project management file - final
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Introduction
Definition
Garment is an article of clothing which covers human body.
Wearing garments has become a habit to all of us in today's world. There are different kinds of
material available to make a dress, attire, apparel or garments. We wear clothing primarily to protect
our body from natural elements. Social reasons and functional reasons are secondary.
History
Since the beginning of mankind humans have used some kind of garments for their body. The
archaeologists and anthropologists say that the earlier clothing was made of fur, leather, leaves or
grass, draped or tied to the body.
We in the modern times still drape, wrap or tie our cloths. The difference is that of different
materials or fabrics we use to make our garments. There are two categories of Fabrics we use
Natural
Artificial
Natural Fabric is made out of
• !otton
• Silk
• Wool
• Fur
• "eather
Artificial Fabrics for clothing are
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• $ylon
• %olyester
• Terylene
• Terycot
• "ycra
The modern man uses different fabrics to make garments.
Types of Garments
&an, woman and child use different garments. sually men wear pants and shirts. Women wear
skirts, dresses, or pants and shirts as well. (n (ndia women mostly wear sarees or Salwar )urta.
(n the old days people used to stitch their cloths in the house, but now we can get readymade cloths.
There is a huge market for readymade garments. *ou get
• &en's wear
• "adies wear
• )ids wear
P a k i s t a n ’ s G a r m e n t s I n d u s t r yP a k i s t a n ’ s G a r m e n t s I n d u s t r y
(Key statistics
Population (!"#$% appro+imately #-,/#,0 people making it the si+th most populous
country.#
1
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&mployment in 'arment industry (!"#% about # million people21 34 of the
manufacturing labor force works in the garment industry3 and about 104 work in the te+tile
industry 5in mills and such67
Garment ) of GDP% . 4 / -
Garment ) of e*port% /34 to /48 and it makes up for 74 of the e+port revenues#0
+alue 'arment e*port (!"#!% #70. million S9## 5###,03-,3/ :;6#1
Percenta'e of t,e -orld market for 'arment% %akistan<s te+tile sector makes up #.#4 of
the world te+tile market 510#06#3
.inimum -a'e (!"#$% #3000 %);#7 51 S92 /7 :;6 #
/i0in' -a'e calculation by Asia Floor 1a'e (!"#% none
(Turno0er 2 profit
(n 10#1 the value of %akistan<s garment e+ports was #70. million S9 5###,03-,3/ :;6.33 37
Garment e+ports constitute /343 of %akistan<s total e+ports and the garment e+ports makes up for
74 of the e+port revenues .3/ and %akistan has GS%= status and thus it en>oys duty?free access to
the :uropean market.38 GS%= is an even more beneficial trading scheme with the : than GS%.
GS%= means full removal of tariffs and it is only granted to countries that ratify and implement
international labour conventions and human rights standards. The scheme aims at sustainable
development and good governance since the countries it is granted to can lose this preferential
status when they do not ratify and implement human rights and labour law conventions anymore.
The body monitoring this is the :uropean !ommission. @bout 104 of %akistan<s global e+ports are
covered by GS%=.70
3i''est issues in Pakistan’s 'arment industry
9eprivation of the rights granted to the workers under the !onstitution, labour laws and international law
9angerous working conditions in the factories and 9iscrimination against female workers
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General and &conomic Data of Garments Industry
Producing Factories
ProductionThere are around ,000 production units for garments.#/
Exports Te*tile
or Garments4
Total
&*ports&*ports to 56
) of total
e*ports to
56
&*ports to &5
) of tot
&*port
&5
10#3 Garments
#1.8 billion
S9#
5#0 billion
:;6 #8
1.8 billion
S910 51.7
billion :;6
1.84 1#
/.# billion
S9 11 57.8
billion :;6 13
-417
(70er0ie- of rele0ant /abor /a-s8 International la- and implementation
Area International /a-9atified4
Pakistani /a- Implementation
General Labor Organization
( ILO ) Conventions
that grant individual rights and obligations.
The treaties that will
be regarded are:
ICCPR (International
Covenant on Civil and
Political ights)!
ICESCR
(International
Covenant on
"cono#ic$ %ocial and
Cultural ights)!
These
instru#ents
oblige Pa&istan to
co#'l onl i it
has ratiied
the#.
ights and obligations
also derive ro#
national legislation.
The rights grant
and the realit
not alwas t sa#e! eventual
the
situation de'en
on t
i#'le#entation.
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CEDAW (Convention
on the "li#ination o
*iscri#ination against
+o#en)!
CRC (Convention on
the ights o the
Child).
Forced Labour ("A !onventions
18 5#8306
#0 5#8-6
;atified
5#8- and #8/06
@rt ## of the
constitution prohibits
forced labour. Bonded
labour is prohibited by
the B"S@ @ct.
Bonded labour is
issue in %akista
especially in t
te+tile sector./
(!!%;, @rts -,
5#8//6
;atified 51006
,on-
*iscri#ination
("A !onventions
#00 5#8#6
### 5#86
(!!%;, @rts 1, 1/
5#8//6
(!:S!;, @rt 1516
5#8//6
!;!, @rt 1 5#886
!:9@W, @rt # 5#8-86
;atified
5100# and #8/#6
;atified 510#06
;atified 51006
;atified 5#8806
;atified 5#88/6
9iscrimination is
prohibited by @rt 1
and @rt 3 of the
!onstitution.
9iscrimination
women
commonplace.-
+o#en !:9@W ;atified
9iscrimination on
basis of se+ is
prohibited by
@rt 1 516 of the
!onstitution.
Women often g
lower wages th
men for the sam
>obs and matern
leave is often n
granted. @lso, ma
unions are only l by men witho
female
representation.
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Child Labour ("A !onventions #3
#1 5#8886;atified 5100#6
:mployment below #7
years of age is
prohibited by
@rt ## 536 of the
!onstitution.
The #th @mendment
of the !onstitution
puts the obligation on
the provinces to care
for child welfare. (n
relation to the te+tile
industry, only carpet
weaving is declared
prohibited for
children.8
!hild labour e+i
in %akista
especially related
the te+tile indust
when it comes
cotton picking a
working in mi
and power looms
Bonded ch
labour e+ists i.a.
carpet weaving./#
Freedom of
@ssociationC
!ollective
Bargaining
("A !onventions
- 5#876
8 5#8786
(!!%;, @rt 11
(!:S!;, @rt
;atified
5#8# and #816
;atified
;atified
@rt #- of the
constitution grants the
right to form and >oin
trade unions.
Aften there a
restrictions
>oining unions, t
unions are wea
and there is a la
of a leading cadre
"iving Wage
("A !onventions
1/
#3#
The minimum
wage is set at
#0,000 ;s. per
month for
unskilled
workers./1
Sometimes, factories
vary the wages
depending on the siDe
of the order. This can
lead to lower
payments./3
Reasonable
Working Hours
ILO Convention
(//) atiied (/0)
%rescribed by the
Factories @ct of #837,
no more than 8 hours
per day and 7 hours
per week are allowed.
For workers under #
the ma+imum is 71
hours per week./7
(t occurs th
workers have
work #0 or mo
hours a day./
Safe Working
Conditions
ILO Convention
!!
"#e state #as to
pro$ote %ust
and #u$ane
7ften8 factories are
c,eaply built or not
-ell maintained: T,e
/
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&onditions of
'ork (Art )*+,
dan'er of fires is
,i',:
G a r m e n t ; i t i e sG a r m e n t ; i t i e s
(70er0ie- of Garments ;ities
(n view of recent elimination of te+tile Euotas and subseEuent opening up of (nternational markets,
many supplier countries are investing in physical infrastructure to facilitate increased e+ports
Similar Garment !ities are successfully operating in !hina, Singapore, ietnam and Bangladesh
(ndia is setting up large industrial parks for the same purpose. nder the Trade policy of 1003, it
was envisaged that three Garment !ities would be established at "ahore, )arachi and Faisalabad to
develop state of the art facilities for garment manufacturers.
(1,y Garments ;ities
Garment cities are clusters of sewing and stitching units grouped together to produce specialiDed
garments for e+port and provide an opportunity to small and medium entrepreneurs to develop
value?added clothing and accessories.
(1,at t,ese ;ities ,a0e
!luster of manufacturing units, @dministrative blocks, providing common facilities, women training
centers, Testing "aboratories, e+hibition center, conference halls, logistic support offices, container
yards, ware houses etc.
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(Faisalabad Garments ;ity
The Faisalabad Garment !ity is the first physical infrastructure of the &inistry of Te+tile (ndustry,
Government of %akistan. The Faisalabad Garment !ity !ompany acEuired 3.8 acres of land in the
alue @ddition !ity Faisalabad.H Faisalabad Garment !ity !ompany is incorporated by Securities
and :+change !ommission %akistan Faisalabad on th &ay, 100/.
(/a,ore Garments ;ity Pro<ect
(n terms of siDe, the "ahore Garment !ity spread over #8.7 acres is relatively small. But as a firs
step towards introducing the concept of stitching clusters sharing common facilities, it is a very
important landmark in industrial development. The availability of fully constructed state of the art
manufacturing units with all ancillary and support facilities would attract a large number of
domestic and international companies to rent the factories for manufacturing purposes
(Karac,i Garments ;ity ;omple*
)G!! is being established at %ort Iasim, )arachi on an area of 300 acres of land 5already
procured6.
State of the art infrastructure will be available for garments e+porters in the first phase
The pro>ected employment would be ,000 in the first phase
Jealth and Safety Worldwide
Accupational safety and health is the science of anticipating, recogniDing, evaluating and
controlling health haDards at the workplace with the ob>ective to protect worker health and
wellbeing and safeguard the community at large. @s stated by ("A 9G in 1008, occupational safety
K health is human right and that decent work eventually is safe work.
(1,y is 7ccupational safety and ,ealt, important4
Workers' safety and health are not only the concerns of workers and their families but also of
enterprises and even national and global economies whose productivity and competitiveness depend
on keeping workplaces safe. @ccording to ("A, around #/0 million people suffer from occupational
diseases and 1 million people die every year as a result of occupational accidents and work?related
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diseases and in>uries. Similarly, around 33- million fatal and non?fatal accidents occur each year
Still the figures are Euite underestimated as nearly 04 of workplace in>uries are never reported
especially in developing countries. &oreover, under?reporting e+ists because of the failure to
recogniDe the work?related origins of diseases. ("A has further estimated that nearly 4 of world
G9% is lost due to occupational diseases and accidents. The annual cost of workplace accidents and
diseases has been estimated as SL billion. JaDards in the workplace create both human andeconomic costs. The recent blaDe in a factory in the garment factory in %akistan where more than
100 workers were burnt to death reminds us about the importance of having a system at workplace
which protects workers from such tragedies and accidents.
(1,at are rele0ant I/7 ;on0entions on t,e sub<ect4
ASJ is a cross?cutting issue and is addressed in the largest number of ("A standards, either directly
or indirectly. ("A has adopted nearly 70 standards 5conventions and recommendations6 dealingspecifically with ASJ. There are many other ("A activities 5and resultantly labor standards6 that are
related to ASJ indirectly and these include child and bonded labor activities2 labor inspection,
informal economy, gender mainstreaming and work in the specific sectors of economy. The mos
important standards include
#. Accupational safety and Jealth !onvention, #8# and its %rotocol of 1001
1. Accupational Jealth Services !onvention, #8
3. %romotional Framework for Accupational Safety and Jealth !onvention, 100/ Jealth
Safety "aws in %akistan
There is no independent legislation on occupational safety and health issues in %akistan. The main
law, which governs these issues, @ll the provinces, under this act, have devised Factories ;ules. The
JaDardous Accupations ;ules, #8/3 under the authority of Factories @ct is another relevant
legislation. These rules not only specify some haDardous occupations but also authoriDe the !hief(nspector of Factories to declare any other process as haDardous.
The other related laws are
#. &ines @ct, #813
8
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1. Workmen !ompensation @ct, #813
3. 9ock "aborers @ct, #837
7. %rovincial :mployees Social Security Ardinance, #8/
. West %akistan Shops and :stablishments Ardinance, #8/8
/. Boilers and %ressure essels Ardinance, 1001
(Healt, and 6afety pro0isions under t,e Factories Act8 #=$
The @ct has general provisions on health and safety at the workplace. %rovincial governments are
allowed to make rules under this @ct and inspectors under this @ct also have discretion in defining
the rules. !hapter 3 talks about various safety arrangements. This list is being provided >ust to show
how meticulously labor law covers these issues.
M @rtificial humidification.
M !asing of new machineryM !ompulsory vaccination and inoculation
M !ranes and other lifting machinery
M 9rinking water
M 9ust and fume
M :mployment of young persons on dangerous machines
M :+cessive weights
M :+plosive or inflammable dust, gas, etc.
M Fencing of machinery
M Floors, stairs and means of access
M Joists and lifts
M "atrines and urinals
M "ighting
M $otice of certain accidents
M Avercrowding
M %its, sumps, opening in floors, etc.
M %ower to make rules for the provision of canteens
#0
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M %ower to reEuire specifications of defective parts or tests of stability
M %recautions against contagious or infectious disease
M %recautions against dangerous fumes
M %recautions in case of fire
M %ressure plant
M %rohibition of employment of women and children near cotton openers
M %rotection of eyes
M ;evolving machineryM Safety of building, machinery and manufacturing process
M Self?acting machines
M Spittoons
M Striking gear and devices for cutting off power
M entilation and temperature
M Welfare officer
M Work on or near machinery in motion
(&nsurin' t,e abo0e>mentioned pro0isions at t,e -orkplaces4
@ll the above laws reEuire the appropriate government 5Federal or %rovincial6 to appoint Eualified
individuals as inspectors. (t is the duty of inspectors to enforce these laws. The usual powers of
inspectors include the right to enter and inspect any workplace, taking evidence from persons for
carrying out their duties. @ person can<t be appointed as inspector or continue to hold the office of
inspector if he or she becomes directly or indirectly interested in the workplace 5it is factory under
the Factories @ct, a dock or a ship under 9ock "aborers @ct and a mine under the &ines @ct.
(Trainin' to t,e -orkers re'ardin' -orkplace ,ealt, and safety issues
arious government agencies provide training to workers on these issues
##
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The detail is as under $ational (nstitute of "abor @dministration and Training, 9irectorate of
Workers :ducation. 9irectorate of 9ock Workers Safety 599WS6, !entral (nspectorate of &ines
provides training to dock workers and mine workers respectively
The !entre for (mprovement of Working !onditions and :nvironment 5!(W!:6 is a pioneering
institution in %akistan 5working under the 9irectorate of "abor Welfare, %un>ab6 which provides
training, information and research facilities for promotion of safety, health and better work
environment in the industries and businesses.
/iterature 9e0ie-
Ho- do ci0il la- and ,ealt, and safety la- apply4
(5nderstandin' -,ic, type of la- Applies
!oncerns often arise when people confuse civil law obligations with an organisation<s duties under
health and safety law. This page clarifies the differences between the two types of law and how
health and safety law applies to voluntary organisations.
#1
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(;i0il la- and t,e duty of care
nder the common law, voluntary organisations and individual volunteers have a duty of care to
each other and others who may be affected by their activities. Where something goes wrong,
individuals may, in some cases, sue for damages using the civil law if they are in>ured as a result of
another person<s negligence. But, for a negligence claim to succeed, the in>ured person must show
that the defendant had a duty to take reasonable care towards them, and they have suffered thein>ury through a breach of that duty. The in>ured person must also show that the type of loss or
in>ury for which damages are being claimed was a foreseeable result of the breach of the duty.
"iability in individual cases is a matter for the courts, depending on all the circumstances of the
case and the actions and standards it is reasonable to e+pect from each of the parties involved. (f the
court decides that a particular claim does not have merit, then it will re>ect it. (t can also reduce any
damages awarded to reflect the e+tent of any contributory negligence on the part of the in>ured
person.
(Healt, and safety la-
The Jealth and Safety at Work etc @ct #8-7 5JSW @ct6 is criminal law aimed at protecting
employees and others who may be affected by work activities. (t is enforced mainly by JS: and
local authorities. Jealth and safety legislation does not, in general, impose duties upon someone
who is not an employer, self?employed or an employee. (t is not possible to sue for damages under
the JSW @ct itself although a breach of health and safety regulations may be cited as part of a civil
claim for compensation based on a breach of statutory duty. JS: and local authority health and
safety officers have no power to investigate incidents or pursue enforcement action in relation to
most purely voluntary activities 5sub>ect to limited e+ceptions such as where a volunteer is in
control of non?domestic premises6.
