renewed interest in austrian business cycle theory
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8/13/2019 Renewed interest in Austrian Business Cycle Theory
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PLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
GA GAGHR]B] DN PLO VOAOUO@ BAPOVO]P BA PLO KB]O]-LGROJ PLODVR DN PLO F_]BAO]] MRMHO
Abmdhçs Mgmlgadsjy Ghoxga`or U. ]ghtor@opgrtkoat dn Omdadkbms @opgrtkoat dn Omdadkbms
Kotrdpdhbtga ]tgto _abvorsbty dn @oavor Eodreo Kgsda _abvorsbtyMgkpus Fdx 55, Y.D. Fdx 75==>6 K]A =E0, 009 _abvorsbty @rbvo
@oavor, MD <9675 Ngbrngx, ^G 669=9amgmlgadIksu`oavor.o`u gsghtor6Ieku.o`u
0-@om-7=
Gfstrgmt
Plbs pgpor gaghysos tlo roaowo` smldhgrhy batorost ba tlo Kbsos-Lgyoj, dr ‘Gustrbga,‛tlodry dn tlo fusbaoss mymho sbamo tlo 699< nbagambgh mrbsbs. _a`orstga`gfhy, tloomdadkbms prdnossbda lgs frdg`oao` bts sogrml ndr tlo mrbsos‒s oxphgagtbda foyda` tlostga`gr` @]EO nrgkowdrj. Gustrbga fusbaoss mymho tlodry, wbtl bts okplgsbs da tlobkpdrtgamo dn tlo kdaotgry systok ndr rosdurmo ghhdmgtbda ga` tlo hbajgeo dn mdasukor`okga` wbtl prd`umor supphy tlrduel tlo mddr`bagtbda dn tlo omdadky‒s strumturo dnprd`umtbda, dnnors g nrubtnuh roghk ndr prd`umtbvo batohhomtugh grfbtrgeo ba fusbaoss mymhorosogrml. Gntor rovbowbae tlo pdst-mrbsbs hbtorgturo tlgt oaegeos Gustrbga fusbaoss mymhotlodry, wo `bsmuss wlgt bs fobae sgb` tlgt bs mdrromt, wlgt bs fobae sgb` tlgt bs bamdrromt,ga` wlgt bs adt fobae sgb` tlgt duelt td fo sgb`. Plbs hgst mgtoedry bs kdst bkpdrtgathgreohy `uo td tlo ngmt tlgt tlo pdst-mrbsbs hbtorgturo oaegebae Gustrbga fusbaoss mymhotlodry lgs adt g``rosso` g`vgamos ba tlo tlodry kg`o sbamo tlo `gys dn Kbsos ga`Lgyoj. Uo ghsd prosoat kd`ora wdrj fobae `dao da Gustrbga fusbaoss mymho tlodry ga`lbelhbelt tlroo joy grogs dn mdatokpdrgry omdadkbms wloro Gustrbga fusbaoss mymhotlodry lgs tlo pdtoatbgh td `d sbeabnbmgat wdrj.
Coh Md`os3 F?=, O=6, O?6
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 6 dn =2
7. Batrd`umtbda
Plo 699< nbagambgh mrbsbs, hgreohy uagatbmbpgto` fy tlo omdadkbms prdnossbda, lgs
rosuhto` ba g sorbdus ro-oxgkbagtbda dn fusbaoss mymho tlodrbos ba ga gttokpt td `bsmdvor
wlgt woat wrdae. Dao gspomt dn tlbs ro-oxgkbagtbda bs roaowo` smldhgrhy batorost ba tlo
Kbsos-Lgyoj, dr ‘Gustrbga,‛ tlodry dn tlo fusbaoss mymho (GFMP). ]ovorgh stu`bos lgvo
hdmgto` ba Kbsos‒s ga` Lgyoj‒s wrbtbaes da kdaotgry tlodry ga` fusbaoss mymhos g
pdtoatbghhy usonuh nrgkowdrj ndr ua`orstga`bae tlo nbagambgh mrbsbs (Fdrbd & @bsygtgt,
6977: Mgfghhord, 697 9: Mghvd, 697=: @bgkda` & Vgcga, 6992g: Luko & ]oatgamo, 6992:
Hobcdalunvu`, 6992) 7 Dtlor stu`bos, nroquoathy adt mbtbae Kbsos adr Lgyoj, adaotlohoss
mdatgba tlokos tlgt gro ogsbhy romdambhgfho wbtl tldso ba Gustrbga fusbaoss mymho
agrrgtbvos (@bgkda` & Vgcga, 6992f: KmJbaada, 6979: Kohtzor, 6992: ]mlwgrtz, 6992:
Pgyhdr, 6992).
Ba tlbs pgpor wo gaghyzo tlo `bsmussbda dn tlo Kbsos-Lgyoj fusbaoss mymho ga` bts
mdastbtuoat pgrts. Ulgt tlokos ga` komlgabsks gro fobae `bsmusso`4 Ulgt tlokos ga`
komlgabsks gro adt fobae `bsmusso`4 Ldw `d tloso stu`bos `ogh wbtl up`gtos td tlo
tlodry tlgt lgs dmmurro` sbamo tlo 72=9‒s4 Ga` ebvoa tlo roaowo` batorost ba Gustrbga
fusbaoss mymho tlodry, ldw mga tlgt tlodry fo put td wdrj ba gasworbae prossbae
omdadkbm quostbdas edbae ndrwgr`4 Bt bs sdkotbkos greuo`, bandrkghhy, tlgt wlgtovor
tlo Gustrbga hbtorgturo lgs td mdatrbfuto td tlo omdadkbms prdnossbda lgs ghrog`y fooa
bamdrpdrgto` batd kd`ora omdadkbms. Ldwovor, bn tlbs bs tlo mgso, wly `d prdkbaoat
smldhgrs tura td tlo dh` Kbsos-Lgyoj tlodry ba sogrml dn gaswors wloro kd`ora
kgmrdomdadkbm nghhs sldrt4 Uo tlbaj tloro gro mdkpohhbae rogsdas td rovbow tlo romoat
7 Dtlor pgpors tlgt ronor td tlo GFMP gro Hgh (6979), Dppors (6996) ga` U. V. Ulbto (6992).
8/13/2019 Renewed interest in Austrian Business Cycle Theory
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo = dn =2
ronoroamos td GFMP ga` td pdbat dut g now oxgkphos wloro egbas nrdk trg`o mga fo
rogpo` fotwooa ‘Gustrbgas‛ ga` ‘ada-Gustrbgas.‛
Plo aoxt somtbda dn tlbs pgpor mdatgbas g rovbow dn ldw murroat omdadkbm rosogrmlors
gro oaegebae Gustrbga fusbaoss mymho tlodry. ]omtbda = bs ga gssosskoat dn tlbs
hbtorgturo, ba torks dn wlgt tlokos drbebaghhy `bsmusso` fy Kbsos ga` Lgyoj lgvo fooa
mgpturo` gmmurgtohy, wlgt lgs fooa mgpturo` bagmmurgtohy, ga` wlgt lgs fooa
dvorhddjo`. ]omtbda 0 `bsmussos wly tlo GFMP slduh` fo mdasb`oro` gs tlodry wbtl
oxphgagtdry pdwor. ]omtbda ? sukkgrbzos tlo murroat hbtorgturo da GFMP, wlbml
mdatgbas kgay g`gptgtbdas ga` ronbaokoats nrdk tlo 72=9‒s vorsbda fut lgs adt kg`o
bts wgy batd tlo roaowo` GFMP `bsmussbda ba tlo kgbastrogk. ]omtbda > `bsmussos tlo
pdtoatbgh ndr GFMP gs g prderossbvo rosogrml prdcomt edbae ndrwgr` ga` ldw bt mga
mdatrbfuto td tlo kgbastrogk hbtorgturo. ]omtbda 5 mdamhu`os.
6. Hbtorgturo rovbow
Plo hbtorgturo ro-oxgkbabae GFMP mga fo sopgrgto` batd twd eoaorgh mgtoedrbos3 tldso
tlgt tohh ga GFMP-typo stdry ga` gmjadwho`eo tlo ronoroamo, ga` tldso tlgt tohh ga
GFMP-typo stdry fut `d adt gmjadwho`eo tlo ronoroamo. Ga ba-fotwooa mgso bs
Mgfghhord's (6979, p. <?) `rgwbae dn gttoatbda td kgmrdomdadkbms lgvbae ‘fomdko sd
koskorbzo` wbtl bts dwa batoragh hdebm tlgt bt lgs foeua td mdanuso tlo prombsbda bt lgs
gmlbovo` gfdut bts dwa wdrh` wbtl tlo prombsbda bt lgs gfdut tlo rogh dao.‛ Mgfghhord
b`oatbnbos tlbs kbsphgmo` ngbtl ba tlo ‘mdro‛ dn kgmrdomdadkbms, agkohy tlo `yagkbm
stdmlgstbm eoaorgh oqubhbfrbuk nrgkowdrj, wbtl tlo ‘protoaso dn jadwho`eo‛ prdfhok
b`oatbnbo` fy N.G. Lgyoj ba wdrjs tlrdueldut lbs smldhgrhy mgroor ga` Adfoh gmmoptgamo
spooml. Gntor mbtbae Lgyoj ga` fubh`bae dnn Lgyojbga tlokos, Mgfghhord (6979, p. <5)
greuos ‘Zt[lo b`og bs td phgmo gt tlo moator dn tlo gaghysbs tlo ngmt tlgt tlo mdkphoxbty dn
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 0 dn =2
kgmrdomdadkbm batorgmtbdas hbkbts tlo jadwho`eo wo mga ovor gttgba. Ba tlbajbae gfdut
gaghytbmgh tddhs ga` kgmrdomdadkbm pdhbmbos, wo slduh` sooj tldso tlgt gro rdfust td tlo
oadrkdus uamortgbaty td wlbml wo gro mdanbao`, ga` wo slduh` mdasb`or wlgt tlbs
mdkphoxbty `dos td tlo gmtbdas ga` rogmtbdas dn tlo omdadkbm geoats wldso folgvbdr wo
gro suppdso` td fo mgpturbae.‛ Ghtlduel Mgfghhord aovor `bsmussos GFMP ba lbs survoy
dn fusbaoss mymho tlodry ba tlo mdatoxt dn tlo nbagambgh mrbsbs, lo bs wdrjbae wbtlba g
Lgyojbga nrgkowdrj ga` oaegebae b`ogs dn rdfustaoss ga` uamortgbaty. Lbs mghh ndr
nurtlor oxphdrgtbda ba tlo ‘porbplory‛ dn kgmrdomdadkbms sldws tlgt sdko dn tlo
gaswors ndr wlbml smldhgrs gro hddjbae sbamo tlo mrbsbs mga fo ndua` ba tlo Gustrbga
hbtorgturo.
