facilities
Ion Facilities
The Future and the Dreams
Outline
10-11 June 2009 3IFIMED'09 Symposium
The Early years
The Present of Hadrontherapy
Proton Facilities
Ion Facilities
The Future and the Dreams
Outline
10-11 June 2009 4IFIMED'09 Symposium
The Early years
At the beginning most of the patients have been treated in research facilities, where parasitic beams were devoted for relatively short periods to the treatments. Only in the nineties dedicated based facilities have entered in use.
10-11 June 2009 5IFIMED'09 Symposium
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Neutrontherapy at BerkeleyNeutrontherapy at Berkeley
1935: Ernest and John Lawrence at the control of the 27-inch cyclotron
R. Stone at the 60- inch cyclotron
Single dee is 5-inch diameter
10-11 June 2009 IFIMED'09 Symposium
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ProtontherapyProtontherapy
Hymer Friendell Bob Wilson Percy Bridgeman
1943 - Harvard
Founder and first director of Fermilab - 1990
1946 R.R. Wilson proposes the use of protons for teletherapy
1954 First irradiations in Berkeley
1961 New Harvard cyclotron irradiates patients
10-11 June 2009 IFIMED'09 Symposium
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Protontherapy in Europe Protontherapy in Europe
The modified synchrocyclotron
Bőrje Larsson at Uppsala
“On the Application of a 185 MeV Proton Beam to Experimental
Cancer Therapy and Neurosurgery”
Doctoral dissertation - 1962
(1931-1998)
10-11 June 2009 IFIMED'09 Symposium
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Ion therapy – 1974-92Ion therapy – 1974-92
Cornelius Tobias
1918 - 2000
SuperHILAC
Bevatron
UNILAC
10-11 June 2009 IFIMED'09 Symposium
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30 years of pioneering protontherapy in physics labs30 years of pioneering protontherapy in physics labs
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory USA 1954
Uppsala Sweden 1957
Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory (*) USA 1961
Dubna Russia 1964
Moscow Russia 1969
St. Petersburg Russia 1975
Chiba Japan 1979
Tsukuba Japan 1983
Paul Scherrer Institute Switzerland 1984
(*) 9,116 patients were treated with protons before
the laboratory closes in 2002
10-11 June 2009 IFIMED'09 Symposium
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1992-1994: the turning years1992-1994: the turning years
1993 Como, Italy1993 Como, Italy
First International First International Symposium on Symposium on HadrontherapyHadrontherapy
1992: Loma Linda treats first patient with protons
1993: MGH selects IBA for first commercial centre
1993: At GSI the ‘pilot project’ is approuved
1994: HIMAC treats the first patient with C ions
10-11 June 2009 IFIMED'09 Symposium
The Early years
The Present of Hadrontherapy
Proton Facilities
Ion Facilities
The Future and the Dreams
Outline
10-11 June 2009 12IFIMED'09 Symposium
The Present of Hadrontherapy
Nowadays proton therapy is a mature field, many firms are competing to offer more and more reliable proton facilities and also the production of accelerators for light-ion therapy is rapidly increasing
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Hadrontherapy in the world
Hadrontherapy in the world
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The Present Accelerator Technology
Proton Therapy Cyclotron basedSynchrotron based
Ion TherapySynchroton based
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The Early years
The Present of Hadrontherapy
Proton Facilities
Ion Facilities
The Future and the Dreams
Outline
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0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
4540,000 patients
22 PT centers
5 companies offer turn-key centres
PT center in operation
PT is booming
10-11 June 2009 17IFIMED'09 Symposium
The Accelerator is a very small part of a PT center
A Proton therapy system is much more than an accelerator It is most often a complex, multi-room treatment systemThe treatments rooms are larger than the cyclotron/synchrotron vault Half of the total investment is for the equipment
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A typical Cyclotron PT center
Cyclotron
Irradation systems:Rotating Gantries
Irradation systems:Fixed
Beam Transport
4 m
10-11 June 2009 19IFIMED'09 Symposium
