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7 •
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING LABORATORY
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S E L- 88 -,o05
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=PROCEEDINGSOF THE
FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM
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. DECEMBER 1988
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(NASA-IM-102941) PPGCEFDINGS OF THE FIR3T N9i-11389NASA Ada USFkg' SY,_PUc:|[!M (NASA) 227 D
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National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland 20771
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https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910002076 2020-06-23T21:39:21+00:00Z
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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM
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SoftwareOrganized by"
Engineering LaboratoryGSFC
Sponsored by"Goddard Ada Users' Group
December 1, 1988
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GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER
Greenbelt, Maryland
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FOREWORD
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The Software Engineering Laboratory (SEL) is an organization
sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA/GSFC) and created for the
purpose of investigating the effectiveness of software
engineering technologies when applied to the development of
applications software. The SEL was created in 1977 and has three
primary organizational members:
NASA/GSFC (Systems Development Branch)
The University of Maryland (Computer Sciences Department)
The Computer Sciences Corporation (Flight Systems Operation)
The goals of the SEL are (i) to understand the software
development process in the GSFC environment; (2) to measure the
effect of various methodologies, tools, and models in the
process; and (3) to identify and then to apply successful
development practices. The activities, findings, and
recommendations of the SEL are recorded in the Software
Engineering Laboratory Series, a continuing series of reports
that includes this document.
Single copies of this document can be obtained from:
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
Systems Development Branch
Code 552
Greenbelt, Maryland 20771
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TABLE OF CONTENTSOF THE
FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Introduction
Session 1: Experiences. ('hair: led Seidewitz
Iixperiences with Ada in the Flight Dynamics Division
lid Seidewitz. NASA (;oddard Space Flight Center
Applications of Ada to MSFC Projects
William llowle. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
l_,eal-time Weather Processor (RWP) Project: Ada Experience at PDR
Robert Locsh and Pat Molko. Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Session 2: Ai)plications, ('hair: David Littmann
l.xplorer Platform Ada Flight Software
Barbara Scott. NASA (;oddard Space Flight Center
The livolulion of Ada Software to St_pport the Space Station Power Management and Distribution Subsystem
Kathy St_'htlbert, NASA Lewis Research Center
UsingAda: An liarly Space Station Freedom Experience
Brandon Rigney and Cora Carmody, Planning Research Corp.
Ada ltosts. Workstations and Cross-colupilers: I-_valuation Report
I)avid Badal, Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.
Session 3: l)irectionsand Iml)lications, Chair: Frank Mc(;arry
lml31ications of Ada for Space Station FreedomRobert Nelson, NASA Space Statioll Freedoin Program Office
Soflware I{ngirlecrillg ;illcl Ada Trailling at NASA/JS(': Mylh_, Lessons LearYled and I)h'ecliOl'iS(ilenn I:rcedinan. l.hliveisity of ttouston al ('lear Lake
lhe.lel Prol_ulsioll [_aboralory: Transition to Ada Software l)evelopinenl
(;ary Walker, Jet Prol_ulsion Laboratory
I Xl_orienceswith Adaal NASA/(ISF(': iinl_licationsand Directions
I:rank Mc(larry, NASA (]oddard Space |:light Center
Ai)pendix A-Open Discussion, Moderaior: I{d Seidewit/
Pailelisls:
(;ary Walker, Jel Prot_ulsion Laboratory
Michael llolloway, NASA Langley Research ('ellterWilliam t lowle. NASA Marshall Space l:light Center
l:rank Mc(;arr), NASA (;oddard Space Flight Center
Robert Nelson. NASA Space Station Program Office
Kath\ P,ogcrs. MlTRlltor NASA Johnson Space(entcr)
B - .,lltiendees of the First NASA Ad;i Usei',;" Synlposiunl
(" - Standard Bibliogral)hy of SI']L Literature ORIGI_IAL PAGE ISOF POOR QUALITY
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INTRODUCTIONOF
FIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM
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by
E. SeidewitzNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
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INTRODUCTION
+File Ada l_rogramnling language was created as tile common language for tile Department of l)cfense (1)OD).
llowevcr, there arc a growing nunlber of organizations outside tile I)OD. both governnlent and commercial.
who are choosing to use Ada for their large system development efforts. NASA is one such organization.
Mandated for the space station. Ada has also been adopted or considered for use by several other large NASAp rogra m s.
Ada has the potential to bca part of the most significant change in software engineering technology withinNASA in the last twenty years. Thus, it is particularly important that all NASA centers be aware of Ada ex--
perience and plans at other centers. To promote such an awareness, the First NASAAda Users'Syml_osiumprovided a forum for the exchange of ideas, experiences and plans on the use of Ada within NASA.
The syml3osium attracted a diverse, enthusiastic audience. The program cover_,'d Ada activity across NASA,
with presenters representing five of the nine major NASA centers and the Space Station Freedom ProgramOffice. Projects discussed included-
__ Space Station Freedom Program Office the implications of Ada on training, reuse, managelnentand
the software suPt_ort envirormlent_
Johnson Space Center (JSC): early experience with tile use of Ada, software engineering and Adatraining and the evaluation of Ada compilers;
Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC): university research with Ada and the application of Ada to
Space Station l:reedom, the Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle, the Acre-Assist Flight l_xperiment and theSecure Shuttle l)ata SystenY
• Lewis Research Center (LeRCI the evolution of Ada software to SUl3port the Space Station PowerManagement and l)istribution System'
• ,let Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)' the creation of a centralized Ada development laboratory and cur,rent aplHications of Ada incltlding the Real-time Weather Processor for tile FAA_ --
• (_oddard Space Flight Center (GS[-C): experiences with Ada in tile Flight I)ymlmics I)ivision and the
tlxtreme Ultraviolet lixplorer It!UVI.I) project and tile implications of (;S[:C experience for Ada use inNASA.
I)espite lhe tli_ersily of the presentations, several common themes emerged fronl the program:
.Methodology: NASA experience in general indicates thal tile effective use of Ada requires modern
software engineering methodologies, There is a growing trend towards the acceptance of object-oriented approaches as the basis for the most approl3riate methodologies for Ada development.
Tr:lining; -It is the software engineering principles and methods that surround Ada, rather than Ada
itself, which requires the major training efR_rt. This is evident in experience at LeRC, JPL and GSFC
and is reinforced by the research of the Univt?rsily of llouston for JSC. Further. both GSFC and the
University of Ilouslon stress that this training must be focused to the needs of each organization and
must include immediate hands-on involvement in re:_l tlevclor_lllcnt efforts.
Reuse: I)uc to training and transition costs, the use of Ada may initially actually decrease produc-tivity, as v,':ls clearly l'ottnd at (;SFC. floweret, at (;SFC as well tts in work done for JSC, there is a
cle:lr indication that tile use of Aria :mtl associated methodologies can result in an immediate signifi-
cant incrcJse in the reusal_ilitv ot software. Of cottrse, over time this will result in a major increase ineffective productivity, reliability and maintainability, since less and less new code will need to be ere-alcd for each project.
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l_c_iI-Iimc:Work. ',itL,:I4('.JIG_ and (;St(" >,bows tkai itisl_OSSiIqcto u._c..\d_lfor rc:fl-timc:il_l_Ii,-'_l-
lion,,.IIo_v<_cr.lhc I.¢14('experience c,_IX'Ci_iII,,shov,,,how ¢',Ir_'I'ulone must bc i11dloosing _icorn-
plier. .\t _;SIT. the llt!\"lproject foum.l itncccss_irvto modify tll_'vctlclor-surGqiodrun-lime svstcm
it) II+indlu +l _pccil'ic clnl+cddcd harclwarc confiTur+ilion.
()xcr;lll. the' xynll+O,,iu111 I'el]ccicd _i high level of cnthtisia,_in for lh_' use of ,\d+i in NASA..Jtd_i is being eI'IL'c+
lively _ll+l+lic'cl lo l]ight Cillcl {ZlOtlllUt-SUl+t+ort tasks, both iilsidc ;.ind out_iclc tile st++icc st;ition i+rojc'ct, tlowcvc'r,
lhcrc _irc _ilso SOlllC c;.iulion:.tl) ilolc_: th+" trl.in.sitiOl'i Io Ad_i in,i)' tcikc lollgOr ;.ind be more difficult than ori<_i-
v+_li])"anliCil+atcd: NASA i+cccls to foctis illorc' clo_irly, cfl'cctivcly _ind ii+tCilscl)' oil software cngii_eoring lr;iit+ing
cllorts: and ._ASA llltl_,l i+rcss coi++l+ilcr vcnclors Io I+roviclc nlorc hi{zh-qu+ility Ad+i comt+ilors with the l\'attiros
i]ccdctl lor rc_il-linlc, clnl-)cdclcd upl_licutioils.
tly pro_.iding :i foruin lor discussing Adci benefits. Icssons-lc:lri3cd i.llld problems, the First NASA Adcl Users'
Symt_osiunl w_is highly succes.,,ful in its aim of fostc ring coinli]ullici.ition between the NASA COl]lmullity oi"
AC]tl users. ]-his COlllllltlllity is still )'Otlllg and growii]g, but it i_ clear that Act_i is "'horo to st:iy'" in NASA.
Right ilow wc ;irc _il lhc kncc o1" lhc growth u'urvc in tho USC of AcNl. ,.\s we proceed upward on thai curve il
will bc illcrc:lsii]L'ly ilUl_ortunt to in_iinl_iin _tlld strcn7lhci] the sh_iring of cxt_ol'i_.'nc_.'. This sylnl_osium will h_ivcbccn tltll) ',ucccs',ltil il ii is ollly ;i boginl]ii_g to such ;i l_lOCu'ss.
li_ coiMusion. I would like io _zrc:ltly Ill,ink Lisa KclI$', I:rank Mc(;:trry _irid the Sol'tw:.lrc I!il_irlcerh17 [abor:i-
lOly staff. Wilhoul lhcir hcll_ il would h_ivc been tolcilly impossible to Ol_anizc this SylllpOSiUlll in the shorl
time vvc did. I wotlld '<il_o like' to Ih_illk all the presenters who, oil quite shoil nolicc, put toTcEhcr _.lll cxccllcnlmcrvicw cll Acl;i _iu'li_ ilic's ii_ NASA.
Iicl Scidcwili
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(;odcl:ird SlXiCc I"li,_,ht ('tiller
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Session 1: EXPERIENCES
1. Ed Seidewitz, NASA/GSFC
2. William Howle, NASA/MSFC
3. Robert Loesh and Pat Molko, JPL
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AUBURN UNIVERSrrY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING
NASA PROJECTS
QUEST
- Query Utility Environment for Software Testing
Dr. David B. Brown, Principal Investigator
GRASP
- Graphical Representation of Algorithms, Structures
and Processes
Dr. James C. Cross, Principal Investigator
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QueryUtili_/Environment forSoftwareTesting
GENERAL GOAL:
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To provide anenvironment in which more tests and
more effective tests can be perfo_ed in order to increase
the reliabili_ of Ada _e.