(1,en ,ealt, and safely la- applies
The JSW @ct and the regulations made under it apply if any organisation, including a voluntary
organisation, has at least one employee. The @ct refers to employers and the self?employed as
Ndutyholders<. The JSW @ct sets out the general duties that employers have towards employees. (t
also reEuires employers and the self?employed to protect people other than those at work 5eg
members of the public, volunteers, clients and customers6 from risks to their health and safety
arising out of, or in connection with, their work activities.
#3
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(9isk assessments for lo->risk acti0ities
@n employer<s legal duty to do a risk assessment is one that often causes concern. This isn<t about
creating huge amounts of paperwork but rather it<s about identifying sensible and proportionate
measures to control the risks. The Jealth and safety made simple site provides advice on how to do
a risk assessment. Some voluntary organisations may also find our risk assessment tool for low?risk
office?based environments helpful.
(9isk assessments of ,i',er>,a?ard acti0ities
9utyholders organising higher?haDard or more risky activities should use the risk assessment
process to ensure their employees and volunteers are appropriately protected. These
organisations will normally know what to do, based on their e+perience and knowledge. They will
appreciate the need for volunteers to have appropriate levels of information, training and protective
eEuipment so activities can be carried out safely and without harming health. The preventive and
protective measures should reflect the actual risks that employees and volunteers face in their
respective roles. So a volunteer might reasonably e+pect similar protection to a paid colleague who
does the same type of activity.
&ulti?occupancy workplaces
Where employers share workplaces 5whether on a temporary or permanent basis6, they need to co?
operate with each other to comply with their respective health and safety obligations. :ach
employer needs to take all reasonable steps to co?ordinate the measures they adopt to fulfil those
obligations. They also need to tell the other employers about any risks their work activities could
present to their employees, both on? and off?site. These reEuirements apply to self?employed people
where they share a workplace with other employers or where they share a workplace with other
self?employed people.
9eciding who will help you with your duties
@s an employer, you must appoint someone competent to help you meet your health and safety
duties. @ competent person is someone with the necessary skills, knowledge and e+perience to
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manage health and safety. (n many cases, you will know the risks in your business best. This will
mean that you are the competent person and can carry out the risk assessments yourself.
*ou could appoint 5one or a combination of6
• yourself
• one or more of your workers
• someone from outside your business
&any businesses can develop the necessary e+pertise in?house and are well eEuipped to manage
health and safety themselves. Jowever, there are some things you may not be able to do for yourself
and you may decide to get e+ternal help. %ossible sources of advice include
• trade associations
• safety groups
• trade unions
• consultants registered on the Accupational Safety and Jealth !onsultants ;egister
5ASJ!;6
• local councils
• health and safety training providers
• health and safety eEuipment suppliers
(dentifying and deciding what help you need is very important. (f you appoint someone to help you,
you must ensure that they are competent to carry out the tasks you give them and that you provide
them with adeEuate information and support. (f you are not clear about what you want, you
probably won<t get the help you need.
#
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6ome points to consider -,en usin' e*ternal ,elp
• &ake sure you clearly e+plain what you need and check that they understand you. @sk them
to e+plain what they understand the work to be and what they will do, when they will do it,
and what they will charge you
• !heck for evidence of relevant health and safety trainingCknowledge, such as forma
Eualifications or practical e+perience of providing advice in your industryCarea of work
• !an they e+plain why they are competent to advise you on your particular problemO
• (s the person a member of a professional bodyO (f you are in doubt, you can check with the
professional body on what training, knowledge or Eualifications are relevant and whether the
person is listed as a member
• Shop around to find the right help at the right price. (f you were buying eEuipment or
another service, you wouldn<t always accept the first offer, so do the same with health and
safety advice. *ou should also check that the person you choose is adeEuately insured
• !onsider whether you have received the help you needed. 9o you have a practical, sensible
solution to your problemO Ar have you ended up with something completely Nover the top<
or a mountain of useless paperworkO (f you are not happy with the solution, ask for an
e+planation and whether there may be a simpler alternative
• *ou can find consultants through Accupational Safety and Jealth !onsultants ;egister
5ASJ!;6 an independent online directory to help you find sensible health and safety advice
;egistered members have met set standards within their professional bodies, and are bound
by a code of practice. They give proportionate advice, specific to your business needs, by
topic, industry or location
Try to make sure that you get a good follow?up service and are able to get further advice on any
issues that arise from implementing their recommendations.
;onsultin' your employees
#/
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Workplaces where employees are involved in taking decisions about health and safety are safer and
healthier. !ollaboration with your employees helps you to manage health and safety in a practical
way by
• helping you spot workplace risks
• making sure health and safety controls are practical
• increasing the level of commitment to working in a safe and healthy way
• providing you with feedback on the effectiveness of your health and safety arrangements
and control measures
*ou must consult all your employees, in good time, on health and safety matters. (n workplaces
where a trade union is recognised, this will be through union health and safety representatives. (nnon?unionised workplaces, you can consult either directly or through other elected representatives.
;epresentatives< main role is to talk to their employer about issues affecting the health and safety of
employees they represent in the workplace. *ou should ensure that any representatives receive paid
time off during normal working hours so they can carry out their duties. They should also receive
suitable training and access to any facilities needed to help them in their role. !onsultation involves
employers not only giving information to employees but also listening to them and taking account
of what they say before making decisions on health and safety. *ou have to give employees or their
representatives information to allow full and effective participation in consultation. This should
include
• risks arising from their work
• proposals to manage andCor control these risks
• what to do if employees are e+posed to a risk
• the best ways of providing information and training
%roviding training and information
#-
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:veryone who works for you needs to know how to work safely and without risks to health. *ou
must provide clear instructions and information, and adeEuate training, for your employees
!onsider how much training is necessary. @ proportionate approach is needed, for e+ample a low?
risk business would not need lengthy technical training. %roviding simple information or
instructions is likely to be sufficient. 9on<t forget contractors and self?employed people who may be
working for you and make sure everyone has the right level of information on
• haDards and risks they may face, if any
• measures in place to deal with those haDards and risks, if necessary
• how to follow any emergency procedures
Some employees may have particular training needs, for e+ample
• new recruits need basic induction training in how to work safely, including arrangements for
first aid, fire and evacuation
• people changing >obs or taking on e+tra responsibilities need to know about any new health
and safety implications
• young employees are particularly vulnerable to accidents and you need to pay particular
attention to their needs, so their training should be a priority. (t is also important that new,ine+perienced or young employees are adeEuately supervised
• employee representatives or safety representatives will reEuire training that reflects their
responsibilities
• some people<s skills may need updating by refresher training
*our risk assessment should identify any further training needs associated with specific risks. (f you
have identified danger areas in your workplace, you must ensure that your employees receive
adeEuate instruction and training on precautions they must take before entering them. *ou need to
think about any legal reEuirements for specific >ob training, eg for operating forklift trucks
;emember that if you introduce new eEuipment, technology or changes to working
practicesCsystems, your employees will need to know about any new health and safety implications.
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:mployees also have responsibilities under health and safety law to
• take care of their own health and safety and that of others
• co?operate with you to help you comply with health and safety legislation
•
follow any instructions or health and safety training you provide
• tell you about any work situations that present a serious and imminent risk
• let you know about any other failings they identify in your health and safety arrangements
%roviding supervision
*ou must provide an adeEuate and appropriate level of supervision for your employees
• Supervisors need to know what you e+pect from them in terms of health and safety. They
need to understand your health and safety policy, where they fit in, and how you want health
and safety managed
• Supervisors may need training in the specific haDards of your processes and how you e+pect
the risks to be controlled
• $ew, ine+perienced or young people, as well as those whose first language is not :nglish
are very likely to need more supervision than others. &ake sure workers know how to raise
concerns and supervisors are familiar with the possible problems due to unfamiliarity
ine+perience and communication difficulties
• Supervisors need to ensure that workers in their charge understand risks associated with the
work environment and measures to control them
• Supervisors will need to make sure the control measures to protect against risk are up to date
and are being properly used, maintained and monitored
• &ake sure you have arrangements in place to check the work of contractors is being done as
agreed
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:ffective supervision can help you monitor the effectiveness of the training that people have
received, and whether employees have the necessary capacity and competence to do the >ob.
First aid
*ou need to assess your first?aid reEuirements to help you decide what eEuipment and facilities youneed, and how many first?aid personnel you should provide. The minimum first?aid provision in any
workplace is
• a suitably stocked first?aid bo+
• an appointed person to take charge of first?aid arrangements
*ou also need to put up notices telling your employees where they can find
• the first?aiders or appointed persons
• the first?aid bo+
*our assessment may also indicate that you should provide a first?aid room, particularly where your
work involves certain haDards, including some of those found in chemical industries and on large
construction sites. (f you are self?employed you should have eEuipment to be able to provide first
aid to yourself at work. *ou should make an assessment of the haDards and risks in your workplace
and establish an appropriate level of first?aid provision. (f you carry out low?risk activities 5eg
clerical work6 in your own home, you only need to provide first?aid eEuipment appropriate to your
normal domestic needs. (f your work involves driving long distances or you are continuously on the
road, your assessment may identify the need to keep a personal first?aid kit in your vehicle.
:mergency procedures
Workplaces need a plan for emergencies that can have a wider impact. Special procedures are
needed for emergencies such as serious in>uries, e+plosion, flood, poisoning, electrocution, fire,
release of radioactivity and chemical spills. Iuick and effective action may help to ease the
situation and reduce the conseEuences. Jowever, in emergencies people are more likely to respond
reliably if they
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• are well trained and competent
• take part in regular and realistic practice
• have clearly agreed, recorded and rehearsed plans, actions and responsibilities
Write an emergency plan if a ma>or incident at your workplace could involve risks to the publicrescuing employees or co?ordinating emergency services. Where you share your workplace with
another employer you should consider whether your emergency plans and procedures should be co?
ordinated.
(Points to include in emer'ency procedures
• !onsider what might happen and how the alarm will be raised. 9on<t forget night and shift
working, weekends and times when the premises are closed, eg holidays
• %lan what to do, including how to call the emergency services. Jelp them by clearly
marking your premises from the road. !onsider drawing up a simple plan showing the
location of haDardous items
• (f you have 1 tonnes or more of dangerous substances, you must notify the fire and rescue
service and put up warning signs
• 9ecide where to go to reach a place of safety or to get rescue eEuipment. *ou must provide
suitable forms of emergency lighting
• *ou must make sure there are enough emergency e+its for everyone to escape Euickly, and
keep emergency doors and escape routes unobstructed and clearly marked
• $ominate competent people to take control 5a competent person is someone with the
necessary skills, knowledge and e+perience to manage health and safety6
• 9ecide which other key people you need, such as a nominated incident controller, someone
who is able to provide technical and other site?specific information if necessary, or first?
aiders
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• %lan essential actions such as emergency plant shutdown, isolation or making processes safe
!learly identify important items like shut?off valves and electrical isolators etc
• *ou must train everyone in emergency procedures. 9on<t forget the needs of people with
disabilities and vulnerable workers
• Work should not resume after an emergency if a serious danger remains. (f you have any
doubts ask for assistance from the emergency services
;eporting accidents, incidents and diseases
The ;eporting of (n>uries, 9iseases and 9angerous Accurrences ;egulations 5;(99A;6 reEuire
employers, or in certain circumstances others who control or manage the premises, to report to the
relevant enforcing authority and keep records of
• work?related deaths
• work?related accidents which cause certain specified serious in>uries to workers, or which
result in a worker being incapacitated for more than seven consecutive days 5see the
;(99A; site6
• cases of those industrial diseases listed in ;(99A;
• certain Ndangerous occurrences< 5near?miss accidents6
• in>uries to a person who is not at work, such as a member of the public, which are caused by
an accident at work and which result in the person being taken to hospital from the site for
treatment
9eports to the enforcing authority of all of the above categories, e+cept over?seven?day in>uries,
must be made immediately by the Euickest practicable means and followed up by a writtennotification within #0 days. ;eports of over?seven?day in>uries must be sent to the enforcing
authority within # days. (n addition, records must be kept of all of Nover?three?day in>uries<, which
are those where a person who is in>ured at work is incapacitated for more than three consecutive
days. Aver?three?day in>uries do not, however, have to be reported to the enforcing authority. (f you
are an employer who must keep an accident book under the Social Security 5!laims and %ayments6
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;egulations #8-8, an entry about an over?three?day in>ury is a sufficient record for the purposes of
;(99A;. @ person is incapacitated if they are unable to carry out the activities they would
reasonably be e+pected to do as part of their normal work. The period of time for an over?three?day
in>ury or an over?seven?day in>ury does not include the day of the accident, but it does include any
weekends or rest days.
1,y report and record4
;eporting and recording are legal reEuirements. The report tells the enforcing authorities for
occupational health and safety 5JS: and local authorities6 about serious incidents and cases of
disease. This means they can identify where and how risks arise and whether they need to be
investigated. (t also allows JS: and local authorities to target their work and provide advice on
how to avoid work?related deaths, in>uries, ill health and accidental loss. (nformation on accidents
incidents and ill health can be used as an aid to risk assessment, helping to develop solutions to
potential risks. ;ecords also help to prevent in>uries and ill health, and control costs from accidental
loss. *ou must keep a record of
• any reportable death, in>ury, occupational disease or dangerous occurrence
• all work?related in>uries that result in a worker being away from work or unable to do their
full range of normal duties for more than t,ree consecutive days 5not counting the day of the
accident but including any weekends or other rest days6
T,e Healt, and 6afety /a- Poster
(f you employ anyone, you must display the health and safety law poster, or provide each worker
with a copy of the approved leaflet or eEuivalent pocket card. *ou must display the poster where
your workers can easily read it. The poster outlines British health and safety laws and includes a
straightforward list that tells workers what they and their employers need to do. *ou can also add
details of any employee safety representatives or health and safety contacts if you wish to do soThe poster was updated in 1008 and all employers must display this new version, or provide each
worker with a copy of the eEuivalent leaflet or pocket card, by no later than @pril 10#7.
:mployers can use the older poster or leaflet until then.
Safety signs
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:mployers must provide safety signs if there is a significant risk that can't be avoided or controlled
in any other way, such as through safe systems of work or engineering controls. There is no need to
provide safety signs if they don't help reduce the risk or if the risk isn't significant. This applies to
all places and activities where people are employed.
:mployers must, where necessary
• use road traffic signs in workplaces to regulate road traffic
• maintain the safety signs they provide
• e+plain unfamiliar signs to their employees and tell them what they need to do when they
see safety signs
(nsurance
(f your business has employees you are likely to be reEuired by law to have employers< liability
insurance. (f an employee is in>ured or becomes ill as a result of the work they do for you, they can
claim compensation from you. !omplying with health and safety legislation does not have to be
difficult. @s long as you have taken reasonable steps to prevent accidents or harm to your
employees 5and the in>ury or illness was caused after # Actober 10#36, you shouldn<t have to pay
compensation. Jowever, if a court finds you are liable, employers< liability insurance will help you
to pay any compensation for your employees< in>uries or illness. Anly a few businesses are not
reEuired to have employers' liability insurance. (f you have no employees, or are a family business
and all employees are closely related to you, you may not need it. For further details, see our leaflet
:mployers' "iability 5!ompulsory (nsurance6 @ct #8/8 @ brief guide for employers.
(Ho- do you 'et employers@ liability insurance4
*ou can buy employers< liability insurance through insurers or intermediaries, like brokers or trade
associations. *ou may find that it often comes as part of an insurance package designed to cover arange of business needs.
(nspectors and the law
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Jealth and safety laws applying to your business are enforced by JS: inspectors or by officers
from your local authority. @n inspector<s role is to
• investigate 5when accidents have happened or a complaint is made6 whether people are at
risk, to find out if something has gone wrong
• reEuire you to take action to control risks properly if you are not already complying with the
law
• take appropriate enforcement action in relation to any non?compliance, ranging from advice
on stopping dangerous work activities to potentially taking prosecutions where people are
put at serious risk
• provide advice and guidance to help you comply with the law and avoid in>uries and ill
health at work
(nspectors have the right of entry to your premises as well as the right to talk to employees and
safety representatives, and e+ercise powers to help them fulfil their role. JS: operates a Fee for
(ntervention 5FF(6 cost recovery scheme. (f you are breaking health and safety laws, JS: may
recover its costs from you by charging a fee for the time and effort it spends on helping you to put
the matter right, such as investigating and taking enforcement action. (f an JS: inspector visits
your premises and you want to confirm their identity, they all carry identification and you can ask to
see this. (nspectors and local authority officers prioritise the highest risks and those businesses
which fail to manage health and safety properly.
