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UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY 10TH EDITION
By Robert Feldman
Powerpoint slides by Kimberly Foreman
Revised for 10th Ed by Cathleen Hunt
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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CHAPTER FOUR:
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
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MODULE 10:
Sensing the World Around Us
What is sensation, and how do psychologists
study it?
What is the relationship between a physical
stimulus and the kinds of sensory responses
that result from it?
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MODULE 10:
Sensing the World Around Us
Sensation
› Activation of the sense organs by a source of
physical energy
Perception
› Sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and
integration of stimuli carried out by the sense
organs and brain 4
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MODULE 10:
Sensing the World Around Us
Stimulus
› Any passing source of physical energy that
produces a response in a sense organ
Psychophysics
› Study of the relationship between the physical
aspects of stimuli and our psychological
experience of them
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Absolute Thresholds:
Detecting What’s Out There Absolute Threshold
› Smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present
for it to be detected
› As the strength of a stimulus increases, the likelihood
that it will be detected increases gradually.
› Technically, then, an absolute threshold is the
stimulus intensity that is detected 50% of the time.
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Difference Thresholds: Noticing Distinctions Between Stimuli
Difference Threshold
› Smallest level of added (or reduced) stimulation
required to sense that a change in stimulation has
occurred
Just noticeable difference
Weber’s law
Just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the
intensity of an initial stimulus (e.g. weight 1:50)
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Sensory Adaptation:
Turning Down Our Responses
Adaptation
› An adjustment in sensory capacity after
prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli
e.g. occurs when we become accustomed to a constant
stimulus and change our evaluation of it. Repeated
exposure to a stimulus results in an apparent decline in
sensitivity to it. (p. 102)
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MODULE 11: Vision:
Shedding Light on the Eye
What basic processes underlie the sense of
vision?
How do we see colors?
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MODULE 11: Vision:
Shedding Light on the Eye
Vision starts with light, the physical energy that
stimulates the eye. Light is a form of
electromagnetic radiation waves
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Illuminating the Structure of the Eye
Cornea
› Protects eye and refracts light
Pupil
› Opening depends on amount of light in
environment
Iris
› Colored part of eye
Lens
› Accommodation 13
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Illuminating the Structure of the Eye
Reaching the Retina
› Light is converted to electrical impulses for
transmission to the brain
Rods
Receptor cells sensitive to light
Cones
Cone-shaped, responsible for sharp focus and color
perception
Concentrated in the fovea
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Illuminating the Structure of the Eye
Sending the Message from the Eye to the Brain
› Optic nerve: A bundle of ganglion axons that carry visual
information to the brain.
Ganglion cells
Blind spot
Optic chiasm
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Illuminating the Structure of the Eye
Processing the Visual Message› Takes place in the visual cortex
of the brain
Feature detection
Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7OyXsFQRH7g 16
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Color Vision and Color Blindness:
The Seven-Million-Color Spectrum
Explaining Color Vision
› 1- Trichromatic theory of color vision
Suggests that there are three kinds of cones in the
retina each of which responds primarily to a
specific range of wavelengths.
Blue-violet colors
Green colors
Yellow-red colors
Not successful at explaining afterimages
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Not successful at explaining afterimages
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Color Vision and Color Blindness:
The Seven-Million-Color Spectrum
Opponent-process theory of color vision
› Receptor cells are linked in pairs, working in
opposition to each other (On-Off)
Blue-yellow
Red-green
Black-white
Explains afterimages
Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4lOwBt4DhY20
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
MODULE 12:
Hearing and the Other Senses
What role does the ear play in the senses of
sound, motion, and balance?
How do smell and taste function?
What are the skin senses, and how do they
relate to the experience of pain?
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The Ear
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Sensing Sound
Sound
› Movement of air molecules brought about by a
source of vibration
Eardrum
› Vibrates when sound waves hit it
› Middle ear
Hammer, anvil, stirrup
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Sensing Sound
Inner Ear
› Changes sound vibrations into a form in which
they can be transmitted to the brain
Cochlea
Filled with fluid and vibrates in response to sound
Basilar membrane
Dividing cochlea into an upper chamber and lower
chamber
Covered with hair cells, when bent by vibrations entering
the cochlea, transmit neural messages to the brain24
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Sensing Sound
The Physical Aspects of Sound
› Frequency
Number of wave cycles that occur in a second
Pitch: is the characteristic that makes sound seem “high”
or “low.”
› Amplitude: is a feature of wave patterns that allows us to
distinguish between loud and soft sounds.
