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PROCEEDINGS
8th
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ARCHITECTURE RESEARCH AND DESIGN
AR+DC 2016
Place Speaks: Evoking Spirit of Place in Contemporary Architecture
Copyright
Department of Architecture ITS Surabaya
@2016
Editors:
Asri Dinapradipta
I Gusti Ngurah Antaryama
FX Teddy Badai Samodra
Arina Hayati
Nurfahmi Muchlis
Graphic and Cover Designer:
FX Teddy Badai Samodra
Nurfahmi Muchlis
First Edition October 2016
Publisher:
Department of Architecture
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS)
Kampus ITS, Sukolilo
Surabaya, Indonesia, 60111
ISBN 978-979-3334-24-0
All Right Reserved
Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) i
Foreword
The 8th
International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) 2016 is an annual
international conference organized by Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering and
Planning, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya, Indonesia. This year, the department
conducts the conference in collaboration with both the Indonesian Association of School of Architecture
(APTARI) and the Indonesian Institute of Architect (IAI). This collaboration is intended to widen topic of
the conference and embrace not only research on architecture, but also topics on architectural education
and practices. All the topics are believed to be the key ingredients in the more comprehensive and
integrative development of knowledge in architecture.
The theme for the AR+DC 2016 conference is “PLACE SPEAKS: EVOKING SPIRIT OF PLACE IN
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE”. Spirit of place has been a central issue for our vernacular
and traditional architecture for a long period of time. It becomes a basis for its design. Nowadays, context
for design is greatly changed, and the way the designers translate the spirit of place is likely to be
different. This conference brings academics, researchers and professionals in an international forum
where ideas and knowledge of architecture in relation to place is discussed, exchanged and shared. Five
specific topics are set as follows in order to embrace various and current development in architectural
knowledge, research and practice:
1. Architectural theory; Keywords: regionalism, critical regionalism, spirit of place, hybrid
language, contextualism, ecological, sustainable architecture.
2. Architecture research; Keywords: vernacular architecture, traditional architecture, urban
architecture, precedent, environmental, climate responsive architecture.
3. Architecture method; Keywords: transformation, contemporary idioms, digital hybridization,
contextual design, precedent
4. Architecture education; Keywords: context based design studio, responsive design studio,
narrative design studio
5. Architecture design practice; Keywords: contemporary vernacular, modern traditional, urban
architecture, ecological, sustainable architecture, climate adapted design.
This proceeding presents 31 accepted papers out of 75 abstracts and 38 full papers. Each paper presented
in this proceeding has been comprehensively and carefully selected by panel of reviewers of the
conference. The papers represent academics, researchers and students from four different countries.
Therefore, the quality of all selected papers is guaranteed by the author(s), and also by the qualified
reviewers who have recommended necessary improvements.
ii Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)
We indebted and express our gratitude to the keynote speakers, i.e. Dr. Rizal Muslimin (The University of
Sydney, Australia), Ar. Ahmad Djuhara, IAI, and Dr. Jeffrey Chan Kok Hui (National University of
Singapore); also to scientific committee and reviewers who have shared their ideas and given their time
and commitment for the conference. Special thanks are addressed to Department of Architecture of ITS,
APTARI and IAI for their continuous support, and also to all members of committee and participants who
have brought this conference to life.
EDITORS
Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) iii
Introduction
The conference widely discusses the knowledge on how Architecture as a man-made environment has to
respond to place and makes the architecture meaningful. As distinct to space, place has its specific
characters. In one side, the landscapes, climates, and the urban environments determine physical
characteristics of a place. On the other side, social structures, social interaction, rituals, cultural activities
are those of non-physical that give life to a place. Both of these form places which bring spirit and create
their own language or expression, and therefore differ from one place to another. Over time, there are
changes over places and architecture. Places often become more specific due the changes, whereas
architecture tends to adopt more universal language. In order to maintain meaningful state and identity,
contemporary architecture then should allow a place to be its reference. In short, Architecture as place is a
meaningful space where life takes place and develops under its richness and its specific context.
The papers written and presented here take into account all above specific local factors that shape the
contextual Architecture. They report research results, design proposal, strategies, and process, as well as
discussion on design education in which they regard to various topics such as the physical environments
such climate and topography, symbolic meaning, analogy in design, and progressive design. The context
of discussion is also ranging from building components to urban issues which are seen from many point
of knowledge such as architectural theory, design practice, environmental design, housing and settlement,
urban design, and design education.
In the first day, the conference starts with the topics of architectural research and in all contexts of urban,
housing and settlement, and buildings/building components. In these topics, the papers mostly discuss
many design features and strategies and its influence to the urban/building quality. They range from those
that refer to the past by exploring architectural traditions to those that take current conditions of a place
by abstracting specific features of the place.
