project on propylene oxide
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PROJECT ON PROPYLENE OXIDE
MAHATMA GANDHI MISSION’S
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
KAMOTHE, NAVI MUMBAI.
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2011-2012.
PROJECT REPORT
ON
MANUFACTURE OF “PROPYLENE OXIDE”
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Prof.: CYRUS K MISTRY
SUBMITTED BY-
MIKHIL MOHAN
VINEET G. NAIR
1MGM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PROJECT ON PROPYLENE OXIDE
Department of Chemical Engineering
MAHATMA GANDHI MISSION’S
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
KAMOTHE, NAVI MUMBAI.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following students,
MIKHIL MOHAN
VINEET G. NAIR
have successfully completed the project report entitled “PROPYLENE OXIDE” during
the prescribed period in the academic year 2011-12. This Project report is submitted in
the partial fulfillment of “BACHELOR OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING” of Mumbai
University.
GUIDE EXTERNAL EXAMINER
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT PRINCIPAL
2MGM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PROJECT ON PROPYLENE OXIDE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project would never have seen the light of the day if it hadn’t been for support and
encouragement of multitude of very exemplary people.
We would like to sincerely thank my guide & Head of Chemical Engineering Department Dr.
CYRUS K MISTRY who is the driving force behind this project and discussion with him
proved to be enlightening.
We express our sincere gratitude toward our principal Dr. GEETHA JAYARAJ, for
providing us with the opportunity to chose this project. We would be failing our duty if we do
not acknowledge the help extended by professors of Chemical Department of MGM’S
college of engineering and technology. Our heartfelt gratitude to library and their staff
member.
MIKHIL MOHAN
VINEET G. NAIR
3MGM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PROJECT ON PROPYLENE OXIDE
4MGM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PROJECT ON PROPYLENE OXIDE
Sr. No. Topic Page No.
1 Introduction 4
2 Physical and Chemical Properties
2.1 Physical Data
2.2 Chemical Reactions
7
3 Manufacturing Processes
3.1 Chlorohydrin Process
3.2 Hydroperoxide Process
12
4 Process Selection And Description
4.1 Raw Materials Used
4.2 Flowsheet and Process Description
16
5 Manufacturers of Propylene Oxide in
India
23
6 Applications And Uses
6.1 Derivatives
25
7 Material Safety Data Sheet
7.1 Hazard Identification
7.2 Primary Routes of Exposure
7.3 Signs and Symptoms of Over Exposure
7.4 Acute Health Effects
7.5 Chronic Health Effects
7.6 First Aid Measures
7.7 Handling and Storage
7.8 Disposal Considerations
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Chapter 1
Introduction
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Introduction of Propylene Oxide
Propylene Oxide (PO) is a highly reactive chemical used as an
intermediate for the production of numerous commercial materials. It reacts
readily with compounds containing active hydrogen atoms such as alcohols,
amines and acids.
Its main derivatives include polyether polyols, propylene glycol (PG) and
propylene glycol ethers but it has many other outlets. Propylene oxide is used in
the production of poly-ethers (the primary component of polyurethane foams)
and propylene glycol.
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Acute (short-term) exposure of humans and animals to propylene oxide
has caused eye and respiratory tract Irritation. Dermal contact, even with dilute
solutions, has caused skin irritation and necrosis in humans. Propylene oxide is
also a mild Central Nervous System (CNS) depressant in humans.
Inflammatory lesions of the nasal cavity, trachea, and lungs and neurological
effects have been observed in animals chronically (long-term) exposed to
propylene oxide by inhalation. Propylene oxide has been observed to cause
tumors at or near the site of administration in rodents, causing forestomach
tumors following ingestion via gavage (experimentally placing the chemical in
the stomach) and nasal tumors after inhalation exposure. EPA has classified
propylene oxide as a Group B2, probable human carcinogen.
Other applications for PO include hydroxypropyl acrylates used in UV
curable resins, inks, coatings and varnishes; iso-propanolamines employed as
solvents in natural gas purification, metal working fluids and cosmetics; and
propylene glycol alginates made with sea weed (kelp) for use as food grade
thickeners, emulsifiers and stabilisers.