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QueryUtilityEnvironment forSoftwareTesting
OBJECTIVES:
1. Intelligent Automatic Test Case Generation
2. Controlled Test Case Execution
3. Coverage Analysis
- to measure module reliability
QUEST/ADA PROJECT SCOPE
IREQUIREMENTS_
ANALYSIS J
FORMAL
SPECS"_i AUTOMATIC/
REDUNDANTCODING
QUEST
MODULE
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OUTPUT
TEST CASES
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GRASP OVERVIEW
GENERAL GOAL:
To increase designer and programmer productivity
through the use of grapl_ics-based tools.
OBJECTIVES=
To produce immediate graphical aids for development
and maintenance, i
• CSD- Control Structure Diagram• Structure Chart
• Data Flow Diagram
To understand the process of graphical representation
generation• _
.......Tore verse theoPr0cessto generate code from the
graphiC[ representation.
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• Provides an understanding of automatic code gen-eration
• Ada is well-defined- a good base from which towork upwards
• Many designers will work in an Ada PDL
• GR's can be prOVided at little cost
• Reviews of requirements and design specificationsare potentially better facihtated by use of GR's
• 90% of maintenance effort is attempting to
understand existing code (Standish)
• Generation of standardized GR's of Ada software
will promote reuseability- an original objective forthe adoption of Ada
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• Software safety can be ensured to a large extentby software verification
"A Comparison of Software VerificationTechnique" (NASA Goddard SE Lab series,April 1985)
• Empirical study of code-reading, functionaltesting, and structural testing
• Found code-reading provided greatest errordetection capability at lowest cost
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1. Barbara Scott, NASA/GSFC
2. Kathy Schubert, NASA/LeRC
3. Brandon Rigney and Cora Carmody, PRC
4. David Badal, Lockheed
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Ada Run TimeExecutive
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COP FlightExecutive
Instruction
Test
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Exclusive-ORTest
MemoryMonitor
COP OK
SUBTOTAL
ISSUE 2 COMPILER EFFICIENCY
1750 MEMORY WORDS.............. W_.m-= .................
RUN TIME CHECKS
O__NN OF__[
6385
(3810,239,2336)
17585
(12303,399,4883)
I011
(816,6,189)
859
(849,10,0)
615
(601,14,0)
173(167,6,0)
141(131,10,0)
....................................
26769 22580
__ APPLICATIONS PROCESSORS
Update Filter 17946 6180(16371,144,1541) (4695,54,1431)
Math Library 3765 3018(3455,229,81) (2780,157,81)
v__ .
Statistics 8489 6969
--" Monitor (6082,202,2205) (4562,202,2205)
TOTAL
DATA AREAS
56969 38747
System Heap/ 12288 12288Stack (0,0,12288) (0,0,12288)
Star Catalog 2100 2100
(0,0,2100) (0,0,2100)
32%SAVINGS
UPDATE FILTER CONTROL PROCESSOR
SOFTWARE ADA
MODULE LOC
1750A MEMORY
WORDS...........................
RUN TIME CHECKS
ON OF___EF
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UF ONE (spec) 6 36 33- (32, 2, 2) (29, 2, 2)
UF ONE (body) 27 460 178- (454, 6, O) (176, 2, O)
UF TWO (spec) 25 57 54- (46, 2, 9) (43, 2, 9)
UF TWO (body) 223 4877 2050- (4827, 50, O) (2036, 14, O)
UF THREE (spec) 12 48 45- (40, 2, 6) (37, 2, 6)
UF THREE (body) 109 4519 879- (4491, 28, O) (865, 14, O)
UF FOUR (spec) 9 42 39- (36, 2, 4) (33, 2, 4)
UF FOUR (body) 96 4958 910- (4930, 28, O) (904, 6, O)
UF TASK (body) 18 78 51
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FLOAT UTILITY 19 51 48
(_pec) (42, 2, 7) (39, 2, 7)
FLOAT UTILITY 41 1353 432
(6ody) (1335, 18, O) (428, 4, O)
TOTAL 653 17946 6180
(16371, 144, 1431) (4695, 54, 1431)
KEY: (code, literals, data)
RATIO WORDS
PER LOC
RUN TIME CHECKS
ON OF___EF
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41:1 8.1:1
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SUBROUTINE STATE TRANSITION
XI(1) = FLOAT (WXC,I,-5)
XI(2) = FLOAT (WYC,I,-5)
XI(9) = FLOAT (VRZ,I,-65)
TPS = TP
** CONVERT INPUTS TO FLOATING POINT
X2 (i) = HALF (TP*TP)
X2(2) = (X2 (1)*TP)/3.0
x2(3) --xi(i) * xi(I)x2(4) --xi(2) * xi(2)x2(5) = xi(3) * xl(3)X2(6) = XI(1) * TP
X2(7) = XI(2) * TP
x2(8) = xi(3) * TPX2(9) = X2(3) + X2(4) + X2(5)X3(I) = XI(I) * XI(2)X3(2) = XI(I) * XI(3)
: : :
x3(9) --xi(2) * x3(v)x4(i) = xi(3) * x3(v)X4(2) = XI(1) * X2(1)
: : :
X4(7) = X3(3) * X2(2) ** COMPUTE THE ELEMENTS OF THE
• , TRANSITION MATRIX
FMII(1) = 1.0 - (X2(4) + X2(5)) * X2(1)
FM11(4) = X2(S) + X3(4) - X4(1)FMII(7) = -X2(7) + X3(5) + X3(9)
FM11(2) = -X2(S) + X3(4) + X4(I)FM11(5) = 1.0- (X2(3) + X2(5)) * X2(i)FMII(8) = X2(6) + X3(6) - X3(8)
FMII(3) = X2(7) + X3(5) - X3(9)
FMII(6) = -X2(6) + X3(6) + X3(8)
FMII(9) = 1.0- (X2(3) + X2(4)) * X2(1)
FMI2(1) =-TP + (X2(4) + X2(5)) * X2(2)
FMI2(4) ": -X4(4) - X4(5)
FMI2(7) "= X4(3) - X4(6)
FM12(2) = X4(4) - X4(5)FMI2(5) = -TP + (X2(3) + X2(5)) * X2(2)
FMI2(8) = -X4(2) - X4(7)
FMI2(3) -- -X4(3) - X4(6)
FMI2(6) = X4(2) - X4(7)
FMI2(9) = -TP + (X2(3) + X2(4)) * X2(2)
** SAVE THE CURRENT PROPAGATION INTERVAL
** COMPUTE INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES
** NEEDED FOR THE MATRICES
** COMPUTATIONS
STATE
._.. END
ADA PDL EXAMPLE
package UF PROC is
type MATRIX is array (INTEGER range <>, INTEGER range <>) of FLOAT;subtype MATRIX3X3 is MATRIX(I..3,1..3) ;
Xl : MATRiX3X3;X2 : MATRIX3X3;X3 : MATRIX3X3;X4 : MATRIX3X3;StateTra Blkll : MATRIX3X3;StateTra Blkl2 : MATRIX3X3;
end UF PROC;
m
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= _
W77 package body UF_PROC is
procedure STATE_TRANSITION_MATRIX is
begin
-- compute the elements of the state transition matrix
-- NOTE : X3(I,I) = propagation time interval
-- X3(2,3) = SIN(W*Dt)
-- X3(3,3) = 1 - COS(W*Dt)
-- X3(2,1) = (i - COS(W*Dt))/W
-- X3(3,1) = Dt - (SIN (W*Dt) /W)
for i in 1..3
loop
for j in 1..3
loop
StateTra Blkll(i,j) := +X3(2,3)*XI(i,j)+X3(3,3)*X2(i,j);
StateTra Blkl2(i,j) := -X4(2,i)*xI(i,j)-X4(3,1)*X2(i,j) ;
End loop;
End loop;
78
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I00
101
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105
StateTra Blkll(l,l) :_ 1.0 + StateTra Bikll(l,l);
StateTra Blkll(2,2) := 1.0 + StateTra Blkll(2,2);
StateTra_Blkll(3,3) := 1.0 + StateTra Blkll(3,3);
:= -X3(I,I) + StateTra Blkl2(l,l) ;
:= -X3(I,I) + StateTra Blk12(2,2);
:= -X3(I,I) + StateTra_Blkl2(3,3) ;
StateTra Blkl2(l,l)
StateTra Blk12(2,2)
StateTra Blk12(3,3)
106 end STATE TRANSITION MATRIX;
107
108 end UF PROC;
109
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-- I
l
3026
3026
3027
3030
060220
002367
OOOOO5
3030 060244
3031 002346
3032
O00OO5
3032 060253
3033 002323
*
3034
3034 060222
3035 002467
3036
3036 060220
3037 002502
3040
000005
3040 060251
3041 002440
3042
3042 060222
3043 002145
NSSC-I ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE EXAMPLE
FMII(1) = 1.0 - (X2(4) + X2(5)) * X2(1)
FLD
BRM
DATA
FADD
USE
BRM
DATA
FMPY
USE
BRM
DATA
X2+9 * FLT. PT. LOAD
@FLD * SUBROUTINE CALL
X2+9-@FLD
X2+12 * FLT. PT. ADD
PROG
@FADD * SUBROUTINE CALL
X2+I2-@FADD
X2 * FLT. PT. MULTIPLY
PROG
@FMPY * SUBROUTINE CALL
X2-@FMPY
X4(8) = X2(1) * (X2(4) + X2(5))
FST
BRM
DATA
FLD
BRM
DATA
FSUB
USE
BRM
DATA
FST
BRM
DATA
X4+21 * INTERMEDIATE
@FST * VALUE
X4+21-@FST
FONE * 1.0
@FLD
FONE-@FLD
X4+21
PROG
@FSUB * SUBROUTINE CALL
X4+21-@FSUB
FMII * FINAL RESULT
@FST * SUBROUTINE CALL
FMII-@FST
* SUBROUTINE CALL
* FLT. PT. SUBTRACT
SUBROUTINES CALLED:
FLD, FADD, FMPY, FST, FSUB
THE FIRST COLUMN IS THE NSSC-I MEMORY LOCATION IN OCTAL.
THE SECOND COLUMN IS THE 18-BIT CONTENTS OF THE MEMORY LOCATION.
THE THIRD COLUMN IS THE INSTRUCTION MNEMONIC.
THE FOURTH COLUMN IS THE OPERANDS FOR THE INSTRUCTION.
THE FIFTH COLUMN IS A COMMENT FIELD.
i
ADA ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE EXAMPLE W
; Source Line 98
0188 8220 LD4
0189 F420 CMPRNG
018A 0000
018B 7503 BZ
018C 7EF0 CALL
OI8D 0000
018E B220 SUB4
OI8F C020 MULS
0190 0002
0191 50F0 SETI
0192 0000
0193 4A21 ADD
0194 0048
0195 53F0 CLRI
0196 0000
0197 8132 MOV
0198 8643 LDL
0199 0000
019A 8620 LDL
019B 0000
019C A924 ADDF
019D 8240 LD4
019E F440 CMPRNG
019F 0000
01A0 7503 BZ
OIAI 7EFO CALL
OIA2 0000
OIA3 B240 SUB4
01A4 C040 MULS
01A5 0002
01A6 50FO SETI
OIA7 0000
01A8 4A41 ADD
01A9 0048
01AA 53F0 CLRI
0lAB 0000
01AC 8154 MOV
0lAD 9625 STL
01AE 0000
#1,R2
R2,$C$04098500000
%*+3
@-CP,rts.raise.constraint.error
#I,R2
$C$04098500000+2,R2
#15,rts.unsigned.arith.flag
#$P$O4098500000+72,R2
#15,rts.unsigned.arith.flag
R2,R3
0(R3),R4
$C$04099500000,R2
R4,R2
#1,R4
R4,$C$04098500000 ......
