recent advences in production and processing of arecanut
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RECENT ADVENCES IN PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING
OF ARECANUT
COURSE TITLE:-PLANTATIONCROP
COURSE CODE:-FSC-503
CREDIT HOURS:-3(2+1)
-:SUBMITTED TO:-
DR K.C MOHAPATRA
(DEPT. OF PLANTATION CROP)
-:submitted by:-Mr Manas Kumar Patel
Admn. No:-01Fsc/2014Dept. of fruit science and horticultural technology
INTRODUCTION
ARECA NUT CULTIVATED PRIMARILY FOR ITS KERNEL OBTAINED FROM THE FRUIT,
WHICH IS CHEWED FOR ITS TENDER, RIPE, AND PROCESSED FORM AND IT IS
CALLED AS SUPARI OR BEETLE NUT.
ARECA NUT STAND AS A BACKYARD CROP
ARECOTINE (0.1%) FOUND IN ARECA NUT AS
STIMULATING AGENT.
B.N.:-ARECA CATECHU
FAMILY:-ARECACEAE
2N:-32
O.P:-INDONESIA
Areca nut plant
Bunch ready for harvest
Harvested bunch
Single fruit of arecanut
Areca nut
Beetle leaves and arecanut
Disposal areca leaf plates
BOTANY• MONOECIOUS PALM (MALE AND FEMALE FLOWER IN SAME PLANT)
• INFLORESCENCE:- SPADIX (IT PRODUCE FROM LEAF AXIL AND COMPLETELY
ENCLOSED IN A SEALED BOAT SHAPED SPATHE)
• MALE AND FEMALE FLOWERS ARE SESSILE WITH 2 WHORL OF PERIANTH.
• FRUIT:-MONOLOCULAR, BERRY WITH SINGLE SEEDED WHICH IS COVERED BY
FIBROUS OUTER HUSK
• CROSS POLLINATED PLANT.
• POLLINATOR:-HONEY BEES
AND AIR.
STATITISTIC OF ARECANUT INDIA IS LARGEST PRODUCER AND CONSUMER OF ARECANUT.
AREA:-57% AND WORLD PRODUCTION OF 53%.
NEARLY 90% OF ARECANUT PRODUCTION COME FROM KARNATAKA(38%),
ASSAM AND KERALA.
SMALL EXTENT:-T.N, MEGHALAYA,W.B, M.H.
MAXIMUM PRODUCTIVITY STATE:-MAHARASTRA(3,947KG/HA).
EXPORT COUNTRY:-NEPAL, U.K, SINGAPORE,MALDIVES, AND SOUDIARAB.
CLIMATE AND SOIL• ARECA NUT IS A TROPICAL CROP.
• MOSTLY CONFINED TO 28º NORTH AND SOUTH .
• ALTITUDE:-1000M MSL
• RF:-RANGE OF 1000MM-5000MM
• TEMP:-14ºC AND 36ºC AND IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURES
BELOW 10ºC AND ABOVE 40ºC.
• SOIL:-LATERITIC,RED LOAM,ALLUVIAL SOIL IS GOOD
• SOIL SHOULD BE DEEP AND WELL DRAINED(SOIL DEPTH SHOULD FALL BELOW
1M.)
• SLIGHTLY ACIDIC SOIL TO NUTRAL SOIL.
VARIETY OF ARECANUTs.r.no
cultivor EVOLVED FROM YIELD OF NUT(RIPE NUTS/PALM/YEAR)
1 Mangla(VTL-3)
CHINA 10 KG
2 Sumangla(VTL-11)
INDONESIA 17.25KG
3 Sreemangla
(VTL-17)
SINGAPORE 15.63KG
4 Mahitnagar INDEGENOUS 3.7KG
5 Calicut 17 RECOMMEND FOR ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR
4.34KG
6 SAS 17 SIRSI,KERNATAKARECOMMENDED FOR KARNATAKA
4.60KG
NURSERY COMMERCIAL PROPAGATION BY SEED-NUT(35G).