Meanwhile, in the second day, from the point of architectural theory and design practice, the papers
mainly discuss symbolic meaning when it has to represent social and cultural qualities, analogy in design
by resembling nature for avoiding environmental degradation, and design strategy to respond to ever
changing qualities of a place. Further, paper in the design education topics discusses learning method by
integrating assignment for successful studio-based learning.
iv Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)
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Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) v
Conference Patronage
Prof. Ir. Joni Hermana, M.Sc, ES, Ph.D. Rector of ITS
Ir. Purwanita Setijanti, M.Sc., Ph.D. Dean of Faculty of Civil Engineering and
Planning, ITS
Ir. I Gusti Ngurah Antaryama, Ph.D. Head of Department of Architecture, ITS
Scientific Committee
Dr. Ir. Ima Defiana S,T, M.T. Chair, Department of Architecture ITS
Ir. I Gusti Ngurah Antaryama, Ph.D. Laboratory of Architectural Science and
Technology, Department of Architecture,
ITS
Prof. Happy Santosa Laboratory for Housing and Human
Settlements, Department of Architecture,
ITS
Dr. Ir. Rika Kisnarini, M.Sc. Laboratory for Housing and Human
Settlements, Department of Architecture,
ITS
Dr. Ir V. Totok Noerwasito, M.T. Laboratory of Architecture Design,
Department of Architecture, ITS
Dr. Ing. Ir. Bambang Soemardiono Laboratory of Architecture Design,
Department of Architecture, ITS
Dr. Eng. Dipl. Ing., Ir. Sri Nastiti N.E., M.T. Laboratory of Architectural Science and
Technology, Department of Architecture,
ITS
Dr. Ir. Murni Rahmawati, M.T. Laboratory of Architecture Theory and
Criticism, Department of Architecture, ITS
vi Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)
Dr. Ir. Asri Dinapradipta, M.B.Env. Laboratory of Architectural Science and
Technology, Department of Architecture,
ITS
Dr. Dewi Septanti, S.Pd, S.T., M.T. Laboratory for Housing and Human
Settlements, ITS
Dr. Arina Hayati, S.T., M.T. Laboratory of Architecture Design,
Department of Architecture, ITS
FX Teddy Badai Samodra, S.T., M.T., Ph.D. Laboratory of Architectural Science and
Technology, Department of Architecture,
ITS
Prof. Regan Potangaroa UNITEC Auckland, New Zealand
Prof. Mohd. Hamdan Ahmad University of Technology Malaysia
Associate Prof. Dr. Tetsu Kubota Hiroshima University, Japan
Associate Prof. Dr. Chan Jeffrey Kok Hui National University of Singapore
Prof. Yandi Andri Yatmo University of Indonesia
Paramita Atmodiwirjo, S.T., M.Arch., Ph.D. University of Indonesia
Organizing Committee
Asri Dinapradipta Chairperson, General Program Coordinator
Angger Sukma Vice Chairperson
Adinda Sih, Fardilla Rizqiyah Secretary
Kirami Bararatin, Tanti Nasution Management
Sri Nastiti Treasurer
Collintia Erwindi Accommodation
Arina Hayati, Fahmi Muchlis, FX Teddy BS Paper
Johanes Krisdianto Publication and Documentation
Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) vii
N.E. Nuffida, Defry Agatha Event
Iwan Adi Indrawan, Andi Mappajaya Road Trip
Rabbani Kharismawan Transportation
Wahyu Setyawan, Endy Yudho Sponsorship
Bambang Gatot Event Facilities
viii Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)
Program Schedule
Tuesday, November 1, 2016
Day 1 : Architecture Research
1. 08.00 – 08.30 Registration
2. 08.30 – 08.40 Reported speech by Organizing Committee
3. 08.40 – 08.50 Speech and Opening of Conference by Rector ITS
4. 08.50 – 09.00 Coffee Break :
5. 09.00 – 10.30 Moderator : Dr.Ing.Ir. Bambang
Soemardiono
Keynote Speech :
09.00 – 09.50 Dr. Rizal Muslimin The University of Sydney
09.50 – 10.40 Ar. Ahmad Djuhara, IAI Chairman of IAI
10.40 – 11.10 Discussion (Question and Answer)
6. 11.10 – 11.30 Photo Session
7. 11.30 – 12.30 Lunch and Prayer Break
8. 12.30 – 14.30 Parallel Session I Room I, II, III
9. 14.30 – 15.00 Coffee Break
10. 15.00 – 17.00 Parallel Session II Room I, II, III
Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) ix
Wednesday, November 2, 2016
Day 2 : Architecture Education, Architectural Theory, and Architecture Design
Practice
1. 08.00 – 08.30 Registration
2. 08.30 – 09.10 Moderator : Ir. Hari Purnomo, M.Bdg.Sc.
Keynote Speech :
08.30 – 09.20 Dr. Jeffrey Chan Kok Hui National University of
Singapore
09.20 – 09.50 Discussion (Question and Answer)
3. 09.50 – 10.00 Photo Session
4. 10.00 – 10.20 Coffee Break
5. 10.20 – 12.20 Parallel Session Room I and II
6. 12.20 – 12.30 Closing Ceremony by Head Department of
Architecture
7. 12.30 – 13.00 Lunch and Prayer Break
8. 13.00 – finish City Tour
Kampung Ketandan, Surabaya Urban Public Space:
Sharing and Culinary
Kampung Candirejo, Genteng, Surabaya Herbal Kampung: Herbal
Environment and Culinary
x Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)
DAY I
PARALLEL SESSION I; ROOM I (12.30 – 14.30)
Architecture Research: Urban Planning and Design
Moderator: Angger Sukma Mahendra, S.T., M.T.