Global demand for PO had been growing at 4-5%/year. Growth in Europe
and the US had been around 3-4%/year while Asia, in particular China, had
seen the strongest growth at 7-8%/year.
In addition, growth came to an abrupt halt when markets collapsed in the
second half of 2008 due to the economic crisis. Overall sales were said to be 5%
down in 2008 compared to 2007 and a further decline of 5% is expected in
2009. As a result much capacity has been temporarily idled in this period.
Markets are not expected to return to pre-crisis growth levels until 2011,
according to some market sources.
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Chapter 2
CHEMICAL AND
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
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2.1 Physical Properties
Propylene oxide is a colorless, low-boiling (34.2 °C) liquid. Table 1 lists
general physical properties. Table 2 provides equations for temperature
variation on some thermodynamic functions. Vapor-liquid equilibrium data for
binary mixtures of propylene oxide and other chemicals of commercial
importance are available. References for binary mixtures include 1, 2-
propanediol, water, 1,2-dichloropropane, 2-propanol, 2-methyl-2-pentene),
methyl formate, acetaldehyde, methanol, propanal, 1-phenylethanol, oxygen,
nitrogen, and tertiary butanol. Reference 27 provides liquid-liquid equilibrium
data for propylene oxide, water, and 1,2-dichloropropane.
Physical Data
Property Value
Molecular Weight 58.08
Boiling Point at 101.325 kPa 34.2 oC
Freezing Point -111.93 oC
Critical Pressure 4.92 MPa
Critical Temperature 209.1 o C
Critical Volume 186 cm3/mol
Flash Point -37 oC
Heat of Fusion 6.531 kJ/mol
Heat of Vapourisation (1 atm.) 27.8947 kJ/mol
Heat of Combustion 1915.6 kJ/mol
Specific Heat at 20 oC 122.19 J/(mol-K)
Refractive Index at 25 oC 1.36335
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2.2. Chemical Properties
Propylene oxide is highly reactive owing to the strained three-membered
oxirane ring. The C-C and C-O bond lengths have been reported as 147 pm and
144 pm, respectively, while the C-C bond for the substituted methyl group is
152 pm. Although some reactions, such as those with hydrogen halides or
ammonia, proceed at adequate rates without a catalyst, most reactions of
industrial importance employ the use of either acidic or basic catalysts.
Recovery of optically active propylene oxide from a mixture of enantiomers is
accomplished by the action of micro-organisms.
2.2.3 Reactions
2.2.3.1 Water
Propylene oxide reacts with water to produce propylene glycol,
dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, and higher molecular weight
polyglycols. This commercial process is typically run with an excess of water
(12 to 20 mol ater/mol propylene oxide) to maximize the production of the
mono-propylene glycol.
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2.2.3.2 Hydroxy-Containing Organics
Propylene oxide reacts with the hydroxyl group of alcohols and phenols
to produce monoethers of propylene glycol. Suitable catalysts include sodium
hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, tertiary amines, potassium carbonate, sodium
acetate, boron trifluoride, and acid clays. Further addition of propylene oxide
yields the di-, tri-, and poly (propylene glycol) ethers. Multiple hydroxyls
(glycol, glycerol, glucose, etc) on the organic reactant lead to the polyether
polyols discussed earlier. Propylene oxide and carboxylic acids in equimolar
ratios produce monoesters of propylene glycol. In the presence of basic catalysts
these monoesters can undergo trans-esterification reactions that yield a product
mixture of propylene glycols, monoesters, and diesters.
Many natural products, eg, sugars, starches, and cellulose, contain hydroxyl
groups that react with propylene oxide. To yield a variety of ether and ester
products.
2.2.3.3 Ammonia and Amines
Isopropanolamine is the product of propylene oxide and ammonia in the
presence of water. Propylene oxide reacts with isopropanolamine or other
primary or secondary amines to produce N- and N, N-disubstituted
isopropanolamines. Propylene oxide further reacts with the hydroxyl group of
the alkanolamines to form polyether polyol derivatives of tertiary amines or of
secondary amines in the presence of a strong base catalyst.
