project: ergonomic design of bicycle helmet
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MOHD AZIM CHE AB RAHMAN ZAKI KGI 090008 HAMED HASHEMABADI KGC 090017 SHOKOOFEH HASSANI GOODARZI KGC 090018 MUHAMMAD ILHAM KHALIT KGC 090021 MUNIRATI AHMAD KGC 090022 MASNI-AZIAN AKIAH KGC 090023 CHAN CHOW KHUEN KGC 090024 ALLINA ABDULLAH KGC 090025 MOHANADHAS A/L KANAGARAJ KGC 090026 ZURINA AHMAD KGC 090027 AMIRABBAS TABATABAEI KGC 090029
ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF BICYCLE HELMET
OVERVIEW OF PRESENTATION
• Project development
• Background study
• Risks related to helmet use
• Objective
• Data Collection
• Statistical Analysis
• Conceptual Design
• Material Selection
• Design Evaluation and Analysis
• Manufacturing process (in general)
• Conclusion
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
BACKGROUND STUDY
• Cycling facts [1]
80.6 million bicycle riders worldwide
750 – 1,500 individual killed in bicycle crash
450,000 – 587,000 are sent to emergency room each year
Men are more likely to suffer cycling injuries
70 – 85% of bicycle crash deaths concerns with head injury
Wearing a helmet can reduce injuries and deaths by 20 – 90% if it is worn properly.
[1] Diane Hales. An invitation to health 2009 – 2010 Ed. US. Cangage Learning (2009)
BACKGROUND STUDY
• Bicycle helmet Head gear intended for cycling protection.
Developed to reduce impact to the skull during a crash.
Able to prevent head and brain injury
• Design of bicycle helmet Should be level and stable enough to resist violent shakes
and hard blow.
Have to sustain certain level of force during impact.
Interference to vision during cycling should be avoided.
BACKGROUND STUDY
• Risks related to helmeted cycling activity the crash forces might exceed the design tolerance of the
helmet (eg. injuries involving collisions with motor vehicles)
the impact may occur outside of the design line of the helmet, injuring the cranium below the helmet line
the retention system may fail, allowing the helmet to shift substantially or even to come off during the crash
the helmet may be worn improperly, on the back of the head “bonnet style”
the helmet may not fit properly, thereby subverting their protective effects.
BACKGROUND STUDY
• Design benchmark
DESIGN ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGE
• Cheap • Easy to manufacture
• Poor air circulation • Poor impact absorption • Heavy • High drag coefficient
• Low drag coefficient
• Poor air circulation • Relatively heavy • Expensive
• Cheap • Easy to manufacture
• Poor air circulation • Poor impact absorption • Heavy • High drag coefficient
• High safety level
• Poor air circulation • Heavy • High drag coefficient • Expensive
BACKGROUND STUDY
• General disadvantages of current design The weight
Inadequate ventilation
Inefficient drag coefficient
Helmet fit is not for all population
• Suggested improvement Different material selection for lighter weight
Redesigning air circulation / ventilation system
Changing the outer shell design for better aerodynamic result
Improved helmet fitting
RISKS TO HELMET USE (MSD)
• Inappropriate helmet will cause muscle spasm, especially at trigger points. The muscles of the neck such as the suboccipitals and the cervical paraspinals may be affected.
• Trigger points are frequently caused by direct blunt trauma, or by repetitive micro trauma, as is seen in overuse athletic injuries.
• If head posture is to forward position, it can put a lot of stress on the cervical spine joints, and cervical nerves such as C6 and C7
• Too heavy, causing the head to push forward. Stress on the cervical spine joints and cervical nerves such as C6 and C7.
RISKS TO HELMET USE (MSD)
RISKS TO HELMET USE (MSD)
RISKS TO HELMET USE (MSD)
RISKS TO HELMET USE (MSD)
Action level 2 (for left and right hand side) • Further investigation is
needed and changes may be required
Action level 3 (for left and right hand side) • Investigation and changes are required soon
RESULT
RISKS TO HELMET USE (COGNITIVE)
VENTILATION?
AMPLE? NOT
ENOUGH OR
TOTALLY NONE?
RISKS TO HELMET USE (COGNITIVE)
HOT!
NO COMFORT!
RISKS TO HELMET USE (COGNITIVE)
HOT!
MIGRAIN! LOSING
CONCENTRATION!
