reef fish spawning aggregations in komodo national park - status report 2009
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8/9/2019 Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations In Komodo National Park - Status Report 2009
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R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010
Reef Fish SpawningAggregations in
Komodo National Park:
Status Report 2010.
PT. PUTRI NAGA KOM DO
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Kooo National Park
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Kooo National Park
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Th Nt Cnsnc
The mission o The Nature Conservancy is to preserve the plants, animals and natural communities thatrepresent the diversity o lie on Earth by protecting the lands and waters they need to survive. The Conservancy
launched the Global Marine Initiative in 2002 to protect and restore the most resilient examples o oceanand coastal ecosystems in ways that beneft marine lie, local communities and economies. The Conservancyoperates over 100 marine conservation projects in more than 21 countries and 22 US states; they work withpartners across seascapes and landscapes through transormative strategies and integrated planning andaction. The ocus is on: (1) Setting priorities or marine conservation using ecoregional assessments andtools or ecosystem based management; (2) Ensuring coral ree survival by creating resilient networks o
marine protected areas; (3) Restoring and conserving coastal habitats by utilizing innovative new methods;(4) Building support or marine conservation through strategic partnerships and working to shape global and national policies. Marine conservation in The Nature Conservancy builds upon the organization’s corestrengths: achieving demonstrable results; working with a wide range o partners, including non-traditional
partners; science-based, robust conservation planning methodologies; our experience with transactions; and,perhaps most importantly, our ability and commitment to back up our strategies with human, fnancial andpolitical capital. For more inormation e-mail marine@tnc.org or go to www.nature.org/marine.
PT Pt N Kd
PT Putri Naga Komodo is a non-or-proft tourism destination management company and holds the sole
tourism concession license to operate within Komodo National Park. Putri Naga Komodo’s mission is toachieve fnancial sustainability or park management through the development o tourism, and to supportbiodiversity conservation and compatible community development initiatives lead by the Komodo National
Park Authority. The company is a joint partnership majority owned by The Nature Conservancy, who providetechnical expertise and support to science-based management initiatives.
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R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010
Published by: The Nature Conservancy and PT Putri Naga Komodo
Copyright: © 2010 The Nature Conservancy/ PT Putri Naga Komodo
Reproduction o this publication or educational or other non-commercial purposes isauthorized without prior written permission rom the copyright holders provided the sourceis ully acknowledged.
Reproduction o this publication or resale or other commercial purposes is prohibitedwithout prior written permission o the copyright holders.
Citation: Harvey A & Yusamandra H (2010), Ree Fish Spawning Aggregations in Komodo National Park: Status 2009. The Nature Conservancy & PT Putri Naga Komodo, Bali, Indonesia.
Illustrations: Donald Bason
Available rom:
The Nature Conservancy, Jl. Pengembak No. 2, Sanur, Bali 80228, Indonesia.
PT Putri Naga Komodo, Gang Mesjid, Labuan Bajo, Manggarai Barat, NTT, Indonesia. www.gokomodo.org
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Kooo National Park
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R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010
Sumary or DeCiSioN maKerS
crtain r sh or prioi spawning aggrgations
(SPAGs), ongrgating at spi tis an plas in
orr to rpro. SPAGs ar highl lnrabl to
shing prssr, an an la to orall stok lin. In
KNP, th onoi al o SPAGs is qal to th ntir
toris al o th Park, an is opris o both spill-
or shr al an rrational al.(a)
0 1 - A u g - 0 9
0 1 - S e p - 0 9
0 1 - O c t - 0 9
0 1 - N o v - 0 9
0 1 - D e c - 0 9
0 1 - J a n - 1 0
N o .
i n d i v i d u a l s
0
10
20
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Onl on ntional spawning aggrgation was ror
in 2009. At Sit 7 aggrgations o p to 40 iniials o
epinphls sogttats orr ring ll oon
prios ro Agst to Sptbr.
(a)
0 1 - A u g - 0 9
0 1 - S e p - 0 9
0 1 - O c t - 0 9
0 1 - N o v - 0 9
0 1 - D e c - 0 9
0 1 - J a n - 1 0
N o .
i n d i v i d u a l s
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
-
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In aition, so targt spis show prioi
poplation inrass, inling:
E. fuscoguttatus• at Sit 8;
P. leopardus• at Sit 8;
E. fuscoguttatus• at Sit 6; an
P. leopardus• at Sit 9.
Inrass wr too sall to n a spawning
aggrgation, an rthr bhaioral assssnts ar
rqir.
1 1 1
M a x .
i n d i v i d u a l s r e c o r d e d
0
20
40
60
80
100
E. fuscoguttatusE. polyphekadion
P. areolatus
P. leopardus
P. oligocanthus
Th siz an nbr o spawning aggrgations
raatiall ras in KNP btwn 1996 an 2009,spiall atr 2003. A on signiant aggrgation o
Pltropos arolats at Sit 8 was absnt in 2009.
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Kooo National Park
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diinish spawning aggrgations oini with aras
o high rsor s atiit in KNP, an ar likl to b
a rslt o or shing. All SPAGs ar within signat
no-tak aras, an ipro iplntation o zoning
ssts an rsor s rglations wol signiantlipro onsration o ths rsors.
R sh spawning aggrgations ha high ologial
an onoi al. Ths als ar rrntl bing lost
ro KNP. urgnt aaption o anagnt stratgis is
rqir to nsr onsration an ror o SPAGsin KNP.
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R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010
abbreviaTioNS
BTNK Balai Taman Nasional Komodo (Komodo National Park Authority)
FRS Floating Ranger Station
GEF Global Environment Facility
GIS Geographic Inormation System
IFC International Finance Corporation
KNP Komodo National Park
PHKA Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam (Forest Protection and Nature Conservation)
PNK PT Putri Naga Komodo
SPAG Ree Fish Spawning Aggregation
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aCKNowleDgemeNTS
This annal stats rport on r sh spawning aggrgations in Kooo National Park is bas on ata
ollt b BTNK, PNK an TNc btwn 1996 an 2009.