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2.2.3.4 Carbon Dioxide
Propylene oxide and carbon dioxide react in the presence of tertiary
amine, quaternary ammonium halides, anion exchange resins having a
quaternary phosphonium group, or calcium or magnesium halide catalysts to
produce propylene carbonate. Use of catalysts derived from diethylzinc results
in polycarbonates.
2.2.3.5 Polymerization to Polyether Polyols
The addition polymerization of propylene oxide to form polyether polyols
is very important commercially. Polyols are made by addition of epoxides to
initiators, i.e., compounds that contain an active hydrogen, such as alcohols or
amines. Some of the simplest polyols are produced from reaction of propylene
oxide with propylene glycol and glycerol initiators. Polyether diols and
polyether triols are produced, respectively.
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Chapter 3
MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES
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Propylene oxide is produced by one of two commercial processes: the
chlorohydrin process or the hydroperoxide process. The 1999 global propylene
oxide capacity was estimated at about 5.78 × 106 t/yr, with about half came
from each of the two processes. The chlorohydrin process involves reaction of
propylene and chlorine in the presence of water to produce the two isomers of
propylene chlorohydrin. This is followed by dehydrochlorination with caustic or
lime to Propylene Oxide and salt. The Dow Chemical Company is the only
practitioner of the chlorohydrin process in North America. However, several
companies practice the chlorohydrin process at more than 30 locations in
Germany, Italy, Brazil, Japan, Eastern Europe, and Asia.
3.1. Chlorohydrin Process
The chlorohydrin process is fairly simple, requiring only two reaction
steps, chlorohydrination and epoxidation, followed by product purification.
Propylene gas and aqueous chlorine solution in which HCl and HOCl are in
equilibrium are reacted at a temperature of 35-50 oC and a pressure of 2-3 bar. It
results in the formation of 4-6 % mixture of α- and β-propylene chlorohydrin
(9:1 ratio) and a small amount of chlorinated organic co-products, chiefly 1, 2-
dichloropropane. Epoxidation, also called saponification or
dehydrochlorination, is accomplished by treatment of the chlorohydrin solution
with an excess of alkali e.g. 10% lime water or dilute sodium hydroxide
solution from NaCl electrolysis).
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Propylene oxide and other organics are steam-stripped from the resulting
sodium chloride or calcium chloride brine. The brine is treated, usually by
biological oxidation, to reduce organic content prior to discharge. The
propylene oxide is further purified to sales specifications by removal of lights
and heavies via distillation.
3.2. Hydroperoxide Process
The hydroperoxide process to propylene oxide involves the basic steps of
oxidation of an organic to its hydroperoxide, epoxidation of propylene with the
hydroperoxide, purification of the propylene oxide, and conversion of the co-
product alcohol to a useful product for sale. Incorporated into the process are
various purification, concentration, and recycle methods to maximize product
yields and minimize operating expenses. Commercially, two processes are used.
The co-products are tert-butanol, which is converted to methyl tert-butyl ether
(MTBE), and 1-phenyl ethanol, converted to styrene. The co-products are
produced in a weight ratio of 3–4:1 tert-butanol/propylene oxide and 2.4:1
styrene/propylene oxide, respectively. These processes use iso-butane and ethyl
benzene, respectively, to produce the hydroperoxide. Other processes have been
proposed based on cyclohexane where aniline is the final co-product, or on
cumene with α-methyl styrene as the final co-product.
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3.3 Hydrogen Peroxide Processes
Since each of the commercial processes has issues of effluent treatment,
by-product treatment, co-product sales, and cost, development of alternative
processes that address one or more of these issues is on-going.
A titanium silicalite catalyst (TS-1) is used to produce propylene oxide
from propylene and hydrogen peroxide. Alcohol or alcohol–water mixtures are
used as solvent. Methanol is the preferred alcohol. Yields on peroxide are
quantitative and propylene selectivity is high (95%). TS-1 is a molecular sieve
having an average pore diameter of 0.55 nm and a TiO2 content of 2.6 wt %.