PROBLEM STATEMENT
• Extra load of helmet may affect the cyclist performance and lead to MSD (discomfort and hyperextension to neck)
• Poor helmet fitting lead to neck pain
• Back pain by overuse injury due to cycling posture which is adapted decrease drag coefficient
• Poor ventilation during cycling
• Helmet usage affect cyclist hearing (design)
OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
Design of an ergonomic bicycle helmet for Malaysian
adult male cyclist to minimize injury risk related to race
cycling activity by focusing on:
• lighter weight helmet
• improved fitting to user’s population
• improved aerodynamics efficiency
• improved ventilation and humidity
• improved design without impairing cyclist’s hearing ability.
• Population selection Kepala Batas Community College students
Male
Age 18 – 23 years old
• Sample selection 31 male students (total student batch 2010 = 287 pax)
• Activity selection Cycling for race activity
DATA COLLECTION
DATA COLLECTION
• Measurement method Measurement point : anthropometry point as agreed by group
members
Tool used : Tailoring tape, Vernier caliper, Ruler
Photo taken during anthropometry measurement
DATA COLLECTION
• Anthropometry measurement point as highlighted in yellow in pic below
Reference : National Institute of Bioscience and Human Technology Japan, NIBH Technical Report
DATA COLLECTION
• Sketch for measurement point
DATA COLLECTION & STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Table: Data collected from Kepala Batas Community college student
DATA COLLECTION & STATISTICAL ANALYSIS NO MEASUREMENT POINT %TILE VALUE
(mm) JUSTIFICATION
1 Head width 95th 190.0 Largest to fit
2 Diagonal head width 95th 230.0 Largest to fit
3 Anterior-posterior head 95th 220.0 Largest to fit
4 Diagonal head width 95th 220.0 Largest to fit
5 Occipital frontal circumference
95th 600.0 Largest to fit
6 Height of eyebrow to the top of the head
5th 87.0 Helmet should not block the vision of the person having the shortest forehead height
7 Anterior-posterior arc 95th 345.0 Largest to fit
8 Scalp height to ear 5th 100.0 Avoid tilt of helmet
9 Jaw height to ear 5th to 95th
180-205 Adjustable length
10 Arc distance between two ears
5th to 95th
420-445 Adjustable length
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
• Design consideration Product weight
Product fit to user
Ventilation and humidity
Aerodynamics
User coverage
Manufacturability.
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
• Concept 1 Redesigned contour of outer
shell - improved aerodynamics effect.
Ventilation slot - improved air flow and internal humidity during cycling.
Reduced product weight
Strap – same with benchmark design
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
• Concept 2 Contour of outer shell
• added with new structure
• re-designed for improved aerodynamics effect
Ventilation slot – Improved air flow and internal humidity during cycling
Reduced product weight
Adjustable head grip and strap
Internal reinforcement
• maximise venting
• minimise bulk
• Comply to safety standards.
DESIGN SELECTION (VIA PUGH MATRIX)
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OUTER SHELL
• Aerodynamic contour
• Ventilation slot to release internal heat and improve humidity
• Optimal cooling
• Keep the foam in place
• Curve – sliding effect during impact instead of direct hitting
INNER SHELL (FOAM LINER)
• Main protection component
• Absorb impact
• Minimum 20mm distance for 300g impact protection
INTERNAL REINFORCEMENT
• Maximise venting and minimise bulk
• Comply to safety standards
ADJUSTABLE HEAD GRIP
• Improved fitting for varying head size
ADJUSTABLE STRAP
• Provide external support to neck area
• Adjustable for varying head size
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
• Ergonomic fitting for cycling helmet
Fitting of helmet strap
Fitting of internal
reinforcement
Fitting of adjustable head
grip
Fitting of foam lining
Fitting of outer shell
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
• Critical measurement match to design
Picture: Cross sectional view of cycle helmet concept (a) Frontal (b) Sideways
(a) (b)
MATERIAL SELECTION
COMPONENT MATERIAL SELECTION REQUIREMENT
Outer shell • Enhanced surface features – sliding effect during impact • Able to mould for ventilation slot • Thin and light • Absorbs impact fairly
Inner shell / Foam liner
• Able to absorb most energy / unit volume instead of bouncing back to the user head.
• Redistributes a localised external force over a larger area, reducing the local stress on the skull.