Btwn 2005 an 2009 lwork was spport b grants ro th IFc an TNc. Bor 2005, TNc an
thir onors nan lwork.
Th athors ar gratl or th orts o all BTNK, PNK an TNc sta that ha ontribt to ollting
th inoration prsnt in this rport.
W aknowlg th ritial rol o rrnt an prios irtors o Kooo National Park or rognising
th iportan o r sh spawning aggrgations, spporting onitoring, an thir oitnt to
strngthning KNP’s sss as a bioirsit rg, traitional s ara an toris stination.
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R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010
exeCuTive Summary
monitoring o r sh spawning aggrgations was arri ot btwn Agst an dbr 2009,
ollowing stanar oprating prors or Kooo National Park. Onl on spawning aggrgation wasinti, at sit 7 an onsisting o Epinephelus fuscoguttatus. Th siz o th aggrgation was gratst
ring ll oon prios, an prsist ro Agst to dbr. Th ollowing prioi inrass in
poplation nsit wr also ror, bt in th absn o bhaioral ata ar insint to iniat
a spawning aggrgation:
At Site 8 increased abundance o • E. fuscoguttatus was recorded in September and subsequently declined;
At Site 8 abundance o • P. leopardus increased in December;
At Site 6 abundance o •
E. fuscoguttatus was higher during October.
At Site 9 abundance o • P. leopardus was relatively high.
Th nbr an siz o r sh spawning aggrgations lin throghot KNP btwn 1996 an
2009. Aggrgations o E. fuscoguttatus at Sit 7 ar r b 50%, whil a on signiant aggrgation
o P. areolatus at Sit 8 was absnt ring 2009.
diinish spawning aggrgations oini with aras o high rsor s in KNP, an ar likl to b
a rslt o orshing. Thir trioration rprsnts a loss o bioirsit al an onoi al;
th bnt al o SPAGs has bn allat to qal th toris al o th ntir ara o KNP, an
opriss both spill-or shing al an rrational als.
SPAG sits ar within signat no-tak aras. Ipro iplntation o zoning ssts an rsor
rglations is ssntial to aintain th ologial an onoi als o r sh spawning aggrgations,
an th assoiat bnts to Wst manggarai.
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R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010
CoNTeNTS
1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 15
1.1 Komodo National Park..........................................................................................161.1.1 Physical Features and Biodiversity..............................................................16
1.1.2EcosystemServicesandBenefts ................................................................17
1.1.3 Governance ..................................................................................................18
1.1.4 Marine Threats and Impacts ........................................................................18
1.2 Reef Fish Spawning Aggregations ........................................................................20
2 Methododology .................................................................................................. 212.1 Sites .......................................................................................................................22
2.2 Target species ........................................................................................................22
2.3 Monitoring methods ..............................................................................................22
2.4 Data Management .................................................................................................222.5 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................22
3 Results ............................................................................................................. 233.1 Site 7 .....................................................................................................................24
3.2 Site 8 .....................................................................................................................25
3.3 Sites 5, 6 and 9 ......................................................................................................26
3.4 Long term trends ...................................................................................................26
4 Dicussion .......................................................................................................... 275 Management Recommendations ............................................................................ 317 Literature Cited ................................................................................................. 33Appendix A: SPAG Monitoring Proorma ..................................................................... 37Appendix B: Fish Stocks at Sites 5, 6 and 9 ............................................................... 39Appendix C: Management Eectiveness Summary ........................................................ 43Appendix D: Raw Data ............................................................................................ 45
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Kooo National Park
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R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010
Introduction 1
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Kooo National Park
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Groprs an Napolon wrass ha high ologial
as wll as high onoi al. Th ar highl
lnrabl to shing prssr bas th ar long-
li an slow-growing. Prioiall iniials will
aggrgat in th sa loation an at th sa tito rpro (Pt t al 2005a; Sao & doir
2005).
Kooo National Park’s 25-ar mastr Plan or
managnt (PHKA & TNc 2000) ns th
ollowing goals rlat to r sh spawning
aggrgations (SPAGs):
Protect the stocks o exploited ree fsh and•
invertebrates in the reserve, thereby creating a
source o recruits to enhance fsheries on fshing
grounds in and around KNP;
Protect fsh stocks by closing all known spawning•
aggregations to fsheries; and
Coral rees and spawning aggregations are preserved•
both inside and outside KNP.
Th stablishnt o th Kooo collaboratimanagnt Initiati projt in 2005 (IFc 2004)
a th aitional targt o:
Recovery o grouper, wrasse, squid, anchovies and•
clupeids populations.
This rport prsnts th rslts o SPAG onitoring
in 2009, xains long-tr trns in SPAG spis,
an asssss anagnt an onsration orts
within KNP.
K o m o d o N a t i o n a l P a r k1 . 1
P h y s i c a l F e a t u r e s a n d1 . 1 . 1
B i o d i v e r s i t y
Kooo National Park (119° 30’
e, 8°
35’
S) is loatin th Lssr Sna islans o Inonsia, east Nsa
Tnggara proin. Ling in th Sap straits btwn
Flors an Sbawa, it opriss th thr islans
o Kooo, Rina an Paar, sallr srroning
islans, th straits btwn th ain islans an all
watrs within 1000 o shor (Figr 1). Kooo
National Park (KNP) nopasss both arin an
trrstrial nironnts, inling habitats o th
lnrabl Kooo ragon (Varanus komodoensis)
an 132,000 ha o th worl’s rihst arin
nironnts, inling oral rs, angros,sagrass aows, saonts an bas.
KNP’s arin ossts spport high bioirsit,
inling or 1,000 spis o sh, 385 spis
o r biling orals (Bgr & Trak 2005), 70
spis o spong (PHKA & TNc 2000) an 9 spis
o sagrass (Pedju 2004). Larg harisati ana,
inling 10 spis o olphin, 7 spis o whal
(Kahn 2000) an two spis o sa trtl, ontribt
to KNP’s appal as a toris stination. Thratnor nangr spis (IucN 2009) ha bn
ror within KNP’s watrs, inling gongs
(Dugong dugon), anta ras (Manta birostris),
whittip r shark (Triaenodon obesus), blaktip r
shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus), Barani o
(Cromileptes altivelis), Napolon wrass (Cheilinusundulates), hawksbill trtl (Eretmochelys imbricata) ,grn trtl (Chelonia mydas), an giant la
(Tridacna gigas) (eran 2004).