Time Paper ID Author(s) Paper Title
12.30 - 12.45 PP-ARDC16-
026
Achmad Delianur
Nasution, Wahyuni
Zahrah
Public open space as urban
architecture: Design and public life
12.45 - 13.00 PP-ARDC16-
042
Dessy Syarlianti Identifying great street in Bandung
as part of Bandung technopolis
concept: a perception-based
approach
13.00 - 13.15 PP-ARDC16-
049
Herry Santosa, Nur
Fauziah
Aesthetic evaluation of restaurants
facade through public preferences
and computational aesthetic
approach
13.15 - 13.30 PP-ARDC16-
052
Nurlisa Ginting, Julaihi
Wahid
Defining distinctiveness aspect of
place identity in urban heritage
tourism
13.30 - 14.30 Discussion
Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) xi
PARALLEL SESSION I; ROOM II (12.30 – 14.30)
Architecture Research: Housing and Human Settlements
Moderator: Ir. Purwanita Setijanti, M.Sc., Ph.D.
Time Paper ID Author(s) Paper Title
12.30 - 12.45 PP-ARDC16-
022
Johannes Adiyanto, M.
Fajri Romdhoni, Hendi
Warlika SP
A comparative study on spatial
configuration of human settlements
in riparian area
12.45 - 13.00 PP-ARDC16-
044
Dwira Nirfalini Aulia,
Beny OY Marpaung
Transformation of gated
community in the last three decades
in Medan City, Indonesia
13.00 - 13.15 PP-ARDC16-
047
Ainun Nurin Sharvina,
Muhammad Faqih,
Happy Ratna Santosa
Sustainable fisherman settlement
development
13.15 - 13.30 PP-ARDC16-
073
Rika Kisnarini
Patterns and uses of mezzanine of
low cost apartments in Surabaya
13.30 - 14.30 Discussion
PARALLEL SESSION I; ROOM III (12.30 – 14.30)
Architecture Research: Architectural Science and Technology
Moderator: Dr.Ir. Asri Dinapradipta, M.B.Env.
Time Paper ID Author(s) Paper Title
12.30 - 12.45 PP-ARDC16-
021
Rani Prihatmanti, Maria
Yohana Susan
Adaptive reuse of heritage building
and the impact to the visual
comfort: assessed by the lighting
quality
xii Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)
Time Paper ID Author(s) Paper Title
12.45 - 13.00 PP-ARDC16-
031
Eka Susanti, Desak
Putu Damayanti, Sri
Nastiti N. Ekasiwi, Ima
Defiana
The effect of opening on building
envelope toward daylight
performance in Betang house at
Central Borneo
13.00 - 13.15 PP-ARDC16-
056
FX Teddy Badai
Samodra
Sustainable design of past-rural
architecture in the present urban-
tropical environment
13.15 - 13.30 PP-ARDC16-
070
Vincentius Totok
Noerwasito
Type simple house walled CEB
which efficient heat energy and
embodied energy in Indonesia
13.30 - 14.30 Discussion
PARALLEL SESSION II; ROOM I (15.00 – 17.00)
Architecture Research: Design Research
Moderator: Dr. Eng. Dipl. Ing., Ir. Sri Nastiti N.E., M.T.
Time Paper ID Author(s) Paper Title
15.00 - 15.15 PP-ARDC16-
018
Titien Saraswati Vernacular buildings as tourism
asset in eastern Indonesia
15.15 - 15.30 PP-ARDC16-
019
Primadella A planning model for creative
industry zone-producer of clothes
used as cultural tourism product:
case study in the area of Tuan
Kentang 15 ulu
15.30 - 15.45 PP-ARDC16-
054
Khosyiatillah Hakim,
Bart Julien Dewancker,
Usep Surahman
A Japan compact bus terminal;
Review on Hakata bus terminal,
Fukuoka
Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) xiii
Time Paper ID Author(s) Paper Title
15.45 - 16.00 PP-ARDC16-
041
Defry Agatha Ardianta,
Bambang Soemardiono,
Tiara Kartika Rini
From present to the past: The
different way of thinking about
conservation
(A case from design idea for Siola
Building, Surabaya)
16.00 - 16.15 PP-ARDC16-
081
Gunawan Tanuwidjaja,
Daniel, Ishak Tedjo,
Ritzky Karina
Brahmana
The creative hawker center for
small - family - business in
traditional food of Surabaya
16.15 - 17.00 Discussion
PARALLEL SESSION II; ROOM II (15.00 – 17.00)
Architecture Research: Housing and Human Settlements
Moderator: Dr.Ir. Rika Kisnarini, M.Sc.
Time Paper ID Author(s) Paper Title
15.00 - 15.15 PP-ARDC16-
023
Muhammad Fajri
Romdhoni, Hendi
Warlika Sedoputra
The visual character of colonial
housing in Palembang
Case study : Colonial housing
settlement of Talang Semut in
Palembang
15.15 - 15.30 PP-ARDC16-
078
Beny OY Marpaung
Appearance of unplanned
settlement as a reality in Medan
City and surrounding area
xiv Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)
Time Paper ID Author(s) Paper Title
15.30 - 15.45 PP-ARDC16-
082
Gunawan Tanuwidjaja,
Jocelin Marchelina,
Valerie Layni Y, Joyie,
Arina Hayati
The low cost apartment for
wheelchair user
15.45 - 16.00 PP-ARDC16-
096
Dewi Septanti, Rika
Kisnarini, Purwanita
Setijanti, Ayi Syaeful
Bahri, Wahyu
Setyawan
Preliminary study towards eco-
design of housing in coastal
settlements in Surabaya
16.00 - 17.00 Discussion
PARALLEL SESSION II; ROOM III (15.00 – 17.00)
Architecture Research: Architectural Science and Technology
Moderator: Dr.Ir. Ima Defiana S,T, M.T.