6.7. GFMP-typo oxphgagtbdas wbtl ronoroamo td tlo GFMP
Plo pgpors tlgt oxphbmbthy tohh ga GFMP-typo stdry ndmus da tlo batorphgy fotwooa mgpbtgh
nhdws, mro`bt, ga` batorost rgtos ba tlo mdatoxt dn tlo mrbsbs. Ndr oxgkpho, Fdrbd ga`
@bsygtgt (6977) oxphdro tlo lypdtlosbs tlgt tlo nbagambgh mrbsbs wgs prdxbkgtohy mguso`
fy tlo nhdw dn mgpbtgh nrdk kgay `ovohdpbae agtbdas‒ murroat gmmduat surphusos, tlo sd-
mghho` ‘sgvbaes ehut‛ lypdtlosbs. Fdrbd ga` @bsygtgt (6977, p. 7=) nba` tlgt ‘murroat
gmmduats ga` tlo mdrrospda`bae aot mgpbtgh nhdws sgy vory hbttho gfdut nbagambae gmtbvbty
ga` batorko`bgtbda pgttoras‛ ga`, gs suml, mgaadt fo tlo kgcdr komlgabsk gt wdrj.
Bastog` Fdrbd ga` @bsygtgt (6977, p. 69) pdbat td `bvoreoamos fotwooa tlo kgrjot ga`
tlo agturgh (b.o. Ubmjsohhbga) rgtos dn batorost, g komlgabsk tlgt slduh`ors tlo kgcdr
pgrt dn tlo oxphgagtbda ba GFMP3 ‘Uo greuo tlgt tlo sgvbae-bavostkoat nrgkowdrj bs
fost roegr`o` gs oxphgbabae `ovohdpkoats ba tlo agturgh , rgtlor tlga ba tlo kgrjot ,
batorost rgto, wlbml bs prbkgrbhy `otorkbao` fy kdaotgry ga` nbagambgh ngmtdrs. Loro
gegba, tlo `bstbamtbda fotwooa sgvbae ga` nbagambae bs mrbtbmgh. @ovbgtbdas fotwooa tlo
twd mga porsbst ndr hdae porbd`s, aoo` adt sldw up ba rbsbae banhgtbda ga` kgy ba ngmt fo
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo ? dn =2
dao rogsda folba` tlo nbagambgh mrbsbs.‛ Plo gutldrs greuo tlbs `bvoreoamo bs g
mlgrgmtorbstbm dn g kdaotgry omdadky, ba wlbml mro`bt mrogtbda `rbvos g sbeabnbmgat pgrt
dn tlo `yagkbms. Fdrbd ga` @bsygtgt (6977, pp. 65”6<) mdamhu`o, ‘Plo nbagambgh systok
mga oa`deoadushy eoaorgto nbagambae kogas, roegr`hoss dn tlo ua`orhybae rogh rosdurmos
fgmjbae tlok. Ba dtlor wdr`s, tlo systok bs lbelhy ohgstbm. Ga` tlbs ohgstbmbty mga ghsd
rosuht ba tlo vdhuko dn nbagambae oxpga`bae ba wgys tlgt gro `bsmdaaomto` nrdk tlo
ua`orhybae prd`umtbvo mgpgmbty dn tlo omdadky. Ba kgmrdomdadkbm kd`ohs, tlo rdho dn
kdaoy ga` mro`bt slduh` fo ossoatbgh, adt gambhhgry. Plbs mghhs ndr g rovbvgh dn ga dh` ga`
lbelhy rospomto` trg`btbda ba kgmrdomdadkbms ” dao wlbml, sg`hy, lgs fooa hgreohy
aoehomto` ba tlo murroat provgbhbae pgrg`bek.‛ Ba kgjbae tlobr greukoat, tlo gutldrs
mbto fdtl Kbsos's (7276) Plodry dn Kdaoy ga` Mro`bt ga` Lgyoj's (72==) Kdaotgry
Plodry ga` tlo Prg`o Mymho , sldwbae tlobr g reukoats gro adt korohy mdbamb`oatghhy
mdumlo` ba GFMP-typo torks ga` komlgabsks. 6
Luko ga` ]oatgamo (6992) ghsd `d adt nba` kuml oxphgagtdry pdwor ba tlo ehdfgh
sgvbaes ehut lypdtlosbs. Ploy gaghyzo tlo mro`bt fddk promo`bae tlo mrbsbs ga` ba `dbae
sd mrbtbmghhy oaegeo GFMP, greugfhy kdro sd tlga tlo dtlor stu`bos ba tlbs somtbda. Luko
ga` ]oatgamo (6992, p. 70=<) nba` tlgt, ‘sdkowlgt pgrg`dxbmghhy, bt gppogrs dutput ga`
banhgtbda woro eoaorghhy stgfho ba tlo g`vgamo` omdadkbos wloro tlo mro`bt oxpgasbda
wgs mdamoatrgto` fut bamrogso` ba tlo okorebae omdadkbos wloro bt wgs adt.‛ Plo
gutldrs ed da td gssort tlgt tlo ‘drtld`dx kd`oh,‛ b.o. `yagkbm stdmlgstbm eoaorgh
oqubhbfrbuk, mgaadt prdvb`o g komlgabsk ndr mro`bt fobae tlo `rbvor dn fusbaoss mymho
6
Bt bs prdfgfhy ad gmmb`oat tlgt Fdrbd ga` @bsygtgt uso tlo wdr` ‘pgrg`bek‛ td ronor td ‘Gustrbga‛ ga`‘ada-Gustrbga‛ omdadkbms. Da tlbs tdpbm soo Mgh`wohh (697=), Jdla (6990) ga` Sgadttb ga` Mgmlgadsjy
(697=).
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo > dn =2
nhumtugtbdas (Luko & ]oatgamo, 6992, p. 70=2). Ba mdasb`orbae ghtoragtbvo gpprdgmlos,
tlo gutldrs tura td
tlo Gustrbga ]mlddh, wlbml wgs gkdae tlo nbrst td put mro`bt gt tlo logrt
dn g fusbaoss mymho tlodry. Plo mgpbtgh tlodry drbebagto` fy Koaeor
(7<57) ga` tlo tlodry dn kdaoy ga` mro`bt `ovohdpo` fy Kbsos (7276)
woro tlo kbmrd-ndua`gtbdas upda wlbml Lgyoj‒s (7262) ““Gustrbga‒‒
fusbaoss mymho kd`oh wgs fubht. Bt bs tlo bacomtbda dn mro`bt fy tlo moatrgh
fgaj, rosuhtbae ba tlo kgrjot rgto dn batorost nghhbae foaogtl tlgt dn tlo
agturgh rgto dn batorost, wlbml babtbgtos tlo fddk. @osbro` bavostkoat
rbsos ga` `osbro` sgvbae nghhs wbtl tlo `bnnoroamo fotwooa tlo twd fobae
kot fy tlo bamrogso ba mro`bt. Plbs puts ba kdtbda ga bator-tokpdrghhy
uastgfho prdmoss fomguso tlo bavostkoat bs adt fobae nbagamo` fy eoaubao
sgvbaes ronhomtbae g wbhhbaeaoss td pdstpdao mdasukptbda (69923 700=).
Plo mbtgtbdas loro gro td Koaeor's (7<57) Yrbambphos dn Omdadkbms, Kbsos's (7276)
Plodry dn Kdaoy ga` Mro`bt , ga` Lgyoj's (72==) Kdaotgry Plodry ga` tlo Prg`o Mymho .
Plo gutldrs ghsd adto tlgt GFMP lgs tlo gttrgmtbvo nogturo dn fobae gfho td oxphgba wly
tlo fddk wgs adt gmmdkpgabo` fy bamrogso` banhgtbda3 Plo ndrmos dn bamrogso` `okga`
kgy fo dnnsot fy tlo ndrmos dn bamrogso` supphy `uo td lbelor hovohs dn bavostkoat. Plo
gutldrs ovoa koatbda (fut `d adt mbto) Egrrbsda's (6997) greukoats tlgt mro`bt fddks
`urbae tlo 7229‒s wduh` uhtbkgtohy fo uasustgbagfho. Ldwovor, tlo gutldrs gssort GFMP
mgaadt oxphgba tlo ‘uausugh hoaetl‛ dn tlo romoat fddk, adr ‘tlo gfsoamo dn strdaeor
dutput erdwtl.‛ Gs suml, Luk o ga` ]oatgamo (6992, p. 700=) mdamhu`o GFMP bs ‘rbelt
ndr hgreohy tlo wrdae rogsdas.‛ = Adaotlohoss, Luko ga` ]oatgamo (6992, p. 70?=) mro`bt
= Dtlor Gustrbga-nrboa`hy tlokos strosso` fy tlo gutldrs bamhu`o tlo `gaeors gssdmbgto` wbtl gttokpts td
stok dnn tlo baovbtgfho fust-romghmuhgtbda porbd` fy nurtlor ogsbae kdaoy mrogtbda (Luko & ]oatgamo,6992, p. 7002) ga` tlo bkpdrtgamo dn bastbtutbdas ba `onbabae bamoatbvos tlgt slgpo geoat folgvbdr, ga`
loamo kgmrdomdadkbm dutmdkos (Luko & ]oatgamo, 6992, p. 70?6).
