protitts chap 8 notes

Animal Like Protists

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

Phylum Apicompleza

Phylum Ciliophora

Protists

• Over 38,000 species of protists! • Members of the original life forms on earth!

About 1.5 billion years ago! • Some protists are plant like, some are animal

like – Protozoa: animal like protists

• Many have symbiotic relationships: – Parasitism

• Scientists who study only protists: protozoologists

Protozoa

• Protozoa – Unicellular, plasmic organization – BUT THAT DOES NOT MEAN THEY ARE

SIMPLE – Individuals or colonies

Phylum Sarcomastigophors

• Largest protozoan phylum. • All protozoa in this phylum:

– Unicellular or colonial – Locomotion by flagella, pseudopodia, or

both – Autotrophic, saprozoic, heterotrophic – Single type of nucleus – Sexual or asexual reproduction

Ever wonder about that green gunk?

• Its Euglena! – Possess chlorophyll,

1 or 2 flagella

Euglena

• Salt or fresh water • Digestion- perform

photosynthesis or absorb nutrients – stigma at base of flagella

allows euglena to orient themselves towards a light source

• Reproduce using binary fission– Split into two new

organisms

Euglena Structure

Euglena: Ecological Role

• Photosynthesizer • Acts as food for

other protists and fish

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4MlR3dKfXmc&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

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Dinoflagellates

• Gobular, Single celled organisms

• Some– platonic – others are benthic

• Some – mutalistic– others parasitic

Dinoflagellate: Structure

• Two groves: two flagellums – Horizontal: cingulum

• Spinning flagellum

– Vertical: suclus• Whipping flagellum:

forward motion

Dinoflagellates: food/digestion

• Many are mixotrophic • They have

Chloroplasts: – Photosynthesis

• But also absorb food – Osmotrophy – Eat other plankton:

copepods, diatoms, other dinoflagellates

Dinoflagellates: reproduction

• Binary Fission: one division per day

• Can depend on conditions: – nutrients, light,

temperature

Dinoflagellates: ecological Role

• Red Tides– Release toxins– Digestion of toxins

can cause: numbness, slurred speech, nausea, paralysis, death

– Paralytic shellfish poisoning

For

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Foraminiferans

• Amoeboid protozoans – Branch like

psuedopods – Form elaborate net

like structures: Tests • Help catch prey

• Most are benthic – Use psuedopod to

crawl around

Forams: digestion/energy

• Consume a lot of diatoms and dinoflagellates

• Some host green/red algae – Symbiotic

relationship • Forams get nutrients • Coral reefs get

calcium carbonate

Forams: Structure

• Produce Elaborate Tests– Multichamber– Grow as the foram

grows

• Geometric– Resembles

microscopic snail shell

Forams’ ecological role

• Help form beaches and sediment – Chalk

Phylum Apicomplexa

Phylum Apicomplexa

• All Parasites! • Apical complex for

penetrating host cells • Single type of nucleus • No cilia and flagella,

except in certain reproductive states

• Life cycle includes asexual and sexual phases

Phylum Apicomplexa

• Feed off nutrients from the host

• Cause serious diseases: Malaria – 5th largest cause of

death world wide – 2008: 708,000 and

1,300,00 people died

Reproduction • 3 stages

– Schizogony: asexual fission in host cell

– Gametogony: begins sexual phase : produces zygote

– Sporogony: zygote divides by mitosis creating sporozoites. Sporozoites go on to infect other hosts

Phylum Ciliophora

Phylum Ciliophora

• Have cilia for locomotion • Rigid pellicle and more or less fixed

shape • Distinct (cytostome) mouth structure • Dimorphic nuclei: macronucleus and

micronucleus

Cilia • Similar to flagella

– Much shorter – More of them – Move in coordinated

waves – Many ciliates can

reverse

• Some cilia are specialized – Sweep food into

mouth

Digestion and Food • Heterotrophic • Prey on other protists or small animals • Example: Suctorians

– Attach to a prey– Secrete mucus to paralyze prey – Cut opening in cell wall and suck out cytoplasm

1. Attack and secure

2. Maneuver and line up

3. Gulp !

Reproduction

• Two Nuclei– Macronucleus: regulates daily metabolic

activities – Micronuclei: holds genetic information

• Asexual reproduction – Binary fission– Budding

Reproduction

• Sexual reproduction – Conjunction: hook

together and exchange micronuclei

Often have symbiotic relationships

• Digestion • Parasitic: Live in

digestive system of humans – Secretes enzyme

that causes ulcers

• Mutualistic: live in the digestive system and help digest food – Hoofed animals