The catalyst deactivates due to polymer formation and is regenerated by
calcining or treatment with hydrogen peroxide solutions. Propylene oxide
selectivity is improved by treating the catalyst with neutral or basic salts, tin, or
metal cations at the expense of catalyst activity. Peroxide decomposition to
water and oxygen is reduced by use of chelating agents, but is increased by Pd
in the catalyst. Fully integrated processes have been proposed that include
hydrogen peroxide production, propylene reaction to propylene oxide, product
purification, and solvent recycle. Peroxide formation can be from catalytic
hydrogen and oxygen reaction in alcohol solvent or the anthraquinone process.
Purification of propylene oxide by extractive distillation using water or
propylene glycol effectively removes impurities such as acetaldehyde.
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Chapter 4
PROCESS
SELECTION AND
DESCRIPTION
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Up until the year 2005, both the Chlorohydrin process and the
Hypoperoxide were used on an equal importance. But the recent technologies
have found it useful to use the Hypoperoxide method. Also this method, Ethyl
Benzene Hypoperoxide method in particular gives Styrene as a co-product.
A continuing trend in the propylene oxide industry is the drive to develop
and commercialize process routes that do not produce sizeable co-product
quantities and do not use chlorine-based chemistry.
The hydroperoxidation routes to propylene oxide that co-produce styrene
monomer (POSM) and t-butyl alcohol (POTBA) are responsible for the
majority of current global production as seen in the figure below. However,
they require relatively large capital investments and present difficulties in
balancing the markets for propylene oxide and the co-products, leading to
considerable volatility in the economic performance of the operations over
time. Existing hydroperoxidation plants continue to be operated and
incrementally improved, but new installations are more likely in less-developed
regions. Although significant propylene oxide capacity is also based on the
chlorohydrin process (CHPO), this route suffers from environmental liabilities
and large capital investment requirements. Also, inexpensive electric power
must be available for the integrated chloro-alkali facility.
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Ethylbenzene Hydroperoxide Process
4.1 Raw Materials Used
Ethyl Benzene
Ethylbenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2CH3.
This aromatic hydrocarbon is important in the petrochemical industry as an
intermediate in the production of styrene, which in turn is used for
making polystyrene, a common plastic material. Ethylbenzene has been used as
a solvent for aluminium bromide in the anhydrous electrodeposition of
aluminium. Ethylbenzene is also an ingredient in some paints, and solvent
grade xylene (xylol) is nearly always contaminated with a few percent of
ethylbenzene.
Although often present in small amounts in crude oil, ethylbenzene is produced
in bulk quantities by combining benzene and ethylene in an acid-
catalyzed chemical reaction:
C6H6 + C2H4 → C6H5CH2CH3
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Approximately 24,700,000 tons were produced in
1999. Catalytic dehydrogenation of the ethylbenzene then gives hydrogen and
styrene:
C6H5CH2CH3 → C6H5CH=CH2 + H2
Properties of Ethylbenzene
Property Value
Appearance Liquid
Odour Sweet, Aromatic
Colour Transparent, Colourless
Molecular Weight 106.17
Density at 20 oC 868 kg/m3
Boiling Point at 1013 hPa 136.2 oC
Freezing Point -95 oC
Kinematic Viscosity at 10 oC 0.9 mm2/s
Dynamic Viscosity at 10 oC 0.78 m-Pas
Critical Pressure 3.701 mPa
Critical Temperature 343.05 oC
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4.2.2 Flowsheet and Process Description:
Figure above shows the process flow sheet for production of propylene
oxide and styrene via the use of ethylbenzene hydroperoxide (EBHP). Liquid-
phase oxidation of ethylbenzene with air or oxygen occurs at 206–275 kPa (30 –
40 psia) and 140 150 oC, and 2–2.5 hrs. are required for a 10–15% conversion to
the hydroperoxide. Recycle of an inert gas, such as nitrogen, is used to control
reactor temperature. Impurities in the ethylbenzene, such as water, are
controlled to minimize decomposition of the hydroperoxide product and are
sometimes added to enhance product formation. Selectivity to by-products
include 8–10% acetophenone, 5–7% 1-phenylethanol, and <1% organic acids.