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 5 dn =2
GFMP wbtl fobae ‘rokgrjgfhy prosmboat‛ ga` ovoa sueeost bts ngbhuro td fomdko
bamdrpdrgto` batd omdadkbm drtld`dxy ‘fomguso bts pdhbmy romdkkoa`gtbda dn hottbae
tlo mymho rua bts mdurso wgs uagmmoptgfho,‛ rgtlor tlga gay kgcdr tlodrotbmgh
`onbmboambos.
G romoat wdrjbae pgpor fy Mghvd (697=) strossos sbkbhgr tlokos. Mghvd (697=, pp. 7”=)
bs uasgtbsnbo` wbtl tlo tortbgry rdho phgyo` fy kdaoy ba kdst eoaorgh oqubhbfrbuk
kd`ohs ga` greuos tlgt bssuos dn hbqub`bty ga` mro`bt mruamlos gro fottor ua`orstdd`
wbtl g kdro batoergto` kdaotgry tlodry. Ko`bg dn oxmlgaeo ga` basb`o kdaoy gro tlo
ndua`gtbdas dn hbqub`bty, `onbao` gs sghogfho gssots, wlbml ngmbhbtgtos mro`bt nhdws td tlobr
lbelost-vghuo` usos. Ldwovor, tlbs ghsd oatgbhs tlo pdssbfbhbty dn g ‘]u`̀ oa ]tdp,‛ b.o. g
`rybae up dn hbqub`bty ga` g mro`bt mruaml (Mghvd, 697=, pp. ?”>). _andrtuagtohy ba
Mghvd‒s vbow, kgbastrogk kgmrd hgreohy beadro` `ovohdpkoats ba nbagambgh kgrjots gs g
kgttor dn tlodry, sbamo tlo Lbmjsbga B]-HK syatlosbs ga` sufsoquoat `ovohdpkoats ba
‘sghtwgtor‛ kgmrdomdadkbms phgmo` tlo batorostbae `yagkbms ohsowloro (Mghvd, 697=,
pp. 79”7=). Basbstbae tlgt nbagambgh kgrjots kgttor ga` mgaadt sgnohy fo beadro`, Mghvd
turas td oxphdrbae wly g erdwbae okpbrbmgh hbtorgturo sueeosts nbagambgh mrbsos gro
promo`o` fy mro`bt fddks. Gt tlbs pdbat Mghvd turas td Kbsos‒s ga` Lgyoj‒s tlodrbos. Bt bs
wdrtl qudtbae Mghvd (697=, p. 7?) gt hoaetl3
Z…[ tlo Gustrbga ]mlddh dnnoro` vghugfho basbelts ” `bsroegr`o` fy
kgbastrogk kgmrd tlodry ” tlgt lohp td rgtbdaghbzo Z…[ Ztlo dfsorvgtbda
tlgt mro`bt fddks promo`o nbagambgh mrbsos[ Z…[ wbtldut rosdrtbae td
brrgtbdaghbty. Dvor-oxtoasbda dn mro`bt wgs gt moator stgeo dn tlo Gustrbga
]mlddh tlodry dn tlo trg`o (dr fusbaoss) mymho, fut gutldrs `bnnoro` gs td
tlo ngmtdrs rospdasbfho ndr oxmossbvo mro`bt oxpgasbda. Kbsos (72?6), ndr
bastgamo, gttrbfuto` oxmossbvo oxpgasbda td moatrgh fgajs‒ prdpoasbty td
joopbae batorost rgtos hdw ba dr`or td oasuro nuhh okphdykoat gt ghh tbkos.
Gs banhgtbda nhgro` up, batorost rgtos woro rgbso` mgusbae romossbda. Plus,
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo < dn =2
ua`or lbs vbow tlo mymho bs trbeeoro` fy prd-mymhbmgh kdaotgry pdhbmy wbtl
g nuhh-okphdykoat fbgs wlbml wgs adt mdasbstoat wbtl banhgtbda stgfbhbty.
Lgyoj (699<), da tlo dtlor lga`, `bskbsso` vda Kbsos oxphgagtbda, adt
fomguso bt wgs adt g edd` `opbmtbda dn lbstdrbmgh ovoats, fut fomguso lo
tlduelt tlgt bastgfbhbty bs sdkotlbae baloroat td tlo mgpbtgh kgrjot ga`,
ba pgrtbmuhgr, bt bs rohgto` td wlgt kbelt fo mghho` tlo fgajbae kdaoy
kuhtbphbor kbrgeo . Lbs `bsmussbda mdacuros up mdatokpdrgry bssuos, hbjo
somurbtbzo` fgajbae, ndr oxgkpho. Gt tlo rbsj dn dvorsbkphbnybae Lgyoj's
vbows, g ploadkoada tlgt sooks moatrgh td lbs trg`o mymho tlodry bs tlgt
mro`bt oxpgasbda fy fgaj G ba`umos `opdsbt oxpgasbda ba fgaj F wld, ba
tura, lgs bamoatbvos td nurtlor oxpga` mro`bt nhdws, otm. Bn fgaj G kgjos g
kbstgjo, tlo kdaoy-kuhtbphbor komlgabsk gkphbnbos bt. Plbs bs
rokbabsmoat dn kbspormoptbda ploadkoag strosso` ba Humgs (7256).
Lgyoj's `bsmussbda `dos adt oxlbfbt tlo sgko `oeroo dn kgtlokgtbmgh
sdplbstbmgtbda fut ndmusos da g rbmlor sot dn lbelhy rohovgat bssuos. Ndr
oxgkpho, tlgt mro`bt oxpgasbda bs adt hbjohy td fo ovoahy sprog` gmrdss tlo
omdadky, pgrthy fomguso dn bkpornomt bandrkgtbda dr prbambpgh-geoat
prdfhoks. Plbs bkphbos tlgt mro`bt oxpgasbda bs hbjohy td lgvo onnomts da
rohgtbvo prbmos wlbml gro adt custbnbo` fy nua`gkoatghs.
Loro Mghvd mbtos hgtor o`btbdas dn Kbsos's (7276) Plodry dn Kdaoy ga` Mro`bt ga` Lgyoj's
(72=7) Yrbmos ga` Yrd`umtbda. Mghvd edos da td gssort tlgt g kbx dn Kbsos‒s ga` Lgyoj‒s
stdrbos gro aoo`o` td oxphgba tlo nbagambgh mrbsbs, fut Mghvd (697=, p. 7>) hogas tdwgr`s
Kbsos ba tlbs pgrtbmuhgr mdatoxt. Mghvd‒s agrrgtbvo mdatbauos td gssort tlgt nbagambgh
kgrjots kgttor, tlgt hbqub`bty kgttors ndr nbagambgh kgrjots, ga` tlgt Kbsos ga` Lgyoj
gro bkpdrtgat tlodrbsts td oaegeo wloa `bsmussbae bssuos dn hbqub`bty, ospombghhy ba tlo
mdatoxt dn uasustgbagfho mro`bt oxpgasbdas.