1: lctn Kd Ntn Pk, indns thn th lss Snd nd C Tn n c-n.
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R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010coral Rs in an aron Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010
b 1 - mPa nfts
MPAs provide a range o global, national and local benefts (Kelle-her 1999), including:
Conservation o biodiversity, especially critical habitats o •
threatened species;
Protection o attractive habitats and species on which sustain-•
able tourism can be based;
Increased productivity o fsheries by:•
insurance against stock collapse;›
buer against recruitment ailure;›
increase in densities and average sizes o individuals;›
increase in reproductive output;›
provision o centres or dispersal o propagules and adults›
(spillover);containing more natural species composition, age struc-›ture, spawning potential and genetic variability;
Contribute to increased knowledge o marine science through:•
inormation on unctional linkages,›
implementation o the precautionary principle,›
provision o control sites or research and ecological ›benchmarks against which to measure human-inducedchange;
potential as nodes in monitoring networks;›
more “natural” systems where natural mortality can be›compared with fshing mortality;
A reuge or intensely exploited species;•
Protection o genetic diversity o heavily exploited popula-•
tions;
Protection o cultural diversity, e.g. sacred places, wrecks and•
lighthouses.
E c o s y s t e m S e r v i c e s a n d1 . 1 . 2
B e n e f i t s
KNP aintains osst goos an sris
(millnni eosst Assssnt 2005) that
proi bnts at th loal, national an global ll(Box 1). High onoi als ha bn attribt
to th tps o oastal ossts ontain within
KNP to th sris th proi: angro
ssts ar worth an stiat uS$ 4,290 annall
pr htar, sagrasss an lagoons proi
bnts o aron uS$ 73,900 pr ar pr htar,
whil oral rs ar aong th ost onoiall
alabl o all ossts at uS$ 129,000 pr ar
pr htar (TeeB 2009).
As a prott ara ontaining arin an oastalossts, KNP plas a k rol in:
Maintaining Indonesia’s healthy coasts and seas in•
order to sustain social and economic development;
and
Maintaining signifcant natural resources on behal •
o the global community (IUCN et al 2008).
At th loal ll, KNP’s arin ossts nrpin
onois, lilihoos an oo srit throgh,
or xapl:
Increased diving tourism and resulting revenues•
(Bonaire Marine Park, Netherlands Antilles);
Increased subsistence fsh catches, expanded•
tourist activity, and greater involvement o local
people in managing resorts and boats (Tai Island,Fiji);
Growth o tourism and resulting revenue through•
gate, guide, and camping ees, rental o boats and
equipment, and hotel expenses (Malindi/ Watamu,
Mobasa and Kisite/ Mpunguti National Parks and
Reserves, Kenya); and
Accrual o indirect benefts through the creation o •
jobs in hotels and or guides and boatmen (Salm
et al 2000).
Th onoi al o KNP, in trs o ino
ro shris an toris alon or th rsintso Kooo distrit is stiat at aron 60 billion
rpiah (approxiatl uSd 6 illion) pr ann
(Statistis Inonsia 2009). Th gr is possibl
n largr whn spporting instris sh as
transport ar onsir. With approxiatl 90%
o working popl in th park rling on shing as
thir priar ino (PHKA & TNc 2000), arin
osst goos an sris ar ritial to th
soial an onoi wlar o loal onitis
(mobrg & Folk 1999). Park anagnt an
gornan sks to sstain an nhan KNP’s
bioirsit, osst sris, an th bnts
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Kooo National Park
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b 2: intntn nd tts ppc t KNP
UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme 1986 – designates KNP asa UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve with three unctions: conser-vation; sustainable economic development; and provision o sitesand acilities to support research, education and training.
World Heritage Convention 1986 – designates KNP as a WorldHeritage Site under criteria:
(vii) contains superlative natural phenomena and areas o aes-thetic importance due to outstanding universal value;
(x) contains important habitats or conservation, includingthose o threatened species.
Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 – KNP contributes tocommitments made by Indonesia, as a Party to the Convention onBiological Diversity (CBD) to:
develop a national biodiversity strategy;•
to establish systems o protected areas to conserve biodiver-•
sity; and
to promote environmentally sound and sustainable develop-•
ment in areas adjacent to protected areas.
Jakarta Mandate on Marine and Coastal Diversity 1995 - em-phasised the importance o Marine and Coastal Protected Areas innational biodiversity strategies.
b 4: ecsst Scs
Coral rees and associated habitats provide a suite o ecosystemservices alling within our broad categories:
Provisioning services – e.g. fsheries, mariculture;•
Regulating services – e.g. protection o beaches and coastlines•
rom erosion or damage by storm surges, waves and tsuna-mis;
Cultural services – e.g. tourism, recreation and traditional •
practices;
Supporting services – e.g. nursery habitats, nutrient and car-•
bon cycling.(UNEP-WCMC 2006) (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005)
th proi
G o v e r n a n c e1 . 1 . 3
KNP lis within th 45 illion ha Lssr Sna
arin o-rgion o th coral Triangl, an is
part o an intronnt ntwork o thr marin
Prott Aras (mPA) oring a obin ara o
approxiatl 3.5 illion ha (Kooo National Park,
Nsa Pnia mPA, Sa Sa mPA). Ths arin aras
ak a signiant ontribtion to national targts,
oitt to nr th conntion on Biologial
dirsit (cBd), to prott 10% o Inonsia’s
arin an oastal nironnts b 2012, an 20%
b 2020.
