quality model for re process copyright, 2000 © jerzy r. nawrocki jerzy.nawrocki@put.poznan.pl ...

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Quality Model for RE ProcessQuality Model for RE Process

Copyright, 2000 © Jerzy R. Nawrocki

Jerzy.Nawrocki@put.poznan.pl

www.cs.put.poznan.pl/jnawrocki/mse/quality/

Quality Management Quality Management

Lecture 2Lecture 2

Quality Management Quality Management

Lecture 2Lecture 2

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Plan of the lecturePlan of the lecturePlan of the lecturePlan of the lecture

Overview of RE guidelinesScoringMaturity levels for REBasic guidelinesIntermediate guidelinesAdvanced guidelinesGrading rules

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Overview of RE guidelinesOverview of RE guidelinesOverview of RE guidelinesOverview of RE guidelines

The requirements document

Requirements elicitation

Reqs analysis & negotiation

Describing requirements

System modelling

Requirements validation

Requirements management

RE for critical systems

Basic Interm Adv

8

6

54

3

4

4

2

36

-

6

21

3

3

3

3

21

-

1

1-

-

1

2

4

9

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

ScoringScoringScoringScoring

3 - standardised: documented standard followed and checked as part of the quality management process;

2 - normal use: widely followed but not mandatory;

1 - discretionary use: used at discretion of project manager;

0 - never: never or very rarely used;

3

0

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Maturity levels for REMaturity levels for REMaturity levels for REMaturity levels for RE

Defined

> 85 Basic & > 40 Interm & Adv

Defined

> 85 Basic & > 40 Interm & AdvRepeatable

> 55 Basic & < 40 Interm & Adv

Repeatable

> 55 Basic & < 40 Interm & AdvInitial

< 55 Basic

Initial

< 55 Basic

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Legend for RE quidelinesLegend for RE quidelinesLegend for RE quidelinesLegend for RE quidelines

• Responsibility of Project Managers• Responsibility of SDS Senior Responsibility of SDS Senior

Managers or Quality AssurersManagers or Quality Assurers• At a discretion of Project

Managers

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Basic guidelinesBasic guidelinesBasic guidelinesBasic guidelines

Requirements document

• Define a standard document structureDefine a standard document structure• Explain how to use the document• Include a summary of the requirements• Make a business case for the system• Define specialised terms• Lay out the document for readability• Help readers find information• Make the document easy to change

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Basic guidelinesBasic guidelinesBasic guidelinesBasic guidelines

Requirements elicitation

• Assess system feasibility• Be sensitive to organisational &

political considerations• Identify and consult stakeholders• Record requirement sources• Define operating environment• Use business concerns to drive

requirements elicitation

Give me a crocodile!

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Basic guidelinesBasic guidelinesBasic guidelinesBasic guidelines

Analysis and negotiation

• Define system boundaries• Use checklists for requirements Use checklists for requirements

analysisanalysis• Provide software to support Provide software to support

negotiationsnegotiations• Plan for conflicts and conflict

resolution• Prioritise requirements

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Basic guidelinesBasic guidelinesBasic guidelinesBasic guidelines

Describing requirements

• Define standard templates for Define standard templates for describing requirementsdescribing requirements

• Use language simply & concisely• Use diagrams appropriately• Supplement natural language with

other descriptions of requirements

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Basic guidelinesBasic guidelinesBasic guidelinesBasic guidelines

System modelling

• Develop complementary system models

• Model the system’s environment• Model the system architecture

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Basic guidelinesBasic guidelinesBasic guidelinesBasic guidelines

Requirements validation

• Check that the requirements Check that the requirements document meets your standarddocument meets your standard

• Organise formal requirements Organise formal requirements inspectionsinspections

• Use multidisciplinary teams to Use multidisciplinary teams to review requirementsreview requirements

• Define validation checklistsDefine validation checklists

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Basic guidelinesBasic guidelinesBasic guidelinesBasic guidelines

Requirements management

• Uniquely identify each requirement

• Define policies for requirements Define policies for requirements managementmanagement

• Define traceability policiesDefine traceability policies• Maintain a traceability manual

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Basic guidelinesBasic guidelinesBasic guidelinesBasic guidelines

RE for critical systems

• Create safety requirements Create safety requirements checklistschecklists

• Involve external reviewers in the Involve external reviewers in the validation processvalidation process

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Intermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelines

Requirements elicitation

• Look for domain constraints• Record requirements rationale• Collect requirements from

multiple viewpoints• Prototype poorly understood

requirements• Use scenarios• Define operational processes

Give me a crocodile!

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Intermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelines

Analysis and negotiation

• Classify requirements using using a multidimensional approach

• Use interaction matrices to find conflicts and overlaps

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Intermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelines

Describing requirements

• Specify requirements quantitatively

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Intermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelines

System modelling

• Use structured methods for system modelling

• Use a data dictionary• Document the links between

stakeholder requirements and system models

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Intermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelines

Requirements validation

• Use prototyping to animate requirements

• Write a draft user manual• Propose requirements test

cases

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Intermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelines

Requirements management

• Use a database to manage requirements

• Define change management policies

• Identify global system requirements

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Intermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelinesIntermediate guidelines

RE for critical systems

• Identify and analyse hazards• Derive safety requirements from

hazard analysis• Cross-check operational and

functional requirements against safety requirements

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Advanced guidelinesAdvanced guidelinesAdvanced guidelinesAdvanced guidelines

Requirements elicitation

• Reuse requirements

Give me a crocodile!

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Advanced guidelinesAdvanced guidelinesAdvanced guidelinesAdvanced guidelines

Analysis and negotiation

• Assess requirements risks

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Advanced guidelinesAdvanced guidelinesAdvanced guidelinesAdvanced guidelines

Requirements validation

• Paraphrase system models

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Advanced guidelinesAdvanced guidelinesAdvanced guidelinesAdvanced guidelines

Requirements management

• Identify volatile requirements• Record rejected requirements

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Advanced guidelinesAdvanced guidelinesAdvanced guidelinesAdvanced guidelines

RE for critical systems

• Specify systems using formal specification

• Collect incident experience• Learn from incident experience• Establish an organisational

safety culture

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Grading rulesGrading rulesGrading rulesGrading rules

RE practices vs. grades

• 33: good (4.0)• 35: more than good (4.5)• 37: very good (5.0)

Excellent!Excellent!

BasicBasic

19 x 3 = 5719 x 3 = 57

12 x 3 = 3612 x 3 = 36

Interm & AdvInterm & Adv

14 x 3 = 4214 x 3 = 42

--

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

SummarySummarySummarySummary

Practice-based quality model

Our goal = Defined level:• > 85 Basic• > 40 Interm & Adv

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Further readingsFurther readingsFurther readingsFurther readings

• I. Sommerville, P. Sawyer, Requirements Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1997.

J. Nawrocki, Quality Manag., Lecture 2

Quality assessmentQuality assessmentQuality assessmentQuality assessment

1. What is your general impression? (1 - 6)

2. Was it too slow or too fast?

3. What important did you learn during the lecture?

4. What to improve and how?

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