%*+3
@-CP,rts.raise.constraint.error
#1,R4
$C$04098500000+2,R4
#15,rts.unsigned.arith.flag
#$P$04098500000+72,R4
#15,rts.unsigned.arith.flag
R4,R5
R2,0(R5)
THE FIRST COLUMN IS THE 1750A CO-PROCESSOR MEMORY LOCATION IN HEX.
THE SECOND COLUMN IS THE 16-BIT CONTENTS OF THE MEMORY LOCATION.
THE THIRD COLUMN IS THE INSTRUCTION MNEMONIC.
THE FOURTH COLUMN IS THE OPERANDS FOR THE INSTRUCTION.
L T
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Nalional Aeronaulics and
Space AdminislraIJon
Lewis Research Cenler
SPACE STATION SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION
Space Station
The Evolution of Ada Software
to support theSpace Station Power Management
and Distribution System
Kathy Schubert
NASA Ada Symposium
December 1, 1988
Author Biography
Kathy Schubert is a member of the Space Station Electrical Systems Division at NASA Lewis Research
Center. in Cleveland, Ohiol She is currently the Work Package 04, Flight Software Manager, for the
Phase C/D Space Station Electrical Power S_stem soft_are. Kath_ received a BSEE degree from Ohio
Northern University and is currently working on her NISEE al Clexeland State l_'ni_er_il._.
National Aeronautics and
Space Adrninislradon
Lewis Research Center
SPACE STATION SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIV[S[ON
Space Station
I. Introduction
II. Ada Software Development
A. Power Management and Distribution (PMAD)Photovoltaic (PV) Testbed
B. PMAD System Testbed
C. PMAD Integrated Testbed
III. Space Station Electrical Power System
IV. Summary
I I|
Introduction
Space Station has chosen Ada as the language of choice for all new Space Station opera-
tional software. The embedded applications inherent in the onboard computer architec-
ture made Ada a logical choice, although the lack of Aria experience was a major con-
cern. So, in support of the Electrical Power System (EPS), research and development
activities, the Ada Control Program for the Phase I PMAD PV Testbed was initiated.
Since that time, the Ada software has evolved from a relatively simple Ada application to
a more complex embedded Ada project. The purpose of this presentation is to show the
progression of the Ada software applications, the lessons learned, and the problems en-
countered in applying Ada to a real-time, embedded, power management and distribution
(PMAD) system.
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National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Lewis Research Center
SPACE STATION SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION
Evolution of Ada Software Experience
PMAD
PV
Testbed
PMAD
l SystemTestbed
1985 1987
1989
PMAD
IntegratedTestbed
1988 1990
Space Station
2
Ada software experience began with the development of an Ada control program for the
Phase I, PMAD PV testbed. The testbed hardware was modeled by Ada simulation soft-
ware and consisted of a solar array field, a battery bank, a battery charge converter, two
load banks, a DC distribution bus, and remote power controllers. This project served as a
learning and evaluation phase of Ada for embedded applications. It should be noted that
each testbed consists of different system configurations and that each of these represents
independent software development efforts. The PMAD System Testbed and the PMAD
Integrated Testbed are currently under development and will be discussed briefly. The
PMAD PV Testbed software is complete and will serve as the focal point of discussion.
U
National Aeronautics and
Space Adminislration
Lewis Research Cenler
SPACE STATION SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION
Space Station
Phase I PMAD PV Testbed Software
• INTEL 8086 based microprocessor environ-ment
• Originally written in FORTRAN
• Utilizes the PAMELA design methodology
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The Phase I PMAD PV Testbed hardware consists of a solar array field for power genera-
tion, a battery bank for power storage, a DC distribution bus, remote power controllers
(RPCs), and a DC to DC charge converter. Simulation software, which characterizes each
hardware component, provided the operating environment for the Ada control software.
The software runs on the VAX 11/785 under the DEC Ada compiler for initial debugging
and is then crossed compiled with the Softech Ada-86 compiler to the iSCB 8086 micro-
processor hardware.
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The same control and simulation software had previously been written in FORTRAN
when this project began. This provided interesting comparisons but resulted in very little
documentation and the Ada project started out as a re-coding effort rather than a soft-
ware development effort. After 10 months into the project, the Ada development team
decided to retrofit parts of the software development lifecycle to the project. The testbed
hardware requirements were established and the PAMELA design methodology was fol-
lowed.
r
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= =National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Lewis Research Center
SPACE STATION SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION
Space Station
PMAD PV Testbed Configuration20 LOAD BANK SWITCHES
i=i=l=l=l=i=i=l=i=i=l=l=l=l=l=l=l=l=i=l=!IIIii111111111111111
SOLAR
ARRAY
II
DC BUS
LOAD
BATTERY
BANK
_'_ ANALOG LINES
BANK 1
LOADBANK 2
DIGITAL LINES
[I I I
W
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National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Lewis Research Center
SPACE STATION SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION
Space Station
Control Software Design
O PAMELA 1 was ideal for designing with Ada tasks but not
as well suited to sequential programming
• PAMELA 2 has since been introduced which solves this
• Easy to follow, step by step, REPEATABLE, methodology
0 Design diagrams are done with a drawing tool
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The design phase of the Ada controls program utilizes the PAMELA design methodology.
PAMELA is an acronym for Process Abstraction Method for Embedded Large Applica-
tions, developed by George Cherry. The Ada control program design consists of a series
of graphs which build the program both graphically and textually. The External Object
Graph and a simplified Master Subprogram Graph are included here as a top level de-
scription of the Controls software design. PAMELA is an easy to follow, REPEATABLE
design methodology which can be documented with a drawing tool. Keep in mind though,
a drawing tool does not provide any traceability, consistency checking or automated PDL
generation.
PAMELA 2 is a second generation of PAMELA 1. in _vhich even the acronym has been
changed to reflect the extended applications of PAMELA 1. PAMELA 2 now stands for
Pictorial Ada Method for Every Large Application and consists of a standardized, seman-
tically rich, graphical notation which can be applied to the entire software lifecycle.
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Nallonal Aeronaulics and
Space Adminislralion
Lewis Research Center
SPACE STATION SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION
Space Station
External Object Graph
L
Solar
Array
J
Battery_Temperature
Battery_V
Battery_[
BatteryBank
J
Array=Short I
Array OpenV_ 1 Loid(n ) .Statu_
Converter[
ControlV_
PowerController
Converter
OutV
ConverterOutl
w
LoadBank
(1..n)
f¢,-,, ?
ChargeConverter
J
B°sv__ lBus I
RPC(k)._ Status
Bus [
1RemotePower
Controller i
.- -)
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Naliona[ Aeronautics and
Space Adminislradon
LewEs Research Cenler
SPACE STATION SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION
Space Station
System Power Controller Master Subprogram Graph
Array_Shortl
Array_OutV
1Solar
ArrayController
Charge/DischargeControl Signal
i4 "_I_(
Array Power
Array_Short[ I
Battery TBattery_I,_,.._
r- I Battery J Battery..VBattery_V_,_ Controller Battery !
RPC (k)_Status
3_
Array O t1[ Controller
!V
(" 2 ]_
SpYoSt:$ ILoadContro'S_inal
,. Controller J
I _dmittance/__
Load(n).Status
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Nallonal Aeronautlcs and
Space Administralion
Lewis Research Cenler
SPACE STATION SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION
Space Station
Ada Development Environment
INTEL 16 BIT
MICROCOMPUTER
DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM
IDEC VAX 111785 |
iSBC 86-30
TARGET SYSTEM
The Ada development environment consisted of a DEC VAX 11/785 connected to the
INTEL Development System, which was tied to a bare 86-30 single board computer via
an in-circuit emulator. This environment proved to be very slow and cumbersome. It
became apparent that Ada was not as "transportable" as it claimed to be and that a
compiler could pass validation but that did not necessarily mean that it was a production
quality compiler. The controls and simulation software could successfully compile and
execute on the VAX and complete cross-compilation on the VAX but the execution on
the iSBC 86-30 board was beyond the abilities of the Softech Ada-86 run-time environ-
ment.
m
m
National Aeronautics and
Space Adminisltalion
Lewis Research Cenlet
Lines of Code
SPACE STATION SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION
Ada vs Fortran
1100 1600
Space Station
Executable Statements 900 1500
# of Modules 13 6
Steady StateExecution Speed
EmbeddedExecution Speed
No noticeable difference forsteady state execution
NOT Real-Time Real-time
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Listed are some empirical relationships drawn from the Ada and Fortran control pro-
grams. Even thoug h the metrics are based on the implementation of only one problem,
they provide significant evidence supporting the desirability of a high order language such
as Ada. The difference in the executable statements is the most notable. This is ac-
counted for by comparing the language constructs in Ada to those in Fortran. For exam-
ple, exception handling in Ada eliminates the need for flag variables that are repetitively
set and checked for fault conditions. Also, the number of modules in Ada is more than
double the ones used for the Fortran equivalent. The higher modularity of the Ada pro-
gram is a direct result of software engineering principles such as a structured design
methodology, reusability, and increased efficiency. The stead) state execution speed was
compared on the VAX 11/785 with no noticeable difference, but, once the application is
embedded on the 8086, the execution is bogged down by the run time environment. At
this time though, proof of concept was more critical than real-time execution. Also, note
that the extent of the listed differences is likely to vary from one application to another
and the metrics used are generalizations and should not be used as absolute conclusive
results.
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National Aeronautics and
Space Adminislralion
Lewis Research Cenler
SPACE STATION SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVIS1ON
Space Station
Lessons Learned
• Ada requires welI-educated software engineers
0 DO NOT code Ada from another language
• The requirements specification and design will determine
the success or failure of a project.
0 All Ada compilers are not created equal
*Both functional and performance differences
The main lesson learned was that Ada requires well-educated software engineers. The
training program currently followed includes a week long Introduction to Ada, with
hands-on training as a course requirement. This is followed with a course in a software
design methodology such as PAMELA or Object Oriented Design. Then, once the devel-
opment team gains some experience in writing Ada code, a follow up Advanced Ada
course is scheduled. A Software Engineering course is also recommended, which in-
cludes a discussion of the software lifecycle, its phases, products and activities. Class-
room training which provides hands-on experience is the most effective for people ready
to start coding in Ada, but for managers a day of Ada terminology and its benefits is
more appropriate. Other forms of training such as video tapes or computer aided instruc-
tion are available to anyone at any time.
The objectives of this project were to demonstrate and evaluate the abilities and limita-
tions of the Ada programming language for an embedded m_croprocessor application.
Since that time, there has been a vast improvement in the availability and performance of
target compilers. The objectives were met and the development team learned a great deal
about Ada.