EBHP is concentrated to 30–35% by distillation. The overhead ethylbenzene is
recycled back to the oxidation reactor. Because the by-product organic acids
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decompose EBHP and decrease epoxidation catalyst activity, an alkali
hydroxide or carbonate wash is used to neutralize the acids.
EBHP is mixed with a catalyst solution and fed to a horizontal
compartmentalized reactor where propylene is introduced into each
compartment. The reactor operates at 95–130◦C and 2500–4000 kPa (360–580
psi) for 1–2 h, and 5–7 mol propylene/1 mol EBHP are used for a 95–99%
conversion of EBHP and a 92–96% selectivity to propylene oxide. The
homogeneous catalyst is made from molybdenum, tungsten, or titanium and an
organic acid, such as acetate, naphthenate, stearate, etc. Heterogeneous catalysts
consist of titanium oxides on a silica support.
After epoxidation, propylene oxide, excess propylene, and propane are
distilled overhead. Propane is purged from the process; propylene is recycled to
the epoxidation reactor. The bottoms liquid is treated with a base, such as
sodium hydroxide, to neutralize the acids. Acids in this stream cause
dehydration of the 1- phenylethanol to styrene. The styrene readily polymerizes
under these conditions. Neutralization, along with water washing, allows phase
separation such that the salts and molybdenum catalyst remain in the aqueous
phase. Dissolved organics in the aqueous phase are further recovered by
treatment with sulfuric acid and phase separation. The organic phase is then
distilled to recover 1-phenylethanol overhead. The heavy bottoms are burned
for fuel. Crude propylene oxide separated from the epoxidation reactor effluent
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is further purified by a series of conventional and extractive distillations to
reduce the content of aldehydes, ethylbenzene, water, and acetone.
The co-product 1-phenylethanol from the epoxidation reactor, along with
acetophenone from the hydroperoxide reactor, is dehydrated to styrene in a
vapor-phase reaction over a catalyst of silica gel or titanium dioxide at 250–280 oC and atmospheric pressure. This product is then distilled to recover purified
styrene and to separate water and high-boiling organics for disposal. Unreacted
1-phenyl ethanol is recycled to the dehydrator.
Acetophenone is separated for hydrogenation to 1-phenylethanol, which
is sent to the dehydrator to produce styrene. Hydrogenation is done over a fixed-
bed copper-containing catalyst at 115–120 oC and pressure of 8100 kPa (80
atm), a 3:1 hydrogen-to-acetophenone ratio, and using a solvent such as ethyl
benzene, to give 95% conversion of the acetophenone and 95% selectivity to 1-
phenyl ethanol.
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Chapter 5
Manufacturers of
Propylene Oxide in
India
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Triveni Interchem Pvt. Ltd. in Vapi, Gujarat, India.
Mulberry Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. in Mumbai, India.
Suyash Herbs Export Private Limited in Surat, India.
Arihant Chemicals in Mumbai, India.
Alpha Chemika in Mumbai, India.
Taj Pharmaceuticals Ltd. in Mumbai, India.
Ksm Intertrade Agencies in Mumbai, India.
Desmo Exports Ltd in Mumbai, India.
N. R. Chemicals Corporation in Dewas, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Chemix Speciality Gases And Equipments in Bangalore, India.
Excel International in Mumbai, India.
Sri Jayalaxmi Traders in Arcot, Tamil Nadu, India.
Intersperse Industries in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
Sunn Chhem in Pune, India.
Bnh Gas Tank in Pune, India.
Darshit Impex in Ahmedabad, India.