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*our organiDation
This part of the site covers issues that can affect your workers and may need action at an
organisational level. :ach section e+plains how factors in your workplace can have an impact, either
because of the nature of the work or the way it is managed. The sections relate to haDards and health
issues you may need to assess and take action to deal with P they could be included in your health
and safety policy.
(. :rgonomics and human factors((. Shift work and fatigue
(((. Jealth surveillance(. Work?related stress. 9rugs and alcohol
(&r'onomics and Human Factors
%eople are involved in all aspects of work. That is why JS: recognises the important role
ergonomics and human factors can play in helping to avoid accidents and ill health at work.
Juman factors are concerned with three interrelated areas
• what people are being asked to do 5t,e <ob and its characteristics6
• who is doing it 5t,e indi0idual and their competence6
• where they are working 5t,e or'ani?ation and its attributes6
T,e <ob
This includes the nature of the task, the workload, the working environment, the design of displays
and controls, and training to carry out the >ob.
T,e indi0idualThis includes their competence, skills, personality, attitude, and risk perception. (ndividua
characteristics influence behavior in comple+ ways. Some characteristics 5such as personality6 are
fi+ed, whereas others 5such as skills and attitudes6 may be changed or enhanced.
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T,e 7r'ani?ation
This includes work patterns, the culture of the workplace, resources, communications, leadership
etc. Such factors are often overlooked during the design of >obs but have a significant influence on
individual and group behavior.
5Shift work and fatigue6
(rregular hours of work and work patterns that include night and early morning shifts can lead to
disruption of the internal body clock, sleeping difficulties and fatigue. (f workers are fatigued, they
will be less alert, their reaction time will be slower, they will find it harder to concentrate and they
may make poor decisions. This can lead to accidents and in>uries.
(1,at do I ,a0e to do4
(f you operate a shift work system or your employees are reEuired to work irregular hours, you
should assess any risks that arise from their working pattern and take action to tackle any problems
you identify.
Factors to consider during risk assessment are
• The workload
• The work activity
• Shift timing and duration
• 9irection of shift rotation. (t is better for the shifts to run in a 'forward rotation', ie
morningCafternoonCnight
• The number and length of breaks within a shift
• ;est periods between shifts
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Jealth Surveillance
Jealth surveillance is not needed for most workers, but in some work situations and for some
e+posuresCactivities it is reEuired by law. This means having a system to look for early signs of ill
health caused by substances and other haDards at work. (t includes keeping health records for
individuals and may involve routine self?checks, Euestionnaires or medical e+aminations to inform
the employer 5or self?employed person6 if corrective action is needed. !orrective action may
involve referral for treatment andCor adaptations to work for individuals affected. &ore importantly
as an indication that controls may be failing, it should ensure review of risk management and action
to prevent further harmful e+posures.
(1,at do I ,a0e to do4
(f you need to have health surveillance arrangements in place, these should be appropriate for the
health risks your workers are e+posed to. *ou must decide whether the work you do needs health
surveillance. @sk yourself whether any of your workers is at risk from, for e+ample
• noise or vibration
• solvents, fumes, dusts, biological agents and other substances haDardous to health
• asbestos, lead or work in compressed air
• ioniDing radiations or commercial diving P these reEuire a particular type of high?level
medical surveillance, which must be carried out by a doctor appointed for these purposes by
JS:
(f you do need to put in place a health surveillance system, involve your workers and their
representatives at an early stage, so they understand its purpose and their roles and responsibilities
in any resulting health surveillance programme. @sk for advice from a competent person if you need
to, such as an occupational health professional.
Work?related stress
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%ressure is part of work and keeps us motivated and productive. But too much pressure, or pressure
that lasts for a long time, can lead to stress, which undermines performance, is costly to employers,
and can damage both physical and mental health.
!ommon causes of work?related stress include too much or too little work, lack of control over the
work being done, eg process or target?led tasks, conflicting priorities and ma>or change. There are
actions you can take to reduce the pressure these things can cause.
(1,at do I ,a0e to do4
Where stress may be a problem, you should include it in your risk assessment and take action to
tackle it. @n effective risk assessment approach to tackling stress could include the following
• &easure the current situation 5using surveys andCor other techniEues6
• Work in partnership with employees and their representatives to make practica
improvements
• @gree and share an action plan with employees and their representatives
• ;egularly review the situation to ensure it continues to improve
JS: has also developed the &anagement Standards for dealing with work?related stress.They are
supported by tools designed to identify and tackle stressors, ie the things that cause stress at work.
The &anagement Standards provide a step?by?step process for tackling stress. They have been
designed to be useful to all organisations, whatever the siDe or type. The Standards identify si+
factors that cause stress at work, help you think about whether they are present in your business,
give you ideas on how to control them and produce an action plan. The si+ factors are
• Demands P including issues such as workload, work patterns and the work environment
• ;ontrol P how much say the person has in the way they do their work
• 6upport P including the encouragement, sponsorship and resources provided by the
organiDation, line management and colleagues
• 9elations,ips P including promoting positive working to avoid conflict and dealing with
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• 9ole P whether people understand their role within the organiDation and whether the
organiDation ensures that they do not have conflicting roles
;,an'e P how organiDational change 5large or small6 is managed and communicated
9rugs and alcohol
@buse of alcohol, drugs and other substances can affect health, work performance and safety. @s an
employer, you must ensure the health, safety and welfare of your workers in the workplace. Jere
are some things to consider
• Workers also have a duty to take reasonable care of themselves and others who could be
affected by their actions while they are at work
• *ou may wish to involve organisations that can offer help and support, or give your workers
their contact details
• (f you decide that strict standards are needed because of safety?critical >obs, then agree
procedures with workers in advance
• (f you decide that workplace drug testing is appropriate, you may need to consider the type
of testing, how the sample is collected and how to prevent its contamination
• 9isciplinary procedures may be needed where safety is critical
iolence at work
Work?related violence is not >ust physical P it includes verbal abuse and threats. (t is more common
in those >obs where workers have face?to?face contact with the public. When physical violence is
involved, the in>uries to those workers affected are obvious. Jowever, those sub>ected to constant
and repeated verbal abuse and threats may suffer stress, an+iety and depression. Workers who
interact directly with the public, particularly where money is involved or where age?restricted goods
are sold, are more likely to face aggressive or violent behaviour.
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(1,at can I do if 0iolence at -ork is an issue4
• !onsider whether the layout of the work area adds to the problem
o (s there a safe area to count cashO
o @re there areas where attacks could take place without being witnessedO
o !an entry be controlled and do you know who is in the workplaceO
•
• @sk your employees whether they ever feel threatened and encourage them to report
incidents. )eep detailed records, including those of verbal abuse and threats
• Try to predict what might happen P there may be a known pattern of violence linked to
certain work situations
• Train your employees so they can spot the early signs of aggression and avoid it
• !onsider physical security measures, eg !!T or alarm systems and coded security locks
• Support victims, eg with debriefing or specialist counseling and time off work to recover
our -orkers
:veryone who works for you needs to know how to work safely and without risks to health. @s an
employer, giving your workers the right information, instruction, training and necessary competence
is not only a legal duty but can also contribute to the success of your business.
(our responsibilities
(t is your responsibility to provide
• Information that is easy to understand and follow so workers are aware of the haDards and
risks they face, the measures in place to control the risks, and how to follow any emergency
procedures
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• ;lear instructions so everyone working for you knows what they are e+pected to do
• adeBuate ,ealt, and safety trainin' that is relevant and effective. This should take place
during work hours and must be provided free of charge
• an appropriate le0el of super0ision, which is particularly vital for new, ine+perienced and
young workers
I: Ne- and e*pectant mot,ers
II: A'ency2temporary -orkers
III: Ne- to t,e <ob and youn' -orkers
I+: .i'rant -orkers
+: Alone -orkers
+I: Home-orkers
+II: Transient -orkers
+III: People -it, disabilities
IC: ;ontractors
(Ne- and e*pectant mot,ers
When carrying out your general risk assessment, take into account female employees of
childbearing age, including new or e+pectant mothers 5ie employees who are pregnant, have given
birth within the last si+ months or are breastfeeding6. *ou should consider the risks that may arise
from any process, working condition, or physical, biological or chemical agents. Some of the more
common risks are
• lifting or carrying heavy loads
• standing or sitting for long periods
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• e+posure to infectious diseases
• e+posure to lead
• work?related stress
•
workstations and posture
• e+posure to radioactive material
• long working hours
• e+posure to to+ic chemicals
(f any significant risks have been identified, you must take the appropriate action as soon as you are
notified, in writing, that an employee is a new or e+pectant mother, to ensure that she is not further
e+posed. (f you are unable to avoid or control any risks that go beyond the level of risk found
outside the workplace, then you must take appropriate action. This might include altering working
conditions andCor hours of work or finding suitable alternative work. (f the risks can<t be avoided or
alternative work found, you should suspend the employee on paid leave for as long as necessary to
avoid the risks to them.
(A'ency2Temporary 1orkers
Businesses and self?employed people using temporary workers must provide the same level of
health and safety protection for them as they do for employees. %roviders of temporary workers and
employers using them need to co?operate and communicate clearly with each other to ensure risks
to those workers are managed effectively. *ou need to agree who does what. 9on<t assume the
Nother side< will take responsibility
• make sure, before temporary workers start, that they are covered by risk assessments, and
they know what measures have been taken to protect them
• make sure they understand the information and instructions they need to work safely, and
have had any necessary training
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• consider the language needs of temporary workers who do not speak :nglish well or at all
5see our advice on migrant workers6
• check, before they start, that they have any occupational Eualifications or skills needed for
the >ob
• agree on arrangements for providingCmaintaining any personal protective eEuipment, display
screen eEuipment eyesight tests, and any necessary health surveillance
• agree on arrangements for reporting relevant accidents to the enforcing authority 5usually
JS: or the local authority6
nder the !onduct of :mployment @gencies and :mployment Businesses ;egulations 1003
agencies and businesses that use workers supplied by them must e+change the information they
both need to ensure the safety of workers.
(Ne- to t,e <ob and youn' -orkers
Workers are at particular risk of in>ury in the first si+ months of a >ob, when they are more likely to
be unaware of e+isting or potential risks. *oung people will often be in this category.
(6i* steps to protect ne- -orkers
• @ssess the new starter<s capabilities
• %lan and provide an induction
• &ake sure control measures to protect against risks are up to date and being properly used
and maintained
• %rovide relevant information, instruction and training
• %rovide adeEuate supervision
• !heck workers have understood the information, instruction and training they need to work
safely
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(oun' -orkers
(n health and safety law, a young person is anyone under # and a child is anyone who has not yet
reached the official minimum school leaving age.
@s an employer, in addition to your health and safety responsibilities to all your employees, you are
responsible for ensuring a young person is not e+posed to risk due to
• lack of e+perience
• being unaware of e+isting or potential risks
• lack of maturity
Before deciding whether you can employ a young person, you must consider some specific risks
which are summarised below
• the fitting?out and layout of the workplace and the particular site where they will work
• the nature of any physical, biological and chemical agents they will be e+posed to, for how
long and to what e+tent
• what types of work eEuipment will be used and how this will be handled
• how the work and processes involved are organised
• the level of health and safety training given to young people
• risks from the particular agents, processes and work 5see NFind out more< below6
*ou should also be aware that students and trainees 5including children6 on work e+perience are
regarded in health and safety law as employees. *ou must provide them with the same health, safety
and welfare protection as other employees. *ou must let the parentsCguardians of any child know the
key findings of the risk assessment and the control measures taken before the child starts work or
work e+perience. Further in case of new workers following measures may also be taken four main
areas to ensure their health and safety
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• Trainin'% They may be completely unfamiliar with workplace risks, and may have never
done the sort of work you<re asking them to do P so make sure induction training is clear
and simple.
• ;ommunication% They may have problems in communicating. &ake sure you communicate
clearly and effectively, for e+ample by providing information in other languages 5%un>abi P
Saraiki P %ashtu etc.6 visual formats in simple languges if necessary. :nsure workers
understand what is reEuired of them and they know how, and with whom, they can raise
concerns
• ;ompetence% This may be unclear. Before they start at your workplace, check that they
have the occupational Eualifications or skills needed for the >ob.
• Attitude to ,ealt, and safety% They may have different e+pectations about health and
safety responsibilities. So make sure they understand the importance of health and safety in
your workplace, how it<s managed, and that effective supervision can address any
weaknesses in understanding instructionCtraining. Workers from some cultures may assume
accidents are their own fault, or >ust inevitable, which can affect commitment to reducing
and controlling risks
(Alone -orkers
:stablishing a healthy and safe working environment for alone workers can be different from
organising the health and safety of other employees. They should not be put at more risk than other
people working for you. (t will often be safe to work alone. Jowever, the law reEuires employers to
think about and deal with any health and safety risks before people are allowed to do so. Things
you could consider to help ensure lone workers are not put at risk include
• assessing areas of risk including violence, manual handling, the medical suitability of the
individual to work alone and whether the workplace itself presents a risk to them
• reEuirements for training, levels of e+perience and how best to monitor and supervise them
• making sure you know what is happening, including having systems in place to keep in
touch with them
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(Transient -orkers
@ transient worker, sometimes also known as a peripatetic worker, is defined as someone who
works away from their normal work base either for part or all of their work. (t can also refer to
someone who has no fi+ed work base. ;isk assessments for transient workers will need to take into
account the type of work they are doing away from the normal work base ? this would usually
include
• working alone
• late, evening and night shift work
• working in confined spaces
• violence towards staff
• safe use and maintenance of tools and eEuipment
• working with harmful substances, manual handling and other health reEuirements such
as health surveillance
• provision, use and maintenance of personal protective eEuipment 5%%:6
• first aid and emergencies
(People -it, disabilities
(f you employ people with disabilities you have a duty under the :Euality @ct 10#0 to make
reasonable ad>ustments to your workplace for them.
*our health and safety risk assessment should help you decide what ad>ustments may be reEuired.
These can include
• !hanging the way things are done
• &aking changes to overcome physical barriers
• %roviding e+tra eEuipment
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(;ontractors
(f you have a contractor working for you, then both you and the contractor will have duties under
health and safety law. This also applies when a contractor employs subcontractors. When employing
contractors you should
• select a suitable subcontractor P ensure they have sufficient skills and knowledge to do the
>ob safely and without risks to health and safety
• assess the risks of the work P the level of risk will depend on the nature of the >ob. Whatever
the risk, you will need to consider the health and safety implications
• do a risk assessment P you and the contractor should be aware of its findings. *ou should
already have a risk assessment for the work activities of your own business. The contractor
must assess the risks for the contracted work and then both of you must get together to
consider any risks from each other<s work that could affect the health and safety of the
workforce or anyone else
• provide information, instruction and training to your employees. *ou should also provide
any information to contractors on the risks from your activities and the controls you have in
place. (t may also be beneficial to consider, with the contractor, what instruction and training
contractors will need
• set up liaison arrangements for co?operation and co?ordination with all those responsible to
ensure the health and safety of everyone in the workplace
• decide what you need to do to manage and supervise the work of contractors and agree the
nature of the controls before work starts
;,aracteristics of Healt, 6afety .easures*ou must provide a safe and healthy environment for all your workers and take their welfare needs
into account. Jowever, this doesn<t have to be complicated or time?consuming. This applies to a
very wide range of workplaces P not only factories, shops and offices but also schools, hospitals,
hotels and places of entertainment etc.
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(1,at does t,e -orkplace co0er4
Workplace means any premises or part of a premises which are made available to any person as a
place of work. (t does not cover domestic premises. The term workplace also includes the common
parts of shared buildings, private roads and paths on industrial estates and business parks. *ou must
consider, for e+ample, lighting, ventilation, temperature, toilets and washing facilities. *ou must
also consider the needs of people with disabilities who may have specific needs, for e+ampleadapted toilet and washing facilities, wide doorways and gangways.