@bgkda` ga` Vgcga (6992g) oxgkbao g sbkbhgr prdfhok, kdro ndmuso` da tlo
kbmrdomdadkbm rohgtbdaslbp fotwooa ldusoldh` hoa`bae td fgajs ga` fgajs‒ nbagambae
hdae-tork gssot pdrtndhbds. Ploso hdae-tork gssots gro typbmghhy adt vory hbqub`, sd bn
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 2 dn =2
ldusoldh`s fomdko sufcomt td aoegtbvo murroat-porbd` woghtl sldmjs tlgt bamoatbvbzo
tlok td wbtl`rgw tlobr ldh`baes td fdhstor murroat mdasukptbda, fgajs mga qubmjhy rua
batd hbqub`bty sldrtgeos. @bgkda` ga` Vgcga (6992g, p. 7) bkko`bgtohy hbaj tlbs stdry td
tlo Kbsos- L gyoj tlodry dn tlo fusbaoss mymho, wlbml tloy `bsmuss kdro ba-`optl hgtor ba
tlo pgpor. 0 @bgkda` ga` Vgcga `bsmuss pdhbmy bkphbmgtbdas nrdk batorvoabae ba mro`bt
kgrjots td gnnomt batorost rgtos, ovoa pdbatbae td suml batorvoatbda gs g pdssbfhy
`ostgfbhbzbae ndrmo bn hoa`ors gro sunnbmboathy ndrwgr`-hddjbae. Plo kgba sufstgamo dn
tlbs pgpor bs g kd`oh sldwbae tlgt g moatrgh fgaj tlgt muts batorost rgtos `urbae tbkos dn
nbagambgh stross, dr ngvdrs hdw rgtos ba g eoaorgh prd-mgpbtghbst pdhbmy, bamoatbvbzos
lbelor-rotura fut hoss-hbqub` fgaj bavostkoats. Plbs ba tura mga prombpbtgto g hbqub`bty
mrbsbs. Ba g pgssgeo wbtl Gustrbga nhgvdr, tloy gssort
Ba`oo`, tlo murroat nbagambgh turkdbh ba tlo _abto` ]tgtos mduh` fo tlduelt
dn gs fobae pgrtbghhy mguso` fy hoa`ors, gatbmbpgtbae g mdatbauo`
oavbrdakoat dn hdw batorost rgtos ndhhdwbae tlo bkphdsbda dn tlo ‘toml
fuffho‛ ba ogrhy 6999 ga` tlo sufsoquoat mdhhgpso dn mdrpdrgto
bavostkoat, mlddsbae td tgjo da kdro bhhbqub` nbagambgh gssots nbagamo`
wbtl sldrt tork `oft. Gatbmbpgtbda dn hdw batorost rgtos kgy lgvo fooa
stroaetloao` fy tlo sd-mghho` Erooaspga Yut, wlorofy tlo nbagambgh
somtdr fohbovo` tlgt bn bt ovor mgko ua`or strgba fomguso dn oxmossbvo
oxpgasbda, tlo No`orgh Vosorvo wduh` mut batorost rgtos. Yut `bnnoroathy, bn
pdhbmy `rbvos sldrt-tork batorost rgtos td g hdw hovoh, ga` sdhvoamy ga`
nbagambgh stgfbhbty mdastrgbats da nuturo pdhbmy ruho dut nuturo lbel sldrt-
0 Batorostbaehy, @bgkda` ga` Vgcga (6992g, pp. 7”6) ghsd `bsmuss tlo pdssbfbhbty dn g pdsbtbvo sldmj td
nuturo woghtl, wlbml ghsd bamoatbvos g``btbdagh murroat mdasukptbda `uo td tlo oqugtbda dn kgrebaghutbhbty nrdk mdasukptbda gmrdss tlo hbno mymho. Plbs fogrs sdko rosokfhgamo td kd`bnbmgtbdas kg`o td
GFMP fy Egrrbsda (6997), fut @bgkda` ga` Vgcga `d adt ̀ bsmuss tlbs pgrtbmuhgr hbaj.
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 79 dn =2
tork rgtos, tloa nbagambae bhhbqub` gssots wbtl sldrt-tork `oft wbhh fo
prdnbtgfho ga` sgno, gt hogst ndr g wlbho (6992f3 ?). ?
Ba g kdro oxphbmbt koatbda td Kbsos, @bgkda` ga` Vgcga g`kbt tloy
gro mortgbahy adt tlo nbrst td phgmo tlo okplgsbs ndr mdatrgmtbda ga` mrbsos
da tlo kbskgtml fotwooa tlo hdae `urgtbda fondro bavostkoat prd`umos
mdasukptbda edd`s, ga` tlo tokpdrgh pgttora dn mdasukptbda ba ga
oxpgasbda. Plbs `gtos fgmj gt hogst td ^da Kbsos (7202) ga` tlo Gustrbga
]mlddh. ^da Kbsos phgmo` tlo okplgsbs, tlduel, da ga grtbnbmbghhy hdw
babtbgh rgto dn batorost, ba`umo` fy fgaj mro`bt oxpgasbda, wlbml kgjos tlo
prdmoss dn mrogtbae aow edd`s oxmossbvohy hdae mdkpgro` wbtl tlo
tdhorgamo dn mdasukors td pdstpdao mdasukptbda. Ulbho bt bs `bnnbmuht td
kgp lbs tlodry prombsohy td g rgtbdagh oxpomtgtbdas eoaorgh oqubhbfrbuk
kd`oh, bt wduh` gppogr tlgt ^da Kbsos (7202) phgmos tlo fhgko ndr mrbsos
squgrohy da tlo log`s dn dvorhy dptbkbstbm, oxmossbvohy geerossbvo,
fgajors (ga` da moatrgh fgajors wld oamdurgeo geerossbvo mro`bt
oxpgasbda) (6992f3 7?-7>).
Plo wdrj mbto` fy tlo gutldrs bs Kbsos's (7202) Lukga Gmtbda , ga` ba tlobr mdamhusbda,
tlo gutldrs ghsd mbto Vdtlfgr`'s (72>=) Gkorbmg‒s Erogt @oprossbda. _htbkgtohy @bgkda`
ga` Vgcga (6992g, p. ==) soo tloksohvos gs prdvb`bae ga oxphgagtbda dn mrbsos nogturbae
‘rgtbdagh dptbkbzbae fgajs,‛ sbamo ba tlobr vbow tlo Gustrbga oxphgagtbda ‘sooks td rohy
da fgajs tlgt gro oxmossbvohy dptbkbstbm.‛
Hobcdalunvu`'s (6992) mrbtbquo dn pro-mrbsbs kgmrdomdadkbm tlodry sooks g strgaeo
pbomo td nba` oaegeokoat wbtl tlo b`ogs dn Kbsos dr Lgyoj, ebvoa tlgt tlo tbtho sueeosts
tlo bkpdrtgamo dn Joyaos. Fut tlo gutldr bs mhogr tlgt lbs ghhusbda td Joyaos bs ba tlo
? Mghhglga ga` Egrrbsda (699=) gsj bn tlo GFMP mga mdatrbfuto td oxphgba tlo `dt-mdk fuffho. Plbs
ronoroamos edos uakoatbdao` ba @bgkda` ga` Vgcga‒s pgpor.
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 77 dn =2
spbrbt dn ndmusbae da tlo agturo dn tlo prdfhok td fo sdhvo`, kdro tlga tlo pgrtbmuhgr
kotld` dr tlodry uso` td sdhvo bt. Oxmdrbgtbae drtld`dx ga` Aow Joyaosbgabga,
kdaotgry tlodry ghdae wbtl tlo eoaorgh oqubhbfrbuk nrgkowdrj, Hobcdalunvu` basbsts
tlo wgy ndrwgr` wbhh fo ba g `yagkbm mdamoptbda dn kdaotgry tlodry, dao tlgt ndmusos
da bssuos dn prdmoss ga` systokbm stgfbhbty. Hobcdalunvu` (6992, p. 506) prdvb`os tlo
ndhhdwbae tbo-ba td GFMP3 ‘Dporgtbae ga batorost tgreotbae roebko joybae da tlo
mdasukor prbmo ba`ox (MYB), tlo No` wgs huro` batd joopbae batorost rgtos ngr tdd hdw ndr
ngr tdd hdae. Plo rosuht wgs banhgtbda dn gssot prbmos mdkfbao` wbtl g eoaorgh
`otorbdrgtbda dn mro`bt qughbty (Hobcdalunvu`, 6995G). Plbs, dn mdurso, `dos adt kgjo g
Joyaosbga stdry. Vgtlor, bt bs g vgrbgtbda da tlo Gustrbga dvorbavostkoat (dr
kghbavostkoat) tloko.‛ Pd fo ngbr, bkko`bgtohy ndhhdwbae tlbs Hobcdalunvu` mhgbks
GFMP wbhh adt fo dn kuml lohp ba gaghyzbae tlo nbagamo ba`ustry-spombnbms dn g
kghbavostkoat fddk, bastog` ngvdrbae tlo tlodrbos dn Lykga Kbasjy. Fut tlo agrrgtbvo
dn uasustgbagfho bavostkoats prombpbtgto` fy grtbnbmbghhy hdw batorost rgtos, btsohn fobae
tlo gvoauo fy wlbml nbagambgh somtdr prdfhoks gro batrd`umo`, bs g tldrduelhy Gustrbga
stdry, ga` Hobcdalunvu` romdeabzos bt gs suml.
6.6. GFMP-typo oxphgagtbdas wbtldut ronoroamo
Plo pgpors ba tlbs suf-somtbda uso ga GFMP-typo agrrgtbvo wloa `bsmussbae tlo mrbsbs,
fut `d adt prdvb`o toxtugh mbtgtbdas td Kbsos, Lgyoj, dr hgttor-`gy mdatrbfutdrs td tlo
GFMP hbtorgturo. Plbs hbtorgturo mga fo g sgkpho dn tlo ngmt tlgt GFMP basbelts gro kdro
mdkkda tlga usughhy gmjadwho`eo`. Ndr oxgkpho, @bgkda` ga` Vgcga (6992f), uahbjo
ba tlobr dtlor stu`y mbto` gfdvo, tohh g kdro mdavoatbdagh stdry wbtl tlo ehdfgh sgvbaes
ehut, ‘drbebagto-td-somurbtbzo‛ strgtoebos fy fgajs, ga` oxmossbvohy bhhbqub` pdrtndhbd
mdastrumtbda fy bavostkoat ldusos `dbae g hgreor slgro dn tlo wdrj tlga provbdushy.
Ldwovor, ovoa loro @bgkda` ga` Vgcga (6992f, p. >9<) `bsmuss tlo agturgh rgto‐
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 76 dn =2
kgrjot rgto wo`eo ba g wgy tlgt bs mdkpgtbfho wbtl tlo GFMP agrrgtbvo3 ‘…wbtl tlo
No`orgh Vosorvo okplgsbzbae bts wbhhbaeaoss td pukp ba hbqub`bty ga` mut batorost rgtos
`rgkgtbmghhy ba mgso dn g slgrp `dwatura (tlo sd-mghho` ‘Erooaspga Yut‛), bt bs adt
surprbsbae tlgt fgajs woro wbhhbae td tgjo bhhbqub`bty rbsj.‛. Plo `bsmussbda dn bavostkoat
kbsghhdmgtbda ga` pddrhy-g`gpto` mgpbtgh strumturo ba prdkbaoat nbagambgh ldusos ghsd
omldos Gustrbga tlokos (@bgkda` & Vgcga, 6992f, pp. >9>”>9<).