KNP has bn stablish an is anag within a
rawork o intrnational law an lti-national
tratis (Box 2), national poli an lgislation
(uNeP-Wcmc 2005). dsignation as a national park
orr in 1984 nr PHKA dr 46/kpts/vI-Sk/
1984, with a zoning sst an assoiat rsor
s rglations athoris in 2001 nr PHKA
dr 65/kpts/dJ-v/ 2001. Spi anagntobjtis rslt ro signation as a man an
Biosphr Rsr an Worl Hritag Sit in 1986,
ontribting to oitnts nr th cBd an
llling ronations o th Jakarta manat
on marin an coastal dirsit.
M a r i n e T h r e a t s a n d1 . 1 . 4
I m p a c t s
KNP’s high bioirsit an assoiat osst
sris ar aintain b th high arit o
habitat tps an onitions in KNP (Bgr & Trak
2005), inling oral rs, angros, sagrass
aows, saonts an bas. eosst sris
otn rl on ologial pathwas onnting
irnt habitats (Box 3). Prosss an istrbans
pstra a at th qantit an qalit o
KNP’s osst sris proi ownstra(Box 4), with rslting ipat on loal onois,
lilihoos an oo srit.
KNP’s arin ossts ha alwas bn sbjt
to natral istrbans (Box 5) that a prioiall
at or astat habitats with rslting osst-
wi rprssions. Halth habitats ar rsilint to
ths ipats an will ror with ti (Hghs &
connll 1999).
KNP’s han poplations, whih pn prinipallon shing or thir lilihoos, ha inras b
1000% sin 1930, bringing a rslting inras in
anthropogni istrbans (PHKA & TNc 2000).
Global isss sh as liat hang an oan
aiiation a to ths thrats. Th ipat o
ltipl strssors, both natral an anthropogni,
ha a ltipliati t on ossts (Brant
t al 1998), with han-aag rs or
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R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010
b 3: Connectivity between coral ree, mangrove and sea grass habitats (CRMP 2004).
b 5: Dstnc t C rs
Natural disturbances to coral rees include:
disease,•
temperature extremes,•
pest outbreaks including Crown-o-Thorns Starfsh,•
cyclones,•
seismic events including earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanoes•
Anthropogenic disturbances to coral rees include:
Pollution• , including mine runo and sewage discharge, poi-sons ree communities, pollutes ree waters and promotes algal growth (Bjork et al 1994; Brown 1997; Richmond 1994);
Overfshing • results in shits in fsh size, abundance and speciescomposition o ree communities. The removal o key herbivore
and predator species may cause cascading eects in the trophicweb, bringing large scale changes to ecosystems and the servic-es they provide (Bohnsack 1993; Dulvy et al 2004; Jennings &
Polunin 1996; Pennisi; Pinnegar et al 2002; Roberts 1995).
Destructive fshing • practices, including bomb and cyanide fsh-ing, muroami and trawling, are non-selective, remove largenumbers o undersized target species and non-target species
and cause habitat damage. Cyanide fshing to support the liveood fsh trade has led to widespread reductions in groupers, Na-poleon wrasse and other species (Johannes & Riepen 1995).
Climate change• will increase background disturbances (throughe.g. elevated sea surace temperatures, ocean acidifcation andincreased storm requency and intensity) reducing resilience toother human disturbances (Bryant et al 1998).
Coastal development • , including reclamation and construction,alters coastal dynamics, removes important nursery grounds, andincreases terrestrial run-o and pollution (Wilkinson 2004).
Unregulated tourism• can impact on coral rees through tram-pling by swimmers and divers, anchor damage, and sewage dis-charge rom hotels (Global Environment Facility 1996).
lnrabl to natral istrbans an taking
longr to ror (Brown 1997).
Priar thrats to th osst goos an sris
ri ro KNP’s arin ossts inlstrti shing (spiall blast an ani
shing), orshing, crown-o-Thorns Starsh, ass
blahing nts an anhor aag (mos t al
2007; PHKA & TNc 2000).
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Kooo National Park
20
R e e f F i s h S p a w n i n g1 . 2
A g g r e g a t i o n s
Groprs an Napolon wrass ha high
ologial as wll as high onoi al to loalonitis. man r sh gathr to rpro
an or larg sh spawning aggrgations
(doir & colin 1997), whih aks th highl
lnrabl to or harsting partilarl aron
pak prios o rprotion. An aggrgation is
n as “an inras in sh nsitis to at last
thr tis th noral nsit on th sit” (Pt t al
2005b). Spawning bhaior inls th groping
o sh in lstrs or ns than noral, rqnt
al-al aggrssion an ghting, oloration not
sn at othr tis or loations, al stoahs
boing isibl swolln, nsal arks on bo,
pronon si-to-si waggling/qiring/
shiing b als, or atal spawning (Pt
t al 2005b). Spawning sasons an th tiing
o aggrgations in rlation to lnar phass ha
alra bn inti or ost iportant gropr
an Napolon wrass spis in KNP. Th ain
spawning sason or targt spis is ro Otobr
to Janar, with sall irns btwn spis
(Pt t al 1999; Pt t al 2005a; PHKA & TNc 2000).
Groprs an Napolon wrass ar lnrabl to
shing prssrs bas th ar long-li an
slow-growing, an th a onsistntl aggrgat
in th sa loation an at th sa ti (Pt
t al 2005a; Sao & doir 2005). I shing
prssr is sr an prsistnt, gropr spawning
aggrgations a lin rapil an a b lost
altogthr (Johanns t al 1999). On o th k
anagnt objtis or KNP, as stiplat
in th 25-ar anagnt plan, is “to protect biodiversityandthebreedingstocksofcommercialsh
and invertebrate species, and maintain and replenish surroundingshinggroundsthatsustainlocalsheries”
(PHKA & TNc 2000). Th zoning sst or KNP was
oiall r in ma 2001, an was bas on
aailabl ologial ata, rrnt nrstaning
o ologial an onsration prinipls, an
th soio-onoi an ltral ns o th
loal onitis. Rglations wr orlat
or ah zon to nsr th long-tr srialo th Park’s fora an ana, its ossts an
its loal onitis. Known gropr spawning
aggrgation sits wr ‘prott’ b inling all
known sits within oral r ‘no tak’ zons o th
Park.
