presentation tahir

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An Introduction to

Electrical Energy ConservationPresented by

Engr. Tahir SaleemCEO, United Engineering Services

Chairman IEEEP2-C Mezzanine Floor 15th Commercial Street

Phase II Ext. DHA Karachi Pakistan.Ph: +9221-35805163-36010208 Fax: +9221-35313968

E-mail: info@ues-electrical.com, ieeepkhi@yahoo.co.uk

www.ues-electrical.com

Korangi Association of Trade & Korangi Association of Trade & Industry Industry

Electrical Energy Electrical Energy ConservationConservation

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Technical Awareness Technical Awareness

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Pakistan has paid very little attention to the efficient use of energy in industrial sector.

Present energy crises has forced us for use of efficient use of energy particularly electrical energy to reduce operating cost and improve profitability and help to reduce impact of load shedding.

Efficient use of electrical energy is extremely important for the country 30 to 40% can be saved in this regard.

Awareness to identify the energy conservation opportunities provide a basic frame work for implementation.

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Total Energy Management Requires.

Management commitment

Optimum use of resource

Identification of opportunities

Implementation of projects

Establishment of operational criteria

Monitoring and targeting

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Energy Saving

Management Commitment

Implementation of Energy Saving Project

Energy Accounting

Monitoring &evaluation

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Nation progress and development is measured by use of energy rather than reducing energy consumption.

Solution to the present crises is not to cut short the use of energy.

The present energy crises necessitated for optimization of energy.

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General RequirementsGeneral Requirements Technology improvement increase energy efficiency.

Consumers are commonly poor informed of the savings of energy efficient products.

Conventional electricity generation is 30% efficient where as combine cycle upto 90%.

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Electric motors.

1) VFD can save energy from 3 to 60%.

2) HEMS can save energy.

3) Voltage optimization can save energy.

Efficient use of energy can reduce world energy needs in 2050 by one third.

There are abandoned opportunities to save upto 70 to 90% of the energy in lighting, 50% in motors.

In general the global research organization predict 75% saving.

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1) Optimum supply voltage.

2) Improve power quality.These device have saved upto 13% energy in Europe over the last 5 years.Consider to be a front line energy saving measure.

3) Over voltage increased energy consumption. A 230V linear appliance used on 240V supply will take 4.3% more current and will consume almost 9% more energy.

4) Substaintional energy savings can be made in motors by reaching voltage with respect to variety of loading condition.

Voltage optimization.Voltage optimization.

UES

5) As a result of European harmonization the tolerance limit is ±10%.

6) By efficiently bringing the supply voltage to the lower end of the statutory voltage range, voltage optimization can save energy upto 13%.

7) Harmonic and transient and voltage unbalance cause waste of energy consumption.

8) Operating the induction motors other than rated voltage and frequency can result in reduced motors efficiency and adverse effects on power factor, break away torque, starting current etc.

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9) Unbalance voltage can result in large negative sequence current in the motor, cause large increase in motor losses.

10) For same Horse Power rating motors with higher speed have higher efficiency at rated loads.

11) Duty cycle plays an important role in reducing in energy wastage.

12) High efficiency motor with 20 to 30 % of more cost will reduce energy losses.

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Energy AuditEnergy Audit

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Basic PhilosophyBasic Philosophy

Historical Analysis

Preliminary Energy Survey for Future Investigation

Detail Technical Assessment and Financial Feasibility

Energy Audit Energy Audit

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Working Strategy For Energy Working Strategy For Energy Efficient ProgramEfficient Program

(Basic Components of Energy efficient Program)

Energy Audit

Phase 1Analysis of Historical Energy Consumption

& Cost Data

Phase 2Walk Through Survey of major Plant & process.

Preliminary screening of areas for future investigation.

Phase 3Detail assessment of technical & economic feasibility for energy Efficiency measures.

Data Gathering

Presentation of Option

Data Analysis

Major Energy Consumption

Plant

Priority area for Future Investigation

Obvious Energy Waste & Inefficiency

Energy Consumption

Equipment

Feasibility Survey

Capital Cost

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Lighting SystemLighting System

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Lighting SystemLighting System

Fundamental of Lightings

Lighting Level Needs

Efficient Lamps / Lighting Fixture

Installation & Maintenance

Lightning Control

Lighting Design

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Most commercial buildings have 100s or 1000s of

lamps – for many users the total potential savings are

large. Techniques for achieving a safe, comfortable

lighting system, with minimal energy waste include:

Matching lighting levels to the visual requirements of

the tasks undertaken in the space.

