railroads. railroads tracks steam traction development of railroads

RAILROADSRAILROADS

RailroadsRailroads

TracksTracksSteam TractionSteam TractionDevelopment of RailroadsDevelopment of Railroads

Railroad TracksRailroad Tracks

Wooden RailsWooden RailsCast-Iron RailsCast-Iron RailsWrought Iron & Steel RailsWrought Iron & Steel RailsRail Size & CapacityRail Size & CapacityEvolution Of RailsEvolution Of RailsJointsJointsTrack GaugeTrack Gauge

Wooden TracksWooden TracksAlso CalledAlso Called

WagonwaysWagonwaysTramroads - Tram Was Originally A Coal WagonTramroads - Tram Was Originally A Coal Wagon

Built In England As Early As 16th CenturyBuilt In England As Early As 16th CenturyCoal, Ore, & Stone From Mines Or QuarriesCoal, Ore, & Stone From Mines Or Quarries

First WagonwaysFirst WagonwaysParallel Lines Of PlanksParallel Lines Of PlanksGreater Speeds, Rough SurfaceGreater Speeds, Rough Surface

Crossties IntroducedCrossties IntroducedWooden Tracks Faced With Iron StripsWooden Tracks Faced With Iron Strips

Modern RailsModern RailsFirst Cast-Iron RailsFirst Cast-Iron Rails

British Foundry (1767)British Foundry (1767)Toothed RailToothed Rail

Patent - British Coal Miner (1811)Patent - British Coal Miner (1811)Rack & Pinion On Third RailRack & Pinion On Third RailStill Used - Pikes Peak & Swiss MountainsStill Used - Pikes Peak & Swiss Mountains

Modern RailsModern RailsEvolved From Edge Rails in Northern EnglandEvolved From Edge Rails in Northern England

Early 19th CenturyFlange On Inside Of Wheel

Modern Rails (Continued)Modern Rails (Continued)PrototypePrototype

Flat-Footed “T” RailFlat-Footed “T” RailRobert Livingston Stevens (1830)President Of Camden & Amboy Railroad

Stands On Base Wider Than Head Of “T”Stands On Base Wider Than Head Of “T”Could Be InvertedTie Plates - Prevents Cutting Into Tie

Bridge RailBridge RailInverted “U” ShapeInverted “U” ShapeLongitudinal TimbersLongitudinal TimbersGreat Western Railway - England Till 1892Great Western Railway - England Till 1892

Modern Rails (Continued)Modern Rails (Continued)

Bullhead Rail - Also Called Double-HeadedBullhead Rail - Also Called Double-HeadedEvolved From “I” Shaped Rail From 1835Evolved From “I” Shaped Rail From 1835Thicker, Wider Head Than “I” RailThicker, Wider Head Than “I” RailAlso Called Double-Headed RailAlso Called Double-Headed Rail

Could Be Inverted In Theory

Wrought-Iron & Steel RailsWrought-Iron & Steel Rails

Wrought-Iron RailsWrought-Iron RailsIntroduced In England In 1820sIntroduced In England In 1820s

Steel RailsSteel RailsManufactured In US in 1865Manufactured In US in 1865

Transverse Fissures InsideTransverse Fissures InsideControlled Cooling & InspectionControlled Cooling & InspectionHardened EndsHardened Ends

Rail Size & CapacityRail Size & Capacity

Early RailroadsEarly Railroads40 lb/yd, 3 ft40 lb/yd, 3 ft

Early 20th CenturyEarly 20th Century60 lb/yd, 30 ft60 lb/yd, 30 ft

1930s1930s100 to 130 lb/yd, 40 ft100 to 130 lb/yd, 40 ft

TodayToday152 to 155 lb/yd, 45 to 60 ft152 to 155 lb/yd, 45 to 60 ft

Evolution Of Rail ShapesEvolution Of Rail Shapes

Around 1800Around 1800

Cast-Iron Rail (1820-1830)Cast-Iron Rail (1820-1830)

Evolution Of Rail ShapesEvolution Of Rail Shapes

Bridge Rail - Inverted UBridge Rail - Inverted UBordeaux-Sete LineBordeaux-Sete Line

Double-Headed RailDouble-Headed Rail

Bridge Rail - BrunelBridge Rail - BrunelContinuous timberContinuous timber

JointsJoints

ProblemsProblemsJoint Is Weak Spot - Lengthen RailJoint Is Weak Spot - Lengthen RailExpansion & Contraction - BucklingExpansion & Contraction - Buckling

Butt Welded Joints - Up To 0.25 milesButt Welded Joints - Up To 0.25 milesBars Bolted To Sides - StevensBars Bolted To Sides - StevensWider Tie PlatesWider Tie PlatesAnticreepersAnticreepers

GaugeGaugeDistance Between Inner EdgesDistance Between Inner Edges

Measured 0.626” Below HeadMeasured 0.626” Below HeadStandard - 56.5”Standard - 56.5”

US, Canada, GB, Mexico, Sweden, EuropeUS, Canada, GB, Mexico, Sweden, EuropeStandard - SpeculationStandard - Speculation