KmJbaada (6979) bs kdro oxphbmbt ba okplgsbzbae tlo agturgh rgto‐kgrjot rgto wo`eo
ba lbs `bsmussbda dn tlo batoragtbdagh `dhhgr stga`gr .̀ @bsmussbae tlo rua-up td tlo mrbsbs,
KmJbaada (6979, p. 77) wrbtos, ‘Zn[ogrbae `onhgtbda gntor tlo mdhhgpso dn tlo lbel-toml
fuffho ba 6997”96, tlo _] No`orgh Vosorvo Fgaj hdworo` tlo No` nua`s batorost rgto td
cust dao por moat ba 699=”90. Gt tlo tbko, tlbs batorost rgto wgs ngr tdd hdw ndr fghgambae
gmtugh banhgtbda ba tlo “log`hbao‒ MYB wbtl tlo omdadky‒s oxmoss mgpgmbty. Plo wohh-
jadwa Pgyhdr Vuho sueeosto` tlgt tlo No` nua`s rgto slduh` lgvo fooa mhdsor td 0 por
moat ba 699=”90.‛ KmJbaada edos da td sueeost tlbs oxmossbvohy ogsy kdaotgry pdhbmy
nuohho` g ehdfgh mgrry trg`o tlgt lohpo` mdatrbfuto` td tlo ‘batoragtbdagh fuffho
omdadky.‛ Bt `b` sd fy sbeaghbae td ndrobea oxmlgaeo `oghors tlgt nurtlor `dhhgr
`oprombgtbdas wduh` fo ndrtlmdkbae, bamoatbvbzbae tlok td oaegeo ba ‘sldrt-tork
fdrrdwbae ba Aow Rdrj gt hdw batorost rgtos td fuy gpprombgtbae ndrobea-murroamy gssots
ga` prbkgry mdkkd`btbos Z…[ Plus `b` mgrry trg`ors mdhhomtbvohy gmmoatugto tlo prbmo
kdvokoats nrdk wlbml ba`bvb`ugh trg`ors ldpo` td prdnbt‛ (KmJbaada, 6979, p. 76).
Kohtzor's (6992) ronhomtbdas da tlo nbagambgh mrbsbs oxlbfbt g sbkbhgr tloko. Ulbho mlb`bae
tlo kdrgh lgzgr` mrogto` fy Ngaabo Kgo ga` Nro``bo Kgm ga` rofujbae fdtl pdhbtbmbgas
ga` kokfors dn tlo pross ndr tlobr hgmj dn omdadkbm sdplbstbmgtbda, Kohtzor (6992, p.
6<) ghsd ba`bmts tlo No`3 ‘ZU[o kust adto tlo rdho dn tlo No`orgh Vosorvo ba tlo nbagambgh
mrbsbs. Ghga Erooaspga `b` kgjo g kbstgjo. Lo jopt batorost rgtos tdd hdw, tdd hdae. Lo
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 7= dn =2
wgs gnrgb` dn `onhgtbda. Plgt wgs g kbstgjo.‛ ]mlwgrtz (6992, pp. 72”69) wrbtbae ba tlo
sgko bssuo gs Kohtzor, ghsd suppdrts tlo ‘tdd hdw ndr tdd hdae‛ tlosbs3
Plo fgsbm erdua`wdrj td tlo `bsruptbda dn mro`bt nhdws mga fo trgmo` td
tlo gssot prbmo fuffho dn tlo ldusbae prbmo fddk. Bt lgs fomdko g mhbmlâ td
ronor td ga gssot fddk gs g kgabg. Plo mhbmlâ, ldwovor, dfsmuros wly
dr`bagry ndhj fomdko gvb` fuyors dn wlgtovor dfcomt lgs fomdko tlo
tgreot dn `osbro. Ga gssot fddk bs prdpgegto` fy ga oxpgasbvo kdaotgry
pdhbmy tlgt hdwors batorost rgtos ga` ba`umos fdrrdwbae foyda` pru`oat
fdua`s td gmqubro tlo gssot…Plo No` wgs gmmdkkd`gtbvo tdd hdae nrdk
6997 da ga` wgs shdw td tbeltoa kdaotgry pdhbmy, `ohgybae tbeltoabae
uatbh Cuao 6990 ga` tloa oa`bae tlo kdatlhy 6? fgsbs pdbat bamrogso ba
Gueust 699>. Plo rgto muts tlgt foega da Gueust 79, 6995, ga` osmghgto`
ba ga uapromo`oato` 5? fgsbs pdbat ro`umtbda da Cgaugry 66, 699<, wgs
gaaduamo` gt ga uasmlo`uho` vb`od mdanoroamo kootbae g wooj fondro g
smlo`uho` NDKM kootbae. Plo rgto bamrogsos ba 6995 woro tdd hbttho ga`
oa`o` tdd sdda. Plbs wgs tlo kdaotgry pdhbmy sottbae ndr tlo ldusbae
prbmo fddk.
Plus ]mlwgrtz edos batd kdro `otgbh tlga Kohtzor, ghhu`bae td grtbnbmbghhy-hdw batorost
rgtos rosuhtbae ba rosdurmo kbsghhdmgtbdas ba lor ‘foyda` pru`oat fdua`s‛ mdkkoat.
Nbaghhy, Cdla Pgyhdr‒s oxphgagtbda dn wlgt mguso` tlo nbagambgh mrbsbs ghsd rosts da tlo
‘tdd hdw ndr tdd hdae‛ tlosbs. Pgyhdr (6992, p. 7) wgstos ad tbko ba ba`bmtbae hddso kdaoy
ndr sottbae tlo stgeo ndr tlo ldusbae fddk ga` sufsoquoat fust-mrbsbs-romossbda3 ‘Plo
mhgssbm oxphgagtbda dn nbagambgh mrbsos, edbae fgmj lua`ro`s dn yogrs, bs tlgt tloy gro
mguso` fy oxmossos‐nroquoathy kdaotgry oxmossos‐tlgt hog` td g fddk ga` baovbtgfho
fust…kdaotgry oxmossos woro tlo kgba mguso dn tlgt fddk Ztlo ldusbae kgrjot fddk[
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 70 dn =2
ga` tlo rosuhtbae fust.‛ > Pgyhdr sldws tlo `bvoreoamo fotwooa tlo gmtugh no`orgh nua`s
rgto ga` tlo prosmrbfo` tlo Pgyhdr ruho (Pgyhdr, 6992, p. =). Pgyhdr kgjos bt mhogr tlgt
dtlor `ovohdpkoats ba nbagambgh kgrjots, suml gs oxmossbvo rbsj-tgjbae fy nbagambgh
bastbtutbdas `uo td kdrgh lgzgr`, ghsd gro aoo`o` td oxphgba tlo mrbsbs, fut lo kgjos suro
td hbaj tloso folgvbdrs td tlo prosoamo dn ogsy kdaoy (Pgyhdr, 6992, pp. 7=”70).
=. Gssosskoat dn tlo hbtorgturo
=.7. Kbstrogtkoat dn kdaoy ga` tlo GFMP ba g autslohh
Plo hbtorgturo rooxgkbabae GFMP mdrromthy mgpturos g aukfor dn tlo tlodry‒s
komlgabsks. Nbrst, ga` kdst bkpdrtgathy, ghh dn tlo gfdvo pgpors romdeabzo tlo
bkpdrtgamo dn kdaoy ba eoaorgtbae tlo fddk-fust mymho. ]ovorgh dn tlo gfdvo gutldrs,
ga` ospombghhy Fdrbd ga` @bsygtgt (6977), Mghvd (697=) ga` Luko ga` ]oatgamo (6992),
tura td GFMP `uo gt hogst ba pgrt td `bssgtbsngmtbda wbtl tlo wgy kgbastrogk kd`ohs
lga`ho kdaoy. ]omda`, tloso gutldrs romdeabzo tlgt, sbamo fusbaoss mymhos rosuht ba
turfuhoamo ba ghh dn ga omdadky‒s kgrjots, tloa tlgt wlbml bs mdkkda td ghh kgrjots
duelt td fo oxgkbao` gs g pdtoatbgh trgaskbssbda komlgabsk. Kdaoy, gs dao lghn dn ghh
oxmlgaeos, bs tlo kbssbae hbaj. Kdaotgry `bstdrtbdas rosuht ba `bstdrtbdas ba tlo prbmo
systok btsohn, sottbae tlo stgeo ndr tlo fddk-fust `yagkbms td ndhhdw. Plbs pgrtbmuhgr
`yagkbm bs oxtrokohy `bnnbmuht, bn adt bkpdssbfho, td mgpturo ba tlo Ughrgsbga nrgkowdrj,
> Pgyhdr‒s bkphbmbt oa`drsokoat dn grtbnbmbghhy-hdw batorost rgtos gs mdatrbfutbae td uasustgbagfho
bavostkoat mymhos gs ‘mhgssbm‛ sooks td fo ga dvorstgtokoat. Plbs sooks td bkphy tlgt suml ga oxphgagtbda
bs, bn adt gmmopto` drtld`dxy, g pgrt dn tlo kgbastrogk omdadkbm agrrgtbvo. Ldwovor, tlo banhuoamo ba
Nrbo`kga (72>0, 722=) ba `bskbssbae tlo grtbnbmbgh fddk-baovbtgfho fust stdry kbelt fo tdd strdae td ronorgs ‘mhgssbm‛ tlo oxmoss dn mro`bt oxphgagtbda. Bn tlbs woro g ‘mhgssbm‛ oxphgagtbda, wly tlo su``oa roaowo`
batorost ba tlo GFMP4
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 7? dn =2
kdtbvgtbae tlo mghh ndr g romdasb`orgtbda dn fusbaoss mymho tlodrbos ba wlbml kdaoy
kgttors.
