progressivism political and eco changes unit 7.2

Progressivism Political and Eco changesUnit 7.2

Democratic Reforms- Many of the reforms were to try to curb the power of the

Political machines and give the more of a voice.- Direct Primary – people, not machines choose

their party’s candidates.- Secret Ballots (Australian ballot)- 17th Amendment – direction of U.S. Senators

instead of the state legislatures choosing them

More Direct ChangesInitiative – people can propose law

(petition)Referendum – people can vote on

a lawRecall – people can vote to

remove an elected official before term expires

Government Efficiency The Progressive Era was a change in attitude where many

started to believe government needed to get involved or try to “fix” society’s problems

City Manager – someone outside of elected office to deal with day-to-day issues◦ Sanitation, fire issues◦ Tom Johnson of Cleveland

Robert LaFollette and the Wisconsin Experiment◦ Progressive reforms as Governor and Senator

Tax Changes Before 1900, main source of revenue for Federal

Government was Tariffs (custom duties) President Taft called for Tariff Reform, but most it came

under President Wilson

Underwood Tariff lowered tariffs16th Amendment allowed for

income tax Originally proposed by Populist

What meant by a graduated income tax? Is that fair?

Trust-bustingTeddy Roosevelt got the reputation as the

Trustbuster, but Taft actually broke apart many more.

Northern Securities Company (1902) breakup◦ Controlled by J.P. Morgan who does not like T.R.

Roosevelt was more of a Trust regulator than buster

Taft would go after 4 times as many, and Wilson even more◦ Louis Brandeis would support Wilson on the Supreme Court

Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) – built upon the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, but with more enforcement

Business RegulationElkins Act (1903) and Hepburn Act

(1906) increased the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission over railroads.

Federal Trade Commission established in 1914

Don’t forget Pure Food and Drug Act 1906, Meat Inspection Act 1906, and the Keating-Owen Act 1916

Federal Reserve Act passed in 1913 created the Federal Reserve which is basically the _____.

Conservation and Controversy

Teddy Roosevelt set aside more land than any other President (until Clinton)

His advisors had different goals:◦ John Muir (founder of Sierra Club) –

Preservation◦ Gifford Pinchot (US Forest Service) –

Conservation◦ What’s the difference and who did T.R. side

with?

Teddy 2nd TermSquare Deal

◦ Roosevelt wanted to expand on Progressive measures

◦ 1st President to arbitrate a labor dispute

◦Limited because of economic downturn in the Panic of 1907 Had to ask JP Morgan for help (no B.U.S.)

and agreed to not bust up his U.S. Steel company.

1908 Election and TaftRoosevelt had said he would not run again

and regretted that promise later. He hand-picked Taft to succeed him.

Taft easily beat William Jennings Bryan in 1908Taft’s administration:

◦ More trust-busting (even U.S. Steel)◦ Payne-Aldrich Tariff. Taft had promised to cut tariff,

but then conservative Republicans in Congress raised taxes and Taft signed it.

◦ Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy – popular Pinchot was fired after criticizing Sec. of Interior Richard Ballinger

Republican SplitThe tariff issue and Pinchot-Ballinger split the

Republicans into two groups:Conservatives – supported Taft and business-

mindedProgressives – hoped that TR would return to

led them

More Radical Groups

Socialist PartyLed by Eugene

Debs◦ Ran for President

5 times◦ Outspoken critic

of business

IWW – International Workers of the World

“Wobblies” led by Bill Heywood◦ Fought for more labor

rightsWhy would these

groups fade after 1920?

New NationalismRoosevelt returned with his New

Nationalism plan in 1912◦ Progressive wing liked it, but Conservatives

thought it was too radical.At the Republican Convention the party

split. Taft became the nominee.Roosevelt and the Progressive started the

Progressive Party (Bull-Moose)

Election of 19124 Major Candidates

◦Rep – Taft◦Dem – Woodrow Wilson◦Pro – Roosevelt◦Soc – Debs

Wilson Progressive ProgramFederal Reserve establishedFederal Trade Commission establishedTariff Reduction (Underwood Tariff)Clayton Anti-Trust ActLouis Brandeis nominated to Supreme

Court

In what way was Wilson not Progressive?What stopped the Progressive movement?

Reflection QuestionsHow did Theodore Roosevelt set the

stage for the rest of the 1900s with government regulation of businesses?

How can you support the statement that the Progressive Party was the most influential party in US History? How could you say the Populist was?

In what ways did citizens get more of a say in the running of their government in the Progressive Era?

What are some of the lasting effects of the Progressive Era?

Linkshttp://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=cp3Qt7s7z5E&feature=relmfu – Review video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZ4XcmC3iGo&feature=relmfu – Review video, presidents

http://www.wfsd.k12.ny.us/webquests/progressive2007_files/Page651.htm - Progressive Era Cartoons Webquest

http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/USCartoons/content/GAPECartoons.cfm - gilded and progressive age cartoons