Spread between the up-and-down peaks and valleys of
air pressure in a sound wave as it travels through the
air
Decibels (25
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Our sensitivity to different frequencies changes as we age.
For instance, as we get older, the range of frequencies we can detect
declines, particularly for highpitched sounds.
This is why high school students sometimes choose high-pitched ring
tones for their cell phones in settings where cell phone use is
forbidden: the ringing sound goes undetected by their aging teachers
Sensing Sound
Sorting Out Theories of Sound
› Place Theory of Hearing
States that different areas of the basilar membrane
respond to different frequencies
› Frequency Theory of Hearing
Suggests that the entire basilar membrane acts
like a microphone, vibrating as a whole in
response to a sound28
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Sensing Sound
Vestibular System
› Semicircular canals
Main structure of vestibular system
Three tubes containing fluid that sloshes through
them when the head moves, signaling rotational or
angular movement to the brain
› Otoliths
Sense forward, backward, or up-and-down motion,
as well as the pull of gravity29
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Smell
Olfaction
› Sense of smell is sparked when the molecules of
a substance enter the nasal passages
Olfactory cells
Pheromones
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Taste
Gustation
› Taste qualities
Sweet
Sour
Salty
Bitter
“Umami’”
› Taste Buds (10,000)
Supertasters
Nontasters
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The Skin Senses:Touch, Pressure, Temperature, and Pain
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Skin sensitivity in various
areas of the body.
The lower the average
threshold is, the more
sensitive a body part is.
The Skin Senses:Touch, Pressure, Temperature, and Pain
Substance P : One explanation is that pain is an outcome of
cell injury; when a cell is damaged, regardless of the source of
damage, it releases a chemical called substance P that transmits
pain messages to the brain.
Gate-Control Theory of Pain
› Particular nerve receptors in the spinal cord lead
to specific areas of the brain related to pain
Acupuncture 33
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The Skin Senses:Touch, Pressure, Temperature, and Pain
Acupuncture
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Managing Pain
Medication
Nerve and brain stimulation
Light therapy
Hypnosis
Biofeedback and relaxation techniques
Surgery
Cognitive restructuring 35
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Synesthesia: unusually dense neural linkages
between the different sensory areas of the
brain.
Multimodal perception
› Brain collects the information from the individual
sensory systems and integrates and coordinates it
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MODULE 13: Perceptual Organization:
Constructing Our View of the World
What principles underlie our organization of
the visual world and allow us to make sense
of our environment?
How are we able to perceive the world in
three dimensions when our retinas are
capable of sensing only two-dimensional
images?37
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
MODULE 13: Perceptual Organization:
Constructing Our View of the World
What clues do visual illusions give us about
our understanding of general perceptual
mechanisms?
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The Gestalt Laws of Organization
Series of principles that
focus on the ways we
organize bits and
pieces of information
into meaningful wholes
› Gestalts
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Top-Down and Bottom-Up
Processing
Top-Down Processing
› Perception is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations
Bottom-Up Processing
› Consists of the progression of recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole
› (permits us to process the fundamental characteristics of stimuli)
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Top-Down Processing
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Depth Perception
Ability to view the world in three dimensions
and to perceive distance
› Largely due to the fact that we have two eyes
Binocular disparity
Monocular cues
Motion parallax
Relative size
Texture gradient
Linear perspective
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Perceptual Constancy
Phenomenon in which physical objects are
perceived as unvarying and consistent
despite changes in their appearance or in the
physical environment
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Motion Perception:
As the World Turns
Cues about perception of motion
› The movement of an object across the retina is
typically perceived relative to some stable,
unmoving background
› Movement of images across the retina
› We factor in information about our own head and
eye movements along with information about
changes in the retinal image
› Apparent movement 45
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Perceptual Illusions: The
Deceptions of Perceptions
Visual Illusions
› Physical stimuli that
consistently produce
errors in perception
Muller-Lyer illusion
Insert Figures 5 and 6 of Module 13
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Culture and Perception
Cultural differences are
reflected in depth
perception
› Zulu vs. Westerner
perspectives
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Subliminal Perception
Perception of messages about which we
have no awareness
› Called priming
Written word
Sound
Smell
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Extrasensory Perception (ESP)
Perception that does not involve our known
senses
› Most psychologists reject the existence of ESP,
asserting that there is no sound documentation of
the phenomenon
› Psychological Bulletin
“Anomalous process of information transfer” or psi
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