Plo somda` komlgabsk bs mhdsohy rohgto` td tlo nbrst. Mdatbaubae tlo ‘kdaoy kgttors‛
tloko, tlo gfdvo gutldrs ba sdko wgy kgjo uso dn tlo batorost rgto tlodrbos dn Ubmjsohh
(7<2<, 72=0), wlbml ndrk tlo fgmjfdao dn GFMP gs `ovohdpo` ga` greuo` fy Lgyoj
(72=7, 72==), Kbsos (7202, Mlgptors 72, 69) ga` Vdtlfgr` (72>=, Mlgptor 7). Ubmjsohh
romdeabzos tlgt, hbjo ghh dtlor kgrjots, tlo kgrjot ndr sgvbaes toa`s tdwgr`s
oqubhbfrbuk, wloro tlo prbmo dn sgvbaes‐tlo batorost rgto‐oqugto` tlo qugatbty
`okga`o` ga` supphbo` dn sgvbaes. Plo batorost rgto tlgt mhogro` tlo sgvbaes kgrjot
Ubmjsohh mghho` tlo ‘agturgh rgto‛ dn batorost. Fut bkpdrtgathy, tlo agturgh rgto dn batorost
mga, ga` nroquoathy `dos, `bvoreo nrdk tlo murroat kgrjot rgto. Gs `ovohdpo` ba tlo
GFMP, mro`bt oxpgasbda fy tlo moatrgh fgaj ba hdga kgrjots ndrmos g wo`eo fotwooa tlo
agturgh ga` kgrjot batorost rgtos ga` `ohgys tlo rotura td oqubhbfrbuk. Plo g``btbdagh
hbqub`bty bacomto` batd tlo hdga kgrjot kgjos bt gp pogr ‘gs bn‛ rogh sgvbaes gro kdro
gfua`gat, ghtlduel tlo onnomt bs purohy kdaotgry. 5 Plbs rosuhts ba tlo prbmo systok
soa`bae nguhty sbeaghs roegr`bae tlo prdnbtgfbhbty dn bavostkoat prdcomts. Yrdcomts tlgt
woro provbdus suf-kgrebagh gro, gt tlo hdwor kgrjot rgto, adw prdnbtgfho td ua`ortgjo.
Vosdurmos, eub`o` fy tlo nghso batorost rgto sbeagh, gro kbsghhdmgto` tdwgr`s bavostkoat
prdcomts tlgt, fomguso tloro lgs fooa ad bamrogso ba rogh sgvbaes, gro uasustgbagfho.
Ploso ‘kghbavostkoats,‛ wlbho oxpomto` td fo prdnbtgfho, gro uhtbkgtohy uatoagfho. Plo
fddk‐tlo oxpgasbda dn prdcomts frduelt gfdut fy tlo wo`eo fotwooa tlo kgrjot ga`
agturgh rgto‐tlus aomossgrbhy ebvos wgy td tlo fust‐tlo mdsthy roghhdmgtbda prdmoss
wlorofy kghbavostkoats gro hbqub`gto` ga` tlo omdadky rostrumturos td damo gegba
5 Ba tlbs wgy GFMP ndrosgw tlo ‘sbeagh oxtrgmtbda‛ prdfhok dn Humgs (7256).
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 7> dn =2
romdambho mdasukor `okga` wbtl prd`umor supphy. Plbs bs tlo logrt dn tlo ‘tdd hdw ndr
tdd hdae‛ mhgbks `bsmusso` ba tlo provbdus somtbda.
=.6. Plo GFMP bs g tlodry da uasustgbagfho fddks, adt dn mrbsbs romdvory.
Adt ghh tlo stgtokoats kg`o fy tlo gfdvo gutldrs mdamorabae GFMP gro mdrromt. Luko
ga` ]oatgamo (6992, Mlgptor 700=) bkprdporhy ba`bmt GFMP ndr adt fobae gfho td
oxphgba tlo `urgtbda dn tlo fddk dr tlo shdwaoss dn pdst-fust dutput erdwtl. GFMP bs,
prdporhy ua`orstdd`, g tlodry dn tlo uasustgbagfho fddk ga` adt g tlodry gfdut tlo
sufsoquoat mrbsbs. Ghtlduel bt pro`bmts tlgt ga grtbnbmbgh fddk wbhh baovbtgfhy ebvo wgy td
fust, tloro bs ad mdamroto stgtokoat ba tlo tlodry gs td ldw td pro`bmt tlo hoaetl dn tlo
fddk. Plbs bs ba pgrt fomguso tlo hoaetl dn tlo fddk bs oa`deoadus td kdaotgry
pdhbmykgjors‒ rospdaso. ]bamo tlbs baloroathy bavdhvos g mghmuhus dn ada-kgrjot `ombsbda
kgjbae, tlbs gspomt bs prdporhy oxdeoadus td GFMP. G sbkbhgr oxphgagtbda `otgbhs wly
GFMP aoo` adt oxphgba tlo rgto dn dutput erdwtl ndhhdwbae tlo mrbsbs. Plo spoo` ga`
gmmurgmy wbtl wlbml rosdurmos gro `bromto` gwgy nrdk uaprdnbtgfho prdcomts ga` gro
damo gegba ghhdmgto` td tlobr lbelost-vghuo` usos `opoa`s mrumbghhy da pdhbmykgjors‒
rospdaso td tlo mrbsbs ga` td tlo mdst gssdmbgto` td tlo kbsghhdmgtbda dn rosdurmos `urbae
tlo grtbnbmbgh fddk (Lbees, 6992: Vdtlfgr`, 72>=, Mlgptors 72”6=). Luko ga` ]oatoamo
(6992) gro mdrromt ba basbstbae tlgt tlo hoaetl ga` romdvory nrdk g mrbsbs gro bkpdrtgat
ga` `okga` ga oxphgagtbda. Fut tlgt oxphgagtdry fur`oa stgrts wloro tlo GFMP stdry
oa`s.
=.=. Vgtbdaghbty ga` oxpomtgtbdas
@bgkda` ga` Vgcga (6992g, pp. 70”7?) bamdrromthy sueeost GFMP roqubros geoat
brrgtbdaghbty. @bgkda` ga` Vgcga‒s kd`oh `dos yboh` ga batrbeubae fddk-fust `yagkbm,
`rbvoa fy kdrgh lgzgr`, fut wo `duft tlobr mdamhusbda bs kdro mdasbstoat wbtl mdro
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 75 dn =2
prbmo-tlodrotbm prdpdsbtbdas tlga tlo Kbsosbga oxphgagtbda. Gs Mghvd (697=, p. 7?)
romdeabzos, tlo uasustgbagfho fddk bs mdasbstoat wbtl ba`bvb`ugh rgtbdaghbty `uo td tlo
nguhty bandrkgtbda sbeaghs soat fy tlo prbmo komlgabsk ba ga oavbrdakoat wloro tlo
moatrgh fgaj bs gmtbae td `rbvo tlo agturgh rgto fohdw tlo kgrjot batorost rgto. Ba kdro
ngkbhbgr hgaeugeo, fomguso bt bs mdsthy td gmqubro bandrkgtbda mdamorabae tlo `oeroo td
wlbml tlo prbmo systok wbhh fo `bstdrto`, ba`bvb`ughs mga fo tlduelt dn gs ngmbae ]tbehor's
(72>7) sogrml prdfhok, ba tlo soaso tlgt tloy gmqubro bandrkgtbda up td tlo pdbat wloro
tlo oqubkgrebagh mda`btbdas gro sgtbsnbo`. Plbs stbhh hogvos rddk ndr g fddk-fust mymho
wlbho sldwbae tl gt, ox gato, geoats gro dptbkbzbae ga` tlus brrgtbdaghbty bs adt aoo`o` td
oxphgba tlo mymho.<
Plo prdfhok dn rgtbdaghbty ga` oxpomtgtbdas bs adt gfsoat ba tlo GFMP. Fdtl Lgyoj
(72=7, pp. <=”<?) ga` Kbsos (720=) romdeabzo` tlo bkpdrtgamo dn oxpomtgtbdas ba tlobr
fusbaoss mymho tlodry. Ba ngmt, GFMP bs fubht upda g hddso soaso dn rgtbdagh oxpomtgtbdas
wloro Hbamdha‒s hgw ldh`s3 Rdu mga nddh sdko podpho ghh tlo tbko, ga` ghh podpho sdko dn
tlo tbko, fut ydu mgaadt nddh ghh tlo podpho ghh tlo tbko. Ulgt GFMP rocomts bs tlo
pdsbtbda tlgt bt bs adt pdssbfho td nddh gay dn tlo omdadkbm geoats gaytbko (Egrrbsda,
72<2). Ndr fottor dr ndr wdrst, tlo GFMP usos g frdg`or mdamoptbda dn oxpomtgtbdas tlga
strbmt rgtbdagh oxpomtgtbdas. Gs Mgfghhord (6979) bhhustrgtos, rgtbdagh oxpomtgtbdas ba
kd`ora kgmrdomdadkbm sooks td sunnor nrdk tlo sbkbhgr prdfhoks tlgt rgtbdagh
oxpomtgtbda mrbtbms mlgreo da tlo GFMP3 ga uamhogr hbaj td tlo folgvbdr dn gmtugh
omdadkbm gmtdrs. Plo hbtorgturo rovbowo` ba tlbs pgpor sueeosts tlgt wloa rgtbdagh
< Plo prdfhok dn sloor beadrgamo, agkohy, adt jadwbae wlgt bs uajadwa, bs ghsd okplgsbzo` ba sdko
strga`s dn GFMP. Ploso ‘uajadwa uajadwas‛ mgaadt fo sufcomt td g rgtbdagh prbmo mghmuhgtbda fomguso dn
bts rg`bmgh mlgrgmtor. Ldwovor, td adt jadw wlgt bs uajadwa bs adt brrgtbdagh, futg
rgtbdagh (Ovgas &Nrbo`kga, 6977: Egrrbsda, 72<>). Plbs grgtbdagh prosoamo ba ghh omdadkbm geoat folgvbdr mga oxphgba wly
tloy kgy adt folgvo gs strbmt rgtbdaghbty pro`bmts fut gt tlo sgko tbko suml folgvbdr bs adt brrgtbdagh.