PROCEDURE OF PROPAGATION
SELECTION OF MOTHER PALMS
(PLANT SHOULD BE HIGH YEILDING, EARLY, MORE FRUIT SET, SHORTER
INTERNODE, MORE LEAF PRODUCING AND 4 BUNCH PER YEAR)
COLLECTED FULLY RIPE NUTS
(MALFORMED NUTS ARE REJECTED, FULLY RIPE, HEAVIER NUTS, HIGHER
GERMINATION %, VIGOROUS SEEDLINGS)
NOTE:-NUTS FLOAT VERTICALLY WITH CALYX END POINT UP WORDS WHEN
ALLOWED TO FLOAT ON WATER IS SELECT.
SEED SOWN IN VERTICAL POSITION
GERMINATE OF SEED WITHIN 45 DAYS TO 3 MONTHS
(SEED PLANT WITH STALK END UP BY SPACING OF 5X5CM )
SEEDLING OF 2-3 LEAF STAGE TRNSFER TO SECONDARY NURSERY FOR 6 MONTH
(TRANSPLANT 90 DAYS SEEDLINGS HAVING 2-3 LEAVES IN TO SECONDARY NURSERY WITH
SPACING OF 30X30 CM.)
12-18 MONTHS SEEDLING OF >5 LEAF ARE TRANSFER TO MAIN FIELD
(SEEDLINGS WITH MINIMUM HEIGHT AND MAXIMUM GIRTH ARE TO BE SELECTED FOR
PLANTING.)
PLANT ARE PLANTED AT SPACING OF 2.7X2.7 M WITH NORTH TO SOUTH DIRECTION.
(FIG OF NURSERY TECHNIQUE OF ARECA NUT)
PLANTING
• PIT SIZE:-(90CM)3
• SPACING:-1.25X1.25M OR 3.6X3.6M
• PLANTING SYSTEM:-SQUARE SYSTEM OF PLANTING.
• MULTI-TIER CROPPING SYSTEM.
• PLANTING TIME:-MAY-JUN
NOTE:-WELL-DRAINED SOILS, PLANTING AT A DEPTH OF 90 CM IS RECOMMENDED
AND IN HEAVY SOILS PLANTING AT A DEPTH OF 60 CM IS RECOMMENDED.
Planting of areca nut
Multi tier cropping
Square system planting
INTERCULTURAL OPERATION DRAINAGE:-HEAVY SOILS-CHANNELS SHOULD BE AT LEAST 15 – 30 CM
DEEPER THAN THE DEPTH AT WHICH THE SEEDLINGS ARE PLANTED.
SHADING:-THE PALMS ARE HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE FOR SUN SCORCHING SO
RAISING CROPS LIKE BANANA IN BETWEEN TWO ROWS OF ARECANUT.
MANURING:-100:40:140(N:P:K) AND GREEN LEAF MANURE AND COMPOST:-
12 KG/PLANT
IRRIGATION:-4-7 DAYS INTERVAL@175 LTRS/PALM IN HOT AND DRY
WEATHER. SPRINKLER AND DRIP IRRIGATIONS CAN SAVE 20 AND 44 PER CENT
RESPECTIVELY OF WATER
FERTIGATION:-STUDIES AT CPCRI HAVE SHOWN-
a) INITIAL STAGES OF ARECA GARDEN ONLY 75% OF THE RECOMMENDED DOSE
OF FERTILIZER IS SUFFICIENT
b) FERTILIZER SHOULD BE SPLIT INTO TEN PARTS AND SHOULD BE APPLIED
ONCE IN 20 DAYS FROM NOVEMBER TO MAY.
COVER CROP:-MIMOSA INVISA.STYLOSANTHUS GRACILIS IN APRIL- MAY.
MIXED CROP:-ARECA NUT WITH COCOA(1:1 RATIO WITH 2.7M X2.7M
SPACING) MIXED CROP VIZ., PEPPER, COCOA, BANANA, LIME AND BETELVINE.
HARVESTING AND YIELD• ACCORDING TO TYPE OF PRODUCT AS CONSUMER REQUIREMENT IN
MARKET NUT IS HARVESTED.
• HARVESTING PERIOD:-JUNE – JULY (TENDER NUT) AND NOV – MARCH (RIPE
NUT).
• 45-50 DAYS INTERVAL PICKING OF NUT FOR 3 PICKING
• HARVESTING BY:-CLIMBING, LONG BAMBOO POLE, SHARP SICKLE OR
HOOK.
climbing Mechanical harvesting
Bamboo pole
YIELD• 10TH YEAR PLANT:->10 KG RIPE NUT/TREE.