I
m
National Aeronaulics and
Space Adminislration
Lewis Research Cenler
SPACE STATION SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION
Space Station
PMAD System Testbed
• Multi-Processor Power System Testbed
• Currently in the design phase, implementing Object Ori-ented Design techniques
• Configuration managed with the SSE Automated Product
Control Environment (APCE)
The PMAD System Testbed is a multi-processor system used to control the hardware as
shown in the following diagram. The purpose of the power system testbed software is to
provide an environment for testing various control algorithms and newly developed hard-
ware. The software can be broken down into two types: the system environment software
and the algorithms under test. The algorithms under test include any algorithms written
to control the power system. The Power Management Controller is connected to the other
control processors via the Ethernet communications protocol. Processor status and power
system component informati0n]s avfiilabie to any processor requesting that information.
The Power Component controllers are connected directly to the power component via a
1553 interface. The software is currently in its design phase and the development team is
implementing Object Oriented Design techniques. The software development lifecycle is
configuration managed with the Space Station Software Suppori:Environment (SSE) Auto-
mated Product ControiEnvironment (APCE).
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National Aeronautics and
Space Administralion
Lewis Research Cenler
SPACE STATION SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION
Space Station
PMAD System Test Bed
IBM PC/AT i
Auxiliary
Computer
(Operator
DMA llnk
RS-232
t POWER
MANAGEMENT
CONTROLLER
q
ARRAY
I-@I "I|
tl
[ ,'Ao,.,_'/ I1
IPOWER ISOURCE l
CONTROLL[:]
i !
INSTRUMENTS --_m
ii_!iiiiiili_ii!i!_!iii!i!i_!!!i!!i!iiiiii_iliiii_i_i_i_i_iiiiiiii'ii'iili
:::: m::. iii!: .:!_:!iit:ii_i:
x.:,: i:,:,.
::iiiii_t!ii_i:i?!:mi:!:
I-
:.!:F-!.::..!::..::::
iiil__i_;:
......-:iiii:.ii
..'.'.i_iiiiii!i
, ,....,,.,
ii!i:2ii:iii!}i_i:!!440 VAC
E
440 VAC
• NOTE all components shown are single slrin$ (no redundancy)
I POWER LINEETHERNET
I _ l_ff3B
I .... IEEE 488
I _ _ MACSYM IO
i • RBI[] RPC
LOAD CONVLC
i!:,li!i!i
-!:_: _::Wtill
. ,....,,,,,._,..
."1[:-208 VA!
208 VA(I
.;.._:.:.:-_:.._:::::::::::".:.:-:.:_.:.I
7!_!i ii_:i_:_:l _ [ _ II
i:_:!i!1iliii::-i_l!i!
f:ii::!!!!i::i..-"i!ii:_::ii::i ::J;u::; i'
';':':':':i:;it,,
iii!:i:__i::i::i::i:::;i:Y7i:i:.:,i
iii!i! :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::i!:!:i:i:!:i:!:i:i:i:i:i;i:i:i: :::!:"i_..........................................
I
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NaHonai Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Lewis Research Center
SPACE STATION SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION
Main Programa Control Processo_
Text GraphicsInterface Interface
Algorithm
RouterMessen
Power
System Decomposition Chart for a Single Processor
Space Station
I
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Each of the distributed processors shall contain the main program, unique to that control
processor function, which communicates with a common set of interface packages. These
packages include the following: a text interface which provides an operator interface to
the system for debugging capabilities; a standard control algorithm interface so that proto-
type control algorithms may be easily incorporated into the system and tested; a router or
messenger package which standardizes all the inter-process communications to the Ether-
net; a power component package which communicates to the power components via the
1553 data busi _i_d a_ graphics interface which shall receive, interpret and display com-
mands from the PC/AT graphics connection. A functional block diagram is shown in the
following diagram. The development team is currently evaluating the ALSYS Ada 8086
family of cross-c0mpiiers for this application.
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[]National Aeronaulics and
Space Adminislration
Lewis Research Cenler
SPACE STATION SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION
Space Station
Experience with the APCE
0 The project documentation is under configuration control.
0 Traceability pointers have been defined for all the software
requirements.
O The mechanics of using the APCE are difficult to learn.
S Currently unable to transfer design diagrams to the SSEmainframe.
• PRC support has been excellent.
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The APCE database for the Power System Test Bed Software contains all the documenta-
tion under configuration control. The system requirements have been identified, and
pointers have been defined which establish the traceability of requirements throughout the
lifecycle. The mechanics involved in entering the information into the APCE has proved
to be difficult at times_ To use the APCE effectively requires that the user learn the
APCE project language. For example, the phases, products, and sections are identifiedwith two or three letters, i.e. "RD SR ALL" is the Software Requirements Document, in
the requirements definition phase, and includes ALL the sections. Once the project base
has been established, the APCE is relatively easy to use for the developers and testers.
The tester takes on a major role throughout the software lifecycle by defining test proCe-
dures to verify and validate each step in the lifecycle. The PMAD project is currently in
the detailed design phase, but at this time we are unable to place the design diagrams
under APCE control. Although, as the development team completes their detailed design
the APCE team is defining test procedures to run against the code as soon as it is pro-
moted to the APCE. Planning Research Corp., PRC, has provided excellent assistance
and guidance throughout the project, particularly in the area of software testing.
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Nallonal Aeronaulics and
Space Adrntnislration
Lewis Research Cenler
SPACE STATION SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION
IIIIIH I
Space Station
PMAD Integrated Te tbed
Q Representative of the Space Station PMAD System.
• Currently in the initiation/requirements definition phase.
• Shall be used to evaluate overall PMAD system perform-
ance and to address system level issues.
w
The PMAD Integrated Testbed (ITB) is a 20kHz power system testbed consisting of the
components shown in the following diagram. The major items of the ITB include the DC
Switching Units, the Main Bus Switching Units, the Power Distribution and Control Units,
and the Main Inverter Units. The software control system shall monitor, evaluate, and
control the ITB performance from the power sources to the loads. In addition, the control
system shall monitor and control feeder, bus, and component electrical loads. The ITB is
currently in its initiation/requirements definition phase and shall be used to evaluate over-
all PMAD system performance and to address system level issues.
N
Naliona/ Aeronautlcs and
Space Administrallon
Lewis Research Center
!
SPACE STATION SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION
Space Station
PMAD Integrated Test Bed Configuration
#C PnDtrCo_e_/°
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Nal|onal Aeronaulics and
Space Administration
Lewis Research Center
SPACE STATION SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION
Space Station
Space Station Electrical Power System
Q Work Package 04 C/D contractor is Rockwell Interna-
tional, Rocketdyne Division.
• Software Lines of Code Estimation - 90,000 SLOCS
O Software is broken up into 9 CSCIs, the use of Ada is a
program requirement.
The Space Station Project is divided into 4 work packages, each divided into two phases.
NASA Lewis Research Center and its prime contractor, Rocketdyne, is Work Package 04
and is responsible for the detailed design, development, test, evaluation, and construction
of the electrical power system. Initially, power will be provided by eight solar array
wings, phase two shall incorporate a solar dynamic power module. The power system
software is broken down into nine Computer Software Configuration Items (CSCIs) which
include a Power Management Controller, a Node Switching Controller, a Power Distribu-
tion Controller, a Main Bus Switching Controller, a Photovoltaic Controller, a Solar Dy-
namic Controller, a Solar Dynamic Engine Controller, a Main Inverter Unit, and a Fre-
quency Changer Unit. The total estimated software lines of code are 64,800 SLOCS and
will be written in Ada. The Space StationSoftware Support Environment tools, rules and
standards shall apply to all operational software for the Space Station.
m
Natlonal Aeronau[ics and
Space Adminislralion
Lewis Research Center
I I
SPACE STATION SYSTEMS
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION
Space Station
Conclusion
Q Space Station is committed to Ada
• Space Station software demands embedded, real-time per-
formance
0 Ada compiler technology must improve
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In conclusion, the Space Station project is committed to the use of Ada. NASA Lewis
Research Center has been involved in the implementation of Ada for the Power Manage-
ment-and Disiribution System for Over three _years and have confronted major :issues in
the use of Ada, of which all of these can be overcome with the improvement in Ada host
and target compiler technology. The Aria language itself requires intensive training in the
use of Ada as well as in modern Software Engineering techniques. Finally, the Space
Station imposes very stringent demands on the capabilities of the Ada language and the
compiler technology has to keep pace with these demands for the application of Ada to be
successful.
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Session 3: DIRECTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
1. Robert Nelson, NASA/Space Station Freedom Program Office2. Glen Freedman, Univ. of Houston at Clear Lake
3. Garry Walker, JPL
4. Frank McGarry, NASA/GSFC
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JPLAda Development Laboratory
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory:Transition to Ada Software Development
Gary N. Walker1 December 1987
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JPLAda Development Laboratory
Catalysts for creation of JPL AdaDevelopment Laboratory:
Limited JPL experience with Ada
Global Decision Support System-- Command and Control System for Military Airlift Command.- 279K Lines of Ada Code (374 L.O.C. with comments, etc.)-- 12 - 15 Subcontractors-- Interfaced with RDB and GKS through Fortran, C, and Macro
JPL commitment to software development improvement
SSORCE burden funded software development organization
-- SORCE to sharpen software engineering methodologies and standards-- SERC to support systems engineering and system management-- SPARC to support software product assurance programs-- SI&TRCE to support systems integration and test.- OPERC to support operations engineering
JPL's need to keep in step with technologyand sponsors' needs.
-- Ada support for current software engineering methodologies-- Increasing number of NASA, FAA, and DoD Ada directives
JPL management realized that better tools are required.
-- Save money-- Save time
-- Improve consistency-- Improve quality
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JPLAda Development Laboratory
A centralized JPL Ada DevelopmentLaboratory intended to:
-- Provide Ada tools for development
Lack of tool continuity: Most JPL work is done on a project basis.
Projects procure equipment and software tools necessary for a givenwork unit. In most cases, tasks return tools as deliverables.
Lab management decision to make institutional commitment to a
centralized facility to benefit a wide spectrum of tasks and provide
for continuity.
-- Train and educate JPL personnel
-- Provide a testbed for metrics study
-- Provide a source of consultation assistance
-- Promote Ada and software engineering practices(users' group, etc.)
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JPLAda Development Laboratory
Training and Education:
Management
Sponsors
Architects & Engineers
Programmers
Educate Train
X
X
X
X
X
X
Training includes developing proficiencies in the use ofAda, software engineering tools, and environments.
Education includes:
-- What are "good" software engineering practices?-- What Ada is?-- What Ada is not?
-- What Ada will do for development?-- What Ada will do to development?
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Staff Development:
Training
-- Rational Fundamentals
-- Advanced Topics-- Basic Subsystems and Configuration Management-- Networking
-- Design Facility-- Target Build Facility-- Cross Development Facility-- Project Design Methodology
-- Ada fundamentals
Education
-- Management class-- Seminars on concept of dealing with Ada
JPLAda Development Laboratory
!ADL Facility and Equipment Su te.