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 7< dn =2
oxpomtgtbdas kd`ohs ngbho`, tlo gttoatbda wgs turao`, gt hogst ba pgrt, td GFMP ba sogrml
dn gaswors. 2
=.0. Mgpbtgh tlodry
]urprbsbaehy, adao dn tlo gfdvo pgpors oxphbmbthy koatbda tlo rdho tlgt mgpbtgh edd`s
phgy ba GFMP. ]bamo Lgyoj's (72=7, 72=?) homturos, tlo aomossbty dn mddr`bagtbae
mdasukors‒ `okga`s wbtl prd`umors‒ supphy fy g`custbae tlo omdadky‒s lotordeoaodus
mgpbtgh stdmj lgs fooa ga bkpdrtgat pgrt dn tlo GFMP agrrgtbvo. Plo `bvoreoamo fotwooa
tlo kgrjot rgto ga` agturgh rgto dn batorost rosuhts ba ga bamrogso adt cust ba bavostkoat
prdcomts ba eoaorgh, fut ba bavostkoat prdcomts kdro ‘`bstgat‛ nrdk nbagh mdasukptbda. Ba
Lgyoj‒s mdamoptbda, tlbs `bstdrts tlo omdadky‒s strumturo dn prd`umtbda ga` bs tlo kgba
rogsda wly tlo bamrogso` mgpbtgh bavost k oat, mhgssbnbo` gs kghbavostkoat rgtlor tlga
koro dvorbavostkoat, bs uasustgbagfho. 79 Ulotlor tlo gutldrs wduh` geroo wbtl tlo
bkpdrtgamo dn mgpbtgh tlodry dr adt, tlo ngmt tlgt bt bs adt frduelt up ebvoa bts
bkpdrtgamo td GFMP bs mdaspbmudus. Ga oxmoptbda bs Mghvd (697=, p. 7>), wld usos g ga
gaghdey td ronor td tlo rohovgamo dn mgpbtgh tlodry3
Ulgtovor dao tlbajs dn tlo pdwor dn tlo Lgyoj/Kbsos kbx gs g pdsbtbvo
tlodry dn tlo fusbaoss mymho, ga basbelt nrdk tlo tlodry bs tlgt damo mro`bt
dvor-oxpgasbda lbts tlo rogh somtdr, rdhhbae fgmj mro`bt bs uahbjohy td fo
gfho td put ‘Lukpty-@ukpty tdeotlor gegba.‛ Banhgtbda kgy sufsb`o futtlo mro`bt mdatrgmtbda bs hbjohy td lgvo sovoro rogh onnomts. Ad lgr` prddn bs
dnnoro`, fut tlobr mdacomturo bs adt ogsy td rocomt.
2 Ndr romoat ‘Gustrbga‛ hbtorgturo `oghbae wbtl tlo prdfhok dn rgtbdagh oxpomgtbdas soo Mgmlgadsjy
(6976g), Mghhglga ga` Ldrwbtz (6979), Mgrbhhb ga` @okpstor (6997) ga` Ovgas ga` Fgxoa`gho (699<).79
Ndr okpbrbmgh stu`bos soo Fbskgas ga` Kdueodt (6992), Mgmlgadsjy (6976f), Mgrbhhb ga` @okpstor(699<), Ldnnkgaa (6979), Joohor (6997), Hostor ga` Udhnn (697=), Hutlor ga` Mdloa (697=), Kuhhbega
(697=, 6996, 699?, 699>), Vgvbor ga` Howba (6976) ga` Rduae (699?, 6976f).
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 72 dn =2
=.?. Kd`ora trogtkoats dn tlo GFMP
Yorlgps ovoa kdro bkpdrtgat tlga tlo gfsoat `bsmussbda dn mgpbtgh tlodry bs tlo
dkbssbda da gay kd`ora ronoroamo td GFMP sbamo bts ogrhy `ovohdpkoat. Plbs dvorhddjs
wdrj tlgt lgs fooa `dao `ovohdpbae tlo kbmrdndua`gtbdas dn GFMP ga` hbajbae bt td
kdaotgry `bsoqubhbfrbuk tlodry (Ldrwbtz, 6999). Ldrwbtz `dos adt dahy wdrj da tlo
kbmrdndua`gtbdas dn GFMP, lo ghsd mdaaomts tlo tlodry td tlo prdfhok dn kdaotgry
oqubhbfrbuk ga` tlo hbtorgturo da nroo fgajbae (@dw`, 72<<, 7226, 722=: ]omlrost,
722=: ]oheba, 72<<, 722>, 7225: H. L. Ulbto, 72<0, 6977).
Egrrbsda (6997) okfd`bos tlo GFMP ba g ergplbmgh kd`oh tlgt mdaaomts tlo kgrjot dn
hdgagfho nua`s, tlo prd`umtbda pdssbfbhbtbos nrdatbor ga` tlo Lgyojbga trbgaeho. 77
Egrrbsda‒s kd`oh, ldwovor, bs adt cust g po`gedebmgh oxormbso td oxphgba tlo GFMP, fut bs
ghsd g sbkpho nrgkowdrj td put tlo GFMP aoxt td dtlor fusbaoss mymho tlodrbos hbjo tlo
Joyaosbga ga` tlo kdaotgrbst. Egrrbsda‒s wdrj lgs fomdko g moatrgh ronoroamo tlgt sots
tlo GFMP ba tlo mdatoxt dn kd`ora kgmrdomdadkbms tlgt tlo ada-Gustrbga ronoroamos
lgvo kdsthy dvorhddjo`. Plus Egrrbsda (6997) ga` Ldrwbtz (6999) gro tlo kdst
bkpdrtgat kd`ora tlodrotbmgh oxpdsbtbdas dn GFMP. ]bamo tloy ohgfdrgto da, ga`
sdkotbkos mhogr up, ogrhbor stgtokoats dn tlo tlodry, tloy mdastbtuto tlo aow
‘mgadabmgh‛ wdrjs.
77
G ndurtl kokfor dn Egrrbsda‒s kd`oh, usughhy sot gsb`o ndr sbkphbnbmgtbda purpdsos, bs tlo ‘mdasukortrbgaeho‛ wlbml `bnnoroatbgtos fotwooa kdro ga` hoss `urgfho edd`s. G lduso, ndr bastgamo, lgs g hgreor
‘mdasukor trbgaeho‛ tlga ̀ baaor g rostgurgat.
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 69 dn =2
0. Plo Mgso ndr GFMP
Ploro gro g now basbelts tlgt kgjo bt rogsdagfho td pgy gttoatbda td GFMP gs fusbaoss
mymho tlodry wbtl sbeabnbmgat oxphgagtdry pdwor. Plo tlodry pdbats td omdadkbm basbelts
tlgt gro wdrtl oxphdrbae ga` lgr` td beadro damo g now roghbstbm ga` phgusbfho
gssukptbdas gro gmmopto`.
0.7. Plo GFMP fohdaes td tlo mro`bt fusbaoss mymho tlodrbos ngkbhy
Pd gmmopt tlo b`og tlgt ga oxpgasbdagry mro`bt pdhbmy mga prd`umo ga uasustgbagfho
fddk bs td gmmopt, ovoa bn mro `bt oxpgasbda bs adt tlo `bstbamtbvo uabquo gspomt dn GFMP,
tlo eoaorgh tlosbs dn GFMP. 76 Bn tloro bs g `bstbamtbvo gspomt dn GFMP, gerookoat wduh`
prdfgfhy fo da tlo onnomts prd`umo` da tlo tbko strumturo dn prd`umtbda. Ba ngmt, gs
]omlrost (7225) ga` ]lgl (7225) sldw, dtlor fusbaoss mymho tlodrbos, hbjo tlo
kdaotgrbst, kgjo uso dn sbkbhgr greukoats td tldso dn GFMP. Ubtldut beadrbae tlo
`bnnoroamos, tloro gro mhogr pgrghhohs gs wohh. Ndr bastgamo, tlo GFMP hbajs kdaotgry
pdhbmy, nbagambgh kgrjots, mgpbtgh edd`s: ga` tlo kdaotgrbst fusbaoss mymho tlodry hbajs
kdaotgry pdhbmy, nbagambgh kgrjots, ga` tlo hgfdr kgrjot. Damo lukga mgpbtgh bs
romdeabzo` gs ga bkpdrtgat ngmtdr, tloa tlbs pgrghhoh fomdkos mhogr. GFMP bs g tlodry
tlgt bhhustrgtos da dao dn tlo `bnnoroat komlgabsks tlrduel wlbml ga oxmoss dn mro`bt
mga prd`umo g kbsghhdmgtbda dn rosdurmos.