I: A safe place of -ork
II: Desi'nin' -orkstations
III: Display screen eBuipment
(A safe place of -ork
*ou must
• make sure your buildings are in good repair
• maintain the workplace and any eEuipment so that it is safe and works efficiently
• put right any dangerous defects immediately, or take steps to protect anyone at risk
• take precautions to prevent people or materials falling from open edges, eg fencing or guard
rails
• fence or cover floor openings, eg vehicle e+amination pits, when not in use
• have enough space for safe movement and access
• provide safety glass, if necessary
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• make sure floors, corridors and stairs etc are free of obstructions, eg trailing cables
• provide good drainage in wet processes
• make sure any windows capable of being opened can be opened, closed or ad>usted safely
•
make sure all windows and skylights are designed and constructed so that they may becleaned safely 5you may also need to fit anchor points if window cleaners have to use
harnesses6
• minimise risks caused by snow and ice on outdoor routes, eg use salt or sand and sweep
them
(/i',tin'
*ou must provide
• good light P use natural light where possible but try to avoid glare
• a good level of local lighting at workstations where necessary
• suitable forms of emergency lighting
• well?lit stairs and corridors
• well?lit outside areas P for pedestrians and to help with work activities such as
loadingCunloading at night
(.o0in' around t,e premises
*ou must have
• safe passage for pedestrians and vehicles P separate routes may be necessary
• level, even floors and surfaces without holes or broken boards
• hand?rails on stairs and ramps where necessary
• safely constructed doors and gates
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• floors and surfaces which are not slippery
(;leanliness
*ou must
• provide clean floors and stairs, with effective drainage where necessary
• provide clean premises, furniture and fittings
• provide containers for waste materials
• remove dirt, refuse and trade waste regularly
• clear up spillages promptly
• keep internal walls or ceilings clean
(Hy'iene and -elfare
*ou must provide
• clean toilets and hand basins, with running hot and cold or warm water, soap and towels or
another suitable means of drying
• drinking water
• somewhere to rest and eat meals, including facilities for eating food which would otherwise
become contaminated
• showers for dirty work or emergencies
• drying facilities for wet work clothes, if practical and necessary
• accommodation or hanging space for personal clothing not worn at work 5and somewhere to
change if special clothing is worn for work6
• rest facilities for pregnant women and nursing mothers
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(n some circumstances your risk assessment will highlight the need to provide additional specific
controls, for e+ample
• skin cleansers, with nail brushes
• barrier cream and skin?conditioning cream where necessary
• certain facilities for workers working away from base, eg chemical toilets in some
circumstances
(;omfortable conditions
*ou must provide
• a reasonable working temperature within workplaces inside buildings 5usually at least #/ Q!,
or #3 Q! for strenuous work, unless it is impractical to do so, eg in the food industry6
• local heating or cooling where a comfortable temperature cannot be maintained throughout
each workroom 5eg hot and cold processes6
• good ventilation P a sufficient supply of fresh, clean air drawn from outside or a ventilation
system
• heating systems which do not give off dangerous or offensive levels of fume into the
workplace
• enough workspace, including suitable workstations and seating
(1orkin' outdoors
For work outdoors you should consider things such as the weather, temperature 5both hot and cold6
and sun e+posure.
Desi'nin' -orkstations
Good workstation design can help reduce the incidence of in>ury or ill health in the workplace.
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:mployers should ensure that workstations are designed to help employees carry out their tasks
with ease of access to controls on eEuipment. For e+ample, if seating is reEuired it should be
suitable for the task and have
• Support for the small of the back
• Fully ad>ustable height settings
• Footrests available if necessary
Display screen eBuipment
*ou must assess the risks to employees 5users6 and self?employed contractors 5operators6 who workat employer workstations and regularly use display screen eEuipment like computers and laptops as
a significant part of their normal work 5daily for continuous periods of an hour or more6. Some
workers may e+perience posture problems and pain, discomfort or in>uries, eg to their handsCarms,
from overuse or improper use or from poorly designed workstations or work environments
Jeadaches or sore eyes can also occur, for e+ample if the lighting is poor.
(1,at do I ,a0e to do
• (dentify what display screen eEuipment you have and which users and operators are covered
• @ssess all workstations and ensure they meet the minimum reEuirements for them
• %lan the work so there are breaks or changes of activity
• An reEuest, provide eye and eyesight tests and special corrective spectacles if they are
necessary
• %rovide training and information
• (f they use Nhot?desking<, workers will still need to check their workstation and ad>ust it to
their reEuirements. (t may be helpful to provide a checklist of what they need to consider
and this could be attached to the desk or workstation
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&lectrical safety
:lectricity can kill or severely in>ure people and cause damage to property. Jowever, you can take
simple precautions when working with or near electricity and electrical eEuipment to significantly
reduce the risk of in>ury to you, your workers and others around you. This section provides a
summary of those precautions.
(1,at are t,e ,a?ards4
The main haDards of working with electricity are
• electric shock and burns from contact with live parts
• in>ury from e+posure to arcing, fire from faulty electrical eEuipment or installations
• e+plosion caused by unsuitable electrical apparatus or static electricity igniting flammable
vapours or dusts, for e+ample in a spray paint booth
:lectric shocks can also lead to other types of in>ury, for e+ample by causing a fall from ladders or
scaffolds etc.
(1,at do I ,a0e to do4
*ou must ensure an assessment has been made of any electrical haDards, which covers
• who could be harmed by them
• how the level of risk has been established
• the precautions taken to control that risk
The risk assessment should take into consideration the type of electrical eEuipment used, the way in
which it is used and the environment that it is used in. *ou must make sure that the electrical
installation and the electrical eEuipment is
• suitable for its intended use and the conditions in which it is operated
• only used for its intended purpose
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(n wet surroundings, unsuitable eEuipment can become live and make its surroundings live too.
Fuses, circuit?breakers and other devices must be correctly rated for the circuit they protect
(solators and fuse?bo+ cases should be kept closed and, if possible, locked. !ables, plugs, sockets
and fittings must be robust enough and adeEuately protected for the working environment. :nsure
that machinery has an accessible switch or isolator to cut off the power Euickly in an emergency.
(.aintenance
So far as is reasonably practicable, you must make sure that electrical eEuipment and installations
are maintained to prevent danger. sers of electrical eEuipment, including portable appliances,
should carry out visual checks. ;emove the eEuipment from use immediately and check it, repair it
or replace it if
• the plug or connector is damaged
• the cable has been repaired with tape, is not secure, or internal wires are visible etc
• burn marks or stains are present 5suggesting overheating6
;epairs should only be carried out by a competent person 5someone who has the necessary skills,
knowledge and e+perience to carry out the work safely6. Jave more freEuent checks for items more
likely to become damaged 5eg portable electrical tools and eEuipment that is regularly moved, or
used freEuently or in arduous environments6. "ess freEuent checks are needed for eEuipment less
likely to become damaged 5eg desktop computers etc6. isual checks are not usually necessary for
small, battery?powered items, or for eEuipment that works from a mains?powered adaptor 5laptops
or cordless phones etc6. Jowever, the mains?powered adaptor for such eEuipment should be visually
checked. !onsider whether electrical eEuipment, including portable appliances, should be more
formally inspected or tested by a competent person. @lso think about the intervals at which this
should be done. @n JS: leaflet &aintaining portable electrical eEuipment in low?risk environments
can help you decide whether and when to test portable appliances in low?risk environments. &ake
arrangements for inspecting and testing fi+ed wiring installations, ie the circuits from the meter and
consumer unit supplying light switches, sockets, wired?in eEuipment 5eg cookers, hairdryers6 etc, to
be carried out regularly so there is little chance of deterioration leading to danger. This work should
normally be carried out by a competent person, usually an electrician
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(1,en is someone competent to do electrical -ork4
(n this conte+t, a competent person is someone who has the suitable training, skill and knowledge
for the task to be undertaken to prevent in>ury to themselves and others. @ successfully completed
electrical apprenticeship, with some post?apprenticeship e+perience, is one way of demonstrating
technical competence for general electrical work. &ore specialiDed work, such as maintenance of
high?voltage switchgear or control system modification, is almost certainly likely to reEuireadditional training and e+perience.
Key points to remember
• :nsure that workers know how to use the electrical eEuipment safely
• &ake sure enough sockets are available. !heck that socket outlets are not overloaded by
using unfused adaptors as this can cause fires
• :nsure there are no trailing cables that can cause people to trip or fall
• Switch off and unplug appliances before cleaning or ad>usting them
• :nsure everyone looks for electrical wires, cables or eEuipment near where they are going to
work and check for signs warning of dangers from electricity, or any other haDard. !hecks
should be made around the >ob, and remember that electrical cables may be within walls,
floors and ceilings 5especially when drilling into these locations6 etc
• &ake sure anyone working with electricity has sufficient skills, knowledge and e+perience
to do so. (ncorrectly wiring a plug can be dangerous and lead to fatal accidents or fires
• Stop using eEuipment immediately if it appears to be faulty P have it checked by a
competent person
• :nsure any electrical eEuipment brought to work by employees, or any hired or borrowed, is
suitable for use before using it and remains suitable by being maintained as necessary
• !onsider using a residual current device 5;!96 between the electrical supply and the
eEuipment, especially when working outdoors, or within a wet or confined place 5see JS:'s
electrical safety at work site6
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70er,ead electric lines
• Be aware of the dangers of working near or underneath overhead power lines. :lectricity can
flash over from them, even though machinery or eEuipment may not touch them
• 9on<t work under them when eEuipment 5eg ladders, a crane >ib, a tipper?lorry body or a
scaffold pole6 could come within a minimum of si+ metres of a power line without getting
advice. Speak to the line owner, eg the electricity company, railway company or tram
operator, before any work begins
5nder'round cables
• @lways assume cables will be present when digging in the street, pavement andCor near
buildings
• !onsult local electricity companies and service plans to identify where cables are located
Fire safety
&ost fires are preventable. Those responsible for workplaces and other buildings to which the
public have access can avoid them by taking responsibility for and adopting the right behaviours
and procedures. This section covers general advice on fire safety and also provides guidance on
substances that cause fire and e+plosion.
(General fire safety ,a?ards
Fires need three things to start P a source of ignition 5heat6, a source of fuel 5something that burns6
and o+ygen
• sources of ignition include heaters, lighting, naked flames, electrical eEuipment, smokers<
materials 5cigarettes, matches etc6, and anything else that can get very hot or cause sparks
• sources of fuel include wood, paper, plastic, rubber or foam, loose packaging materials,
waste rubbish and furniture
• sources of o+ygen include the air around us
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(1,at do I ,a0e to do4
:mployers 5andCor building owners or occupiers6 must carry out a fire safety risk assessment and
keep it up to date. This shares the same approach as health and safety risk assessments and can be
carried out either as part of an overall risk assessment or as a separate e+ercise. Based on the
findings of the assessment, employers need to ensure that adeEuate and appropriate fire safety
measures are in place to minimise the risk of in>ury or loss of life in the event of a fire.
To help prevent fire in the workplace, your risk assessment should identify what could cause a fire
to start, ie sources of ignition 5heat or sparks6 and substances that burn, and the people who may be
at risk. Ance you have identified the risks, you can take appropriate action to control them. !onsider
whether you can avoid them altogether or, if this is not possible, how you can reduce the risks and
manage them. @lso consider how you will protect people if there is a fire.
•
!arry out a fire safety risk assessment
• )eep sources of ignition and flammable substances apart
• @void accidental fires, eg make sure heaters cannot be knocked over
• :nsure good housekeeping at all times, eg avoid build?up of rubbish that could burn
• !onsider how to detect fires and how to warn people Euickly if they start, eg installing
smoke alarms and fire alarms or bells
• Jave the correct fire?fighting eEuipment for putting a fire out Euickly
• )eep fire e+its and escape routes clearly marked and unobstructed at all times
• :nsure your workers receive appropriate training on procedures they need to follow
including fire drills
• ;eview and update your risk assessment regularly
(Dan'erous substances t,at cause fire and e*plosion
Work which involves the storage, use or creation of chemicals, vapours, dusts etc that can readily
burn or e+plode is haDardous. :ach year people are in>ured at work by flammable substances
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accidentally catching fire or e+ploding. This section does not cover e+plosives P our website has
more detailed information on e+plosives and similar substances. (t also has information on gas
safety.
(1,at are t,e ,a?ards4
&any substances found in the workplace can cause fires or e+plosions. These range from the
obvious, eg flammable chemicals, petrol, and cellulose paint thinners and welding gases, to the less
obvious P engine oil, grease, packaging materials, dusts from wood, flour and sugar. (t is important
to be aware of the risks and to control or get rid of them to prevent accidents.
(1,at do I ,a0e to do4
To help prevent accidental fires or e+plosions, you first need to identify
•
what substances, materials, processes etc have the potential to cause such an event, iesubstances that burn or can e+plode and what might set them alight
• the people who may be at riskCharmed
Ance you have identified the risks, you should consider what measures are needed to reduce or
remove the risk of people being harmed. This will include measures to prevent these incidents
happening in the first place, as well as precautions that will protect people from harm if there is a
fire or e+plosion.
Key points to remember
• Think about the risks of fire and e+plosions from the substances you use or create in your
business and consider how you might remove or reduce the risks
• se supplier safety data sheets as a source of information about which substances might be
flammable
• !onsider reducing the amount of flammableCe+plosive substances you store on site
• )eep sources of ignition 5eg naked flames, sparks6 and substances that burn 5eg vapour
dusts6 apart
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• Get rid of flammableCe+plosive substances safely
• ;eview your risk assessment regularly
• &aintain good housekeeping, eg avoid build?up of rubbish, dust or grease that could start a
fire or make one worse
*ou also need to consider the presence of dangerous substances that can result in fires or e+plosions
as part of your fire safety risk assessment. This is reEuired under the ;egulatory ;eform 5Fire
Safety6 Arder 100 5in :ngland and Wales6 and under %art 3 of the Fire 5Scotland6 @ct. The Fire
and ;escue @uthorities deal with general fire safety matters in workplaces apart from on
construction sites including shipbuilding where these are dealt with by JS: or its agents
:nforcement responsibility for fire safety where dangerous substances are kept and used generally
lies with JS: 5or local authorities if they inspect the premises6.
Gas safety
(f gas appliances, such as ovens, cookers and boilers, are not properly installed and maintained,
there is a danger of fire, e+plosion, gas leaks and carbon mono+ide 5!A6 poisoning. :mployers
need to comply with the relevant regulations to help ensure worker and public safety. *ou can do
this by following our advice on maintaining and servicing gas appliances, by using a Gas Safe
registered engineer or a competent person.
(1,at do I ,a0e to do4
T,e basics
• se a competent engineer to install, maintain or repair your appliances
• :nsure that your gas pipework, appliances and flues are regularly maintained
• !heck that all rooms with gas appliances have adeEuate ventilation P don<t block air inlets to
prevent draughts, and don<t obstruct flues and chimneys
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Gas
• (f you suspect a leak, turn off the supply and immediately call the $ational Gas :mergency
Service on 000 ### 888 for natural gas. For liEuefied petroleum gas 5"%G6, call your "%G
supplier
• (f in doubt, evacuate the building and inform the police as well as the $ational Gas
:mergency Service or your gas supplier
• 9o not turn a gas supply back on until a leak has been dealt with by a competent person
Appliances and pipe-ork
• se a competent engineer to install, maintain or repair your appliances
• :nsure that your gas pipework, appliances and flues are regularly maintained
• 9on<t use any appliance you know or suspect is unsafe
• !heck that the room has adeEuate ventilation P don<t block air inlets to prevent draughts and
don<t obstruct flues and chimneys
Industrial and commercial plant
:+plosions can be caused by the ignition of unburnt gas.
• !onsider the need for e+plosion relief andCor flame?failure protection as necessary
• &ake sure that the gas supply is interlocked with the ventilation of the appliance
• The eEuipment should be designed, operated and maintained to make sure dangerous levels
of carbon mono+ide 5!A6 are not produced. (t should not be used in poorly ventilated spaces
• There should be enough ventilation to remove combustion products
• &ake sure the operators are fully trained P use a safe procedure for purging, lighting up and
shutting down the plant
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Jarmful substances
&any materials or substances used or created at work could harm your health. These substances
could be dusts, gases or fumes that you breathe in, or liEuids, gels or powders that come into contact
with your eyes or skin. There could also be harmful micro?organisms present that can cause
infection, an allergic reaction or are to+ic. Jarmful substances can be present in anything from
paints and cleaners to flour dust, solder fume, blood or waste. (ll health caused by these substances
used at work is preventable. &any substances can harm health but, used properly, they almost never
do.
(1,at are t,e ,a?ards4
Some substances can cause asthma or other diseases, including cancer. &any can damage the skin,
and some can cause serious long?term damage to the lungs. The effect can be immediate, such as
diDDiness or stinging eyes, or can take many years to develop, such as lung disease. &any of the
long?term or chronic effects cannot be cured once they develop.