BTNK nr PHKA is th la agn rsponsibl
or th orall anagnt o th Park. dring th
prio 1996–2005, BTNK in ollaboration with TNc,
loal nornt agnis an loal onitis
iplnt a arin anagnt progra
to stablish an ti srillan sst that
os on ring an prnting shing within
th no-tak zons o th Park, ring or-
xploitation in pritt zons an banning all
strti an illgal shing atiitis insi th
Park. In 2005, th onsration an spport rol o TNc was takn or b th joint-ntr Inonsian
‘not-or-prot’ opan, PT. Ptri Naga Kooo
(PNK).
This rport prsnts th rslts o SPAG onitoring
in 2009, xains long-tr trns in SPAG spis,
an assss anagnt an onsration orts
within KNP.
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R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010
Methodology 2
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Kooo National Park
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S i t e s2 . 1
Approxiatl 300 sits in KNP wr assss
or spawning aggrgations btwn 1995 an
2000 (Pt t al 2005a; PHKA & TNc 2000). Twlsits ha topographis assoiat with spawning
aggrgations an ight o ths sits wr slt
or onitoring twi a onth aron th ll an
nw oons ro marh 1998 to Fbrar 1999. All
spawning sits ha strong rrnts irt awa
ro th r. dtail sriptions o th sits ar
aailabl in (Pt t al 1999). O th ight, onl two
sits (Sits 7 an 8) ha sh isplaing aggrgating
bhaior an wr thror slt or long-
tr onitoring (Pt t al 2005a). To prott ths
spawning aggrgations ro bing spialltargt, th atal sit nas ha not bn
s in this rport. Fi sits wr onitor ro
Sptbr to dbr 2009 (Tabl 1).
T a r g e t s p e c i e s2 . 2
eln gropr spis (Fail: Srrania) an on
wrass (Fail: Labria) wr initiall slt or
onitoring bas on thir abnans at sits, thirlnrabilit to or-shing, an thir onoi
al, partilarl in th intrnational li r sh
tra (Tabl 1). Onl Epinephelus fuscoguttatus an
Plectropomus areolatus aggrgat in sint
nbrs or rprotion, an wr thror
slt or long-tr onitoring (Pt t al 2005a).
E. polyphekadion was also slt or long-tr
onitoring bas o its tnn to aggrgat
an spawn in los assoiation with P. areolatus an
E. fuscoguttatus whrr th or (Hailton& matawai 2006; mangbhai 2007). data wr
ollt or all ln spis ring 2009.
M o n i t o r i n g m e t h o d s2 . 3
SPAG onitoring was arri ot r two wks,
within a thr-a prio ntr aron ll an
nw oons btwn Agst an dbr 2009.
unrwatr isal nss (uvc) thos or SPAG
onitoring ollow (Pt t al 2005a; Pt t al
2005b) an SOPs (Kathrina t al 2007). Brif, two
irs ntr th watr in approxiatl th sa
loation, sn to a axi pth o 30
an or a transt ara o approxiatl 200
or a 30 int prio. dring ah i an atah o th sits, th nbr an stiat sizs
(total lngth, to th narst 1 ) o groprs an
Napolon wrass wr ror. Gin th sall
siz o aggrgations in KNP (<100 sh) all sh wr
ror an sb-sapling was not rqir. Th
prsn or absn o spawning bhaior was also
ror ring uvc. I th isibilit was low th sit
was sarh in a anring pattrn to iniiz
th possibilit o not sing an roring sh
prsnt at th sit. Annal training was arri otto nsr that obsrrs ol orrtl stiat
sh with a axi allowabl rror o 3 .
D a t a M a n a g e m e n t2 . 4
data wr ror onto nrwatr proora
in th l (Appnix A). data wr transrr to
a mirosot exl atabas on rtrn to th o.
databas rsions wr aintain b both BTNK an PNK.
D a t a A n a l y s i s2 . 5
Spatial an tporal pattrns in poplation siz o
r sh spawning aggrgations wr opar
btwn sits.
Long-tr trns wr xain b rrn to
(mangbhai 2007).
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R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010
Results 3
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Kooo National Park
24
S i t e 73 . 1
At sit 7, th poplation o E. fuscoguttatus was high (>30) or all srs ont ring ll oon
prios (Figr 2). Th poplation o E. fuscoguttatus was sallr btwn ll oon prios. No spawning
aggrgations o P. areolatus, E. polyphekadion, or othr targt spis (Figr 3) wr tt ring2009.
2: Cnts ) E. usgogutattus, ) E. polyphekadion, nd c) P. aereolatus cdd dn SPag s ds n St 7 n 2009.Sd tc ns ndct n.
3: Cnts th ntd SPag tt spcs cdd dn SPag s ds n St 8 n 2009. Sd tc ns nd-
ct n.
(a)
0 1 - A u g - 0 9
0 1 - S e p - 0 9
0 1 - O c t - 0 9
0 1 - N o v - 0 9
0 1 - D e c - 0 9
0 1 - J a n - 1 0
N o .
i n d i v i d u a l s
0
10
20
30
40
50
(b)
0 1 - A u g - 0 9
0 1 - S e p - 0 9
0 1 - O c t - 0 9
0 1 - N o v - 0 9
0 1 - D e c - 0 9
0 1 - J a n - 1 0
(c)
0 1 - A u g - 0 9
0 1 - S e p - 0 9
0 1 - O c t - 0 9
0 1 - N o v - 0 9
0 1 - D e c - 0 9
0 1 - J a n - 1 0
A u g
S e p
O c t
N o v
D e c
J a n
F e b
N o .