Time Paper ID Author(s) Paper Title
15.00 - 15.15 PP-ARDC16-
025
Laila Fitriana,
Mengting Tsai
Safety assessment of Moso bamboo
column under fire by using bamboo
as protection layer
15.15 - 15.30 PP-ARDC16-
028
Usep Surahman, Johar
Maknun, Erna
Krisnanto
Survey on household energy
consumption of public apartments
in Bandung city, Indonesia
15.30 - 15.45 PP-ARDC16-
032
Desak Putu Damayanti,
I Ketut Suwantara, I
Gusti Ngurah
Antaryama, Ima
Defiana
Occupancy based architecture: a
case of traditional Savunese house
in East Nusa Tenggara province
Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) xv
Time Paper ID Author(s) Paper Title
15.45 - 16.00 PP-ARDC16-
063
Johanes Krisdianto, FX
Teddy Badai Samodra,
Mudji Irmawan
Evaluation on green concept of
high-rise building design and its
architectural feasibility
16.00 - 17.00 Discussion
DAY II
PARALLEL SESSION I; ROOM I (10.20 – 12.20)
Architecture Education and Theory
Moderator: Prof.Dr.Ir. Josef Prijotomo, M.Arch.
Time Paper ID Author(s) Paper Title
10.20 - 10.35 PP-ARDC16-
046
Yaseri D. Apritasari,
Doni Fireza
Assignment integration in order to
achieve the successful studio-based
education
(an idea implementation of
integrated architecture experiential
learning)
10.35 - 10.50 PP-ARDC16-
017
Eva Evita Chatharina
Josephine
The study of geometric forms,
proportion and scale of heritage
buildings due to architectural
theory
10.50 - 11.05 PP-ARDC16-
035
Ferro Yudistira Questioning identity: architecture
of subrepresentation
xvi Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)
Time Paper ID Author(s) Paper Title
11.05 - 11.20 PP-ARDC16-
079
Bert Hugo Raf De
Muynck
Adaptation | a reflection on
contemporary Chinese architecture
(in four case-studies)
11.20 - 12.20 Discussion
PARALLEL SESSION I; ROOM II (10.20 – 12.20)
Architecture Design Practice
Moderator: Dr.Ir. Murni Rachmawati, M.T.
Time Paper ID Author(s) Paper Title
10.20 - 10.35 PP-ARDC16-
037
Diky Apriargo
Narrative approach in Urban
Cacophony project
10.35 - 10.50 PP-ARDC16-
038
Inggrid Julianti Dewi,
Usep Surahman
Park and ride city terminal,
Antapani Bandung
10.50 - 11.05 PP-ARDC16-
095
Bambang Soemardiono,
Defry Agatha Ardianta
The role of infill building in the
sustainable conservation. Case
study : Surabaya downtown
11.05 - 11.20 PP-ARDC16-
053
E.Y. Prasetyo, D.L.
Putra, D. Apriargo
Off the grid!, (N)either roof (N)or
floor
11.20 - 12.20 Discussion
Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) xvii
Venue
xviii Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)
Table of Contents
FOREWORD i
INTRODUCTION iii
CONFERENCE PATRONAGE v
STEERING COMMITTEE v
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE vi
PROGRAM SCHEDULE viii
VENUE xvii
TABLE OF CONTENTS xviii
KEYNOTE SPEAKERS
Ethics after theory
Dr. Jeffrey CHAN Kok Hui
1
TOPIC I: ARCHITECTURE RESEARCH
A. URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN
1. Public open space as urban architecture: Design and public life
Achmad Delianur Nasution, Wahyuni Zahrah
11
2. Identifying great street in Bandung as part of Bandung technopolis concept:
A perception-based approach
Dessy Syarlianti
21
3. Aesthetic evaluation of restaurants facade through public preferences and
computational aesthetic approach
31
Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) xix
Herry Santosa, Nur Fauziah
4. Defining distinctiveness aspect of place identity in urban heritage tourism
Nurlisa Ginting, Julaihi Wahid
41
B. HOUSING AND HUMAN SETLLEMENTS
1. A comparative study on spatial configuration of human settlements in
Riparian area
Case studies : Old kampoong and colonial settlements in Palembang
Johannes Adiyanto, M. Fajri Romdhoni, Hendi Warlika SP
51
2. Transformation of gated community in the last three decades in Medan City,
Indonesia
Dwira Nirfalini Aulia, Beny OY Marpaung
61
3. Sustainable Fisherman Settlement Development
Ainun Nurin Sharvina, Muhammad Faqih, Happy Ratna Santosa
71
4. Patterns and uses of mezzanine of low cost apartments in Surabaya
Rika Kisnarini
81
5. The visual character of colonial housing in Palembang
Case study: Colonial housing settlement of Talang Semut in Palembang
Muhammad Fajri Romdhoni, Hendi Warlika Sedoputra
89
6. Appearance of unplanned settlement as a reality in Medan City and
surrounding area
Beny OY Marpaung
99
7. The low cost apartment for wheelchair user 109
xx Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)
Gunawan Tanuwidjaja, Jocelin Marchelina, Valerie Layni Y, Joyie, Arina Hayati
8. Preliminary Study towards Eco-Design of Housing in Coastal Settlements in
Surabaya
(Case study of fishermen housing design after the development of Kenjeran
Bridge, Surabaya)
Dewi Septanti, Rika Kisnarini, Purwanita Setijanti, Ayi Syaeful Bahri, Wahyu
Setyawan
117
C. ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
1. Adaptive reuse of heritage building and the impact to the visual comfort:
Assessed by the lighting quality
Rani Prihatmanti, Maria Yohana Susan
127
2. The effect of opening on building envelope toward daylight performance in
Betang House at Central Borneo
Eka Susanti, Desak Putu Damayanti, Sri Nastiti N. Ekasiwi, Ima Defiana
141