(1,at do I ,a0e to do4
This reEuired adeEuately control e+posure to materials in the workplace that cause ill health
identifying which harmful substances may be present in the workplace
• deciding how workers might be e+posed to them and be harmed
• looking at what measures you have in place to prevent this harm and deciding whether you
are doing enough
• providing information, instruction and training
• in appropriate cases, providing health surveillance
These pages e+plain how to carry out a risk assessment and how to decide on control measures.
• &aintain controls
• Simple checks to control dust and mist
• entilation
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• Simple checks to prevent skin damage
• Workplace e+posure limits
• @re your controls adeEuateO
•
&icro?organisms
• @sbestos
• "ead
(.aintain controls
@ll elements of your control measures must be checked and reviewed regularly to make sure they
continue to be effective. These checks should be adeEuate to determine whether improvements are
reEuired and will include
• maintaining plant and eEuipment P all ventilation eEuipment must be e+amined and tested
regularly by a competent person 5someone who has the necessary skills, knowledge and
e+perience to carry out the work safely6. This may involve measuring the airflow or the
pressures in the system, or air sampling in the workroom. (n general, all ": must be
e+amined and tested every #7 months
• making sure systems of work are being followed and revising them if they are not working
• making sure personal protective eEuipment is suitable, used, properly fitted and 5where
appropriate6 maintained
*ou may need specialist advice, particularly for potentially serious risks or processes that are
difficult to control, from someone who is competent in that area of work, eg an occupational
hygienist.
(6imple c,ecks to control dust and mist
Fine dust and mist is invisible in normal lighting. *ou can make it visible with a Ndust lamp<. sed
correctly, a dust lamp is a cheap, powerful tool to help you identify where dust problems such as
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leaks are and whether an e+traction system is working effectively. The dust lamp should be set up to
observe forward?scattering of light. %oint the lamp to shine through the area where you think the
dust cloud is. (f possible, lower the background lighting by turning off workshop lights. "ock the
lamp into the Non< position and walk around the process, looking back up the beam at a slight angle,
through the airborne dust
• $ote the settlement and spread of contamination on surfaces
• !heck the airflow indicator on the e+traction system
• !heck for damage and leakage from the process
• Speak to the operator and encourage reporting of any defects
5entilation6
General 0entilation
• @ll workplaces need an adeEuate supply of fresh air
• This can be natural ventilation, from doors, windows etc or controlled, where air is supplied
andCor removed by a powered fan
• (f you work in an office or shop, natural ventilation will normally be enough to control dusts
and vapours from cleaning materials etc
• Sometimes planned, powered general ventilation is an integral part of a set of control
measures, eg the welding of large fabrications in a workshop
/ocal e*,aust 0entilation
• "ocal e+haust ventilation 5":6, or e+traction, is an engineering control solution to reduce
e+posures to dust, mist, fume, vapour or gas in a workplace
• se a properly designed ": system that will draw dust, fume, gases or vapour through a
hood or booth away from the worker
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• @n e+traction system should be easy for workers to use and enclose the process as much as
possible
• (t should effectively capture and contain the harmful substance before it is released into the
working environment
• @ir should be filtered and discharged to a safe place
• The system should be robust enough to withstand the process and work environment. (t is
important to maintain it and undertake tests to ensure it is working effectively
T,in's to a0oid -,en applyin' /&+
!ommon errors in applying e+traction are
•
the effectiveness of small hoods is usually overestimated P be realistic
• the hood is usually too far away from the process
• the hood doesn<t surround the process enough
• inadeEuate airflow
• failure to check that the e+traction continues to work
• workers are not consulted, so they don<t understand the importance of e+traction and do not
use it properly
Simple steps to prevent skin damage
se the @void, %rotect, !heck approach
• A0oid direct contact between unprotected hands and substances, products and wet work
where this is sensible and practical
• Protect the skin. @voiding contact will not always be possible so remind workers to wash
any contamination from their skin promptly. %rovide soft cotton or disposable paper towels
for drying the skin. Tell workers about the importance of thorough drying after washing.
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%rotect the skin by moisturiDing as often as possible and particularly at the end of the day P
this replaces the natural oils that help keep the skin<s protective barrier working properly
• ;,eck hands regularly for the first signs of itchy, dry or red skin P when skin problems are
spotted early they can be treated, which can stop them from getting too serious
5@re your controls adeEuateO6
There are various ways of deciding this. %robably the simplest way is to use the following
Personal protecti0e eBuipment
• Where adeEuate control of e+posure cannot be achieved by other means, provide personal
protective clothing and eEuipment, in combination with other control measures
• 9on<t automatically opt for personal protective eEuipment 5%%:6 as a control measure. (t is
not as reliable or effective as other measures
Information and trainin'
• :mployees need to understand the outcome of your risk assessment and what this means for
them. Tell them what the haDards and risks are, and any workplace e+posure limits, and what
they need to do to protect themselves
• &ake employees aware of the results of any monitoring of e+posure and the collective
results of health surveillance
• :mployers should use the information contained in safety data sheets and other sources of
information to train and inform employees
• :mployees should know what to do if there is an accident 5eg spillage6 or emergency
• (nvolve your workers in developing control measures to make sure that they are suitable for
the way they carry out the work. :ncourage them to suggest improvements, and to report
anything that they think might be going wrong
• :mployees should be trained in the correct use of controls and personal protective
eEuipment
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• When a contractor comes into your workplace, they also need to know what the risks are and
how you are controlling them. (n addition, you need to know if they are bringing haDardous
substances onto your premises, and how they will prevent harm to your employees
• (t is helpful to keep basic training records
9ecord and re0ie-
• (f you employ five or more people, you should keep a record of what you have found out
about the risks to health and the appropriate control measures
• Write down where e+posures occur, what the control measures are, and how you will
maintain control
•
)eep an eye on things. !hanges in eEuipment, materials or methods may reEuire you toreview your earlier decisions
&icro?Germs
&icro?organisms are bacteria and viruses 5more commonly known as germs6, fungi or parasites. (n
most workplaces, the risk of catching an infection, such as a cold or flu, is no higher than in any
other public place and you do not have to take any action. Jowever, some people who work with
animals, or provide care for people, or who clean up or handle waste materials, can be e+posed to
harmful micro?organisms. These can cause an infection if they are breathed in, swallowed, or if they
penetrate the skin, and can include some very serious illnesses. Some may in turn cause an allergic
reaction or are to+ic 5they produce a poison6.
(1,at do I ,a0e to do4
*our risk assessment must consider how workers may be e+posed to micro?organisms 5or to blood
or bodily fluids, animals or animal products or waste materials which are known to carry micro?
organisms6. (n general, unless it has been treated, you should assume that humanCanimal waste
materials, including sewage, may contain harmful micro?organisms that could cause an infection
%eople who work outdoors should take precautions if they are working near stagnant water, which
can carry harmful micro?organisms because of contamination. *ou should find out about the
common types of infection that are a risk for your relevant work activity 5and how your employees
or others might be e+posed6, and decide whether you are doing enough to prevent this from
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happening. The good news is that controlling the risk of infection is relatively straightforward P
usually simple, good personal hygiene measures are sufficient. @ll workers must have access to
clean, adeEuate washing facilities. (mportant control measures include
• appropriate washableCdisposable clothing
• personal protective eEuipment 5eg impervious gloves6 andCor waterproof covering for cuts
and abrasions
• the right containers and safe systems of work for handling waste, including disposal of
contaminated sharps 5such as needles6
• effective immunisations may be available. For e+ample, hepatitis B vaccination is advisable
if the risk arises from care work with people which might involve e+posure to bloodCbodily
fluids
5@sbestos6
@sbestos is the single greatest cause of work?related deaths in the ). @sbestos?related diseases
currently kill around 700 people a year in Great Britain 5JS: Statistics site6. @s long as asbestos is
in good condition and is not disturbed or damaged there is negligible risk. Jowever, if it is
disturbed or damaged, it can become a danger to health, because asbestos fibres are released into the
air and people may breathe them in. @lthough it is now illegal to use asbestos in the construction orrefurbishment of any premises, many thousands of tonnes of it were used in the past in such things
as
• lagging on plant and pipework
• insulation products such as fireproof panels
• asbestos cement roofing material
• sprayed coatings on structural steel work to insulate against fire and noise
&uch of this material is still in place. Jowever, buildings constructed after 1000 are unlikely to
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(.ana'in' asbestos in buildin's
(f you are responsible for the maintenance and repair of non?domestic premises, the !ontrol of
@sbestos ;egulations 10#1 reEuire you to
• take reasonable steps to find out if there are asbestos?containing materials present and, if so
how much material, where it is, what type it is 5eg tile, boards, lagging etc6 and what
condition it is in
• make, and keep up?to?date, a record of the location and condition of the asbestos?containing
materials 5or materials which are presumed to contain asbestos6
• clearly identify any areas that have not been accessedCsurveyed
• prepare a plan that sets out how the risks from these materials will be managed
• take the necessary steps to put the plan into action
• provide information on the location and condition of any asbestos?containing materials to
anyone who is liable to work on or disturb them
9on<t disturb the asbestos. (t is only dangerous when disturbed. (f it is safely managed and
contained, it doesn<t present a health haDard. 9on<t remove asbestos unnecessarily as this can be
more dangerous than leaving it in place and managing it. Further information on how to manage
asbestos in buildings is available on the JS: asbestos website. This includes a step?by?step online
guide &anaging my asbestos to help you decide if asbestos is present and, if so, how to manage it.
(1orkin' -it, asbestos>containin' materials
The !ontrol of @sbestos ;egulations 10#1 apply to all types of work involving asbestos and
asbestos?containing materials. They place specific duties on employers and the self?employed. *ou
must find out if asbestos?containing materials are present. (f possible, before you start, plan any
work to avoid disturbing these materials. (f you have to carry out work which may disturb asbestos?
containing materials, you must
• prevent e+posure to asbestos fibres, or where this is not reasonably practicable
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• reduce any e+posure to as low as reasonably practicable by using appropriate contro
measures and having management systems in place
@nyone who is going to work on asbestos?containing material must be suitably trained and
supervised.
Jigher?risk work, such as most asbestos removal, must only be undertaken by a licensed contractor,
but any decision on whether particular work is licensable is based on an assessment of the risk.
Aur asbestos site provides further information, including advice on
• how to carry out work with asbestos?containing materials
• the type of controls necessary
• what training is reEuired
• what types of work must be carried out by licensed contractors
.ac,inery8 plant and eBuipment
This section covers the different safety aspects of using machinery and maintaining plant and
eEuipment in the workplace. :mployers should consider how their workers use machinery, and have
adeEuate maintenance arrangements in place to ensure it remains safe to use.
There is also specific advice on the safe use of lifting eEuipment and carrying out vehicle repairs.
I: Why is machinery safety importantO
II: %lant and eEuipment maintenance
III: Safe lifting by machine
I+: ehicle repair
5Why is machinery safety importantO6
&oving machinery can cause in>uries in many ways
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• %eople can be struck and in>ured by moving parts of machinery or e>ected material. %arts of
the body can also be drawn in or trapped between rollers, belts and pulley drives
• Sharp edges can cause cuts and severing in>uries, sharp?pointed parts can cause stabbing or
puncture the skin, and rough surface parts can cause friction or abrasion
• %eople can be crushed, both between parts moving together or towards a fi+ed part of the
machine, wall or other ob>ect, and two parts moving past one another can cause shearing
• %arts of the machine, materials and emissions 5such as steam or water6 can be hot or cold
enough to cause burns or scalds and electricity can cause electrical shock and burns
• (n>uries can also occur due to machinery becoming unreliable and developing faults or when
machines are used improperly through ine+perience or lack of training
(1,at do I ,a0e to do4
3efore you start
Before you start using any machine you need to think about what risks may occur and how these
can be managed. *ou should therefore do the following
• !heck that the machine is complete, with all safeguards fitted, and free from defects. The
term Nsafeguarding< includes guards, interlocks, two?hand controls, light guards, pressure?
sensitive mats etc. By law, the supplier must provide the right safeguards and inform buyers
of any risks 5'residual risks'6 that users need to be aware of and manage because they could
not be designed out
• %roduce a safe system of work for using and maintaining the machine. &aintenance may
reEuire the inspection of critical features where deterioration would cause a risk. @lso look
at the residual risks identified by the manufacturer in the informationC instructions provided
with the machine and make sure they are included in the safe system of work
• :nsure every static machine has been installed properly and is stable 5usually fi+ed down6
• !hoose the right machine for the >ob and do not put machines where customers or visitors
may be e+posed to risk
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• $ote that new machines should be !: marked and supplied with a 9eclaration of
!onformity and instructions in :nglish
&ake sure the machine is
• safe for any work that has to be done when setting up, during normal use, when clearing
blockages, when carrying out repairs for breakdowns, and during planned maintenance
• properly switched off, isolated or locked?off before taking any action to remove blockages
clean or ad>ust the machine
@lso, make sure you identify and deal with the risks from
• electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic power supplies
• badly designed safeguards. These may be inconvenient to use or easily overridden, which
could encourage your workers to risk in>ury and break the law. (f they are, find out why they
are doing it and take appropriate action to deal with the reasonsCcauses
(Pre0entin' access to dan'erous parts
Think about how you can make a machine safe. The measures you use to prevent access to
dangerous parts should be in the following order. (n some cases it may be necessary to use a
combination of these measures
• se fi+ed guards 5eg secured with screws or nuts and bolts6 to enclose the dangerous parts,
whenever practical. se the best material for these guards P plastic may be easy to see
through but may easily be damaged. Where you use wire mesh or similar materials, make
sure the holes are not large enough to allow access to moving parts
• (f fi+ed guards are not practical, use other methods, eg interlock the guard so that the
machine cannot start before the guard is closed and cannot be opened while the machine is
still moving. (n some cases, trip systems such as photoelectric devices, pressure?sensitive
mats or automatic guards may be used if other guards are not practical
• Where guards cannot give full protection, use >igs, holders, push sticks etc if it is practical to
do so
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• !ontrol any remaining risk by providing the operator with the necessary information
instruction, training, supervision and appropriate safety eEuipment
(7t,er t,in's you s,ould consider
• (f machines are controlled by programmable electronic systems, changes to any programmes
should be carried out by a competent person 5someone who has the necessary skills,
knowledge and e+perience to carry out the work safely6. )eep a record of such changes and
check they have been made properly
• :nsure control switches are clearly marked to show what they do
• Jave emergency stop controls where necessary, eg mushroom?head push buttons within
easy reach
• &ake sure operating controls are designed and placed to avoid accidental operation and
in>ury, use two?hand controls where necessary and shroud start buttons and pedals
• 9o not let unauthorised, unEualified or untrained people use machinery P never allow
children to operate or help at machines. Some workers, eg new starters, young people or
those with disabilities, may be particularly at risk and need instruction, training and
supervision
• @deEuate training should ensure that those who use the machine are competent to use it
safely. This includes ensuring they have the correct skills, knowledge and e+perience P
sometimes formal Eualifications are needed, eg for chainsaw operators
• Supervisors must also be properly trained and competent to be effective. They may need
e+tra specific training and there are recognised courses for supervisors
• :nsure the work area around the machine is kept clean and tidy, free from obstructions or
slips and trips haDards, and well lit
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(Dos and don’ts of mac,inery safety for -orkers
DoE
• check the machine is well maintained and fit to be used, ie appropriate for the >ob and
working properly and that all the safety measures are in place P guards, isolators, locking
mechanisms, emergency off switches etc
• use the machine properly and in accordance with the manufacturer<s instructions
• make sure you are wearing the appropriate protective clothing and eEuipment reEuired for
that machine, such as safety glasses, hearing protection and safety shoes
Don’tE
• use a machine or appliance that has a danger sign or tag attached to it. 9anger signs should
only be removed by an authorised person who is satisfied that the machine or process is now
safe
• wear dangling chains, loose clothing, rings or have loose, long hair that could get caught up
in moving parts
• distract people who are using machines
• remove any safeguards, even if their presence seems to make the >ob more difficult
6e-in' mac,ines
• &ake sure that robust needle guards fitted and used
• !arry out a risk assessment on the provision of eye guards
• !heck that lighting is adeEuate and stays on when the motor is switched off, eg for safe
threading.
• ee belt and pulley drives are guarded
• Seating allows for good posture and ease of movement
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• :lectrical wiring is supplied from overhead or otherwise to avoid cables on floors
• Where automated making?up machines are in use, give special consideration to additional
guarding reEuirements
• %ut a system in place to inspect guards, needles and work areas on a weekly basis
• Guards should be ad>usted for each individual operator's finger siDe
• @ safe system of work includes removing feet from treadle when threading and changing
needles
• %ower should be switched off when carrying out ad>ustments and needle changing
%lant and eEuipment maintenance
&aintenance on plant and eEuipment is carried out to prevent problems arising, to put faults right,
and to ensure eEuipment is working effectively.