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Chapter 6
APPLICATIONS
AND USES
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Propylene oxide is a useful chemical intermediate. Additionally, it has
found use for etherification of wood to provide dimensional stability, for
purification of mixtures of organo-silicon compounds, for disinfection of crude
oil and petroleum products, for sterilization of medical equipment and
disinfection of foods, and for stabilization of halogenated organics.
Propylene oxide has found use in preparation of polyether polyols from
recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate), halide removal from amine salts via
halohydrin formation, preparation of flame retardants, alkoxylation of amines,
modification of catalysts, and preparation of cellulose ethers.
6.1 Derivatives:
6.1.1 Polyether Polyols:
Polyether polyols produced by polymerization of propylene oxide on
polyhydric alcohols account for the largest use of propylene oxide. The starting
polyhydric alcohols have from two to eight hydroxyl groups and can be
mixtures of two or more alcohols. Molecular weights of the products range from
about 400 to about 8000. Some of the polyether polyols may be made with
copolymerization of ethylene oxide. The ethylene oxide can either be in blocks
or randomly distributed in the polymer. The products are useful for making
flexible and rigid urethane foams, adhesives, coatings, sealants, and reaction
moldable products.
6.1.2 Propylene Glycol:
Propylene glycol, the second largest use of propylene oxide, is produced
by hydrolysis of the oxide with water. Propylene glycol has very low toxicity
and is, therefore, used directly in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, and
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indirectly in packaging materials. Propylene glycol also finds use as an
intermediate for numerous chemicals, in hydraulic fluids, in heat transfer fluids
(antifreeze), and in many other applications.
Dipropylene glycol is produced in the manufacture of propylene glycol
and finds utility as an indirect food additive, in brake-fluid formulations, cutting
oils, soaps, and solvents. Tripropylene glycol also finds use as a solvent, as
textile soaps, and as lubricants.
6.1.3 Poly (propylene glycol):
Polymers of propylene oxide based on reaction with water or propylene
glycol are liquids of 400 to about 4000 molecular weight. Viscosity increases
and water solubility decreases with increasing molecular weight.
Poly(propylene glycol)s find use in cosmetics, as synthetic lubricants, as
metalworking fluids, antifoam agents, heat transfer fluids, nonionic surfactants,
and chemical intermediates.
6.1.4 Glycol Ethers:
Glycol ethers are produced by reaction of propylene oxide with various
alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, butanol, and phenol. The products are
themono-, di-, and tripropylene glycol ethers. These products are used in
protective coatings, inks, textile dyeing, cleaners, antiicing additives for jet fuel,
and as chemical intermediates.
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6.1.5 Isopropanolamines:
Reaction of propylene oxide with ammonia yields mono-, di-, and tri-
isopropanolamines. These products find use as soluble oils and solvents,
emulsifiers, waterless hand cleaners, cosmetics, cleaners, and detergents. In
industrial applications isopropanolamines are used in adhesives, agricultural
products, corrosion inhibitors, coatings, epoxy resins, metalworking, and others.
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Chapter 7
Material Safety Data Sheet
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7.1 Hazard Identification
EMERGENCY OVERVIEW
Clear, colorless liquid with a sweet, ether-like odor. Extremely flammable
liquid and vapor. Vapors may cause flash fire and can form explosive mixtures
with air. May polymerize explosively when involved in a fire or in contact with
incompatible materials. Corrosive in nature. Causes severe eye, skin and
gastrointestinal irritation or burns and respiratory tract irritation with central
nervous system effects. Harmful if swallowed or absorbed through the skin.
Possible chance of cancer and reproductive hazard.
DANGER!
Extremely flammable liquid and vapor. May form explosive mixtures
with air. Causes severe eye and skin irritation with possible burns. May cause
allergic skin reaction. May be harmful if absorbed through the skin. Inhalation
may cause respiratory irritation and central nervous system depression. Harmful
if swallowed. May cause burns to the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous
system depression. Aspiration may cause lung damage. Possible cancer hazard.
May cause cancer based on animal data. Possible reproductive hazard.