From Early TramroadsFrom Early TramroadsAccommodate Wagons With Axle Length = 60”Accommodate Wagons With Axle Length = 60”Head Width - 1.75” On Early RailsHead Width - 1.75” On Early Rails

Narrow Gauge In US - 3 ftNarrow Gauge In US - 3 ftFills & Clearances, Lighter Rails, Tighter TurnsFills & Clearances, Lighter Rails, Tighter Turns917 miles In US (1871)917 miles In US (1871)

Gauge (continued)Gauge (continued)

Third Rail ?Third Rail ? Central & South America - 66 inchesCentral & South America - 66 inches Spain & Portugal - 66 inchesSpain & Portugal - 66 inches Former Soviet Union - 60 inchesFormer Soviet Union - 60 inches Ireland - 64 inchesIreland - 64 inches South Africa & Japan - 42 inchesSouth Africa & Japan - 42 inches India - 66 inchesIndia - 66 inches Australia - Various GaugesAustralia - Various Gauges

Steam TractionSteam TractionEarly DevelopmentsEarly Developments

Trevithick, Rack Locomotive, Puffing Billy, Walking Trevithick, Rack Locomotive, Puffing Billy, Walking Locomotive, StephensonLocomotive, Stephenson

Early Railroad Lines & CompaniesEarly Railroad Lines & CompaniesRainhill CompetitionRainhill CompetitionRailroads In FranceRailroads In FranceRailroads In United States Railroads In United States Evolution of LocomotiveEvolution of Locomotive Increased SpeedIncreased SpeedAdvancementsAdvancements

Trevithick’s AttemptsTrevithick’s Attempts Richard TrevithickRichard Trevithick Pioneer Of All Locomotive Pioneer Of All Locomotive

BuildersBuilders 5 Ton Locomotive (1804)5 Ton Locomotive (1804)

Pulled 20 Tons @ 5 mphPulled 20 Tons @ 5 mphCylinderCylinder

8.25” Diameter 54” Stroke

Fractured Cast-Iron RailsFractured Cast-Iron Rails 8 Ton Locomotive (1808)8 Ton Locomotive (1808)

12 mph12 mph

Rack LocomotivesRack Locomotives

John Blenkinsop (1811)John Blenkinsop (1811) Cogwheel & RackCogwheel & Rack AdvantagesAdvantages

Heavier LoadHeavier LoadSteeper GradeSteeper Grade

Colliery RailwaysColliery RailwaysMiddleton - Leads (1812)Middleton - Leads (1812)Coxloge - Tyne (1813)Coxloge - Tyne (1813)

Double-Acting CylindersDouble-Acting Cylinders

Puffing BillyPuffing Billy

William Hedley (1813)William Hedley (1813)Concerned With Concerned With

Weight/Pull RatioWeight/Pull Ratio

Too Heavy For RailsToo Heavy For Rails Converted to 8 WheelsConverted to 8 Wheels

18151815

Converted Back to 4 Converted Back to 4 WheelsWheels18301830

Walking LocomotiveWalking Locomotive

Brunton Of ButterlyBrunton Of Butterly Built In 1812Built In 1812 Tried to Solve Weight/Pull Tried to Solve Weight/Pull

ProblemProblem

Stephenson’s Blucher (1814,1815)Stephenson’s Blucher (1814,1815) George StephensonGeorge Stephenson

Worked In CollieryWorked In Colliery

Two Vertical CylindersTwo Vertical Cylinders8” diameter, 24” Stroke8” diameter, 24” Stroke

Pulled 30 tons @ 4 mphPulled 30 tons @ 4 mph8 Times Weight, 2/900 Grade8 Times Weight, 2/900 Grade

InnovationsInnovationsFlanged WheelsFlanged WheelsConnecting RodConnecting Rod

Patent (1815)Patent (1815)Suspension Using Pistons & Suspension Using Pistons &

Steam Pres. On Pillow BlocksSteam Pres. On Pillow Blocks

Early Railroad Lines & CompaniesEarly Railroad Lines & Companies Stockton - DarlingtonStockton - Darlington

Opened 1821Opened 182112 miles Long12 miles LongChief EngineerChief Engineer

George Stephenson

Leader In ProductionLeader In Production Locomotion (1825)

8 tons, 50 tons, 5 mph

Lancashire Winch (1828) 7 tons, 50 tons, 8 mph

PassengersPassengers Carry (1823) Car - 21 People (1825)

Manchester - LiverpoolManchester - LiverpoolMajor TrafficMajor Traffic

Loverpool - Port (Cotton) Manchester - Textiles

RailwayRailway Began 1824 Finished 1830

Reduced TimeReduced Time 36 Hours By Canal 5 Hours By Rail

First Railroad BridgeFirst Railroad Bridge21 Stationary Engines21 Stationary Engines

Pulled Cable

Rainhill Competition (1829)Rainhill Competition (1829)500 Pounds Plus Cost Of Engine500 Pounds Plus Cost Of EngineConditionsConditions