i n d i v i d u a l s
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
P. leopardusP. laevis
P. oligocanthus
V. louti
C. altivelis
C. undulatus
E. tukula
E. malabar
E. chlorostigma
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R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010
S i t e 83 . 2
At sit 8, th poplation o E. fuscoguttatus rang ro 4 to 12 (Figr 4), with th highst poplation
ror ring Sptbr ll oon spring tis, an th lowst ring Otobr nap tis. No
aggrgations o P. areolatus or E. polyphekadion wr ror ring 2009, an poplations wr low(<5) ring all sr is. In dbr, 9 P. leopardus wr ror on Sit 8 (Figr 5), opar to
a ian o 2 or all othr sr is, an a b iniati o aggrgating bhaior at this ti. No
spawning aggrgations wr ror or all othr onitor spis ring 2009.(a)
0 1 - A u g - 0 9
0 1 - S e p - 0 9
0 1 - O c t - 0 9
0 1 - N o v - 0 9
0 1 - D e c - 0 9
0 1 - J a n - 1 0
N
o .
i n d i v i d u a l s
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
(b)
0 1 - A u g - 0 9
0 1 - S e p - 0 9
0 1 - O c t - 0 9
0 1 - N o v - 0 9
0 1 - D e c - 0 9
0 1 - J a n - 1 0
(c)
0 1 - A u g - 0 9
0 1 - S e p - 0 9
0 1 - O c t - 0 9
0 1 - N o v - 0 9
0 1 - D e c - 0 9
0 1 - J a n - 1 0
A u g
S e p
O c t
N o v
D e c
J a n
F e b
N o .
i n d i v i d u a l s
0
5
10
15
20
25
P. leopardus
P. laevis
P. oligocanthus
V. louti
C. altivelis
C. undulatus
E. tukula
E. malabar
E. chlorostigma
4: Cnts ) E. usgogutattus, ) E. polyphekadion, nd c) P. aereolatus cdd dn SPag s ds n St 8 n 2009.Sd c ns ndct n.
5: Cnts th ntd SPag tt spcs cdd dn SPag s ds n St 8 n 2009. Sd tc ns nd-ct n.
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Kooo National Park
26
S i t e s 5 , 6 a n d 93 . 3
Poplations or all targt SPAG spis wr low (<2) at Sit 5 (Figr B1, Figr B2), with no spawning
aggrgations tt.
At Sit 6, high nbrs o E. fuscoguttatus wr ror in Otobr (15 iniials), alling to 8 bdbr (Figr B3). P. leopardus, V. louti , C. altivelis, an C. undulatus wr rqnt (>3) at Sit 6, thogh
no spawning aggrgations wr tt. On P. oligacanthus was ror, an all othr spis wr
absnt (Figr B4).
At Sit 9, abnan o P. leopardus was high in Otobr (14), alling to 8 b i Nobr (Figr B6).
E. fuscoguttatus an E. polyphekadion wr prsnt thogh in low nbrs (<4) an with no in o
spawning aggrgations (Figr B5). On P. laevis was ror in Otobr, all othr spis wr absnt.
L o n g t e r m t r e n d s3 . 4
At Sit 7, th axi nbr o E. fuscoguttatus ror pr ar ftat ro a axi o 86 in
1996 to a ini o 27 in 2003 (Figr 6a). In 2009, 44 iniials wr ror, an th poplation
appars to b in a prio o lin. Abnan o P. areolatus lin ro a axi o 25 iniials
in 1996 to 9 in 2009, an whil so ftation was tt thr appars to b a orall ngati trn.
Abnan o E. polyphekadion was low at Sit 7 or all ars.
At Sit 8, high nbrs o P. areolatus, P. leopardus, an P. oligacanthus wr ror ah ar btwn
1996 an 2002 (Figr 6b). Abnan o ths thr spis has lin raatiall sin 2002, with
no aggrgation tt in 2009. Abnan o E. fuscoguttatus an E. polyphekadion was low at Sit 8 or
all ars.
dlins in spis abnan appar to oini with a shit in poplation ographis. Btwn 1996
an 2009, th abnan o larg E. fuscoguttatus at Sit 6 lin raatiall (Figr 7).
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
M a x .
i n d i v i d u a l s r e c o r d e d
0
20
40
60
80
100E. fuscoguttatus
E. polyphekadion
P. areolatus
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
M a x .
i n d i v i d u a l s r e c o r d e d
0
20
40
60
80
100
E. fuscoguttatus
E. polyphekadion
P. areolatus
P. leopardus
P. oligocanthus
6: ln-t tnds n tn sz cdd dnnt spcs t () St 7 nd () St 8.
7: ln-t tnds n e. stts sz-qncdsttn t St 6.
1998
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 10 120
F r e q u e n c y
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2001
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 1 20
2005
Size class (cm)
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 10 120
2009
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 1 20
a
b
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R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010
Discussion 4
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Kooo National Park
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dring 2009, onl on ntional spawning
aggrgation was inti. Sit 7 ontain a larg
aggrgation o E. fuscoguttatus, orring ring
ll oon prios ro Sptbr to dbr.
For all othr sits an spis, prioi poplationinrass wr tt bt, in th absn o
bhaioral ata, wr not sint to iniat a
spawning aggrgation. At Sit 8 prioi inras
in abnan o E. fuscoguttatus was ror,
an appar to pak in siz arl in th sason.
Th lin atr Sptbr a b a rslt o
shing prssr. A sall inras in P. leopardus
poplations orr at Sit 8 in dbr, an
Sit 6 host a sall aggrgation o E. fuscoguttatus
ring Otobr. Whil at Sit 9 a sall aggrgationo P. leopardus was ror.
SPAG ata ollt ring 2009 rinors th
nings rport in (mangbhai 2007), with
lining gropr an Napolon wrass poplations
throghot KNP btwn 1996 an 2008. In 2007, p
to 70 iniials o E. fuscoguttatus wr ror
at Sit 7, whras a axi o 45 iniial was
ror in 2009. Aggrgations o or than 80 P.areolatus wr ror at Sit 8 in 2001, whil lss
than 10 wr ror in 2009. Siilar pattrns wrror at all sit onitor ring 2009, with a
lin in th siz o aggrgations, an n a loss
o aggrgations at so sits. Whil a spawning
aggrgation o E. fuscogutatus was ror ring
2009, n this spis, onsir rsilint to
its prrn or pr watrs an los bnthi
assoiation (mangbhai 2007), has ras in
abnan at ost sits.