HAZARD RATINGS: (0=minimum, 4=maximum)
HMIS Rating: Health = 3*
Flammability = 4
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Reactivity = 2
Personal Protection Code = (Consult your supervisor or standard operating
procedures for special handling directions.)
NFPA Rating: Health = 3
Flammability = 4
Reactivity = 2
TWA (8-hr) STEL (15-min)
OSHA 100 ppm None
Exposure Limits: ACGIH 2 ppm None
7.2 PRIMARY ROUTES OF EXPOSURE: Inhalation, eye, skin
contact/absorption, ingestion.
7.3 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF OVEREXPOSURE
Effects include severe eye, skin and respiratory irritation or burns, skin
rash, blistering. Effects of central nervous system depression include
excitement, headache, dizziness, incoordination, narcosis, drunkenness, nausea,
vomiting, collapse, coma and respiratory arrest.
Effects from swallowing may include severe irritation and burns to the
gastrointestinal tract, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, central nervous system
depression and difficulty breathing.
7.4 ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS:
INHALATION : Inhalation of vapors or mists may cause mucous membrane
or upper respiratory tract irritation with central nervous system depression.
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Symptoms include headaches, dizziness, coughing, narcosis, drunkenness,
incoordination, nausea, vomiting, and collapse. High vapor concentrations
may cause unconsciousness, coma or death.
EYE CONTACT : Vapors and liquid may cause severe eye irritation with
redness, tearing, burning, swelling of the conjunctiva and corneal burns.
Damage may be permanent.
SKIN CONTACT : Contact may cause severe irritation with redness, pain
and severe burns or blisters. Propylene oxide may be absorbed through the
skin in harmful amounts causing systemic effects similar to those listed
under ingestion and inhalation. Propylene oxide is a skin sensitizer and may
cause an allergic skin reaction. Dilute solutions may be more irritating than
undiluted materials.
INGESTION : Swallowing may cause severe burns to the mouth, throat and
stomach with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. May cause central nervous
system depression with headache, dizziness, drowsiness, drunkenness and
collapse. May be fatal due to respiratory failure. Aspiration may occur
during swallowing or vomiting resulting in lung damage.
7.5 CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS:
SKIN CONTACT: Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause delayed
secondary burns, ulcers or superficial scarring.
EYE CONTACT: No data on chronic effects is available.
INHALATION: Studies with animals have shown chronic effects such as
growth depression, lung and slight liver injury.
INGESTION: Studies with animals have shown chronic effects such as loss
of body weight, gastric irritation and slight liver injury.
34MGM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PROJECT ON PROPYLENE OXIDE
7.6 FIRST AID MEASURES
EYE CONTACT: Immediately flush eyes thoroughly with large amounts of
water for at least 15-20 minutes, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids.
Get immediate medical attention.
SKIN CONTACT: Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Immediately
wash exposed area with large amounts of mild soap and water. Flush with
lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes. Get prompt medical attention.
Launder contaminated clothing before reuse.
INHALATION: Remove exposed person to fresh air. If breathing has
stopped, give artificial respiration then have qualified personnel administer
oxygen, if needed. Get immediate medical attention.\
INGESTION: If patient is conscious and responsive, give 4 – 8 ounces of
water or milk to dilute. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Keep head lower
than hips to avoid aspiration, should vomiting occur. Get immediate medical
attention. Do not give anything to an unconscious or drowsy person.
MEDICAL CONDITIONS AGGRAVATED BY EXPOSURE: Persons
with pre-existing skin, kidney, liver and respiratory disorders may be at
increased risk from exposure to this substance.
NOTE TO PHYSICIANS: Propylene oxide is an irritant that may cause
coughing, dyspnea, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, or chemical
pneumonitis. Cyanosis has occurred. Lung injury has been observed in
experimental animals. Respiratory effects may be delayed. Evaluate for
respiratory distress. Consider oxygen administration. If a chemical burn is
present, decontaminate skin and treat as any thermal burn. No specific antidote
is known; however, consider gastric lavage and administration of a charcoal
slurry.