Pull 3 Times Weight, 10 mph, 15 milesPull 3 Times Weight, 10 mph, 15 milesStephenson’s RocketStephenson’s Rocket

4.25 tons, Pulled 12.75 tons, Averaged 13.8 mph, 4.25 tons, Pulled 12.75 tons, Averaged 13.8 mph, Maximum 24.1 mph, Light Load 31 mphMaximum 24.1 mph, Light Load 31 mph

John Braithwaite’s NoveltyJohn Braithwaite’s Novelty7.7 tons, 13.8 mph, Broke Down7.7 tons, 13.8 mph, Broke Down

Timothy Hackworth’s Sans PareilTimothy Hackworth’s Sans Pareil4.77 tons, 16 mph, Broke Down4.77 tons, 16 mph, Broke Down

Two Other EntriesTwo Other Entries

Stephenson’s RocketStephenson’s Rocket

George & RobertGeorge & Robert Two Inclined CylindersTwo Inclined Cylinders

6” Bore, 12” Stroke6” Bore, 12” Stroke

50” Diameter Front Wheel50” Diameter Front Wheel Fire Tube BoilerFire Tube Boiler

25 Copper Tubes25 Copper Tubes3” Diameter3” Diameter

Exhaust Steam Injected At Exhaust Steam Injected At Base Of SmokestackBase Of SmokestackAdvantage ?Advantage ?

Science MuseumScience MuseumLondonLondon

Railways In FranceRailways In FranceLagged Considerably Behind Great BritainLagged Considerably Behind Great BritainMine Owners In France Pushed DevelopmentMine Owners In France Pushed DevelopmentSaint-Etienne to Andrezieux (1828)Saint-Etienne to Andrezieux (1828)

9.5 miles9.5 milesHorses, Carriages, & CablesHorses, Carriages, & Cables

Saint-Etienne to Lyon (1832)Saint-Etienne to Lyon (1832)United Loire & RhoneUnited Loire & RhoneSteam, Horses, & CablesSteam, Horses, & CablesIncluded Tunnel (1st) & Two BridgesIncluded Tunnel (1st) & Two Bridges2 hours, 35 minutes (40 miles)2 hours, 35 minutes (40 miles)

Marc SeguinMarc Seguin

First Builder Of First Builder Of Suspension BridgesSuspension Bridges

Built Fire-Tube Boiler For Built Fire-Tube Boiler For Steam BoatSteam BoatHot Gases From FireboxHot Gases From Firebox

Patent - 1828Patent - 1828 Copy Of Stephenson’s ?Copy Of Stephenson’s ?

Marc SeguinMarc Seguin

Bought Engines From Bought Engines From Stephenson & Copied Stephenson & Copied DesignDesign

Added Fan & BellowsAdded Fan & BellowsIncreased DraftIncreased DraftShorter SmokestackShorter Smokestack36 minutes To Build Up 36 minutes To Build Up

PressurePressure

4.5 tons4.5 tons Pulled 15 tonsPulled 15 tons

Evolution Of LocomotiveEvolution Of Locomotive

RocketRocketTubular Boiler, Separate Firebox, Direct Drive Tubular Boiler, Separate Firebox, Direct Drive

Without Gears, Better Steam DistributionWithout Gears, Better Steam DistributionVertical Cylinders Unstable At High SpeedsVertical Cylinders Unstable At High SpeedsHorizontal cylinder Inside BoilerHorizontal cylinder Inside Boiler Increased Number Of TubesIncreased Number Of Tubes

Planet LocomotivePlanet Locomotive

Stephensons (1832)Stephensons (1832) Built For Liverpool-Built For Liverpool-

Manchester RailroadManchester Railroad 8 tons8 tons

LancasterLancaster

Matthias Baldwin (1834)Matthias Baldwin (1834) Built For Charleston-Built For Charleston-

Hamburg RailroadHamburg Railroad Front Swiveling TruckFront Swiveling Truck

Railroads In United StatesRailroads In United States Started Same Time As In England & FranceStarted Same Time As In England & France United States Was Industrially UnderdevelopedUnited States Was Industrially Underdeveloped

13,000,000 People, 5 Cities Greater Than 25,00013,000,000 People, 5 Cities Greater Than 25,000 Cost Per MileCost Per Mile

1/4 Of European1/4 Of European1/7 Of British1/7 Of British

MilesMiles23 miles By 183023 miles By 18302818 miles By 18402818 miles By 1840Erie Canal Opened In 1825Erie Canal Opened In 1825

First Locomotive Built In USFirst Locomotive Built In US

Peter Cooper (1830)Peter Cooper (1830) Built For Baltimore & Built For Baltimore &

Ohio RailroadOhio Railroad

Best FriendBest Friend

18301830 Built By Westpoint Foundry Built By Westpoint Foundry

AssociationAssociation Built For South Carolina Built For South Carolina

RailroadRailroad

GrasshopperGrasshopper

18341834 Built By Cullingham & Built By Cullingham &

WinansWinans Built For Baltimore & Built For Baltimore &

Ohio RailroadOhio Railroad