FIRST
SECONDTHIRD
FOURTH
SIXTHSEVENTH
EIGHTH
PRESERVATION OF ARECA NUT
FULLY RIPE NUT CAN STORE-1 YEAR (KERLA AND ASSAM)
BURA TAMUL (IN ASSAM FOLLOWED)
FRESH FRUIT WILL LACED IN THICK LAYER OF MUD.
NEETTADAKKA (IN KERLA FOLLOWED)
FRESH FRUIT KEPT IN WATER BACTERIA ATTACK TO INNER CORE
DISCOLOURATION OF HUSK AND FOUL SMELL OCCUR.
(NOTE:-REMOVING OF FOUL SMELL—0.1% SOD. BENZOATE+0.2%
KMNO4+SULPHURIC ACID UP TO PH 3.5-4,STEEING OF RIPE NUT AFTER HEAT
BLANCH WILL HELP FOR REMOVING FOUL SMELL.)
PROCESSING OF ARECA
NUT(DRY NUT)
• KOTTAPAK/CHALI:-
RIPE FRUITS DRY FOR 35-40 DAYS
MARKETED WHEN 12% MOISTURE OBTAINED
FOUND IN:-KERLA,KN,ASSAM,MAHARASTRA.
PAREHA:-
FRUIT CUT LONGITUDINALLY 2 EQUAL HALVES
SUN DRY FOR 10 DAYS SCOOP OUT
KERNEL
DRYING OF NUT
FOUND IN:-KERLA AND KERNATAKA.
MECHANICALLY:-7-8 DAYS AT TEMP OF 45-
75DEGREE.
Kottapak/chali
KALIPAK(TENDER
NUT)
• KALIPAK:-
TENDER NUT
DEHUSKED
CUT IN TO PIECES
BOILED WITH WATER
COATED WITH KALI 3-4 TIMES FOR GLOSSY
APPEARANCE
DRIED IT
SCENTED SUPARI
(MADE FROM BOTH CHALI
AND KALIPAK)
SCENTED SUPARI:-
DRY NUT
BROKE IN TO BIT
BLEND WITH SPICE, ESSENTIAL OIL AND
FLAVOURING AGENT
PACKED IN BUTTER PAPER
SWEETENING AGENT:-SACCHARINE
FLAVOURING AGENT:-ROSE ESSENCE AND
METHANOL
s.Rno
constituent Uses of by product
1 Tanin(30-37% in tender,16-22% in ripe)
Adhesive in plywood. food colour, dying purposein cloth and leather, ink preparation.
2 Fat (8-12%) Confectionary product with cocoa.substitute for vanaspati.
3 Alkaloid(1.5%)
Anti-bacterial, aricotene reduces blood cholesterol
4 Areca husk Hard board, brown wrapping paper etc
5 Stem and leaf sheath
Basket, ruler, tray, cups, different plates etc
Uses of arecanutbyproduct
INSECT,PEST AND DISEASES.RNo
Name of pest
Causal pest symptom managemnet
1 mites Oligonychus indicus Dicofol @ 0.05%
2 Spindle bug
Calvalhoia arecae Phorate @ 2gm
DISEASE
S.R Disease name
Causal organism symptom control
1 Mahali/koleroga
Phytophthora arecae 1% B.M 45 days interval
2 Bud rot Phythopthorapalmivora
1% B.M drainch in soil
3 ganoderma Ganoderma luciderm Captan 0.3% drainch in soil
4 Yellow leaf mycoplasma Remove the affected plant and burn it
FUTURE THRUST• RESISTANT GERMPLASM AGAINST YELLOW LEAF DISEASE
• URGENT NEED FOR ENRICHMENT GERMPLASM REGENERATION THROUGH TISSUE
CULTURE FOR MULTIPLICATION OF ELITE TYPES.
• CLIMBING TREE IS A PROBLEM SO THINK ABOUT DWARF PLANT.
• DECLINATION OF MASTICATORY HABIT OF PEOPLE SO FINDING SHOULD
REQUIRE FOR ITS ALTERNATE USE LIKE
1) COLOURING AGENT,
2) INGREDIENT OF TOOTHPASTE,
3) CHEWING GUM ETC.
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