35MGM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PROJECT ON PROPYLENE OXIDE
7.7 HANDLING AND STORAGE
HANDLING AND STORAGE PRECAUTIONS
Wear all recommended protective clothing and devices when handling
this material. Wash thoroughly after handling. Use only in well ventilated
areas. Do not get in eyes, on skin or on clothing. Do not ingest on inhale. Do
not eat, drink or smoke in work areas. Shower, dispose of outer clothing and
change into clean garments at the end of the shift. Avoid cross-
contamination of street clothes. Keep product away from heat, sparks, flames
and all other sources of ignition. Ground and bond containers when
transferring material. Use non-sparking tools and equipment, including
explosion proof ventilation. Empty containers retain product residues and
can be dangerous. Do not pressurize, cut, weld, braze, solder, drill, grind or
expose empty containers to heat, sparks or open flames. Have established
handling and emergency response procedures in place prior to use.
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
All electrical devices used in area processing and handling must be
engineered and designed to all applicable local electrical and/or fire codes.
Safeguards can include designing electrical devices as explosion-proof
and/or intrinsically safe.
ATTENTION
Propylene oxide vapors are colorless and odorless above the OSHA
PEL. An air monitoring system is recommended to determine airborne
exposure limits.
STORAGE SEGREGATION
Store propylene oxide in a cool, dry well-ventilated area, away from
incompatible chemicals and ignition sources. Store only in tightly closed
36MGM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PROJECT ON PROPYLENE OXIDE
containers. Protect against physical damage. Storage and use areas should be
No Smoking areas. Outside or detached storage preferred.
INCOMPATIBILITIES
Avoid acids, bases, peroxides, oxidizing agents, clay-based
absorbents, polymerization catalysts, epoxy resins, anhydrous metal
chlorides, copper and copper alloys, brass, bronze and other acetylide
forming metals.
7.8 DISPOSAL CONSIDERATION
WASTE MANAGEMENT/DISPOSAL
Contaminated solids should be landfilled only at properly permitted
disposal sites using registered contractors. Concentrated liquid waste may be
incinerated (if safety precautions are taken because of very low flash point) in
compliance with applicable air pollution control regulations. It is recommended
that contaminated product, soil or water intended for disposal be handled as
hazardous waste due to potentially low flashpoint. Disposal should be in
accordance with applicable local, state and federal regulations. Return used
containers to manufacturer only.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
37MGM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PROJECT ON PROPYLENE OXIDE
“Propylene Oxide” under “Ethylene Oxide,” in ECT 1st ed., Vol. 5, pp.
922–923, by R. S. Aries, Consulting Chemical
Engineer, and H. Schneider, R. S. Aries & Associates; “Propylene Oxide”
in ECT 2nd ed., Vol. 16, pp. 595–609, by L. H.
Horsley, The Dow Chemical Co.; in ECT 3rd ed., Vol. 19, pp. 246–274,
by R. O. Kirk and T. J. Dempsey, The Dow Chemical Co.; “Propylene
Oxide” in ECT 4th ed., Vol. 20, pp. 271–302, by D. L. Trent, The Dow
Chemical Company; “Propylene Oxide” in ECT (online), posting date:
December 4, 2000, by D. L. Trent, The Dow Chemical Company.
Dietmar Kahlich, Uwe Wiechern, Jörg Lindner “Propylene Oxide”
in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2002 by Wiley-VCH,
Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_239Article Online Posting Date:
June 15, 2000
"Summary of Sumitomo process from Nexant Reports". Retrieved 2007-
09-18.
"New BASF and Dow HPPO Plant in Antwerp Completes Start-Up
Phase". Retrieved 2009-03-05.
Alex Tullo (2004). Dow, BASF to build Propylene Oxide. 82. pp. 15.
"Usage of proplyene oxide, from Dow Chemical". Retrieved 2007-09-10.
See The FDA Guidance Document For More Info
Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA (30 March 2007). "Almonds
Grown in California; Outgoing Quality Control
Requirements" (PDF). Federal Register 72 (61): 15,021–15,036.
Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-08-22.
"Safety data for propylene oxide".
38MGM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
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