DEC VAX11/780 TCP IP
DECrier
Macintosh II
S_PAN
80386 IBM
Compatible
RationalR1000
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Reuse of an existing VAX
Institutional purchase of Rational R1000 Model 20
Microcomputer equipment support-- Design tools
-- Ada compilers
-- Ada tutorials
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JPLAda Development Laboratory
The Rational Ada Development System
• Validated Ada® compiler
• Ada-specific productivity tools
• Networking compatibility with ILAN and TCP/IP
• Configuration management and version control
• Workorder/change tracking
° Statistics collection
• Standardized documentation generation
• A user/vendor customizable user interface
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JPLAda Development Laboratory.
Advantages of Using a Universal Host Environment
-- High degree of parallelism can be built into schedules
-- Selection of the host hardware architecture and operating system can be delayed
-- Training and tool development in a common environment
-- Project managers are more flexible to move staff among tasks for different targets
-- Tools have permanence and are reuseable
-- Incremental compilation provides rapid turnaround
-- Host/target debugging uses universal host environment while working on target
.- Common and host specific code are manageable in the same environment
Universal Host Development
Embedded
Applications
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Rational:
The Software Lifecycle and Rational Tools
Proposal
naly_/Desig__C°deTe_s__Integr_i_
Rational Design Facility -, Target Build Utility_ross-Development Facilitie:
Rational SubsystemsConfiguration Management and Version Control
Rational Environment
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JPLAda Development Laboratory
Current Ada Activities at JPL:
Network Operations Communications Center Upgrade
-- Development on Rational and VAX
-- Target Host is to be determined
Ground Communications Facility Upgrade
.- Development on Rational and Gould
.. Target Host is Gould
ASAS/ENSCE
-- Development on Rational and VAX
-- Target Host is VAX
Realtime Weather Processor
.- Development on VAX
-. Target Host is VAX
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Problems to be Addressed:
Manpower
.-Hiring--Maintaining--Training
Who should purchase?
VAX Type Ada Compiler VAXSET Ada Environment_VAX II $15.7K $16.4K11/780 $ 31.7K $ 33.1K
8600 $ 57.5K $ 60.2K8800 $ 70.6K+ $ 98.6K+
For what work is Ada appropriate?
What Ada features should be used?
How should compiler compatibility be studied?
How should tool development be funded?
Hew -" al:l reuse libraries be maintained?
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OPEN DISCUSSION
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OPEN DISCUSSION
Moderator
Ed Seidewitz. Goddard Space Flight Center
Panelists
Gary Walker. Jet Propulsion LaboratoryMichael Holloway. NASA Langley Research CenterWilliam Howle, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
Frank McGarry, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterRobert Nelson. NASA Space Station Program Office
Kathy Rogers. MITRE (for NASA Johnson Space Center)
Recorder
Dwight Shank, Computer Sciences Corporation
The final session of the symposium provided the opportunity for an active, open discttssion between theattdience and panelists representing various NASA centers. The following is not a transcript of the session,but is instead an attempt to summarize some key points addressed during the discussion. These pointsare organized into broad areas which reflect the general themes which emerged during the course of thesymposium.
Transition
There are both management and technical issues involved in tile transition to Ada. The panel was asked toaddress the isstie of managing the risk of transition. Bob Nelson remarked oil the need for a risk managementapproach and on the management of risk at the project as well as the organizational level.
There were also coimnents from the audience on specific projects which addressed risk management. EileenQuann of Fastrak Training mentioned that risk management was an important consideration in the decision to
use Ada for the Second TDRSS Ground Terminal project at Goddard. A representative from Logicon relatedthat thcre was much emphasis on risk management in the study of Ada by the FAA. The FAA also ultimatelydecided to use Ada for their Advanced Automation System.
Another transition issue is the "conversion" of progranlmers to Ada. Programmers are known to often bequite loyal to a particular langxlage. However, Frank McGarry noted that once people begin to use Ada onreal projects, they do not want to go back to the language they used before. Ed Scidewitz mentioned that
Rational had begun early development with a large number of LISP programmers, who became strong Adaconverts and refused to maintain their previous LISP code.
There can be, nevertheless, considerable resistance to the switch to Ada. A representative from PRC com-mented that experienced C and Pascal programmers consider Ada to have "too much overhead" and theycomplained that "Ada was designed to control the programmer." Gary Walker remarked that the transitionfrom MOi)ULA I1 to Ada is easier. MODULA is now taught in several schools.
Methodology
There is an increasing emphasis on the use or object-oriented design with Ada. ltowever, there was someconcern in the audience about the maturity of object-oriented methodologies.
i!d Scidewitz replied that the problem is partly that dift'crent people mean different things by the term"'object-oriented design.'" Ne_c='thclcss. there :ire some important, useful concepts which are comnlo=l to all
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object-oriented approaches, such as abstraction and encapst|lation, The object-oriented methodology devel-oped by and used in the Flight Dynamics Division at Goddard has proven effective so far, though moreexperience is needed on judging tile quality of proposed designs.
I
Kathy Rogers commented that a major issue is the scaling up of object-oriented approaches to larger and more ....complex systems. Eric Booth of CSC stated that they had run into a wall with the original object-oriented napproaches at sizes of 200 to 300 thousand lines of code. However, much of this problem could be over-come by the use of the object-oriented "subsystem" concepts. Ed Seidewitz indicated that with such tech-niques, he believes object-oriented design can readily scale up to large systems, i
Training
Several speakers during the symposium stressed the importance of effective training and especially the gainingof hands-on experience in the use of Ada. The panelists were asked how big they felt a training project had tobe to give new Ada programmers practical experience.
Frank McGarry felt that the Electronic Message System (EMS) project used for early training in the GoddardFlight Dynamics Division was of marginal size at 8 to 10 thousand lines of code. Ed Seidewitz remarked thatEMS would have been a better exercise if it had been more directly applicable to the application domain ofthe division. However, such training projects are often difficult to formulate.
Glenn Freedman commented from the audience that the real scaling issue was complexity, not size. He be-lieves that a good pilot project is a complete Ada Artifact, such as that being considered by the SoftwareEngineering Institute, on which students can build.
Reuse
There was a strong interest in ways to promote the reuse of code across projects. However, there was aisoa
feeling that current contracting approaches discourage this. Bob Nelson expressed the need for contractualmandates for reuse.
Effective reuse also requires a common repository of quality reusable components. Cora Carmody from PRCmentioned that the space station Software Support Environment (SSE) will apply qualification criteria tosoftware in its reuse library. Components will have to meet both functionality and complexity requirements.Tire exact method for doing this is still under development.
Kathy Rogers commented that the space station project also plans to reuse more than code. This includes thereuse of such things as require|nents and staffing plans.
Real-Time
There was considerable discussion of the use of Ada in embedded, real-time applications. There are still con-
cerns with the performance of Ada in time critical situations, especially when tasking is involved. The panelseemed to feel that the problems right now were mostly with poor implementations, rather than with flaws in
the language itself.
Frank Mc(;arry stated that he felt that Ada implementations were not yet ready for real-time applications, butthat most software does not have real-time requirements. On the other hand, Bob Nelson said that theseissues were being addressed for the space station through ongoing prototyping, and that early indications arethat Ada is OK for real-time.
l)an Roy of Ford Aerospace commented l'rom the audience on the great improvement certain implementa-tions have made in reducing tire time for a synchronous rendezvous, down to 25-500 microseconds. He also
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mentioned that if one has problems with tasking, it is possible to do real-time applications using a non-taskingsubset of Ada. This should be just as easy as doing these applications in other non-tasking languages, withsimilar performance.
Stephen Leake from tile National Institute for Standards and Technology described his work on tile use of
Ada for NASA Flight Telerobotic Servicer robotics software. At Goddard they are currently reimplementinga robotic control system in Ada. He believes that the Ada system is much better than the original and that theexecution speed is good.
There was general agreement that it is very important to choose a good compiler if you need to make effectiveuse of tasking, ttowever, there was still some concern with the fundamental Ada tasking paradigm for hardreal-time applications. There was disagreement on how far the Ada 9X standard revision will go in altering thetasking model, though the Ada 9X process will certainly address tasking issues.
Besides execution speed, there were some remarks on the varying Ada source-to-machine-instruction expan-sion ratios presented by various speakers. Kathy Rogers commented that this is highly implementation depen-dent and that it is improving. However, Dan Roy responded that he did not feel that such expansion ratioswere really important measures, and Bill Howle did not even consider them valid.
Conclusion
To conclude tile session, the moderator asked each panelist how he or she would advise a new NASA adminis-trator to ease the transition to Ada.
Gary Walker felt that NASA headquarters should not make edicts, but should give support to the centers.
Michael Holloway throught that it was important for Langley to catch up to the other centers in the use ofAda.
Bill Howle stated that tile most important thing is to promote education and training, to both technical andmanagement personnel.
Frank Mcf;arry felt that NASA headquarters should go beyond just supporting tile use of Ada, and actuallymandate Ada as the common NASA language.
Bob Nelson, however, was uncomfortable with the idea of a mandate, saying that people in NASA are notused to such dictates from headquarters. He stressed, instead, the importance of incentives to promote theuse of Ada.
Finally, Kathy Rogers felt that NASA should revisit the software development life cycle and replace theinadequate waterfall model.
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Appendix B:
ATTENDEES OF THEFIRST NASA ADA USERS' SYMPOSIUM
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Alanen, Jack
Amsler, John
Anderson, Marshall
Badal, David
Barber, Gary
Barksdale, Joseph
Bartlett, Tom
Bates, Eileen
Beall, Daniel
Bennett, Toby
Blue. Velma
Bobzien, Gale
Bognar, Jeff
Booth. Eric
Bradley, Stephen
Brady, Talbot
Brechbiel, Fred
Bredeson, Mimi
Bredeson, Richard
Brierschmitt, Michael
Brinker, Elisabeth
Britt, Chester
Brophy, Carolyn
Brown, David
Brown, James
Burt, Roger
Butler. Madeline
Carmody, CoraCarr, Maureen
Carroll, Rossye
Caughcl, Brian
Ccrnosek, Gary
Chang, Joan
Chen, Jennifer
Chiang, Ted
Chu, Richard
Church. Vic
Cisney, Lee
Clark. David
Clema, Joe
Colaizzi, Donald
Court, Terry
Cross, James
Cuddle. Jim
('upak. John
ATTENDEES
Sohar, Inc.
OAO Corp.
Dept. of Defense
Lockheed Missiles & Space Co.
lntermetrics, Inc.
NASA/GSFC
GSFC/NASA
IDE, Inc.
Ford Aerospace Corp.
Ford Aerospace Corp.
Defense Communications Agency
PSC
DCA/JDSSC/C344
Computer Sciences Corp.
MMS Systems
Jet Propulsion Lab
Computer Sciences Corp.
Space Telescope Science Inst.
Omitron
Ford Aerospace Corp.
NASA/GSFC
Defense Communications Agency
University of Maryland
Auburn University
Jet Propulsion Lab
Jet Propulsion Lab
NASA/GSFC
Planning Research Corp.
McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co.
Computer Sciences Corp.
Cadre Technologies
McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co.
Computer Sciences Corp.
Computer Sciences Corp.
Ford Aerospace Corp.
Ford Aerospace Corp.
Computer Sciences Corp.