3. Sustainable design of past-rural architecture in the present urban-tropical
environment
FX Teddy Badai Samodra
153
4. Type simple house walled CEB which efficient heat energy and embodied
energy in Indonesia
Vincentius Totok Noerwasito
163
5. Safety assessment of Moso bamboo column under fire by using bamboo as
protection layer
Laila Fitriana, Mengting Tsai
171
6. Survey on household energy consumption of public apartments in Bandung
City, Indonesia
181
Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) xxi
Usep Surahman, Johar Maknun, Erna Krisnanto
7. Occupancy based architecture: a case of traditional Savunese House in East
Nusa Tenggara province
Desak Putu Damayanti, I Ketut Suwantara, I Gusti Ngurah Antaryama, Ima
Defiana
189
8. Evaluation on green concept of high-rise building design and its architectural
feasibility
Johanes Krisdianto, FX Teddy Badai Samodra, Mudji Irmawan
201
D. DESIGN RESEARCH
1. Vernacular buildings as tourism asset in Eastern Indonesia
Titien Saraswati
211
2. A planning model for creative industry zone-producer of clothes used as
cultural tourism product
Case study in the area of Tuan Kentang 15 Ulu Palembang
Primadella
221
3. A Japan compact bus terminal; Review on Hakata Bus Terminal, Fukuoka
Khosyiatillah Hakim, Bart Julien Dewancker, Usep Surahman
237
4. From present to the past: The different way of thinking about conservation
(A case from design idea for Siola Building, Surabaya)
Defry Agatha Ardianta, Bambang Soemardiono, Tiara Kartika Rini
247
TOPIC II: ARCHITECTURE EDUCATION AND THEORY
1. Assignment integration in order to achieve the successful studio-based
education
253
xxii Program Schedule / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)
(An idea implementation of integrated architecture experiential learning)
Yaseri D. Apritasari, Doni Fireza
2. The study of geometric forms, proportion and scale of heritage buildings due
to architectural theory
Eva Evita Chatharina Josephine
263
3. Adaptation | A Reflection on Contemporary Chinese Architecture (in four
case-studies)
Bert Hugo Raf De Muynck
273
TOPIC III: ARCHITECTURE DESIGN PRACTICE
1. Park and ride city terminal, Antapani Bandung
Inggrid Julianti Dewi, Usep Surahman
284
2. The creative hawker center for small - family - business in traditional food of
Surabaya
Gunawan Tanuwidjaja, Daniel, Ishak Tedjo, Ritzky Karina Brahmana
286
3. The role of infill building in the sustainable conservation
Case study: Surabaya downtown
Bambang Soemardiono, Defry Agatha Ardianta
305
4. Off the grid!, (N)either roof (N)or floor
E.Y. Prasetyo, D.L. Putra, D. Apriargo
317
8th
International Conference on
Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)
November 1-2, 2016
Sustainable design of past-rural architecture in the present urban-
tropical environment
FX Teddy Badai Samodraa*
aDepartment of Architecture, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya, Indonesia
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +6281232508454 E-mail address: fxteddybs@arch.its.ac.id
Abstract
With large open space, traditional houses as representative of rural architecture, have been designed in the past in sufficient air
flow. However, nowadays, they fight to accommodate unsupportive environment; high density neighborhoods and global
warming effect. This research studies adaptation method and concept of sustainable design of the rural architecture in urban
environment of tropical climate. Simultaneous direct measurement and occupant interview were conducted on 19 buildings and
71 respondents. Ecotect Analysis and CFD Fluent program were also used to obtain the proposed model. The results highlighted
that by active and passive ventilation method, the occupants respond their urban environment. Moreover, the sustainable design
can be reached by raising the floor and roof in order to give higher potency of cooler sufficient air movement through openings
and shading. Providing solar chimney as vertical ventilation with sufficient ceiling fan works is also proposed.
Keywords: rural architecture; sustainable design; tropical climate; urban environment
1. Introduction to the subject
Indonesia has tropical climate, which is represented by the geographical altitude: Lowland and highland. The
altitude difference indicates the environment variation (Fig. 1.). As a result, more of the non-physical factors, the
traditional building forms are similar for the same social and cultural context. This condition requires adaptation
from the occupants in different altitudes. Meanwhile, with large open space, traditional houses as representative of
rural architecture, have been designed in the past in sufficient air flow. However, they fight to accommodate
unsupportive present urban environment; high density neighborhoods and global warming effect. This study
evaluates the building thermal performance for improving tropical building, evaluates the occupant's perception and
determines the tropical thermal environment factor and the occupant' adaptation way in a changing environment.
Furthermore, it studies adaptation method and concept of sustainable design of the rural architecture in urban
environment of tropical climate.