Cyclotons marked the PT
Cyclotron Proton Therapy Centers10-11 June 2009 20IFIMED'09 Symposium
Cyclotrons for PT
In the 90’s the consensus was that the best accelerator for PT was a synchrotron However today the majority of the PT centers use the cyclotron technology (IBA, Varian, Still Rivers…)Over these 15 years, users appreciated the advantages of cyclotrons:
Simplicity ReliabilityLower cost and sizeMost importantly the ability to modulate rapidly and accurately the proton beam current
But fixed energy…10-11 June 2009 21IFIMED'09 Symposium
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IFIMED'09 Symposium
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Synchrotrons for PT
Slow Cycle SynchrotronVariable energy operationModified Flat-Top operationEasy dose managementRelatively low intensitySome PT centers use the synchrotron technology (Hitachi, Mitsubishi…), but all the IT centers use synchrotronPossibility of PT/IT with the same accelerator
10-11 June 2009 25IFIMED'09 Symposium
PT/IT centers in Japan based on synchroton
H: HITACHIM: MITSUBISHI
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A typical Synchroton PT center
7 m
Courtesy of HITACHI
(Slow Cycle)
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10-11 June 2009 30IFIMED'09 Symposium
PT Centers in Europe
PSI VilligenCPO OrsayPNPI St. PetersburgNCRH KrakowTSL UppsalaINFN-LNS CataniaRPTC MunichWPE Essen Worth mentioning: IFIMED Valencia, ATREP Trento…
10-11 June 2009 31IFIMED'09 Symposium
The Early years
The Present of Hadrontherapy
Proton Facilities
Ion Facilities
The Future and the Dreams
Outline
10-11 June 2009 32IFIMED'09 Symposium
Synchrotrons for IT
Slow Cycle SynchrotronVariable energy operationModified Flat-Top operationEasy dose managementRelatively low intensity All IT centers use the synchrotron technologyPossibility of PT/IT with the same accelerator
10-11 June 2009 33IFIMED'09 Symposium
A typical Synchrotron IT center
22 m
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Courtesy of SIEMENS
10-11 June 2009 35IFIMED'09 Symposium
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10-11 June 2009 37IFIMED'09 Symposium
IT Centers in Europe
HIT HeilderbergCNAO PaviaMed-AUSTRON VienaETOILE LyonPTC MarburgNRoCK KielWorth mentioning: RPTC-2 Koeln, MAASTRO The Netherlands, BHTC Belgium, Nordic Light Ion Project Sweden…
10-11 June 2009 38IFIMED'09 Symposium
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IFIMED'09 Symposium
The Early years
The Present of Hadrontherapy
Proton Facilities
Ion Facilities
The Future and the Dreams
Outline
10-11 June 2009 41IFIMED'09 Symposium
Cyclotron Alternatives
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IFIMED'09 Symposium
Cyclotron Alternatives
The energy can be varied 1-2 ms in the full range by changing the power pulses sent to the 16-22 accelerating modules
10-11 June 2009
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Cyclotron Alternatives
Carbon Booster for Therapy in Oncology
Cyclinac for Carbon ions
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IFIMED'09 Symposium
Cyclotron Alternatives
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Synchrotron Alternatives
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Alternative AcceleratorsRF Linacs: energy control in the accelerator itself: S-Band:
ACLIP Side Couple LINAC (3GHz, 20 MeV/m, 30 MeV injection Energy, 62 MeV final energy) INFN Catania IDRA project (3 GHz, 30 MeV injection Energy) TERA Foundation/ADAM
X-Band: US High-gradient collaboration (injection energy 70 MeV , 250 MeV final energy) SLAC
10-11 June 2009 47IFIMED'09 Symposium
Alternative Accelerators
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IFIMED'09 Symposium
Alternative Accelerators
Dielectric Wall Accelerators
10-11 June 2009 49IFIMED'09 Symposium
Alternative Accelerators
10-11 June 2009 50IFIMED'09 Symposium
Alternative Accelerators
10-11 June 2009 51IFIMED'09 Symposium
Thanks for your attention
I acknowdledge: U. Amaldi, T. Haberer, S. Peggs, Y. Jongen, K. Noda, L. Calabretta, V. Vaccaro, A.Sessler, S. Rossi…. for supplying most of the material that I have used for this talk.
10-11 June 2009 52IFIMED'09 Symposium
10-11 June 2009 53IFIMED'09 Symposium
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