&aintenance may be part of a planned programme or may have to be carried out at short notice after
a breakdown. (t always involves non?routine activities and can e+pose those involved 5and others6
to a range of risks.
(1,y is maintenance of plant and eBuipment important4@n effective maintenance programme will make plant and eEuipment more reliable. Fewer
breakdowns will mean less dangerous contact with machinery is reEuired, as well as having the cost
benefits of better productivity and efficiency. @dditional haDards can occur when machinery
becomes unreliable and develops faults. &aintenance allows these faults to be diagnosed early to
manage any risks. Jowever, maintenance needs to be correctly planned and carried out. nsafe
maintenance has caused many fatalities and serious in>uries either during the maintenance or to
those using the badly maintained or wrongly maintainedCrepaired eEuipment. The %rovision and se
of Work :Euipment ;egulations #88 5%W:;6 reEuire work eEuipment and plant to be
maintained so it remains safe and the maintenance operation is carried out safely.
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(1,at do I ,a0e to do4
(f you are an employer and you provide eEuipment for use, from hand tools and ladders to electrical
power tools and larger plant, you need to demonstrate that you have arrangements in place to make
sure they are maintained in a safe condition.
Think about what haDards can occur
• if tools break during use
• machinery starts up une+pectedly
• there is contact with materials that are normally enclosed within the machine, ie caused by
leaksCbreakageCe>ection etc
Failing to correctly plan and communicate clear instructions and information before starting
maintenance can lead to confusion and can cause accidents. This can be a particular problem if
maintenance is during normal production work or where there are contractors who are unfamiliar
with the site.
:+tra care is also reEuired if maintenance involves
• working at height or when doing work that reEuires access to unusual parts of the building
• when entering vessels or confined spaces where there may be to+ic materials or a lack of air
(Ho- can I do it4
:stablishing a planned maintenance programmer may be a useful step towards reducing risk, as well
as having a reporting procedure for workers who may notice problems while working on machinery
Some items of plant and eEuipment may have safety?critical features where deterioration would
cause a risk. *ou must have arrangements in place to make sure the necessary inspections take
place. But there are other steps to consider
3efore you start maintenance
• 9ecide if the work should be done by specialist contractors. $ever take on work for which
you are not prepared or competent
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• %lan the work carefully before you start, ideally using the manufacturer<s maintenance
instructions, and produce a safe system of work. This will avoid unforeseen delays and
reduce the risks
• &ake sure maintenance staff are competent and have appropriate clothing and eEuipment
• Try and use downtime for maintenance. *ou can avoid the difficulties in co?ordinating
maintenance and production work if maintenance work is performed before start?up or
during shutdown periods
6afe -orkin' areas
• *ou must provide safe access and a safe place of work
•
9on<t >ust focus on the safety of maintenance workers P take the necessary precautions toensure the safety of others who may be affected by their work, eg other employees or
contractors working nearby
• Set up signs and barriers and position people at key points if they are needed to keep other
people out
6afe plant and eBuipment
%lant and eEuipment must be made safe before maintenance starts.
6afe isolation
• :nsure moving plant has stopped and isolate electrical and other power supplies. &ost
maintenance should be carried out with the power off. (f the work is near uninsulated,
overhead electrical conductors, eg close to overhead travelling cranes, cut the power off first
• "ock off machines if there is a chance the power could be accidentally switched back on
• (solate plant and pipelines containing pressured fluid, gas, steam or haDardous material
"ock off isolating valves
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7t,er factors you need to consider
• ;elease any stored energy, such as compressed air or hydraulic pressure that could cause the
machine to move or cycle
• Support parts of plant that could fall, eg support the blades of down?stroking bale cutters and
guillotines with blocks
• @llow components that operate at high temperatures time to cool
• %lace mobile plant in neutral gear, apply the brake and chock the wheels
• Safely clean out vessels containing flammable solids, liEuids, gases or dusts, and check them
before hot work is carried out to prevent e+plosions. *ou may need specialist help and
advice to do this safely
• @void entering tanks and vessels where possible. This can be very high?risk work. (f
reEuired, get specialist help to ensure adeEuate precautions are taken
• !lean and check vessels containing to+ic materials before work starts
Dos and don’ts of plant and eBuipment maintenance
DoE
• ensure maintenance is carried out by a competent person 5someone who has the necessary
skills, knowledge and e+perience to carry out the work safely6
• maintain plant and eEuipment regularly P use the manufacturer<s maintenance instructions as
a guide, particularly if there are safety?critical features
•
have a procedure that allows workers to report damaged or faulty eEuipment
• provide the proper tools for the maintenance person
• schedule maintenance to minimise the risk to other workers and the maintenance person
wherever possible
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• make sure maintenance is done safely, that machines and moving parts are isolated or locked
and that flammableCe+plosiveCto+ic materials are dealt with properly
Don’tE
• ignore maintenance
• ignore reports of damaged or unsafe eEuipment
• use faulty or damaged eEuipment
(6afe liftin' by mac,ine
(f you are an employer or a self?employed person providing lifting eEuipment for use at work, or if
you have control of the use of lifting eEuipment, you must make sure it is safe. Think about what
risks there may be and how they can be managed, for e+ample
• damage or deterioration of the eEuipment caused by wet, abrasive or corrosive environments
• trying to move weights that are too heavy and e+ceed the load limit of the machine
• eEuipment failure
• untrained workers planning the lift or using the eEuipment
• people being struck by moving parts of the machinery or by things falling
Safe lifting needs to be properly planned by a competent person, appropriately supervised and
carried out safely. @ny eEuipment you use must have been properly designed, manufactured and
tested. 9on<t forget to maintain it properly too.
Factors you s,ould consider
• What are you liftingO
• Jow heavy is itO
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• Where is its centre of gravityO
• Jow will you attach it to the lifting machineryO
• Who is in control of the liftO
•
What are the safe limits of the eEuipmentO
• !ould you rehearse the lift if necessaryO
Dos and don’ts of liftin' mac,inery safely
Do:::
• use only certified lifting eEuipment, marked with its safe working load, which is not overdue
for e+amination
• keep the reports of thorough e+amination as well as any declarations of conformity or test
certificates
• make sure the load is properly attached to the lifting eEuipment. (f necessary, securely bind
the load to prevent it slipping or falling off
•
before lifting an unbalanced load, find out its centre of gravity. ;aise it a few inches off theground and pause P there should be little harm if it drops
• use packaging to prevent sharp edges of the load from damaging slings and do not allow
tackle to be damaged by being dropped, dragged from under loads or sub>ected to sudden
loads
• when using >ib cranes, make sure any indicators for safe loads are working properly and set
correctly for the >ob and the way the machine is configured
• use outriggers where necessary
• when using multi?slings make sure the sling angle is taken into account
• have a responsible slinger or banksman and use a recognised signalling system
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Don’tE
• use unsuitable eEuipment, eg makeshift, damaged, badly worn chains shortened with knots,
kinked or twisted wire ropes, frayed or rotted fibre ropes
• e+ceed the safe working load of machinery or accessories like chains, slings and grabs.
;emember that the load in the legs of a sling increases as the angle between the legs
increases
• lift a load if you doubt its weight or the adeEuacy of the eEuipment
&anual handling
&anual handling causes over a third of all workplace in>uries. These include work?related
musculoskeletal disorders 5&S9s6 such as pain and in>uries to arms, legs and >oints, and repetitive
strain in>uries of various sorts.
The term manual handling covers a wide variety of activities including lifting, lowering, pushing
pulling and carrying. (f any of these tasks are not carried out appropriately there is a risk of in>ury.
(1,y is dealin' -it, manual ,andlin' important4
&anual handling in>uries can have serious implications for the employer and the person who has
been in>ured. They can occur almost anywhere in the workplace and heavy manual labour, awkward
postures, repetitive movements of arms, legs and back or previousCe+isting in>ury can increase the
risk.
(1,at do I ,a0e to do4
To help prevent manual handling in>uries in the workplace, you should avoid such tasks as far as
possible. Jowever, where it is not possible to avoid handling a load, employers must look at the
risks of that task and put sensible health and safety measures in place to prevent and avoid in>ury.
For any liftin' acti0ity
@lways take into account%
• individual capability
• the nature of the load
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• environmental conditions
• training
• work organisation
If you need to lift somet,in' manually
• ;educe the amount of twisting, stooping and reaching
• @void lifting from floor level or above shoulder height, especially heavy loads
• @d>ust storage areas to minimise the need to carry out such movements
• !onsider how you can minimise carrying distances
• @ssess the weight to be carried and whether the worker can move the load safely or needs
any help P maybe the load can be broken down to smaller, lighter components
If you need to use liftin' eBuipment
• !onsider whether you can use a lifting aid, such as a forklift truck, electric or hand?powered
hoist, or a conveyor
• Think about storage as part of the delivery process P maybe heavy items could be delivered
directly, or closer, to the storage area
• ;educe carrying distances where possible
Good ,andlin' tec,niBue for liftin'
There are some simple things to do before and during the liftCcarry
• ;emove obstructions from the route.
• For a long lift, plan to rest the load midway on a table or bench to change grip.
• )eep the load close to the waist. The load should be kept close to the body for as long as
possible while lifting.
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• )eep the heaviest side of the load ne+t to the body.
• @dopt a stable position and make sure your feet are apart, with one leg slightly forward to
maintain balance
T,ink before liftin'2,andlin': %lan the lift. !an handling aids be usedO Where is the load going to
be placedO Will help be needed with the loadO ;emove obstructions such as discarded wrapping
materials. For a long lift, consider resting the load midway on a table or bench to change grip.
Adopt a stable position: The feet should be apart with one leg slightly forward to maintain balance
5alongside the load, if it is on the ground6. Be prepared to move your feet during the lift to maintain
your stability. @void tight clothing or unsuitable footwear, which may make this difficult.
Get a 'ood ,old: Where possible, the load should be hugged as close as possible to the body. This
may be better than gripping it tightly with hands only.
6tart in a 'ood posture: @t the start of the lift, slight bending of the back, hips and knees is
preferable to fully fle+ing the back 5stooping6 or fully fle+ing the hips and knees 5sEuatting6.
Don’t fle* t,e back any furt,er -,ile liftin': This can happen if the legs begin to straighten
before starting to raise the load.
Keep t,e load close to t,e -aist: )eep the load close to the body for as long as possible whilelifting. )eep the heaviest side of the load ne+t to the body. (f a close approach to the load is not
possible, try to slide it towards the body before attempting to lift it.
A0oid t-istin' t,e back or leanin' side-ays8 especially -,ile t,e back is bent . Shoulders should
be kept level and facing in the same direction as the hips. Turning by moving the feet is better than
twisting and lifting at the same time.
Keep t,e ,ead up -,en ,andlin': "ook ahead, not down at the load, once it has been heldsecurely.
.o0e smoot,ly: The load should not be >erked or snatched as this can make it harder to keep
control and can increase the risk of in>ury.
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Don’t lift or ,andle more t,an can be easily mana'ed: There is a difference between what people
can lift and what they can safely lift. (f in doubt, seek advice or get help.
Put do-n8 t,en ad<ust: (f precise positioning of the load is necessary, put it down first, then slide it
into the desired position.
Noise
"oud noise at work can damage your hearing. This usually happens gradually and it may only be
when the damage caused by noise combines with hearing loss due to ageing that people realise how
impaired their hearing has become.
(1,y is dealin' -it, noise important4
$oise at work can cause hearing damage that is permanent and disablin'. This can be gradual
from e+posure to noise over time, but damage can also be caused by sudden, e+tremely loud, noises
The damage is disabling in that it can stop people being able to understand speech, keep up with
conversations or use the telephone. Jearing loss is not the only problem. %eople may develop
tinnitus 5ringing, whistling, buDDing or humming in the ears6, a distressing condition which can lead
to disturbed sleep. $oise at work can interfere with communications and make warnings harder to
hear. (t can also reduce a person<s awareness of his or her surroundings. These factors can lead to
safety risks P putting people at risk of in>ury or death.
(Do I ,a0e a noise problem4
ou -ill probably need to do somet,in' about t,e noise if any of t,e follo-in' apply%
• the noise is intrusive?like a busy street, a vacuum cleaner or a crowded restaurant, or worse
than intrusive, for most of the working day
• your employees have to raise their voices to have a normal conversation when about 1
metres apart for at least part of the day
• your employees use noisy powered tools or machinery for more than half an hour a day
• your sector is one known to have noisy tasks, eg construction, demolition or road repair,
woodworking, plastics processing, engineering, te+tile manufacture, general fabrication
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forging or stamping, paper or board making, canning or bottling, foundries, waste and
recycling
• there are noises due to impacts 5such as hammering, drop forging, pneumatic impact tools
etc6, e+plosive sources such as cartridge?operated tools or detonators, or guns
Situations where you will need to consider safety issues in relation to noise include where
• you use warning sounds to avoid or alert to dangerous situations
• working practices rely on verbal communications
• there is work around mobile machinery or traffic
(Ho- can I control noise4
There are many ways of reducing noise and noise e+posure. $early all businesses can decide on
practical, cost?effective actions to control noise risks, if necessary by looking at the advice
available. First, think about how to remove the source of noise altogether, for e+ample housing a
noisy machine where it cannot be heard by workers. (f that is not possible, investigate
• using Euieter eEuipment or a different, Euieter process
• engineeringCtechnical controls to reduce at source the noise produced by a machine or
process
• using screens, barriers, enclosures and absorbent materials to reduce the noise on its path to
the people e+posed
• designing and laying out of the workplace to create Euiet workstations
• limiting the time people spend in noisy areas
;,oosin' Buieter eBuipment and mac,inery
*ou should consider noise alongside other factors 5eg general suitability, efficiency6 when hiring or
buying eEuipment. *ou should compare the noise data from different machines, as this will help you
to buy from among the Euieter ones.
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1,en s,ould personal ,earin' protection be used4
Jearing protection should be issued to employees
• where e+tra protection is needed above what has been achieved using noise control
• for short?term protection, while other methods of controlling noise are being developed
*ou should not use hearing protection as an alternative to controlling noise by technical and
organisational means.
:mployees to whom you provide hearing protection should receive training in how to use it.
Detectin' dama'e to ,earin'
(f the risk assessment indicates that there is a risk to health for employees e+posed to noise, they
should be placed under suitable health surveillance 5regular hearing checks6.
%ersonal %rotective :Euipment 5%%:6
:mployers have duties concerning the provision and use of personal protective eEuipment 5%%:6 at
work.
%%: is eEuipment that will protect the user against health or safety risks at work. (t can include
items such as safety helmets, gloves, eye protection, high?visibility clothing, safety footwear andsafety harnesses. (t also includes respiratory protective eEuipment 5;%:6.
(1,y is PP& important4
&aking the workplace safe includes providing instructions, procedures, training and supervision to
encourage people to work safely and responsibly:
:ven where engineering controls and safe systems of work have been applied, some haDards might
remain. These include in>uries to
• the lungs, eg from breathing in contaminated air
• the head and feet, eg from falling materials
• the eyes, eg from flying particles or splashes of corrosive liEuids
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• the skin, eg from contact with corrosive materials
• the body, eg from e+tremes of heat or cold
%%: is needed in these cases to reduce the risk.
(1,at do I ,a0e to do4
• Anly use %%: as a last resort
• (f %%: is still needed after implementing other controls 5and there will be circumstances
when it is, eg head protection on most construction sites6, you must provide this for your
employees free of charge
• *ou must choose the eEuipment carefully 5see selection details below6 and ensure
employees are trained to use it properly, and know how to detect and report any faults
6election and use
*ou should ask yourself the following Euestions
• Who is e+posed and to whatO
• Jow long are they e+posed forO
• Jow much are they e+posed toO
When selecting and using %%:
• !hoose products which are !: marked in accordance with the %ersonal %rotective
:Euipment ;egulations 1001 P suppliers can advise you
• !hoose eEuipment that suits the user P consider the siDe, fit and weight of the %%:. (f the
users help choose it, they will be more likely to use it
• (f more than one item of %%: is worn at the same time, make sure they can be used together,
eg wearing safety glasses may disturb the seal of a respirator, causing air leaks
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• (nstruct and train people how to use it, eg train people to remove gloves without
contaminating their skin. Tell them why it is needed, when to use it and what its limitations
are
7t,er ad0ice on PP&
• $ever allow e+emptions from wearing %%: for those >obs that Nonly take a few minutes'
• !heck with your supplier on what %%: is appropriate P e+plain the >ob to them
• (f in doubt, seek further advice from a specialist adviser
.aintenance
%%: must be properly looked after and stored when not in use, eg in a dry, clean cupboard. (f it is
reusable it must be cleaned and kept in good condition.