2. Research theory and methods
In general, passive control for thermal environment could be distinguished into four basic strategies such as
passive solar heating, mass effect, air movement effect, and evaporative cooling (Szokolay, 2008). As for Indonesia,
the tropical country, the suitable method could be mass effect, air movement and evaporative cooling. With
consideration of high both air temperature and relative humidity in tropical climate and material cost, the ventilation
154 Samodra / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)
development with accelerating of the air movement is the most possible way. The mass effect is very expensive and
the evaporative cooling has risk in raising relative humidity.
Fig. 1. Research location.
Nguyen and Reiter (2014) reported that natural ventilation and direct evaporative cooling have the similar
effect. Natural ventilation is low-cost, easy to apply and provides good indoor air quality, but it relies strongly on
natural wind and the building configuration as well as the building location. Prianto and Depecker (2003) explained
that the indoor thermal comfort could not be reached by a higher air speed only. The integration with other
environment factors and building design elements was required. If solar irradiance is more than 700 W/m2, the
significance of the ambient air speed will drop (Tan and Wong, 2014). Furthermore, under the tropical weather
conditions of high solar irradiance and low ambient air speed, cross ventilation performs better than a solar chimney
which is recommended under a zero ambient air speed. Chungloo and Limmeechokchai (2007) reported that at high
ambient temperatures and high solar intensity in the daytime, the solar chimney can reduce the indoor temperature
by 1.0–3.5°C compared to the ambient air of 32.0–40.0°C. In addition, the velocity magnitude can be increased to
4–25% (Kasaeian et al., 2014).
The traditional Javanese houses in both lowland (Surabaya) and highland (Malang) regions as a case studies are
6×7 m2 in average size with many variations in materials depending on the location and built period (Fig. 2.).
Recently, wood1 and/or bamboo
2 are being used for the walls and the roofs are made from tile
3 as a building
envelope.
The study sets 2 research steps as follows:
(1). Study on traditional building occupants as the main subjects with a thermal vote and direct measurements as
a method. The number of remaining traditional buildings were 19 objects, as a representative number in both
lowland and highland areas, with 71 occupants (See Table 1.). The range of clothing was 0.16 to 0.57. The range of
metabolic rates was 0.8 to 1.7, indicating from sleeping to working activities.
(2). Analysis on existing and proposed building simulation of PMV using Ecotect Analysis and ANSYS Fluent
(CFD=Computational Fluid Dynamics). Its evaluation consists of natural ventilation, air flow by solar chimney, and
1 Thermal properties: U-value = 3.19 W/m²K, Tlag = 0.3 hour. 2 Thermal properties: U-value = 3.69 W/m²K, Tlag = 0.1 hour. 3 Traditional tile/clay, thermal properties: U-value = 0.84 W/m²K, Tlag = 1.0 hour.
Samodra / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) 155
PMV. The building plan consists of indoor areas (main room and additional room/service room) and transition area
(terrace).
This study proposed the thermal environment improvement with the same housing plan to maintain the
occupant indices (clothing and activities/met). The focus of this study was on improving the thermal environment by
obtaining thermal comfort in a PMV standard. The main concept is directed at developing ventilation (horizontal
and vertical) because by accelerating a sufficient wind speed (V), both the air temperature (T) and relative humidity
(RH) are solved simultaneously. Raising the floor and roof are also suggested in order to give higher potency of
cooler sufficient air movement through openings and shading. For the Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT), the
proposed building provided overhang shadow and surface paint control. Moreover, the occupant indices were also
suggested (see Fig. 3. and Fig. 4.).
Fig. 2. Building profile.
Table 1. Respondents.
No. Information Lowland Highland
1. Number of Traditional Tropical Houses 8 11
2. Number of Occupants: 28: 43:
a. Adult Males (≥17 years old) 11 13
b. Adult Females (≥17 years old) 9 17
c. Children (<17 years old) 8 13
Fig. 3. Modification building of proposed sustainable building.
156 Samodra / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)
Fig. 4. Sustainable design concepts.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Factor and method of occupant’s adaptation
In addition to main factor, climate, the changing environment is felt by the occupants (Fig. 5.). Higher building
density in the present time is perceived as the largest problem in producing a windy feeling as ventilation makes a
contribution. The building dimension also gives a consequence to environmental change in the context of social
meaning and population growth. Nevertheless, though the building dimensions are the same, the number of family
members is growing, which provide psychological interpretation as a factor of thermal comfort. Physically, the
number of members affects the metabolic rate and internal heat gain by occupancy.
(a) (b)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
LOWLAND HIGHLAND
Building: Dimension
Building: Ventilation
Building: Material
Building: Orientation
Environment: Building
Density
Environment:
Environmental Ground
Condition Environment: Vegetation
Environment: Climate
Per
cen
tage
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
LOWLAND HIGHLAND
Receiver Control: Hand-
Fan
Receiver Control: Clothing
Receiver Control: Self-
Control
Medium Control: Active
(Electric Fan)
Medium Control: Passive
(Open The Window)
Source Control
Per
cen
tag
e
Fig. 5. (a) factor of thermal comfort; (b) thermal adaptation method.
Samodra / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) 157
The natural meaning is perceived as being useless by lowland occupants. A fan, of course, is cheaper than AC
(Air Conditioner) and effective for cooling, even though it still uses more energy than natural means. For the
occupants (dominated in mid-lower income), this is a critical point. The highland occupants have a distributed
method among passive and active in medium control and self-control in the receiver control. The personal
adjustment has a relationship with their metabolic rate; if the condition is hot, they tend to do light activities
(sleeping/resting). The occupants did not have the will or capability for source interruption. Source means the
factors. The occupants made no efforts to change the source. The adaption in using ventilation indicated the use of
windows or fans as a function, instead of redesign efforts.