Spawning aggrgations ar a ritial li l stag,
ring whih poplations ar highl lnrabl toshing prssr. Whil aggrgations an b asil
targt b shrn, oing so rslts in roal
o stok bor it has ha a han to rpro an
rpla itsl. ultiatl, this will la to wr larg
sh, a rslting ras in rproti potntial,
an pltion o th stok.
Sh a pltion appars to b wll nrwa in KNP,
an rprsnts a loss o not jst intrinsi bioirsit
al, bt also o onoi potntial. Whil SPAG
spis ar high al shr spis, th ar also
highl pris b irs an snorklrs. At rrnt
stok lls, th al o ths aggrgations is qal
in onoi signian to th rrational al o
th park as a whol (Ritnbk 2001).
dplt SPAG sits oini with aras o high
rsor s atiit in KNP. All SPAG sits ar loat
within signat no-tak aras, howr high rats
o shing atiit ar ror ro srroning
aras (Har & ysaanra 2010). To onsr
SPAG poplations, an thir onoi, toris an
bioirsit potntial, ipro iplntation
o zoning ssts an rsor s rglations
is rqir. A riw o rrnt anagnt
plans, inling an analsis o gaps an ns
(spiall rlat to spporting national an
istrit lgislation) wol proi park anagrsan istrit gornnt with an iportant rst stp
towars this goal.
Sral SPAG targt spis ar nangr (.g. C.undulatus) or nar thratn (.g. E. fuscoguttatus)
(IucN 2009). Th halth o spawning aggrgations is
an iportant iniator o th orall stats o ths
spis in KNP, an thir onsration shol b a
priorit targt or park anagnt. consration
orts that os on ths SPAG sits ar onsistnt
with protting a rgional rsal shr on whih
an hoshols otsi o th park pn.
Whil lariation o anagnt plans an
rglations prois a ital rst stp, iplntation
o rglations is also ritial. existing patrol ssts
in KNP ar otn nabl to rspon qikl to
iolations, an ha liit orag o th ntir
park ara (Har & Pasa 2010). consqntl,
h SPAG poahing a go ntt an
nnor. Prannt or si-prannt rangrpost at SPAG sits wol proi an ti
trrnt to poahing o this alabl rsor, an
go a long wa towars hlping th ror o this
k spis.
SPAG onitoring rslts shol b bak into
anagnt planning. contin onitoring
an prottion o Sit 7 is ssntial to alat
anagnt tinss, an prsr KNP’s last
raining signiant aggrgation o E. fuscoguttatus.
monitoring an nornt o Sits 6 an 8 wolproi bnts to iporish E. fuscoguttatus
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R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010
aggrgations at ths sits. P. leopardus poplations
ol b nhan ia onitoring an nornt
o Sit 8 an 9. Ths sits shol b onsir th
priorit or ongoing anagnt, onitoring an
onsration initiatis, an ar likl to proith gratst rtrn on instnt. Whil lat
poplation sizs wr tt at ths sits ring
2009, tr onitoring shol also sk to inti
bhaioral iniations o spawning.
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R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010
Management
Recommendations
5
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managnt intrntions ar rgntl n
to arss th ongoing rapi lin o gropr
an Napolon wrass poplations in KNP. Th
ollowing ar bas on 2009 SPAG onitoring
nings an long-tr trns, an rpat sralronations a in (mangbhai 2007).
Bttr iplntation o zoning ssts an
rsor s rglations in KNP wol hlp to
nsr that SPAG sits ar prott ro xtrati
prssrs. A riw o anagnt plans is
rgntl rqir, inling analsis o gaps an
ns (spiall rgaring national an istrit
spporting lgislation). Otpts o this riw
wol arss rrnt irns in prspti
btwn stakholrs, an proi norntors with lar gian.
Srillan an nornt stratgis1.
shol b riw to alat tinss.
Prannt or si-prannt rangr posts on
or nar iportant SPAG sits (spiall Sit 7
an Sit 8) wol tr rthr poahing. Ths
sits ar los to k toris “hot spots”, an
rangr posts wol proi aitional tikt
an toris sri al.
monitoring o iportant SPAG sits shol2.
b aintain, to alat anagnt
proran an proi arl warning o stok
trioration. Poplations o E. fuscoguttatus
at Sit 7 ar th onl ntional spawning
aggrgation in KNP, an ar a priorit or
anagnt. Othr sits show prioi
poplation inrass, bt ar insint to
n a spawning aggrgation in th absn o
bhaioral in. I rsors ar liit anonitoring o all sits an spis an not b
ahi, onitoring o th ollowing sits an
spis (in orr o priorit) shol b arri
ot aoring to rsor aailabilit.
Sit 7 –a. E. fuscoguttatus
Sit 8 –b. E. fuscoguttatus, P. leopardus
Sit 6. – E. fuscoguttatus
Sit 9 –. P. leopardus
Finings prsnt in this 2009 SPAG monitoring3.
Rport shol b pbliall oniat
to KNP stakholrs. Loal onitis ar
on iportant ain, with ths nings
haing a los ipat on lilihoos. Wir
oniation an planning with BTNK,distrit Gornnt, dKP an othr agnis
is ital to inorporat nings into appropriat
anagnt stratgis or KNP, an srroning
oastal aras.
Th lopnt an ontination o 4.
oplintar onitoring progras will
inras th al o SPAG ata whil iniizing
osts. exapls inl sh nss ring R
Halth monitoring, ath onitoring an arkt
assssnts.
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R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010
Literature Cited6
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Kooo National Park
34
Beger M, Turak E (2005). A Rapid Ecological Assessment of the
reef shes and scleracnian corals of Komodo
Naonal Park, Indonesia in 2005. The Nature
Conservancy,
Bjork M, Mohammad SM, Bjorkland M & Semesi A (1994).
Coralline Algae, Important Coral Reef BuildersThreatened by Polluon, Ambio 24: 502-504.
Bohnsack, J., 1993, Proceedings of the Colloqium on Global As-
pects of Coral Reefs: Health, Hazards and History,
University of Miami, .