Think about
• using the right replacement parts which match the original, eg respirator filters
• keeping replacement %%: available
• who is responsible for maintenance and how it is to be done
• having a supply of appropriate disposable suits which are useful for dirty >obs where laundry
costs are high, eg for visitors who need protective clothing
:mployees must make proper use of %%: and report its loss or destruction or any fault in it.
.onitor and re0ie-
• !heck regularly that %%: is used. (f it isn<t, find out why not
• Safety signs can be a useful reminder that %%: should be worn
• Take note of any changes in eEuipment, materials and methods P you may need to update
what you provide
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(Types of PP& you can use
(&yes
Ha?ards
!hemical or metal splash, dust, pro>ectiles, gas and vapour, radiation
7ptions
Safety spectacles, goggles, face screens, faceshields, visors
Note
&ake sure the eye protection chosen has the right combination of impactCdustCsplashCmolten metal
eye protection for the task and fits the user properly
(Head and neck
Ha?ards
(mpact from falling or flying ob>ects, risk of head bumping, hair getting tangled in machinery,
chemical drips or splash, climate or temperature
7ptions
(ndustrial safety helmets, bump caps, hairnets and firefighters' helmets
Note
• Some safety helmets incorporate or can be fitted with specially?designed eye or hearing
protection
• 9on't forget neck protection, eg scarves for use during welding
• ;eplace head protection if it is damaged
(&ars
Ha?ards
$oise P a combination of sound level and duration of e+posure, very high?level sounds are a haDard
even with short duration
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7ptions
:arplugs, earmuffs, semi?insertCcanal caps
Note
• %rovide the right hearing protectors for the type of work, and make sure workers know how
to fit them
• !hoose protectors that reduce noise to an acceptable level, while allowing for safety and
communication
(Hands and arms
Ha?ards
@brasion, temperature e+tremes, cuts and punctures, impact, chemicals, electric shock, radiation
vibration, biological agents and prolonged immersion in water
7ptions
Gloves, gloves with a cuff, gauntlets and sleeving that covers part or all of the arm
Note
• @void gloves when operating machines such as bench drills where the gloves might get
caught
• Some materials are Euickly penetrated by chemicals P take care in selection, see JS:<s skin
at work website
• Barrier creams are unreliable and are no substitute for proper %%:
• Wearing gloves for long periods can make the skin hot and sweaty, leading to skin problems
sing separate cotton inner gloves can help prevent this
(Feet and le's
Ha?ards
Wet, hot and cold conditions, electrostatic build?up, slipping, cuts and punctures, falling ob>ects,
heavy loads, metal and chemical splash, vehicles
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7ptions
Safety boots and shoes with protective toecaps and penetration?resistant, mid?sole wellington boots
and specific footwear, eg foundry boots and chainsaw boots
Note
• Footwear can have a variety of sole patterns and materials to help prevent slips in different
conditions, including oil? or chemical?resistant soles. (t can also be anti?static, electrically
conductive or thermally insulating
• @ppropriate footwear should be selected for the risks identified
(/un's
Ha?ards
• A+ygen?deficient atmospheres, dusts, gases and vapours
7ptions respiratory protecti0e eBuipment (9P&
• Some respirators rely on filtering contaminants from workplace air. These include simple
filtering facepieces and respirators and power?assisted respirators
• &ake sure it fits properly, eg for tight?fitting respirators 5filtering facepieces, half and full
masks6
• There are also types of breathing apparatus which give an independent supply of breathable
air, eg fresh?air hose, compressed airline and self?contained breathing apparatus
Note
• The right type of respirator filter must be used as each is effective for only a limited range of
substances
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• Filters have only a limited life. Where there is a shortage of o+ygen or any danger of losing
consciousness due to e+posure to high levels of harmful fumes, only use breathing apparatus
P never use a filtering cartridge
• *ou will need to use breathing apparatus in a confined space or if there is a chance of an
o+ygen deficiency in the work area
• (f you are using respiratory protective eEuipment, look at JS:<s publication ;espiratory
protective eEuipment at work @ practical guide
(1,ole body
Ha?ards
Jeat, chemical or metal splash, spray from pressure leaks or spray guns, contaminated dust, impact
or penetration, e+cessive wear or entanglement of own clothing
7ptions
!onventional or disposable overalls, boiler suits, aprons, chemical suits
Note
• The choice of materials includes flame?retardant, anti?static, chain mail, chemically
impermeable, and high?visibility
• 9on't forget other protection, like safety harnesses or life >ackets
(&mer'ency eBuipment
!areful selection, maintenance and regular and realistic operator training is needed for eEuipment
for use in emergencies, like compressed?air escape breathing apparatus, respirators and safety ropes
or harnesses.
%ressure :Euipment
&any types of pressure eEuipment can be haDardous. These include steam boilers and associated
pipework, pressurised hot?water boilers, air compressors, air receivers and associated pipework
autoclaves, gas 5eg "%G6 storage tanks and chemical reaction vessels. When things go wrong, these
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types of eEuipment can cause serious in>uries and even fatalities. Jowever, assessing the risks and
putting proper precautions in place will minimise the chances of any accidents occurring.
(1,y is pressure eBuipment safety important4
(f a piece of pressure eEuipment fails and bursts violently apart, the results can be devastating to
people in its vicinity. %arts of the eEuipment could also be propelled over great distances, causing
in>ury and damage to people and buildings hundreds of metres away.
(1,at do I ,a0e to do4
Assess t,e risks
*ou need to assess the levels of risk when working with pressure eEuipment. The level of risk from
the failure of pressure systems and eEuipment depends on a number of factors including
• the pressure in the system
• the type of liEuid or gas and its properties
• the suitability of the eEuipment and pipework that contains it
• the age and condition of the eEuipment
• the comple+ity and control of its operation
• the prevailing conditions 5eg a process carried out at high temperature6
• the skills, knowledge and e+perience of the people who maintain, test and operate the
pressure eEuipment and systems
3asic precautionsTo reduce the risks you need to know 5and act on6 some basic precautions
• :nsure the system can be operated safely, for e+ample without having to climb or struggle
through gaps in pipework or structures
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• Be careful when repairing or modifying a pressure system. Following a ma>or repair andCor
modification, you may need to have the whole system re?e+amined before allowing the
system to come back into use
• :nsure there is a set of operating instructions for all of the eEuipment in the system and for
the control of the system as a whole, including in emergencies
• There should be a maintenance programme for the system as a whole. (t should take into
account the system and eEuipment age, its uses and the environment in which it is being
used
1ritten sc,eme of e*amination
@ written scheme of e+amination is reEuired for most pressure systems
• This should be drawn up 5or certified as suitable6 by a competent person P someone who has
the necessary skills, knowledge and e+perience to carry out the work safely
• (t must cover all protective devices, every pressure vessel and those parts of pipelines and
pipework which, if they fail, could be dangerous
• The written scheme must specify the nature and freEuency of e+aminations, and include any
special measures that may be needed to prepare a system for a safe e+amination
• ;emember, a statutory e+amination carried out in line with a written scheme is designed to
ensure your pressure system is suitable for your intended use. (t is not a substitute for regular
and routine maintenance
Ho- can I do it4
• First of all, consider whether the >ob can be done another way without using pressure
eEuipment, for e+ample using vacuum eEuipment for cleaning rather than compressed air. (fyou have to use pressure eEuipment, don<t use high?pressure eEuipment when low?pressure
will do
• :nsure that you buy pressure eEuipment that complies with the relevant product regulations
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• Before using pressure eEuipment, ensure that you have a written scheme of e+amination if
one is reEuired. @lso make sure that any inspections needed have been completed by a
competent person, and that the results have been recorded
• @lways operate the eEuipment within the safe operating limits. (f these are not provided by
the manufacturer or supplier, a competent person can advise you, for e+ample your
employers< liability insurer
• %rovide instruction and relevant training for the workers who are going to operate the
pressure eEuipment and also include what to do in an emergency
• :nsure you have an effective maintenance plan in place, which is carried out by
appropriately trained people
• &ake sure that any modifications are planned, recorded and do not lead to danger
ibration
Jand?arm vibration 5J@6 can be caused by operating hand?held power tools, such as road
breakers, and hand?guided eEuipment, such as powered lawnmowers, or by holding materials being
processed by hand?fed machines, such as pedestal grinders. Accasional e+posure is unlikely to
cause ill health. Whole?body vibration 5WB6 mainly affects drivers of vehicles used off?road, such
as dumpers, e+cavators and agricultural tractors. Jowever, it can also affect drivers of some
vehicles used on paved surfaces, such as lift trucks, or on rails, such as gantry cranes.
(1,y is dealin' -it, 0ibration important4
Hand>arm 0ibration syndrome
J@S is a painful and disabling condition that affects the nerves, blood vessels, muscles and >oints
of the hands and arms. (t causes tingling and numbness in the fingers, reduces grip strength and the
sense of touch, and affects the blood circulation 5vibration white finger, also known as WF6.
1,ole>body 0ibration
WB is associated mostly with low back pain. Jowever, back pain can also be caused by other
factors, such as manual handling and postural strains, and while e+posure to vibration and shocks
may be painful for people with back problems, it will not necessarily be the cause of the problem.
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1,at do I ,a0e to do4
*ou must
• assess the vibration risk to your employees to identify if there is a problem
• put in place appropriate control measures to counter the risks
• provide health surveillance where risk remains 5J@S only6
• provide information and training to employees on health risks and the actions being taken to
control those risks
Ho- can I reduce ,and>arm 0ibration4
• (dentify haDardous machines, tools and processes, especially those which cause tingling or
numbness in the hands after a few minutes< use
• (f possible, do the >ob another way without using high?vibration eEuipment, eg rotary
hammers, powered pedestrian?controlled mowers, hand?fed forging hammers etc
• @sk about likely vibration levels for the way you use eEuipment before deciding on which
new tool or machine to buy or hire
• %rovide suitable tools designed to cut down vibration
• &ake sure people use the right tool for the >ob and are trained to use it correctly
• &ake sure machines 5including tools6 are maintained as recommended by the manufacturer
to prevent vibration increasing P check their sharpness, the condition of abrasive wheels, and
anti?vibration mounts etc where fitted
• !heck whether the >ob can be altered to reduce the grip or pressure needed
Ho- can I reduce -,ole>body 0ibration4
• !hoose vehicles or machines designed to cope with the task and conditions
• )eep site roadways level, fill in potholes and remove debris
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• Train drivers to operate machines and attachments smoothly, to drive at appropriate speeds
for the ground conditions and to ad>ust suspension seats correctly
• &aintain and repair machine and vehicle suspension systems, tyre pressures and suspension
seats
Working at Jeight
1orkin' at ,ei',t remains one of t,e bi''est causes of fatalities and ma<or in<uries: ;ommon
cases include falls from ladders and t,rou', fra'ile surfaces: 1ork at ,ei',t’ means -ork in
any place -,ere8 if t,ere -ere no precautions in place8 a person could fall a distance liable to
cause personal in<ury (for e*ample a fall t,rou', a fra'ile roof:
T,is section s,o-s ,o- employers can take simple8 practical measures to reduce t,e risk of
any of t,eir -orkers fallin' -,ile -orkin' at ,ei',t:
1,at do I ,a0e to do4
*ou must make sure work is properly planned, supervised and carried out by competent people with
the skills, knowledge and e+perience to do the >ob. *ou must use the right type of eEuipment for
working at height.
Take a sensible approach when considering precautions. "ow?risk, relatively straightforward tasks
will reEuire less effort when it comes to planning and there may be some low?risk situations where
common sense tells you no particular precautions are necessary.
;ontrol measures
First assess the risks. Factors to weigh up include the height of the task, the duration and freEuency,
and the condition of the surface being worked on.
Before working at height work through these simple steps
• a0oid work at height where it's reasonably practicable to do so
• where work at height cannot be easily avoided, pre0ent falls using either an e+isting place
of work that is already safe or the right type of eEuipment
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• minimise the distance and conseEuences of a fall, by using the right type of eEuipment
where the risk cannot be eliminated
For each step, always consider measures that protect everyone at risk 5collective protection6 before
measures that only protect the individual 5personal protection6.
!ollective protection is eEuipment that does not reEuire the person working at height to act for it to
be effective. :+amples are permanent or temporary guardrails, scissor lifts and tower scaffolds.
%ersonal protection is eEuipment that reEuires the individual to act for it to be effective. @n e+ample
is putting on a safety harness correctly and connecting it, with an energy?absorbing lanyard, to a
suitable anchor point.
Dos and don’ts of -orkin' at ,ei',t
DoE:
• as much work as possible from the ground
• ensure workers can get safely to and from where they work at height
• ensure eEuipment is suitable, stable and strong enough for the >ob, maintained and checked
regularly
• take precautions when working on or near fragile surfaces
• provide protection from falling ob>ects
• consider emergency evacuation and rescue procedures
Don’tE
• overload ladders P consider the eEuipment or materials workers are carrying before working
at height. !heck the pictogram or label on the ladder for information
• overreach on ladders or stepladders
• rest a ladder against weak upper surfaces, eg glaDing or plastic gutters
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• use ladders or stepladders for strenuous or heavy tasks, only use them for light work of short
duration 5a ma+imum of 30 minutes at a time6
• let anyone who is not competent 5who doesn<t have the skills, knowledge and e+perience to
do the >ob6 work at height
1orkin' in confined spaces
@ confined space is one which is both enclosed, or largely enclosed, and which also has a
reasonably foreseeable risk to workers of fire, e+plosion, loss of consciousness, asphy+iation or
drowning. (t may be small and restrictive for the worker or it could be far larger such as a grain
storage silo with hundreds of cubic metre capacity:
1,at are t,e ,a?ards4
Working in a confined space is dangerous because of the risks from no+ious fumes, reduced o+ygen
levels, or a risk of fire. Ather dangers may include floodingCdrowning or asphy+iation from some
other source such as dust, grain or other contaminant.
1,at do I ,a0e to do4
Wherever possible, you should avoid carrying out tasks in confined spaces. Where this is not
possible, you must assess the risks of the particular confined space and plan how you will control
those risks. For e+ample
• if a confined space has no+ious fumes, you should consider how these can be ventilated or
removed
• if there is a risk of liEuids or gases flooding in, you should establish whether the valves can
be locked shut
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• if someone is going into a confined space and there is not enough o+ygen to breathe
properly, you must provide breathing apparatus or ventilate the space to increase o+ygen
levels before entering
*ou should have emergency arrangements where necessary. (f someone is working in a confined
space, think about the following
• Jow will you know they are okay and haven<t been overcome by fumesO
• Jow will you get them out if they are overcomeO 5(t is not enough to rely on the emergency
services.6
Dos and don@ts of -orkin' in confined spaces
DoE
• be aware of the risks that may occur within a confined space
• make sure the person doing the work is capable and trained in both the work and the use of
any emergency eEuipment
Don’tE
• work in confined spaces unless it<s essential to do so
• ignore the risks P >ust because a confined space is safe one day doesn<t mean it will always
be
• let others enter a confined space until you are sure it<s safe to do so
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What are the main (nternational Jealth and Safety
;egulationsO
T,e 1orkplace (Healt,8 6afety and 1elfare 9e'ulations #==!
The main provisions of these ;egulations reEuire employers to provide
• adeEuate lighting, heating, ventilation and workspace 5and keep them in a clean condition62
• staff facilities, including toilets, washing facilities and refreshment2 and
• safe passageways, i.e. to prevent slipping and tripping haDards.
T,e Healt, and 6afety (Display 6creen &Buipment 9e'ulations #==!
The main provisions here apply to display screen eEuipment 59S:6 'users', defined as workers who
'habitually' use a computer as a significant part of their normal work. This includes people who are
regular users of 9S: eEuipment, or rely on it as part of their >ob. This covers you if you use 9S:
for an hour or more continuously, andCor you are making daily use of 9S:.
:mployers are reEuired to
• make a risk assessment of workstation use by 9S: users, and reduce the risks identified2
• ensure 9S: users take 'adeEuate breaks'2
• provide regular eyesight tests2
• provide health and safety information2
• provide ad>ustable furniture 5e.g. desk, chair, etc.62 and
• demonstrate that they have adeEuate procedures designed to reduce risks associated with
9S: work, such as repetitive strain in>ury 5;S(6.