NASA/GSFC
Unisys Corp.
IITRI
Computer Sciences Corp.
Hughes Aircraft Company
Auburn UniversityMartin Marietta
H RB Systems
m
Daniell, Walter
Daniels, Catherine
Diclaudio, Mary
Drew, Dan
Driesman, Debbie
Dyer, Kevin
Ebker, Keith
Edelstein, E.
Edgar, Eric
Ellis, Walter
Emerson, Curtis
Emmart, Connie
Esker, Linda
Evers, Jay
Ferguson, Frances
Fermino, Kerri
Ferry, Dan
Finnegan, Kenneth
Firsching, Dorothy
Fly, Ken
Formanek, Kathleen
Freedman, Glenn
Gacuk, Peter
Garcia, Enrique
Gardner, Michael
Gilliland, Denise
Gilyeat, Colin
Girone, Chuck
Godfrey, Sally
Goldberg, Nancy
Gordon, Marc
Grafton, Ed
Graves, Rusell
Griswold, Robert
Guenterberg, Sharon
Gupta, Lakshmi
Hain, Gertrud
Hain, Klaus
Hall, David
Hall, Gardiner
Halterman, Karen
Harley, Modenna
Harris, Bernard
Hartman, Ken
ttcbenstreit. Karl
Heffernan, Henry
tteyligcr. George
Higgins. Herman
IBM
Defense Communications Agency
Jet Propulsion Lab
Unisys Corp.
Computer Sciences Corp.
Adanet
Computer Sciences Corp.
Grumman Data Systems
HRB Systems
IBM
NASA/GSFC
Computer Sciences Corp.
Computer Sciences Corp.
Unisys Corp.
Stanford Teleconmlunications Corp.
Stanford Telecommunications Corp.
Computer Sciences Corp.Martin Marietta
PRC
NASA/GSFC
Martin Marietta
University of Houston at Clear Lake
Spar Aerospace
Jet Propulsion Lab
Computer Sciences Corp.
Stanford Telecommunications Corp.
Advanced Technology, Inc.
GE Astro Space
NASA/GSFC
Computer Sciences Corp.
Booz, Allen & Hamilton
Link Flight Simulation Corp.
Dept. of Defense
Computer Technology Associates
Planning Research Corp.
Ford Aerospace Corp.
Computer Based Systems, Inc.
Ford Aerospace Corp.
OAO Corporation
Martin Marietta
NASA/GSFC
Computer Sciences Corp.
Logican, Inc.GCN
Computer Technology Associates
I)ept. of Defense
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Holloway. Michael
Holmes, James
HoMe, Bill
Huber, Hartmut
Hutchison, Roberta
Iseman, Chelsea
Jackson, Laverne
Janaczek, Mark
Jaworski, Allan
Jessen, William
Johannson, Hank
Kannappan, Sam
Kathuria, Manbir
Kelly, John
Kelly, Lisa
Kelly, Nancy
Kim, Seung
Kirby, PhilipKirk, Daniel
Klein, Camille
Klitsch, Gerald
Kubaryk, Peter
Kudlinski, Robert
Labaugh, Robert
Lavallee, David
Leake, Stephen
Ledford, Rick
Lee, Sophia
Lee, Tom
Leenhouts, Kathleen
Liebhardt, Edward
Lin, Chi
Lin, Meng-Chun
Littman, Dave
Liu, Kuen-San
Lloyd, Michael
Locsh, Bob
Lowe, Dawn
Mall, Vance
Mallet, Bob
Mangieri, Mark
Marciniak, John
Martinez, Bill
Mathiasen, Candy
Maury, Jesse
McComas, l)avc
McCtfllough. Sterling
Mcl)onald, Beth
NASA/LaRC
Unisys Corp.
NASA/MSFC
NSWC
The Mitre Corp.
Defense Communications AgencyPRC
Martin Marietta
Software Productivity Consortium
RCA - ESD
Ford Aerospace Co.
ABI Enterprises
Jet Propulsion Lab
NASA/G SFC
PSC
Computer Sciences Corp.
NASA/(-; SFC
NASA/GSFC
Hughes Aircraft Co,
Computer Sciences Corp.
IITRI
NASA/LaRC
Martin Marietta Aerospace Corp.
Ford Aerospace & Comm. Corp.
NIST
McDonnell Douglas Corp.
Defense Communications Agency
NASA/GSFC
General Electric
Jet Propulsion Lab
Integral Systems, Inc.
NASA/GSFC
Computer Sciences Corp.
General Dynamics
System Technology Institute
NASA/GSFC
Independent Consultant
Technology Planning, Inc.
Johrlson Space CenterMarciniak & Associates
Ford Aerospace Corp.
Unisys Corp.
NASA/(;SFC
NASA/GSFC
Compttter Technology Group
1)ept. of l)etense
I
McGarry, Frank
McKeag, Tllomas
Mixon, Don
Mohrman, Carl
Molko, Patricia
Montoya, Maria
Moore, Mike
Mularz. Diane
Murphy, Robert
Naab, Joseph
Nelson, Robert
O'Brien, David
Osman, Jeffrey
Owens, Kevin
Owings, Jan
Patel, Kant
Peters, Karl
Pincosy, John
Pixton, Jerry
Plunkett, Theresa
Puleo, Joe
Ransom, Bert
Rennie, Tom
Reph, Mary
Rice, Raymond
Rigney, Brandon
Ritter, Sheila
Roberts, Becky
Robertson, Laurie
Robinson, Mary
Robison III, W.
Rogers. Kathy
Rohr, John
Roy, Daniel
Rucki, l)an
Sabnis, Releha
Sank, Victor
Schubert, Kathy
Schwcnk, Robert
Seeger, ttoward
Seidcwitz, Ed
See, Kyungsil
Severino, Tony
Shen. Vil'lcent
Skinner, Judith
Smalling. Richard
Smith. David
Snyder. Glenn
NASA/GSFC
ttRB Systems
The Mitre Corp.
Martin Marietta ATC
Jet Propulsion Lab
McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co.
CTA, Inc.
The Mitre Corp.
NASA/GSFC
NASA/GSFC
NASA Space Station Program Office
Concurrent Computer Corp.
Jet Propulsion Lab
PRC
NASA/GSFC
Computer Sciences Corp.
NASA/GSFC
Data Systems Analysis
Unisys Corporation
Dept. of De(ense
Concurrent Computer Corp.
NASA/GSFC
NASAI(;SFC
NASA/GSFC
McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co.
PRC
NASAiGSFC
PRC
Computer Sciences Corp.
The Mitre Corp.
.let Propulsion Lab
The Mitre Corp.
Jet Propulsion Lab
Ford Aerospace Corp.
Dept. of Defense
Computer Sciences Corp.
FItA
NASA/LeRC
NASA/GSFC
Science Applications International Corp.
NASA/GSFC
Defense Communications Agency
General Electric/RCA
MCC
Jet Propulsion Lab
[ lughes
OAO Corporation
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Soloman, Carl
Spence, Bailey
Stammerjohn, Amy
Stamnlerjohn, L.
Stanley, Carolyn
Stark, Michael
Steinbacher, Jody
Stevenson, Jeff
Stickle, Richard
Szulewski, Paul
Tasaki, Keiji
Thackery, Kent
Thompson, John
Tindal, M.
Trocki, Martin
Tsounos, Andrew
Tupper, Burr
Usavage. Paul
Venkataraman, Ravi
Vernacchio, AI
V[adavsky, Luba
Wackley, Joseph
Walden, G.
Waligora, Sharon
Walker, Harry
Walker, Scott
Wall, Doug
Wallace, Charles
Weisman, David
Welborn, Richard
Wilson, Jean
Wong, Yuen Yi
Wood, Richard
Yang. Chao
Young, Eugene
Zahn, Maryanne
NASA/GSFC
Computer Sciences Corp.
Gru111man/PCS
The Mitre Corp.Martin Marietta
NASA/GSFC
Jet Propulsion Lab
Martin Marietta
ttEI
C. S. Draper Labs, Inc.
NASA/GSFC
Planning Analysis Corp.
Ford Aerospace Corp.
NASA/GSFC
Intermetrics
SEI
Intermetrics
(;eneral Electric
ST Systems Corp.
NASA/GSFC
Logicon, Inc.
Jet Propulsion Lab.
Aerospace Corp.
Comptlter Sciences Corp.
Jet Propulsion Lab
IDE, Inc.
IDE, Inc.
Raytheon Service Co.
Unisys Corp.Stan ford Telecommunications, Inc.
MDAC/KSC
Defense Communications Agency
Computer Sciences Corp.
NASA/GSFC
NASA/GSFC
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Appendix C:
STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SELLITERATURE
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STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SELLITERATURE
The technical papers, memorandums, and documents listed in
this bibliography are organized into two groups. The first
group is composed of documents issued by the Software Engi-
neering Laboratory (SEL) during its research and development
activities. The second group inciudes materials that were
published elsewhere but pertain to SEL activities.
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SEL-ORIGIRATED DOCUMENTS
SEL-76-001, Proceedings From the First Summer Software Engi-
neering Workshop, August 1976
SEL-77-002, Proceedings From the Second Summer Software En-
gineering Workshop, September 1977 °
SEL-77-004, A D@_onstration of AXES for NAVPAK, M. Hamilton
and S. Zeldln, September 1977
SEL-77-005, GSFC NAVPAK Design Specifications Languages
_, P. A. Scheffer and C. E. Velez, October 1977
SEL-78-005, Proceedings From the Third Summer Software Enq_-neering Workshop, September 1978
SEL-78-006, GSFC Sof£ware Enqineerina Research ReauirementsAnalysis Study, P. A. Scheffer and C. E. Velez, November 1978
SEL-78-007, Applicability of the Rayleigh Curve to the SEL
Environment, T. E. Mapp, December 1978
SEL-78-302, FORTRAN Static Source Code Analyzer Prouram(SAP) User's Guide (Revision 3), W. J. Decker and
W. A. Taylor, July 1986
SEL-79-002, The Software Engineering Laboratory: Relation-
ship Equations, K. Freburger and V. R. Basili, May 1979
SEL-79-003, Common Software Module Repository (CSMR} System
Description and User's Guide, C. E. Goorevich, A. L. Green,
and S. R. Waligora, August 1979
SEL-79-004, Evaluation of the Caine, Farber, and Gordon Pro-
gr_m Design Language (PDL) in the Goddard Space F1_ht Cen-
ter (GSFC) Code 580 SoftwareDe$ign Environment,
C. E. Goorevich, A. L. Green, and W. J. Decker, September1979
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SEL-79-005, Proceedinas From the Fourth Summer Software En-
qin@erinq Workshop, November 1979
SEL-80-002, Multi-Level Exoression Desiqn Lanquaqe-
Requirement Level (MEDL-R) System Evaluation, W. J. Deckerand C. E. Goorevich, May 1980
SEL-80-003, Multimission Moduiar spacecraft Ground SupportSoftware System (MMS/GSSS) State-of-the-Art Computer Systems/
Comp%tibilitv Study, T. Welden, M. McClellan, andP. Liebertz, May 1980
SEL-80-005, A Study of the Musa Reliability Model,
A. M. Miller, November 1980
SEL-80-006, Proceedinqs From the Fifth Annual Software Enqi-
neerina Worksh0P, Nqye_er 1980
SEL-80-007, An Appraisal of Selecte4 Cost/Resource Estima-tion Models for Software Systems, J. F. Cook and