3.2. Existing condition
The existing building has a hot environment (PMV is >1), not only for indoors, but also in outdoors, which
effects the ground reflectance (Fig. 6.). When the lowland building has environmental problem, the highland
building almost reaches the comfort criteria of PMV. Except for harder activity conducted in additional room, the
other zones have 0.5 of PMV. Therefore, as analyzed by minimum wind speed, 0.8 m/s for physiological cooling, it
should be improved by ventilation as proposed building design (Samodra, 2016).
Fig. 6. Comparison of the PMV of existing building plans in the hottest time of lowland and highland.
3.3. Natural ventilation analysis
Base on field study data, the buildings have opened doors schedule from 05:00 to 19:00 when the occupants
stay at home. It is potency for accelerating wind speed in the daytime. On the other hand, for night-time, from 20:00
to 04:00 they are closed, the potency of heat gain is higher even though the ambient/outdoor temperature is lower.
Fig. 7. presents the result of a CFD simulation of proposed lowland building with a South overhang and a door as
the inlet (based on dominant wind direction in a year provided by climate data of the Center of Meteorology,
Climatology, and Geophysics at Juanda and Perak, Surabaya, 1997-2012 for lowland and Center of Climatology at
Karangploso, Malang, Indonesia, 1993-2012 for highland). The climate data also provided the wind speed data for
the rural terrain roughness that was converted to an urban context as the study object location by a calculation for
every reference height. The velocity inlet of the simulation has a wind speed of 1.4 m/s (from that climate data and
calculation) and 28°C according to an Ecotect Analysis calculation based on the field study environment data. The
simulation is set in the critical time (15:00, 15th of October). The outlet is categorized as the pressure outlet in the
boundary condition with 32°C obtained using the same method as the inlet input. The opened door of highland
building results better performance as indicated by sufficient wind speed and lower temperature. With the same
method of lowland, lower both wind speed and temperature, 1.2 m/s and 24°C, respectively, the building in highland
is still cool for hottest time (1st of January). Air cooling by a longer overhang on all sides accelerates directly
through opened doors (can be combined with additional windows). Under-floor ventilation reduces both the air
158 Samodra / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)
temperature and humidity. In fact, there is a lower wind speed in the upper part of the room (<0.4 m/s), but the lower
air temperature is still distributed evenly (27-29°C for lowland). This is in comfort zone (24.3-29.3°C in average)
based on the Psychrometric chart analysis (Samodra, 2016). A small problem is only found in underheated condition
of highland building (the lower part of highland building gets 23-25°C). However, the lower degree-hours
potentially and easily could be solved by occupancy (opening schedule and occupant adaptation). Furthermore, the
more important problem is when the building opening (aperture) as horizontal ventilation is closed because of
occupancy schedule and limitation space of outdoor urban environment. Thus, the vertical ventilation improvement
should be implemented.
(a) (b)
Fig. 7. (a) natural ventilation in the opened door case of the proposed building in lowland; (b) natural ventilation in the opened door case of the
proposed building in highland.
Air is cooled by under-floor ventilation (could be combined with water evaporative cooling) and sucked by the
pressure and air temperature difference with a solar chimney that is heated by the heat absorber material. For a
cooler and more even distribution, it is supported by wall opening ventilation in the upper wall that is cooled by roof
shading. The wall opening is useful for controlling the roof heat transfer after being reduced by the attic and ceiling.
With the same inlet and outlet settings as the opened door case, the additional condition of the chimney in
lowland building has a surface and air temperature of 50°C and 40°C, respectively. All of them were also the result
of an Ecotect Analysis calculation (Fig. 8.). The stack effect is found in the chimney, as indicated by its higher wind
speed than the indoor rooms. With a lower reference height, the inlet of the under floor has a lower wind speed, 0.9
m/s, even though it has the same air temperature input. Furthermore, it potentially has a lower air temperature with
its under-floor shading and can be developed more with water evaporative cooling (this study focused on shading,
more than evaporative cooling for reducing the air temperature of the inlet). Meanwhile, with about 4°C lower air
temperature of chimney, the highland building has similar pattern of air movement and wind speed but it has lower
Samodra / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) 159
indoor temperature, especially for high pressure, supplied area, by higher wind speed. This condition is much better
than opened door where its underheated is reduced. The natural method is effective for highland when the lowland
building still has problem.
(a) (b)
Fig. 8. (a) natural ventilation in the closed door case in lowland; (b) natural ventilation in the closed door case in highland.
(a) (b)
Fig. 9. (a) wind speed in mixed-mode ventilation in the closed door case in lowland.; (b) air temperature in mixed-mode ventilation in the
closed door case in lowland.
160 Samodra / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)
In lowland building, by natural method of vertical ventilation, there is a lower wind speed in the center of the
room (<0.4 m/s), but it has a better air temperature (lower and distributed evenly for indoor) in the comfort range,
24.3-29.3°C, as in the open door case. This can be solved by mixed-mode/hybrid ventilation with a fan. As
recommended by lowland adaptation method (see Fig. 5), the wind speed can be distributed by making a distributed
diffuser (inlet) at under-floor. On the other hand, it has the risk of a lower wind speed and many inlets that could
cause interior space reduction and interference with the occupant activities.