Brown B (1997). Life and death of Coral Reefs. IN: Birkeland
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SPAG Monitoring
Proforma
A
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R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010
Fish Stocks at
Sites 5,6 and 9
B
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(a)
0 1 - A u g - 0 9
0 1 - S e p - 0 9
0 1 - O c t - 0 9
0 1 - N o v - 0 9
0 1 - D e c - 0 9
0 1 - J a n - 1 0
N o .
i n d i v i d u a l s
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
(b)
0 1 - A u g - 0 9
0 1 - S e p - 0 9
0 1 - O c t - 0 9
0 1 - N o v - 0 9
0 1 - D e c - 0 9
0 1 - J a n - 1 0
(c)
0 1 - A u g - 0 9
0 1 - S e p - 0 9
0 1 - O c t - 0 9
0 1 - N o v - 0 9
0 1 - D e c - 0 9
0 1 - J a n - 1 0
A u g
S e p
O c t
N o v
D e c
J a n
F e b
N o .
i n d i v i d u a l s
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
P. leopardus
P. laevis
P. oligocanthus
V. louti
C. altivelis
C. undulatus
E. tukula
E. malabar
E. chlorostigma
(a)
0 1 - A u g - 0 9
0 1 - S e p - 0 9
0 1 - O c t - 0 9
0 1 - N o v - 0 9
0 1 - D e c - 0 9
0 1 - J a n - 1 0
N o .
i n d i v i d u a l s
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
(b)
0 1 - A u g - 0 9
0 1 - S e p - 0 9
0 1 - O c t - 0 9
0 1 - N o v - 0 9
0 1 - D e c - 0 9
0 1 - J a n - 1 0
(c)
0 1 - A u g - 0 9
0 1 - S e p - 0 9
0 1 - O c t - 0 9
0 1 - N o v - 0 9
0 1 - D e c - 0 9
0 1 - J a n - 1 0
b 1: Cnts ) e. scttts, ) e. pphkdn, nd c) P. ts cdd dn SPag s ds n St 5 n 2009.
Sd tc ns ndct n.
b 2: Cnts th ntd SPag tt spcs cdd dn SPag s ds n St 5 n 2009. Sd tc nsndct n.
b 3: Cnts ) e. scttts, ) e. pphkdn, nd c) P. ts cdd dn SPag s ds n St 6 n 2009.Sd tc ns ndct n.
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R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010
A u g
S e p
O c t
N o v
D e c
J a n
F e b
N o .
i n d i v i d u a l s
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
P. leopardus
P. laevisP. oligocanthus
V. louti
C. altivelis
C. undulatus
E. tukula
E. malabar
E. chlorostigma
(a)
0 1 - A u g - 0 9
0 1 - S e p - 0 9
0 1 - O c t - 0 9
0 1 - N o v - 0 9
0 1 - D e c - 0 9
0 1 - J a n - 1 0
N o .
i n d i v i d u a l s
0
1
2
3
4
5
(b)
0 1 - A u g - 0 9
0 1 - S e p - 0 9
0 1 - O c t - 0 9
0 1 - N o v - 0 9
0 1 - D e c - 0 9
0 1 - J a n - 1 0
(c)
0 1 - A u g - 0 9
0 1 - S e p - 0 9
0 1 - O c t - 0 9
0 1 - N o v - 0 9
0 1 - D e c - 0 9
0 1 - J a n - 1 0
A u g
S e p
O
c t
N o v
D e c
J a n
F e b
N o .
i n d i v i d u a l s
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
P. leopardus
P. laevis
P. oligocanthus
V. louti
C. altivelis
C. undulatus
E. tukula
E. malabar
E. chlorostigma
b 4: Cnts th ntd SPag tt spcs cdd dn SPag s ds n St 6 n 2009. Sd tc nsndct n.
b 5: Cnts ) e. scttts, ) e. pphkdn, nd c) P. ts cdd dn SPag s ds n St 9 n 2009.Sd tc ns ndct n.
b 6: Cnts th ntd SPag tt spcs cdd dn SPag s ds n St 9 n 2009. Sd tc nsndct n.
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ManagementEffectiveness
Summary
C
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Rum prois ritial biophsial an soio-onoi ata that an assist park anagrs to alat
prott ara anagnt tinss. ealation o anagnt tinss an assist anagrs
to riw an aapt anagnt stratgis, ont th proran o anagnt orts at
ahiing mPA goals an objtis an proi a rport on progrss to ision-akrs an stakholrs
(Poro t al 2004).
In this appnix, w prsnt so o th k nings o this rport rlant to alations o anagnt
tinss alation. Finings ar prsnt in a sorar orat ollowing (cartr 2010).
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R Fish Spawning Aggrgations in Kooo National Park: Stats Rport 2010
Raw DataD
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Kooo National Park
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SiteID DATE E .
f u s c o g u a t u s
E .
p o l y p h e k a d i o n
P . a r e o l a t u s
P .
l e o p a r d u s
P .
l a e v i s
P . o l i g o c a n t h u s
V .
l o u
C . a l v e l i s
C .
u n d u l a t u s
E .
t u k u l a
E .
m a l a b a r
E . c h l o r o s g m a
5 2-Dec-09 2 1 2 2
6 2-Oct-09 15 6 5 3
2-Dec-09 8 3 2 1 3 5 1
7 4-Sep-09 41 4 9 1 2 3 2 4
3-Oct-09 44 2 3 5 6 1 3
18-Oct-09 4 1 1 6 1 1
17-Nov-09 1 7 1 1
2-Dec-09 33 1 5
8 4-Sep-09 12 1 5
3-Oct-09 8 2 3 3 5 1 1
18-Oct-09 4 2 3 5 1
17-Nov-09 5 2 5 2
2-Dec-09 4 1 9 2 6 5 1
9 3-Oct-09 4 3 14 2
18-Oct-09
17-Nov-09 1 9
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Kooo National Park
PT PUTRI NAGA KOM DO
COMMITTED TO CONSERVATION, SUPPORTIVE OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES ANDFOCUSED ON FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH NATURE-BASED TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
FOR KOMODO NATIONAL PARK, WORLD HERITAGE SITE
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