F. E. McGarry, December 1980 ...............
SEL-81-008, Cost and Reliability Estimation Models (CAREM)
User's Guide, J. F. Cook and E. Edwards, February 1981
SEL-81-009, Software Enaineerlna Laboratory Proarammer Work-
bench Phas@ 1 Evaluation, W. J. Decker and F. E. McGarry,March 1981
SEL-81-011, E_aluatina Software Develooment by Analysis ofChanae Data, D. M. Weiss,--N-oVember 19_
SEL-81-012, The Rayleioh Curve as a Model for Effort Distri-
bution Over the Life_gf Medium Scale Software Systems, G. O.Picasso, December 1981 _:_:_"_-_
SEL-81-013, Proceedinas From the Sixth An,U_! Software Enqi-ne_rina Workshop, December 1981
SEL-81-014, Automated Collection of Software Englneerina
Data in the Software Enaineerinu Laboratory {$EL),
A. L. Green, W. J. Decker, and F. E. McGarry, September 1981
SEL-81-101, Guide to D_ta Collection, V. E. Church,
D. N. Card, F. E. McGarry, et al., August 1982
SEL-81-104, The Software Engineerinu Laboratory, D. N. Card,
F. E. McGarry, G. Page, et al., February 1982
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SEL-81-107, Software Enqineerinu Laboratory (SEL) Compendium
Tg__, W. J. Decker, W. A. Taylor, and E. J. Smith,
February 1982
SEL-81-110, Evaluation of an Independent Verification and
Validation (IV&V) Methodolouv for Fliaht Dynamics, G. Page,
F. E. McGarry, and D. N. Card, June 1985
SEL-81-205, Recommended Approach to Software Development,
F. E. McGarry, G. Page, S. Eslinger, et al., April 1983
SEL-82-001, Evaluation of Manaaement Measures of Softwaze
Development, G. Page, D. N. Card, and F. E. McGarry,
September 1982, vols. 1 and 2
SEL-82-004, Collected Software Enuineering Papers; V01-
ume I, July 1982
SEL-82-007, Proceedinas From the Seventh Annual Software
Enuineerinu Workshop, December 1982
SEL-82-008, Evaluatlna Software DeveloPment by Analysis of
Chanues: The Data From the Software En0ineering Laboratory,
V. R. Basili and D. M. Weiss, December 1982
SEL-82-I02, FORTRAN Static Source Code Analyzer Program
(SAP) System Description fRevision 17, W. A. Taylor and
W. J. Decker, April 1985
SEL-82-I05, Glossary of Software Enqineerin0 LaboratoryTerms, T. A. Babst, F. E. McGarry, and M. G. Rohleder,October 1983
SEL-82-706, Annotated BiblioqE_phy of Software Enqineerinq
Laboratory Literature, G. Heller, January 1989
SEL-83-001, An Approach to Software Cost Estimation,
F. E. McGarry, G. Page, D. N. Card, et al., February 1984
SEL-83-002, Measures and Metrics for Software Development,
D. N. Card, F. E. McGarry, G. Page, et al., March 1984
SEL-83-003, Collected Software Enaineerinq Papers:Vol-U_3D___, November 1983
SEL-83-006, Monitorina Software Development Throuqh Dyn%mi¢
Variables, C. w. Doerflinger, November 1983
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SEL-83-007, Proce_inas From £heEiQhth Annuai Software En-
gineerinq Workshop, November 1983
SEL-84-001, Manager's Handbook for Software DeveloPment,
W. W. Agresti, F. E. McGarry, D. N. Card, et al., April 1984
SEL-84-003, Investiqation of Specification Measures for the
Software Enuineerina Laboratory {SEL), W. W. Agresti,
V. E. Church, and F. E. McGarry, December 1984_ _ ..... : .... _ .......
SEL-84-004, Proceedings From the Ninth Annual Software Enai-
neerlna WorkshoD, November 1984
SEL-85-001, A ComDaris0n 0f Software Ver{ficat[o, Tech-
II_, D. N. Card, R. W. Selby, Jr., F. E. McGarry, et al.,
April 1985
SEL-85-002, Ada Traininu Evaluation and Recommendations From
the Gamm0 RaY Observatory Ada DeveloPment Te0m, R. Murphy
and M. Stark, October 1985 ....
SEL-85-003, Collected Software Enuineerlna Pa_ers: Vol-
ume III, November 198_5 ..... :_ ,___ ......-_:: _ _ ....... _
SEL-85-004, Evaluations of Software Technoloaies: Testina,
CLEANROOM. and Metrics, R. W. Selby, Jr., May 1985
SEL-85-005, _oftware Verification an_ Testinq, D. N. Card,
C. Antle, and E. Edwards, December 1985
SEL-85-006, Proceedings From the Tenth Annual Software Enui-
neerina Workshop, December 1985
SEL-86-001, Programme r_sHandbook for Fliuht_DvnamiCs Soft-
ware Development, R. Wood and E. Edwards, March 1986
SEL-86-002, General Object-Oriented Software Development,E. Seidewitz and M. Stark, August 1986
SEL-86-003, Flight Dynamics Syst@m Softwar@oDevelopment En-vironment Tutorial, J. Buell and P. Myers, July 1986
SEL-86-004, Collected Softw%r_ Enqineerinq Papers: Vol-
u.me IV, November 1986
SEL-86-005, Measurina Software Desiqn, D. N. Card, October
1986
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SEL-86-006, Proceedinus From_he Eleventh Annual Software
Engineering Workshop, December 1986
SEL-87-001, Product Assuranc@_Policies and Procedures for
Flight Dynamics Software Development, S. Perry et al., March1987
SEL-87-002, Ado Style Guide (Version Ill), E. Seidewltz
et al., May 1987
SEL-87-003, Guidelines for ApplvinQ the Composite Specifica-
tion Model (CSM), W. W. Agresti, June 1987
SEL-87-004, Assessing the Ado Desion Process and Its Impli-
cations: A Case Study, S. Godfrey, C. Brophy, et al.,July 1987
SEL-87-008, Data Collection Procedures for the Rehosted SELDatabase, G. Heller, October 1987
SEL-87-009, Collected Software Enuineering Papers:
S. DeLong, November 1987
Volume V,
SEL-87-010, Proceedinqs From._he Twelfth Annual Software En-
uineerina Workshop, December 1987
SEL-88-001, System Testing of a Production Ado Project:
GRODY StudY, J. Seigle and Y. Shi, November 1988
SEL-88-002, Collected Software Engineering Papers:
ume VI, November 1988
Vol-
The
SEL-88-003, Evolution of Ado Technoloqv in the Fliqht Dynam-ics Area: Desiun Phase Analysis, K. Quimby and L. Esker,December 1988
SEL-RELATED LITERATURE
4Agresti, W. W., V. E. Church, D. N. Card, and P. L. Lo,
"Designing With Ado for Satellite Simulation: A Case Study,"Proceedings of the First International Symposium On Ado for
the NASA Space Station, June 1986
2Agresti, W. W., F. E. McGarry, D. N. Card, et al., "Meas-
uring Software Technology," Prouram Transformation and Pro-
qramming Environments. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1984
9913
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iBailey, J. W., and V. R. Basili, "A Meta-Model for Soft-
ware Development Resource Expenditures," Proceedings of the
Fifth International Conference on Software Enqin@erinq.
New York: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1981 _•i' _ •
IBasili, V. R., "Models and Metrics for Software Manage-
ment and Engineering," ASME Advances in computer Technology,January 1980, vol. 1
Basili, V. R., Tutorial on Models and Metrics for Software
Management and Engineering. New York: IEEE Computer SocietyPress, 1980 (also designated SEL-80-008)
3Basili, V. R., "Quantitative Evaluation of 8oftware Meth-
odology," Proceedings of the First Pan-Pacific Computer Con-
ference, September 1985
iBasili, V. R., and J. Beane, "Can the Parr Curve Help
With Manpower Distribution and Resource Estimation Prob-
lems?," Journ@l of Svstenl_ and Software, February 1981,vol. 2, no. 1 ..... _
iBasili, V. R., and K. Freburger, =Programming Measurementand Estimation in the Software Engineering Laboratory,"
Journal of Systems and Software, February 1981, vol. 2, no. 1
3Basili, V. R., and N. M. pan!ilio,Yap, "Finding Relation-
ships Between Effort and Other Variables in the SEL,"
Proceedings of the International Computer Software and Ap-
plications Conference, October 1985
4Basili, V. R., and D. Patnaik' A Study on Fau!t Prediction
9nd Reliability A_sessment in the SEL Environment, University
of Maryland, Technical Report TR-1699, August 1986
2Basi!i, V. R., and B. T. Perricone, "Software Errors and
Complexity: An Empirical Investigation," Communications of
the ACM, January 1984, vol. 27, no. 1
IBasili, V. R., and T. Phillips, "Evaluating and Comparing
Software Metrics in the Software Engineering Laboratory,"Proceedings of the ACM SIGMETRICS Symposium_0rksh0p: Qual-
ity Metrics, March 1981
Basili, V. R., and J. Ramsey, Structural Cov_raq_ of Func
tional Testinq, University of Maryland, Technical Report
TR-1442, September 1984
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3Basili, V. R., and C. L. Ramsey, "ARROWSMITH-P--A Proto-
type Expert System for Software Engineering Management,"Proceedinus of the IEEE/MITRE Expert Systems in Government
Symposium, October 1985
Basili, V. R., and R. Reiter, "Evaluating Automatable Meas-
ures for Software Development," Proceedinqs of the Workshop
on Ouantitative Software Models for ReliabilitT, ComplexitY,
and Cost. New York: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1979
5Basili, V. and H. D. Rombach, "Tailoring the Software
Process to Project Goals and Environments," Proceedinas ofthe 9th International Conference on Software Enqineerina,
March 1987
5Basili, V. and H. D. Rombach, "T A M E: Tailoring an Ada
Measurement Environment," Proceedinas of the Joint Ada Con-
ference, March 1987
5Basiii, V. and H. D. Rombach, "T A M E: Integrating Meas-
urement Into Software Environments," University of Maryland,
Technical Report TR-1764, June 1987
6Basili, V. R., and H. D. Rombach, "The TAME Project:
Towards Improvement-Oriented Software Environments," IEEE
Transactions on Software Enqineerina, June 1988
2Basili, V. R., R. W. Selby, and T. Phillips, "Metric Anal-
ysis and Data Validation Across FORTRAN Projects," IEEE
Transactions on Software Enaineerina, November 1983
3Basili, V. R., and R. W. Selby, Jr., "Calculation and Use
of an Environments's Characteristic Software Metric Set,"
Proceedinas of the Eighth International Conference on Soft-ware Enaineerina. New York: IEEE Computer Society Press,
1985
Basili, V. R., and R. W. Selby, Jr., ComparinQ the Effective-
nes_ of Software Testina Strategies, University of Maryland,
Technical Report TR-1501, May 1985
3Basili, V. R. and R. W. Selby "Four Applications of a
Software Data Collection and Analysis Methodology," Proceed-
inqs of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, August 1985
4Basili, V. R., R. W. Selby, Jr., and D. H. Hutchens, "Ex-
perimentation in Software Engineering," IEEE Transactions on
$oftw_r_ Enaineering, July 1986
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5Basili, V. and R. Selby, "Comparing the Effectiveness of
Software Testing Strategies," IEEE Transactions on Software
E__qi_gJqi_, December 1987
2Basili, V. R., and D. M. Weiss, A MethodoloGy for CollectinqValid Software EnGineerinG Data, University of Maryland, Tech-
nical Report TR-1235, December 1982
3Basili, V. R., and D. M. Weiss, =A Methodology for Collect-
ing Valid Software Engineering Data," IEEE Transactions onSoftware Enqineerina, November 1984 ....