T,e Personal Protecti0e &Buipment at 1ork 9e'ulations #==!
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The main provisions reEuire employers to
• ensure that suitable personal protective eEuipment 5%%:6 is provided free of charge
Rwherever there are risks to health and safety that cannot be adeEuately controlled in other
ways.R The %%: must be 'suitable' for the risk in Euestion, and include protective face masks
and goggles, safety helmets, gloves, air filters, ear defenders, overalls and protective
footwear2 and
• provide information, training and instruction on the use of this eEuipment.
T,e .anual Handlin' 7perations 9e'ulations #==!
The main provisions of these ;egulations reEuire employers to
•
avoid 5so far as is reasonably practicable6 the need for employees to undertake any manuahandling activities involving risk of in>ury2
• make assessments of manual handling risks, and try to reduce the risk of in>ury. The
assessment should consider the task, the load and the individual's personal characteristics
5physical strength, etc.62 and
• provide workers with information on the weight of each load.
T,e Pro0ision and 5se of 1ork &Buipment 9e'ulations #==
The main provisions reEuire employers to
• ensure the safety and suitability of work eEuipment for the purpose for which it is provided2
• properly maintain the eEuipment, irrespective of how old it is2
•
provide information, instruction and training on the use of eEuipment2 and
• protect employees from dangerous parts of machinery.
T,e .ana'ement of Healt, and 6afety at 1ork 9e'ulations #===
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@lso known as the '&anagement ;egs', these came into effect in #883. &ain employer duties under
these ;egulations include
• making 'assessments of risk' to the health and safety of its workforce, and to act upon risks
they identify, so as to reduce them 5;egulation 362
• appointing competent persons to oversee workplace health and safety2
• providing workers with information and training on occupational health and safety2 and
• operating a written health and safety policy.
T,e 9eportin' of In<uries8 Diseases and Dan'erous 7ccurrences 9e'ulations #==
nder these ;egulations, employers are reEuired to report a wide range of work?related incidents,
in>uries and diseases to the Jealth and Safety :+ecutive 5JS:6, or to the nearest local authority
environmental health department. The ;egulations reEuire an employer to record in an accident
book the date and time of the incident, details of the person5s6 affected, the nature of their in>ury or
condition, their occupation, the place where the event occurred and a brief note on what happened.
The following in>uries or ill health must be reported
• death of any person2
• specified in>uries including fractures, amputations, eye in>uries, in>uries from electric shock,
and acute illness reEuiring removal to hospital or immediate medical attention2
• 'over?seven?day' in>uries, which involve relieving someone of their normal work for more
than seven days as a result of in>ury caused by an accident at work2
• reportable occupational diseases, including
o cramp of the hand or forearm due to repetitive movement2
o carpal tunnel syndrome, involving hand?held vibrating tools2
o occupational asthma2
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o tendonitis or tenosyno0itisJ
o hand?arm vibration syndrome 5J@S6, including where the person<s work involves
regular use of percussive or vibrating tools2 and
o occupational dermatitis2
• near misses 5described in the ;egulations as 'dangerous occurrences'6. The JS: has
produced a list of the kinds of incidents regarded as 'dangerous occurrences'.
T,e 1orkin' Time 9e'ulations #== (as amended
These ;egulations implement two :uropean !ommunity directives on the organisation of working
time and the employment of young workers 5under # years of age6. The ;egulations cover the right
to annual leave and to have rest breaks, and they limit the length of the working week. )ey protections for adult workers include
• @ 7?hour ma+imum working week. :mployers have a contractual obligation not to reEuire
a worker to work more than an average 7?hour week 5unless the worker has opted out of
this voluntarily and in writing62
• minimum daily rest periods of ## hours, unless shift?working arrangements have been made
that comply with the ;egulations2 and
• @n uninterrupted 10?minute daily rest break after si+ hours' work, to be taken during, rather
than at the start or end of the working time.
:+tra protection is available to young workers 5workers aged # to #6. (n particular, young
workers
• are entitled to a daily uninterrupted rest break of 30 minutes after working more than 7.
hours2
• are entitled to an uninterrupted #1?hour break in each 17 hour period of work.
• are entitled to weekly rest of at least 7 hours in each seven?day period 5and unlike adult
workers, they cannot be made to take this rest over two days averaged over two weeks62 and
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• cannot normally work more than eight hours a day or 70 hours a week. These hours cannot
be averaged out. There is no 'opt?out' for young workers.
@ll full?time workers are entitled to ./ weeks' paid holiday each year, reduced pro?rata for part?
time workers.
These basic limits on the working week make a vital contribution to health and safety at work.
• :mployers have the right to ask their staff to enter into a written agreement to opt out of the
7?hour limit, for a specific period or indefinitely.
• Jowever, if such an agreement is opted into, a worker is entitled to bring the agreement to
an end without the employer's consent.
@s part of its It1s 2bout Ti#e campaign against long hours, the T! has produced a model 'opt inletter for you to send to your employer, opting back into the 7?hour working week.
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;ustomer of Promotions
Director ;ustomer
• %akistan ;eadymade Garments &anufacturers K :+porters @ssociation
• %akistan Josiery &anufacturers @ssociation
• %akistan "eather Garments &anufacturers K :+porter @ssociation
Indirect ;ustomer
• %akistan Te+tile :+porters @ssociation
• @ll %akistan Te+tile &ills @ssociation
• @ll %akistan Bed sheets K pholstery &anufacturers @ssociation
• (nternational !otton @dvisory !ommittee
• )arachi !otton @ssociation
• %akistan !otton Ginners @ssociations
Trainin' Institutes
%akistan ;eadymade Garments Technical Training (nstitute 5%;GTT(?)arachi6
%akistan ;eadymade Garments Technical Training (nstitute 5%;GTT(?"ahore6
%roposed %ro>ect %romotion Jealth K Safety Standards through Skills 9evelopment
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ðodology
Jow to %romote and !ontrol ;isks at work
(n general, health and safety laws apply to all businesses, no matter how small. @s an employer, or a
self?employed person, you are responsible for health and safety in your business. *ou need to take
the right precautions to reduce the risks of workplace dangers and provide a safe working
environment.
Jealth and safety management should be a straightforward part of managing your workplace as a
whole. (t involves practical steps that protect people from harm and at the same time protect the
future success and the growth of your business. Good practice in health and safety makes sound
business sense.
.ana'in' ,ealt, and safety is an inte'ral part of mana'in' your business: ou need to do a
risk assessment to find out about t,e risks in your -orkplace8 put sensible measures in place
to control t,em8 and make sure t,ey stay controlled:
T,is section pro0ides information on -,at you need to consider -,en mana'in' ,ealt, and
safety and assessin' t,e risks in your -orkplace: It s,o-s ,o- you can follo- a PD;A
approac,%
Plan8 Do8 ;,eck8 Act’%
Plan 9escribe how you manage health and safety in your business 5your legally reEuired
policy6 and plan to make it happen in practice.
Do %rioritiDe and control your risks P consult your employees and provide training and
information.
;,eck &easure how you are doing.
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Act "earn from your e+perience.
%lanning
%lanning is the key to ensuring your health and safety arrangements really work. (t helps you think
through the actions you have set out in your policy and work out how they will happen in practice.
!onsider
• What you want to achieve, eg how you will ensure that your employees and others are kept
healthy and safe at work
• Jow you will decide what might cause harm to people and whether you are doing enough or
need to do more to prevent that harm
• Jow you will prioritiDe the improvements you may need to make
• Who will be responsible for health and safety tasks, what they should do, when and with
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• Jow you will measure and review whether you have achieved what you set out to do
1ritin' Healt, 6afety Policy%
*our business must have a health and safety policy, and if you have fewer than five employees, you
don<t have to write anything down.
&ost businesses set out their policy in three sections
• T,e statement of 'eneral policy on ,ealt, and safety at -ork sets out your commitment
to managing health and safety effectively, and what you want to achieve
• T,e responsibility section sets out who is responsible for specific actions
•
T,e arran'ements section contains the detail of what you are going to do in practice toachieve the aims set out in your statement of health and safety policy
1,at do -e mean by @,a?ard@ and @risk@4
@ ,a?ard is something in your business that could cause harm to people, such as chemicals,
electricity and working at height. @ risk is the chance P however large or small P that a haDard could
cause harm.
Additional arran'ements
The additional actions you take to manage health and safety should be set out in the arrangements
section of your policy. They could include
• staff training
• using signs to highlight risks
• improved safety eEuipment, such as guards or additional personal protective eEuipment,
including goggles, safety boots or high?visibility clothing
• replacing haDardous chemicals with less harmful alternatives
• improved lighting
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• anti?slip flooring
Focus your attention on the activities that could present a risk to people or cause serious harm
!ontrolling the ;isk
@s part of managing the health and safety of your business, you must control the risks in your
workplace. To do this you need to think about what might cause harm to people and decide whether
you are taking reasonable steps to prevent that harm.
This process is known as risk assessment and it is something you are reEuired by law to carry out. If
you ,a0e fe-er t,an fi0e employees you don’t ,a0e to -rite anyt,in' do-n:
@ r isk assessment is not about creating huge amounts of paperwork but rather about identifying
sensible measures to control the risks in your workplace. .
*ou are probably already taking steps to protect your employees, but your risk assessment will help
you decide whether you have covered all you need to.
Identify t,e Ha?ards
Ane of the most important aspects of your risk assessment is accurately identifying the potential
haDards in your workplace.
good starting point is to walk around your workplace and think about any haDards 5things that may
cause harm6. (n other words, what is it about the activities, processes or substances used that could
in>ure your employees or harm their healthO
When you work in a place every day it is easy to overlook some haDards, so here are some tips to
help you identify the ones that matter
• ;,eck manufacturers@ instructions or data sheets for chemicals and eEuipment as they can
be very helpful in e+plaining the haDards and putting them in their true perspective
• /ook back at your accident and ill>,ealt, records P these often help to identify the less
obvious haDards
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• Take account of non>routine operations 5eg maintenance, cleaning operations or changes
in production cycles6
• 9emember to t,ink about lon'>term ,a?ards to ,ealt, 5eg high levels of noise or
e+posure to harmful substances6
There are some haDards with a recognised risk of harm, for e+ample working at height, working
with chemicals, machinery, and asbestos. 9epending on the type of work you do, there may be other
haDards that are relevant to your business.
1,o mi',t be ,armed4
Then think ,o- employees 5or others who may be present such as contractors or visitors6 might be
harmed. @sk your employees what they think the haDards are, as they may notice things that are not
obvious to you and may have some good ideas on how to control the risks.
For each haDard you need to be clear about who might be harmed P it will help you identify the best
way of controlling the risk. That doesn't mean listing everyone by name, but rather identifying
groups of people 5eg 'people working in the storeroom' or 'passers?by'6. ;emember
• Some workers may have particular reEuirements, for e+ample new and young workers,
migrant workers, new or e+pectant mothers, people with disabilities, temporary workers,
contractors, homeworkers and lone workers 5see *our workers6
• Think about people who might not be in the workplace all the time, such as visitors
contractors and maintenance workers
• Take members of the public into account if they could be harmed by your work activities
• (f you share a workplace with another business, consider how your work affects others and
how their work affects you and your workers. Talk to each other and make sure controls are
in place
• @sk your workers if there is anyone you may have missed
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&0aluate t,e risks
Javing identified the haDards, you then have to decide how likely it is that harm will occur, ie the
level of risk and what to do about it. ;isk is a part of everyday life and you are not e+pected to
eliminate all risks. What you must do is make sure you know about the main risks and the things
you need to do to manage them responsibly. Generally, you need to do everything reasonably
practicable to protect people from harm.
*our risk assessment should only include what you could reasonably be e+pected to know you
are not e*pected to anticipate unforeseeable risks.
"ook at what you're already doing and the control measures you already have in place. @sk
yourself
• !an ( get rid of the haDard altogetherO
• (f not, how can ( control the risks so that harm is unlikelyO
Some practical steps you could take include
• trying a less risky option
• preventing access to the haDards
• organising your work to reduce e+posure to the haDard
• issuing protective eEuipment
• providing welfare facilities such as first?aid and washing facilities
• involving and consulting with workers
(mproving health and safety need not cost a lot. For instance, placing a mirror on a blind corner to
help prevent vehicle accidents is a low?cost precaution considering the risks. Failure to take simple
precautions can cost you a lot more if an accident does happen.
(nvolve your workers, so you can be sure that what you propose to do will work in practice and
won't introduce any new haDards.
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(f you control a number of similar workplaces containing similar activities, you can produce a
'model' risk assessment reflecting the common haDards and risks associated with these activities.
*ou may also come across 'model' assessments developed by trade associations, employers' bodies
or other organisations concerned with a particular activity. *ou may decide to apply these 'model'
assessments at each workplace, but you can only do so if you
• satisfy yourself that the 'model' assessment is appropriate to your type of work
• adapt the 'model' to the detail of your own work situations, including any e+tension
necessary to cover haDards and risks not referred to in the 'model'
9ecord your findin's
&ake a record of your significant findings P the haDards, how people might be harmed by them andwhat you have in place to control the risks. @ny record produced should be simple and focused on
controls. (f you have fewer than five employees you don't have to write anything down. But it is
useful to do this so you can review it at a later date, for e+ample if something changes. (f you have
five or more employees you are reEuired by law to write it down. @ny paperwork you produce
should help you to communicate and manage the risks in your business. For most people this does
not need to be a big e+ercise P >ust note the main points down about the significant risks and what
you concluded. @n easy way to record your findings is to use our risk assessment templates
available as &icrosoft Word or Apen 9ocument Format. When writing down your results keep it
simple, for e+ample 'fume from welding P local e+haust ventilation used and regularly checked'.
@ risk assessment must be 'suitable and sufficient', ie it should show that
• a proper check was made
• you asked who might be affected
• you dealt with all the obvious significant haDards, taking into account the number of people
who could be involved
• the precautions are reasonable, and the remaining risk is low
• you involved your employees or their representatives in the process
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Where the nature of your work changes fairly freEuently or the workplace changes and develops 5eg
a construction site6, or where your workers move from site to site, your risk assessment may have to
concentrate more on a broad range of risks that can be anticipated.
Take a look at our selection of selection of e+ample risk assessments. They show you what a
completed risk assessment might look like for your type of workplace. *ou can use these as a guide
when doing your own. We have also developed online risk assessment tools, to help employers
complete and print off their own records. (f your risk assessment identifies a number of haDards, you
need to put them in order of importance and address the most serious risks first. (dentify long?term
solutions for the risks with the biggest conseEuences, as well as those risks most likely to cause
accidents or ill health. *ou should also establish whether there are improvements that can be
implemented Euickly, even temporarily, until more reliable controls can be put in place. ;emember,
the greater the haDard the more robust and reliable the measures to control the risk of an in>ury
occurring need to be.
9e'ularly re0ie- your risk assessment
Few workplaces stay the same. Sooner or later, you will bring in new eEuipment, substances and
procedures that could lead to new haDards. So it makes sense to review what you are doing on an
ongoing basis, look at your risk assessment again and ask yourself
• Jave there been any significant changesO
• @re there improvements you still need to makeO
• Jave your workers spotted a problemO
• Jave you learnt anything from accidents or near missesO
&ake sure your risk assessment stays up to date.
A ccidents and in0esti'ations
&onitor the effectiveness of the measures you put in place to control the risks in your workplace. @s
part of your monitoring, you should investigate incidents to ensure that corrective action is taken,
learning is shared and any necessary improvements are put in place.
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(nvestigations will help you to
• identify why your e+isting control measures failed and what improvements or additional
measures are needed
• plan to prevent the incident from happening again
• point to areas where your risk assessment needs reviewing
• improve risk control in your workplace in the future
;eporting incidents should not stop you from carrying out your own investigation to ensure risks in
your workplace are controlled efficiently.
@n investigation is not an end in itself, but the first step in preventing future ad0erse e0ents that
includes
• accident an event that results in in>ury or ill health
• incident
o near miss an event not causing harm, but has the potential to cause in>ury or ill health 5in
this guidance, the term near miss will include dangerous occurrences6
o undesired circumstance a set of conditions or circumstances that have the potential to
cause in>ury or ill health, eg untrained nurses handling heavy patients
• dan'erous occurrence% one of a number of specific, reportable adverse events, as defined
in the ;eporting of (n>uries, 9iseases and 9angerous Accurrences ;egulations 10#3
5;(99A;6
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