• F = ma = 9kN (Max tolerable deceleration, a = 300g) To prevent F>9kN, plateau stress = 0.9 MPa
Strap (buckle and strap)
• Able to be adjustable • Fair shear strength (for sliding strap to tighten or loosen the
helmet grip)
Internal reinforcement • Able to absorb shock and does not bounce back to the head • Provide additional strength to inner shell
MATERIAL SELECTION
Example of inner foam material selection based on Cambridge Engineering Selector (CES)
MATERIAL SELECTION
COMPONENT MATERIAL OPTION MATERIAL SELECTION
Outer shell
• ABS • PVC Nitrile-Nitrex • Fiberglass • Lexan • PET • Polycarbonate
• Polycarbonate High heat resistance Able to mould vent slot
Inner shell
• Ultra low density balsa (0.09-0.11Mg/m3)
• Cork (low density) • Polystyrene foam closed cell
( = 0.05Mg/m3)
• Expended Polystyrene (EPS) Cheaper Lighter weight Durable at high and low
temperature No oxidation or corrosion
MATERIAL SELECTION COMPONENT MATERIAL OPTION
MATERIAL SELECTION
Internal reinforcement
• Polypropylene • Nylon • Metal mesh
• Polypropylene Not rusted like metal Able to withstand high
temperature
Buckle for strap
• Plastic • Rubber
• Plastic Cheaper Lighter weight High resistance to heat Robust
Strap
• Nylon • Polypropylene
• Nylon Higher strength property
(9.6psi)
DESIGN EVALUATION & ANALYSIS
• Product weight Mass analysis = 190.5 g (benchmark weight ~ 200-400 g)
Weight reduction contributed by material selection (low density EPS) for inner foam
Incorporate ventilation slot
• Helmet fitting Adjustable strap
Head grip
DESIGN EVALUATION & ANALYSIS
• Aerodynamics 20-25% of drag is due to the equipment (bike, helmet)
Additional structure at frontal area
Smooth curved contour
DESIGN EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS
• Ventilation Critical in hot weather for cooling, and cold weather to carry the
moisture away
Improved humidity
Interior channel : takes up most air through front vents
Exit channel : air released through side or top vent
Air channels can be left in fitting foam around the edges of a helmet to encourage air flow.
air in air out
DESIGN EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS
• Von Mises stress simulated analysis (front impact)
Impact energy absorption with helmet (mostly absorbed by foam liner)
Impact energy absorption w/out helmet
Frontal impact force = 9000 N Maximum von mises stress = 0.9 Mpa (comply to requirement)
DESIGN EVALUATION & ANALYSIS
Side impact force = 9000 N Maximum von mises stress = 0.9 Mpa (comply to requirement)
• Von Mises stress simulated analysis (side impact)
MANUFACTURING PROCESS (GENERAL) • Outer shell
Formed by injection moulding process Final product will be later glued to the inner shell.
• Inner shell Granules of EPS place in mould Expended in steam Pressured into cooler foam Can be made in layers for varying impact density
(depends on less impact or hard impact area)
• Internal reinforcement Placed inside the mould during inner shell expansion phase
• Straps Weaved and cut to final desired shape. Strap installed to the helmet assembly. Buckle of the strap is made from plastic injection moulding and is later
added to strap.
CONCLUSION
• Cyclists are exposed to various risks during cycling activity (MSD, cognitive effect)
• Product have to be manufactured in compliance with the safety requirement and can be used by majority of the population.
• Ergonomic design is an approach of solving work related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD)
CONCLUSION
CYCLING RELATED PROBLEM ERGONOMIC SOLUTION
Inadequate product weight • Lead to neck pain • Lead to back pain • Lead to MSD
• Proper material selection • Proposed design weighs ~190.g
comparing to 200-400 g range of benchmark helmet weight
Product fitting does not tailor to all population
• Usage of anthropometry measurement for selected population.
• Design of adjustable head grip . • Design of adjustable strap.
Back pain injury due to effort made to reduce drag coefficient
• Curved contour to improve aerodynamics efficiency
Poor ventilation system and inadequate humidity within the internal section of the helmet
• Ventilation slot is created for the entire helmet system.
Cyclist may experience hearing impairment during exercise
• Design of overall helmet assembly by considering critical points of related anthropometry measurement.
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