iBasili, V. R., and M. V. Zelkowitz, "The Software Engi-
neering Laboratory: Objectives," ProceedinGs of the Fif-teenth Annual Conference on Computer Pers0nne_esearch,
August 1977
Basill, V. R., and M. V. Zelkowitz, "Designing a Software
Measurement Experiment," ProceedinGs of the Software Life
Cycle ManaGement Workshop, September 1977
iBasili, V. R., and M. v. Zeik0witz, "Operation of the Soft-
ware Engineering Laboratory," ProceedinGs of the Second Soft-ware Life CYcle ManaGement Workshop, August 1978
IBasili, V. R., and M. V. Zelkowitz, "Measuring Software
Development Characteristics in the Local Environment," Com-
puters and Structures, August 1978_ vol. i0
Basili, V. R., and M. V. Zelkowitz, "Analyzing Medium Scale
Software Development," ProceedinGs of the Third Interna_
_ional Conference on Software Enqineerinq. New York: IEEE
Computer Society Press, 1978
5Br0phy, C., W. AgreSti,: and'_V. BaSili' "LesS0nS Learned
in Use of Ada-Oriented Design Methods," Proceedinqs of the
Joint Ada Conference, March 1987
6Brophy, C. E., S. Godfrey, W. W. Agresti, and V. R. Basili,
"Lessons Learned in the Implementation Phase of a Large Ada
Project," ProceedinGs of the WashinGton Ada Techni¢%l Con-
f_rence, March 1988
2Card, D. N., "Early Estimation of Resource Expenditures and
Program Size," Computer Sciences Corporation, Technical Memo-
randum, June 1982
2Card, D. N., "Comparison of Regression Modeling Techniquesfor Resource Estimation," Computer Sciences Corporation,
Technical Memorandum, November 1982
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3Card, D. N., "A Software Technology Evaluation Program,"
Annals do XVIII CQnqresso N%cional de Informatica, October1985
5Card, D. and W. Agresti, "Resolving the Software Science
Anomaly," The Journal of Systems and Software, 1987
6Card, D. N., and W. Agresti, "Measuring Software Design
Complexity," The Journal of Systems and Software, June 1988
Card, D. N., V. E. Church, W. W. Agresti, and Q. L. Jordan,
"A Software Engineering View of Flight Dynamics Analysis
System," Parts I and If, Computer Sciences Corporation,Technical Memorandum, February 1984
4Card, D. N., V. E. Church, and W. W. Agrestl, "An Empiri-
cal Study of Software Design Practices," IEEE Transact_Qns
on So_twar@ Enaineerina, February 1986
Card, D. N., Q. L. Jordan, and V. E. Church, "Characteris-
tics of FORTRAN Modules," Computer Sciences Corporation,
Technical Memorandum, June 1984
5Card, D., F. McGarry, and G. Page, mEValuating Software
Engineering Technologies," IEEE Transactions on SoftwareEnaineering, July 1987
3Card, D. N., G. T. Page, and F. E. McGarry, "Criteria for
Software Modularization," Proceedinqs of the Eiqhth Interna-tional Conference on Software Enaineerin-. New York: IEEE
Computer Society Press, 1985
iChen, E., and M. V. Zelkowitz, "Use of Cluster Analysis
To Evaluate Software Engineering Methodologies," Proceedinqs
of the Fifth International Conference on Softw_r_ Enqineer-
iD_q. New York: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1981
4Church, V. E., D. N. Card, W. W. Agresti, and
Q. L. Jordan, "An Approach for Assessing Software Proto-
types," ACM Software Enqineerinq Notes, July 1986
2Doerflinger, C. W., and V. R. Basili, "Monitoring Software
Development Through Dynamic Variables," Proceedinq_ of theSeventh InterDational Computer Software and Applications
Conference. New York: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1983
5Doubleday, D., "ASAP: An Ada Static Source Code Analyzer
Program," University of Maryland, Technical Report TR-1895,
August 1987 (NOTE: i00 pages long)
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6Godfrey, S. and C. Brophy, "Experiences in the Implementa-
tion of a Large Ada Project," Pr0ceedinqs of the 1988
Washinqton Ada Symposium, June 1988
Hamilton, M., and S. Zeldin, A Demonstration of AXES fQr
NAVPAK, Higher Order Software, Inc., TR-9, September 1977
(also designated SEL-77-005)
Jeffery, D. R., and V. Basili, "Characterizing Resource
Data: A Model for Logical Association of Software Data, =
University of Maryland, Technical Report TR_1848, May 1987
6jeffery, D. R., and V. R. Basili, "Validating the TAME
Resource Data Model," Proceedinqs of the Tenth International
Conference on Software Enaineerinq, April 1988
5Mark, L. and H. D. Rombach, "A Meta Information Base for
Software Engineering, = University of Maryland, Technical
Report TR-1765, July 1987
6Mark, L. and H. D. Rombach, _Generating Customized Soft-
ware Engineering Information Bases From Software Process and
Product Specifications, = proceedinos of the 22nd Annual
Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, January
1989
5McGarry, F. and W. Agresti, "Measur_ing Ada for Software
Development in the Software Engineering Laboratory (SEL), =
Proceedinus of the 21st Annual Hawaii International Con-
fere nce on System Science, s, January 1988
3McGarry, F. E., J. Valett, and D. Hall, "Measuring the
Impact of Computer Resource Quality on the Software Develop-
ment Process and Product, = proceedinos of the Hawaiian Inter-national Conference on Svst_ Sciences, January I§85
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), NASA
Software Research TechnolooY Workshop (Proceedings), March
1980
3page, G., F. E. McGarry, _n_ D, N. Card, "A Practical Ex-
perience With Independent Verification and Validation,"
Proceedinos of the Eiqhth International Computer Software
and Applications Conference, November 1984
5Ramsey, C. and V. R. Basili, "An Evaluation of Expert Sys-tems for Software Engineering Management," University of
Maryland, Technical Report TR-1708, September 1986
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3Ramsey, J., and V. R. Basili, "Analyzing the Test Process
Using Structural Coverage," Proceedinqs of th_ Eiqhth Inter-national Confer@nce on SQftwar_ Enqipeerinq. New York:
IEEE Computer Society Press, 1985
5Rombach, H. D., "A Controlled Experiment on the Impact of
Software Structure on Maintainability," IEEE T_nsactions on
Software Enuineerinq, March 1987
6Rombach, H. D., and V. R. Basili, "Quantitative Assessment
of Maintenance: An Industrial Case Study," Proceedinus From
the Conference on Software Maintenanc%, September 1987
6Rombach, H. D., and L. Mark, "Software Process and Prod-
uct Specifications: A BaSiS for Generating Customized SEInformation Bases," Proceedinas of the /2nd Annual H%w%ii
International Conference on System Sciences, January 1989
5Seidewitz, E., "General Object-Oriented Software Develop-
ment: Background and Experience," Proceedinqs of the 21st
Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, January1988
6Seidewitz, E., "General Object-Oriented Software Develop-
ment with Ada: A Life Cycle Approach,: Proceedinus of the
CASE Technolouv Conference, April 1988
6Seidewitz, E., "Object-Oriented Programming in Smalltalk
and Ada," Proceedinus of the 1987 Conference on Obj@Ct-
Oriented Prouramminq Systems .....Lanauaaes, and Applications,October 1987
4Seidewitz, E., and M. Stark, "Towards a General Object-
Oriented Software Development Methodology," Proceedinq_ of
the First International Symposium on Ada for the NASA SpaceStation, June 1986
Stark, M., and E. Seidewitz, "Towards a General Object-
Oriented Ada Lifecycle," Proceedinus of the Joint Ada Con-ference, March 1987
Turner, C., and G. Caron, A Comparison of RADC _nd NASA/SEL
Software Development Data, Data and Analysis Center for
Software, Special Publication, May 1981
Turner, C., G. Caron, and G. Brement, NASA/SEL Data Compen-dium, Data and Analysis Center for Software, Special Publi-
cation, April 1981
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5Valett, J. and F. McGarry, "A Summary of Software Measure-
ment Experiences in the Software Engineering Laboratory,"
Proceedinqs of the 21st Annual Hawaii International Confer-
ence on SYstem Sciences, January 1988
3Weiss, D. M., and V. R. Basili, "Evaluating Software De-
velopment by Analysis of Changes: Some Data From the Soft-
ware Engineering Laboratory," IEEE Transactions on Software
EnqineerinQ, February 1985
5Wu, L., V. Basili, and K. Reed, "A Structure Coverage Tool
for Ada Software Systems," Proceedinas of the Joint Ada Con-
r_, March 1987
iZelkowitz, M. V., "Resource Estimation for Medium Scale
Software Projects," Proceedinas of the Twelfth Conference on
the Inter_ce of Statistics and Computer Science. New York:
IEEE--Computer Society Press, 1979
2Zelkowitz, M. V., "DataCQl!ection and Ev@luation for E_-
perimental Computer Science Research," EmPirical Foundations
for Computer and Information Science (proceedings),
November 1982
6Zelkowitz, M. V., "The Effec£ivehess of software Pr6to-
typing: A Case Study," Proceedinas of the 26th Annual Tech-
nical Symposium of the Washington_ D. C., Chapter of the ACM,June 1987 _ _:: _...........
6Zelkowitz, M. V., "Resource Utilization During Software
Development," Journal of Systems and Software, 1988
Zelkowitz, M. V., and V. R. Basili, "Operational Aspects of
a Software Measurement Facility," Proceedinqs of the Soft-
ware Lif_ Cycle Manaqement Workshop, September 1977
NOTES:
iThis article also appears in SEL-82-004, Cg!!ected Soft-
ware Engine_rinq Papers: Volume I, July 1982.
2This article also appears in SEL-83-003, Collected Soft-
w_re Enqineerinq PaPers: Volume II, November 1983.
3This article also appears in SEL-85-003, Collected Soft-
ware_Engineerinq Papers: Vo!_me III, November 1985.
....... t
4This article also appears in SEL-86-004, CQllecte_Soft-
w_re Enqineerinq PapersL Volume IV, November 1986.
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5This article also appears in SEL-87-009, Collec_S_
w r En "n _n P @rs: Volum_V, November 1987.
6This article also appears in SEL-88-002, Collected Soft-
ware Enuineerinq Papers: Volume VI, November 1988.
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