Choosing the most efficient lamp(s) for the application.

 Cont. . .

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Using efficient light fixtures (reflectors, shielding,

housings).

Installing and maintaining the systems properly.

Using natural daylight to the fullest extent possible.

Installing devices to automatically control switching.

Both new and existing buildings offer large potential for

cost savings in lighting.  Cont. . .

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15% TO 20% is used in artificial lighting system.

75% of this energy can be saved with modern application.

500 LUX is generally required in developed countries.

Cost for providing 500 LUX will not be more than a cup of tea per day.

Bio medical research shows that up to 10% loss in productivity and efficiency if the lighting level is cut down from 500 LUX to 250 LUX.

Percentage increase in error will be 10%.

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Electric MotorElectric Motor

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Electric MotorElectric Motor

Motor Sizing

Motor Maintenance

Motor Controller

Motor Drive

Variable Speed Drives

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Motor Sizing

Motor can be correctly sized to match the load they are expected to drive.

Motor Selection

High efficiency motors, with improved efficiency ratings of up to 10% can be substituted for standard construction motors.

Motor Controls

Where the driven equipment does not have to meet a constant demand, controls can be used to reduce capacity and improve system efficiency.

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Motor Over Sizing

In many applications motors will be oversized for the load they are serving due to a number of factors.

Designers add safety factors as insurance against failure in critical building systems, and calculated design load are usually conservative relative to actual operating loads.

Designers equipment such as fans, pumps or chillers, at the same time in the future.

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The existing load is less than the initial design load due to energy management activities and changes in use.

Large motors can override load fluctuations without dropping out.

Voltage imbalances in three phase power supplies can cause increases in motor losses and so a larger motor is required to reduced the production losses.

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Motor is under loaded if less then 60% of its rated capacity is utilized.

Motor is over loaded if load is more than 100% of the rated capacity.

Motor temperature rise is in excess of the rating difference in motion and ambient temperature is 80°C (144°F).

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Voltage imbalance should not be more than 4% make further checks to see whether the imbalance is in the supply or due to the motor it self.

Current imbalance of more than 4% suggests investigations of the causes of unbalance, i.e. poor winding, unbalanced voltage etc.

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About 70% world electrical load is consumed by electrical motors.

Over 50% of drive power can be saved as stated by industrial research organization.

Motors are generally run about 50% of its capacity.

Losses accounts for 40% to 80%.

Motors are largest abuser of energy consumption.

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NASA in early 70 stated that motors could operate efficiently by effective control.

Motors operate at its maximum efficiency at 80% of its full load.

At lower load motor efficiency drops resulting in heat vibration noise etc.

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Motors can control its input power requirement according to its torque requirement.

Generally motors are oversized to miscellaneous reasons.

Oversized motors on variable load with fixed speed, led to extremely energy inefficient.

Conventional flow control methods are inefficient.

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Power Quality Power Quality

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Power Quality Power Quality

Energy losses

Premature aging of equipment

Production losses

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Ideal Power QualityIdeal Power Quality

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Poor Power QualityPoor Power Quality

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Harmonics SpectrumHarmonics Spectrum

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Energy Losses due to Power QualityEnergy Losses due to Power Quality

A rectangular supply voltage provokes 20% increase in losses.

A supply voltages with THDV =10% result in additional 6%.

Transformer losses increase 10 to 15%.

Derating of generator will be 10% where over all load of non linear characteristic is 30%.

Increase in capital cost due to over sizes of equipment.

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Effect of HarmonicsEffect of Harmonics

Thermal LossesEffect of Harmonic Sequence ComponentExplosion proof motors and voltage distortion

• Effect Of Harmonics On Explosion Proof Motors

They are designed on pure sine waves, the rotor may overheat due to harmonics resulting hot rotor and damage of seals. Temperature exceed the T class .EExd,EExe,EExp,EExN according to EN60034-1 2%voltage distortion is permitted . 3% voltage distortion is permitted for EExN asper EN60034-2o

• Induction Motor

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Effects of HarmonicsEffects of Harmonics

• Generators

Thermal Losses

Effect of Sequence Components

Voltage Distortion

Line Notching and Generators

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• Transformers

Thermal Losses

Unbalance, Distribution, Transformers and Neutral

Currents.

