psychology: chapter 6 part 1
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10/8/13
1
Memory, Pt. 1
PSYCH 100 Mara Breen
October 7, 2013
What is memory?
• The ability to store and retrieve informaGon over Gme
What is memory?
• The ability to store and retrieve informaGon over Gme – encoding, the process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory
– storage, the process of maintaining informa9on in memory over 9me
– retrieval, the process of bringing to mind informa9on that has been previously encoded and stored.
Encoding
• Memories are constructed, not recorded, and encoding is the process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory. – elaboraGve encoding – visual imagery encoding – organizaGonal encoding – encoding of survival informaGon
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DEMO
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Is the word in capital letters?
BOOK
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Would the word fit the sentence: “I saw a _____ in the pond” ?
duck
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Does the word rhyme with BLUE?
safe
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Would the word fit the sentence: “The girl walked down the _____” ?
house
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Does the word rhyme with FREIGHT?
WEIGHT
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Is the word in small letters?
snow
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Would the word fit the sentence: “The _____ was reading a book” ?
STUDENT
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Does the word rhyme with TYPE?
color
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Is the word in capital letters?
flower
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Would the word fit the sentence: “Last spring we saw a ____” ?
robin
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Does the word rhyme with SMALL?
HALL
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Is the word in small letters?
TREE
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Would the word fit the sentence: “My _____ is six feet tall” ?
TEXTBOOK
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Does the word rhyme with SAY?
day
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Is the word in capital letters?
FOX
ElaboraGve Encoding
• the process of ac9vely rela9ng new informa9on to knowledge that is already in memory
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QUIZ Write the words that you can remember
from the task a minute ago.
DUCK HOUSE
STUDENT ROBIN
TEXTBOOK
SAFE WEIGHT COLOR HALL DAY
BOOK SNOW
FLOWER TREE FOX
Meaning Rhyme Letters
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QUIZ Write the words that you can remember
from the task a minute ago.
DUCK HOUSE
STUDENT ROBIN
TEXTBOOK
SAFE WEIGHT COLOR HALL DAY
BOOK SNOW
FLOWER TREE FOX
Meaning Rhyme Letters
80% 50% 10%
ElaboraGve Encoding
• the process of ac9vely rela9ng new informa9on to knowledge that is already in memory
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Visual Imagery Encoding
• the process of storing new informa9on by conver9ng it into mental pictures
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Imagery (Bower & Winzenz, 1970)
Subjects either repeated word pairs or visualized them interacting
BOAT - TREE
Visual imagery encoding
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Visual imagery encoding
Interaction helps, bizarreness doesn’t
(Wollen, et al, 1972)
Noninteracting
Interacting
Nonbizarre Bizarre
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Method of Loci
• Think about a well-known path
• Associate items with landmarks along that path
Visual imagery encoding
Method of Loci
Visual imagery encoding OrganizaGonal Encoding
• the process of categorizing informa9on according to the rela9onships among a series of items – No9cing rela9onships – Crea9ng categories – Conceptual groups
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Encoding of Survival InformaGon
• Three encoding condiGons: (Nairne, Thompson, & Pandeirada, 2007)
Survival encoding:
Moving encoding:
Pleasant encoding:
rate the relevance of each word on a list to their situaGon
HORSE TENT APPLE
Encoding of Survival InformaGon
• Three encoding condiGons: (Nairne, Thompson, & Pandeirada, 2007)
Remembering your grocery list by coming up with a recipe that features each item on it is an example of
1. ElaboraGve encoding 2. Visual imagery encoding 3. OrganizaGonal encoding 4. Encoding of Survival informaGon 5. ExhausGve encoding
Storage
• the process of maintaining informa9on in memory over 9me
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Sensory memory
Very brief retenGon of sensory informaGon
Persistence of vision
Sparkler trails Frames of a movie
There’s not really a trail of light
MoGon looks conGnuous 36
Sensory memory
Sperling (1960) studied iconic memory
(visual sensory memory)
Flashed a grid of le_ers for 50 ms
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X
A
C
M
F
D
L
N
Z
T
B
P
Fixate on the cross
Report the letters that are flashed (as many as you can)
Demo: Whole report
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X
A
C
M
F
D
L
N
Z
T
B
P
After the flash, an arrow will appear before one row
Report the letters from that row
Demo: Partial report
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Sensory memory
Whole report: Subjects could report 4.5 le_ers (37%)
Par6al report: Subjects could report 3.3 le_ers (82%)
• Subjects could report that much regardless of which row was asked about
• How is that possible?
• They must have retained almost all of the grid, but very briefly
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Sensory memory
How long does iconic memory last?
Delayed par6al report method Varied the Gme between the le_ers disappearing and the cue telling which row to report
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Sensory memory
Longer delay means less informaGon retained
By 1 second, equal to Whole report method 42
Sensory memory
Echoic memory: auditory sensory memory
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5, 4, 1
9, 6, 2
5, 9, 3
Sensory memory Numbers heard from different locaGons
ParGal report: Repeat numbers from one locaGon
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Sensory memory
Same basic results as iconic memory, but echoic memory lasts longer (3-‐4 seconds)
Storage
• the process of maintaining informa9on in memory over 9me
Short-‐term memory
• holds nonsensory informa9on for more than a few seconds but less than a minute
• Is limited by: – HOW LONG? – HOW MUCH?
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Short-term memory
How long does informaGon stay in STM?
Peterson & Peterson (1959)
• Subjects hear three le_ers followed by a number
• Subjects immediately start counGng backward from that number by 3’s
• Aier a certain amount of Gme, experimenter stops the subject and asks for the three le_ers
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Short-term memory
Peterson & Peterson (1959)
Memory was much worse aier longer delay
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Short-term memory
How much can STM hold?
Try to remember the numbers. How many digits can you remember before you start making mistakes?
2149 39678 649784 7382015 84261432 482392807 5852981637
People seem to be able to hold “7 plus or minus 2” units (Miller, 1956)
• How do you keep informaGon in short-‐term memory longer? – Rehearsal: the process of keeping informa9on in short-‐term memory by mentally repea9ng it.
• How do you increase the capacity of short-‐term memory? – Chunking: combining small pieces of informa9on into larger clusters or chunks.
Short-term memory
Short-term memory
Chunking
Subject S.F. increased his digit span from 7 to 79
Required 230 hours of training
Used running stats for chunking (he was a runner)
73229434
19882010
• ac9ve maintenance of informa9on in short-‐term storage
Working memory
Central executive
Phonological loop
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Storage
• the process of maintaining informa9on in memory over 9me
Long-‐term Memory
• Holds memories for hours, days, weeks, or years…
• (We’ll have much more to say about it on Monday)
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