Fig. 9. shows the additional inlet element with the intake ceiling fans on the main and additional rooms. The
wind speed was set to a pleasant condition (0.5 m/s) because a lower or higher wind speed not only makes the
conditions unpleasant, but it also makes sufficient wind speed for undistributed physiological cooling in the indoor
environment. The intake fan is useful not only for providing a higher and more distributed wind speed of indoor
areas, but also for reducing the air temperature by approximately 2°C than that using natural ventilation only (for the
higher activities zone-additional room and half of the main room). Reducing the air temperature with a fan may
consume more energy, but it is potential in reducing the cooling load with zero overheating.
3.4. Air flow analysis on solar chimney
Based on the flow rate (CFM total) minimum requirement, 51.1 CFM or 0.024 m3/s (Samodra, 2016), this
proposed study (d = 0.25 m) should receive minimum a solar intensity of 700 W/m2, 350 W/m
2, 400 W/m
2, and 450
W/m2, for 0.15 m, 1.0 m, 2.0 m, and 3.0 m (top of chimney), respectively (Fig. 10.). It shows that located the glass
for example for receiving solar radiation in 1 m is the most efficient. If it is compared to d = 0.15 m and 0.35 m,
wider chimney shows the higher requirement of solar intensity for resulting higher and sufficient flow rate.
d=width of solar chimney, z=measured height in solar chimney
Fig. 10. Flow rate of the solar chimney.
Samodra / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC) 161
3.5. PMV analysis
With the same materials, the proposed building reaches the PMV standard for indoor, transition and outdoor
areas in both using the natural (lowland and highland buildings) and mixed-mode method of ventilation for lowland
only (Fig. 11.). Furthermore, shading plays an important role in reducing 0.5 of the PMV in the outdoor and
transition areas. Both natural and mixed-mode ventilation result in a PMV in the comfort range (-5 to +5) in all
zones. On the other hand, there are heavier activities in the additional room, the proposed building maintains the
thermal comfort condition (PMV is 0.0-0.5). Meanwhile, the mixed-mode helps to reach the neutral PMV for the
indoor zones (main and additional rooms) and half of terrace.
(a) (b)
(15:00, 15th of October) (15:00, 1st of January)
Fig. 11. (a) PMV of the proposed plan in the hottest time of lowland; (b) PMV of the proposed building in the hottest time of highland.
4. Conclusions
Climatic determinism fails to differ house forms, but it is important aspect. The changing environment directs
the tropical building occupants to vote climate as the most decisive factor that affects their thermal condition.
Furthermore, the higher building density in urban environment as additional factor to the building dimension factor
in the present time than the past is perceived as the greatest problem in giving a windy feeling. Although the
condition is hot in a lowland environment, fans are effective for cooling.
For proposal on thermal environment improvement, both lowland and highland buildings need optimization to
reduce cooling load and PMV improvement for existing condition. The ventilation design, horizontal in opened door
case and vertical (solar chimney) in closed door case and limited outdoor space should be conducted, because the
natural method is not enough for distributing wind speed in lowland. Therefore, the application of fan is effective
and the PMV approaches not only still reaching -0.5 to +0.5 as comfort limits, but also it approaches to neutral (0).
In terms of occupancy, this study suggests that for better conditions in reducing the cooling load and energy
consumption, the occupants should maintain their habit of wearing simple clothing (such as shorts and t-shirts: less
than 0.4 clo) and avoid strenuous/heavy activity because it can result high internal heat gain.
162 Samodra / 8th International Conference on Architecture Research and Design (AR+DC)
Appendix: Matlab Code
% ---------------------------------------------------------------
% SOLAR CHIMNEY ANALYSIS (PLOT ONLY) % by: FX Teddy Badai Samodra
% Developed from: Ashish Meshram (Updated 14 May 2013) %
% --------------------------------------------------------------- clear all;clc; %---Clear workspace and command window
%---Predefining values Tg = 323.15;Tf = 303.15;Tw = 303.15;T = [Tg;Tf;Tw];Ta = 301.15;
Ls = 3;W = 0.25;
H = linspace(200,800);
d = [0.15 0.25 0.35];
z = [0.15 1 2 3];
V = zeros(length(H),length(d),length(z));
for ii = 1:length(H) for jj = 1:length(d)
for kk = 1:length(z)
[~,~,V(ii,jj,kk),~,~,~] = EISCRV(H(ii),T,Ta,Ls,W,z(kk),d(jj)); end
end
end
figure('Name','Volume Flow Rate','NumberTitle','off')
for ii = 1:length(z) subplot(2,2,ii)
plot(H,V(1:length(H),1:length(d),ii));
grid on; legend('d = 0.15 (m)','d = 0.25 (m)','d = 0.35 (m)','Location','NorthWest');
str = 'Volume flow rate vs Solar intensity at z = ';
title([str, num2str(z(ii)),' (m)']); xlabel('Solar intensity (Watt/m^2)');
ylabel('Volume flow rate(m^3/s)');
end
Acknowledgment
This study was supported by the Directorate General of Resources for Science, Technology and Higher Education
(DG-RSTHE), Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia. The authors
gratefully acknowledge the financial and technical support.
References
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Meshram, A. (2013). Experimental investigation on solar chimney for room ventilation. http://kr.mathworks.com/
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Prianto, E., & Depecker, P. (2003). Optimization of architectural design elements in tropical humid region with thermal comfort approach,
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