Transformer Derating.

• Cables

Thermal Losses

Skin & Proximity Effects

Neutral System in four-wire system.

Additional effect Associated with Harmonic

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Miscellaneous EffectsMiscellaneous Effects

• Effects and negative consequence

• Conductor over heating / skin effect depending on

frequency,

• Capacitor failure

• Faulty operation of fuse and circuit breaker

• Increased stray losses in transformer resulting increase

in iron,

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Miscellaneous EffectsMiscellaneous Effects

Copper or eddy current losses.

Increased losses in generator / multiple zero crossing

affect the timing of the voltage regulator, causing

interference and operation instability.

Incorrect recording by utility meters.

Faulty operation of drives.

Interferences in computer / telephone.

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• Measuring Equipment• Telephones

• Circuit Breakers

• Fuses• Relays

• Radio, Television, Audio & Video Equipment

• Capacitors

• UPS

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TariffTariff

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TariffTariff

Review Tariff Structure

Find Optimum Tariff

Reduce Maximum Demand

Reduce Power Factor Penalty

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Category TariffFixed Rs/kW

Applicable tariffVariableRs/kWh

Domestic A-1upto 50 Units 1.66above 50 units1 to 100 kWh 3.91101 to 300 kWh 5.89301 to 700 kWh 9.52Above 700 kWh 11.87

Commercial A-2for sanctioned load up to 5kW 11.65for sanctioned load exceeding 5kW 315.00 7.27

Latest Tariff of KESC 06Latest Tariff of KESC 06thth Jan Jan 20102010

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Category TariffFixed Rs/kW

Applicable tariffVariableRs/kWh

Industrial400 Volts B-1 8.76400 Volts 6-500kW B-2 315.00 6.78Off Peak Hrs. 315 6.27Peak Hrs. 315 10.27

11, 33kV up to 5000kW B-3Normal 305 6.36Off Peak Hrs. 305 5.69Peak Hrs. 305 9.90

Latest Tariff of KESC 06Latest Tariff of KESC 06thth Jan Jan 20102010

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Category TariffFixed Rs/kW

Applicable tariffVariable Rs/kWh

66/132 kV B-4Normal 295 6.36Off Peak Hrs. 295 5.33Peak Hrs. 295 9.55

220kV B-5Normal 295 6.36Off Peak Hrs. 340 5.30Peak Hrs. 340 8.09

Latest Tariff of KESC 06Latest Tariff of KESC 06thth Jan Jan 20102010

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Category TariffFixed Rs/kW

Applicable tariffVariable Rs/kWh

Bulk Supply400 Volts up to 5kW C-1 8.86400 Volts 5 to 500kW 315 8.1711, 33kV up to 5000kW C-2 305 7.74

Latest Tariff of KESC 06Latest Tariff of KESC 06thth Jan Jan 20102010

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Category TariffFixed Rs/kW

Applicable tariffVariableRs/kWh

Agriculture-DFor all load D-1 90 4.75Peak Hr. D-2 200 9.03Off Peak Hr. 4.06

Public Lighting G 11.42

Temporary supply-EDomestic supply E-1 (i) 13.40Commercial Supply E-1 (ii) 16.30Industrial Supply E-2 (i) 13.00Bulk Supply E-2 (ii)(a) at 400 volts 13.40

Latest Tariff of KESC 06Latest Tariff of KESC 06thth Jan Jan 20102010

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ConclusionConclusionTips for electrical energy ConservationTips for electrical energy Conservation

General.

1) Improve power factor will reduce demand charges and line losses.

2) An improvement of 0.85 to 0.96 will give 11.5% reduction of peak value and 21.6% reduction in peak losses. This corresponds to 14.5% reduction in average losses for a load factor of 0.8.

3) Avoid rewinding of motors. In general rewinded motors have an efficiency loss of 5% the rewinded motor on low duty cycles.

4) Use of variable frequency derives helps in minimizing consumption.

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Illumination.

1) Use of electronic ballasts in place of conventional choke saves energy upto 20%.

2) Use of CFL lamps in place of GLS lamp can save energy upto 70%.

3) Regular maintenance can save energy.

4) Use of 36 or 28w tube light can save.

5) Use of sodium vapors lamps, for area lighting in place of mercury vapor lamp can save electricity upto 40%.

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Questions are WelcomedQuestions are Welcomed

ThanksThanks