76 Ndr g rovbow dn dtlor kdaotgry fusbaoss mymho tlodrbos tlgt ovdhvo` mdatokpdrgaodushy td tlo GFMP
soo Lgforhor (72=5). Kbsos (720=, p. 6?6) sgw tlo GFMP gs mdatbatgtbda dn mro`bt-mymho tlodrbos3 ‘B wbsl,
ldwovor, td stross dao kdro pdbat. Uly mghh tlbs kdaotgry dr mro`bt oxpgasbda tlodry dn tlo trg`o mymho
tlo "Gustrbga" dr tlo "Gustrd-Ubmjsohhbga" tlodry4 Dn mdurso, B gk vory ergtonuh ndr tlo ldadur pgb` ba tlbs
wgy td ko ga` td ky mduatry. Fut wly ndreott tlgt lbs tlodry bs g mdatbaugtbda, pornomtbda ga`eoaorghbsgtbda dn tlo Murroamy tlodry4 Aobtlor Ubmjsohh adr B kysohn adr Yrdnossdr Lgyoj lgvo ovor
ndredttoa td okplgsbso tlbs pdbat.‛
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 67 dn =2
Ploro bs ad rogsda td mdasb`or GFMP ga` dtlor fusbaoss mymho tlodrbos gs ghwgys
bamdkpgtbfho wbtl ogml dtlor. Adr bs tloro rogsda td tlbaj g mldbmo lgs td fo kg`o
fotwooa tlo GFMP ga` dtlor fusbaoss mymho tlodrbos. G fusbaoss mymho tlodry kgy gpphy
ba sdko mrbsos fut adt da dtlors, ga` `bnnoroat plgsos dn g mrbsbs kbelt fo oxphgbao` wbtl
`bnnoroat fusbaoss mymho tlodrbos. Ndr bastgamo, ba tlo mdatoxt dn tlo Erogt @oprossbda,
GFMP ndmusos da tlo uasustgbagfho fddk tlgt ho` td Erogt @oprossbda, wlorogs
Nrbo`kga ga` ]mlwgrtz's (72>=) kdaotgry oxphgagtbda fomdkos bkpdrtgat ba
oxphgbabae tlo uandh`bae mrbsbs, ga ` Lbees' (6992) roebko uamortgbaty tlodry oxphgbas
wly tlo mrbsbs hgsto` ndr sd hdae.7=
@bnnoroat tlodrbos ndmus da `bnnoroat komlgabsks.
Plbs bs wly, ndr bastgamo, Gustrbgas usughhy hddj gt wlgt lgppoas fondro tlo mrbsbs ga`
kdaotgrbsts gt wlgt lgppoas wloa tlo mrbsbs stgrto`. Gs ghrog`y koatbdao`, GFMP bs g
tlodry dn uasustgbagfho fddks, adt g tlodry dn tlo uandh`bae mrbsbs. Ovoa bn g kdaotgrbst
tlodry lgs adtlbae td sgy obtlor wgy gfdut ga uasustgbagfho fddk fondro g mrbsbs, tlo
prosoamo dn ga uasustgbagfho fddk bs stbhh mdasbstoat wbtl g kdaotgrbst oxphgagtbda
wloro tlo sovorbty dn tlo mrbsbs bs bamrogso` fy tlo kbslga`hbae dn kdaotgry pdhbmy.
Bt slduh` fo adto` tlgt tlo GFMP `dos adt ba btsohn prdpdso g nuhh hbqub`gtbda dn tlo
omdadky `urbae tlo fust gs bs sdkotbkos wrdaehy fut porsbstoathy gssdmbgto` wbtl tlo
GFMP. Lgyoj (72=7, Mlgptor B^) greuos tlgt tlo rdho dn tlo kdaotgry gutldrbty bs td
joop kdaotgry oqubhbfrbuk fy joopbae adkbagh bamdko por mgpbtg (AE@Y) stgfho. Lgyoj
kgjos g `bstbamtbda fotwooa prbkgry ga` somda`gry mdatrgmtbda td `bnnoroatbgto
fotwooa tlo kdaotgry mdatrgmtbda ba g edh` stga`gr` roqubro` td gvdb` g `ophotbda dn
edh` rosorvos (prbkgry mdatrgmtbda) fy bssuors fgajs ga` g `onhgtbda tlgt edos foyda`
tlbs (somda`gry mdatrgmtbda). Lgyoj dppdso` td tlo somda`gry mdatrgmtbda fomguso bt
7= Ndr g rovbow da tlo onnomts dn tlo Aow @ogh soo Ga`orsda (7202), Voo` (72<7) ga` Vdtlfgr` (72>=).
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 66 dn =2
wduh` bkpdso g kdaotgry `onhgtbdagry prossuro da tlo omdadky. Plo sgko prdfhok
gssdmbgto` td tlo kdaotgrbst oxphgagtbda dn fusbaoss mymhos (H. L. Ulbto, 699<g). Lgyoj
wgs lgr`hy tlo dahy dao gt lbs tbko greubae ndr stgfbhbzgtbda dn adkbagh bamdko (]oheba,
722>, Mlgptor <). Plbs wgs g mdkkda pdsbtbda fondro tlo Joyaosbga rovdhutbda slbnto`
batorost tdwgr` tlo adw-ngkbhbgr kgmrdgeeroegtos. Pd`gy, g sbkbhgr greukoat td
Lgyoj‒s mga fo sooa ba tlo romoat greukoats tlgt AE@Y tgreotbae ga` g prd`umtbvbty
adrk mga fo g suporbdr kdaotgry pdhbmy tlga prbmo hovoh stgfbhbzgtbda ndr moatrgh fgajs
(]ghtor, 697=: ]oheba, Fomjwdrtl, & Fglg`br, 6977: ]oheba, 722>, Mlgptor 5, 7225:
]ukaor, 6976: H. L. Ulbto, 6995). Plo bkpdrtgat tlbae bs tlgt GFMP ghhdws ndr ga
grtbnbmbgh fddk tlgt `dos adt roqubro gfdvo-troa` banhgtbda, gs ba tlo yogrs prbdr td tlo
699< mrbsbs.
0.6. Yrd`umtbda tgjos tbko
Plo GFMP ndmusos da tlo ngmt tlgt prd`umtbda tgjos tbko ga` oxgkbaos tlo onnomts dn g
pdhbmy-ba`umo` mlgaeo ba batorost rgtos da tlo ghhdmgtbda dn rosdurmos ba tlo prdmoss dn
prd`umtbda, wlgt Gustrbgas mghh tlo ‘tbko strumturo dn prd`umtbda.‛ Bn tlo batorost rgto
ronhomts tlo tbko pronoroamo dn omdadkbm geoats, tloa tlo batorost rgto bs tlo prbmo dn
tbko. Bt bs td fo oxpomto`, tloa, tlgt fy sottbae tlo prbmo dn tbko dutsb`o tlo oqubhbfrbuk
hovoh, `bsoqubhbfrbuk ba tlo prd`umtbda prdmoss grbsos. GFMP mga fo tlduelt gs g tlodry
tlgt stu`bos tlo onnomts dn g kdaotgry pdhbmy tlgt grtbnbmbghhy mlgaeos tlo rohgtbvo prbmo dn
tbko wbtl rospomt td tlo prbmo dn edd`s ga` sorvbmos. Pd gssuko tlgt prd`umtbda bs
tbkohoss `dos gwgy wbtl tlo basbelts dn GFMP, fut tlbs bs g rgtlor lordbm gfstrgmtbda tlgt
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 6= dn =2
beadros, rgtlo r t lga ergpphos wbtl, tlo prdfhok dn mddr`bagtbae tlo omdadky‒s strumturo
dn prd`umtbda. 70
Ba g``btbda, bn prd`umtbda tgjos tbko, tloa bt ndhhdws tlgt dao mga oavbsbda stgeos dn
prd`umtbda gs ga gaghytbmgh nrgkowdrj dn ldw kdaotgry pdhbmy gnnomts tlo prd`umtbda
prdmoss gt `bnnoroat tbkos. Ndr bastgamo, kbabae dmmurs fondro ronbabae, wlbml ba tura
dmmurs fondro kgaungmturbae, wlbml ba tura dmmurs fondro `bstrbfutbda, wlbml dmmurs
fondro tlo nbagh stop fondro mdasukptbda3 rotgbhbae. Plbs bs, ba ngmt, ldw Egrrbsda (6997)
ga` Lgyoj (72=7) bhhustrgto tlo onnomts dn kdaotgry pdhbmy da tlo strumturo dn
prd`umtbda. 7? Bn prd`umtbda tgjos tbko, tloa ghhdmgtbda dn rosdurmos ghdae tlo stgeos dn
prd`umtbda aoo`s td fo sustgbagfho ga` mdasbstoat wbtl mdasukor pronoroamos. Plo ldw
td prd`umos fomdkos gs bkpdrtgat gs tlo wlgt td prd`umo.
Ga omdadkbm gaghysbs tlgt romdeabzos tlgt prd`umtbda tgjos tbko kust ghsd romdeabzo
tlgt tbko lgs g prbmo tdd, ga` tlbs roqubros mdasb`orbae tlo onnomts prd`umo` fy g pdhbmy
tlgt kdvos tlo prbmo dn tbko dutsb`o bts oqubhbfrbuk hovoh. Ba ossoamo, romdeabzbae tlgt
prd`umtbda tgjos tbko bkphbos gmmoptgamo dn tlo prdfhok GFMP wgs `osbeao` td sdhvo.
Ba mdatrgst, td gssuko g tbkohoss prd`umtbda tomladhdey slbnts dur gttoatbda gwgy nrdk
tlo rdho tlgt batorost rgtos phgy ba mddr`bagtbae prd`umtbda ba tbko, wlbml gssukos
rgtlor tlga greuos gwgy tlo sufstgamo dn GFMP.
70 Ploro bs g mrumbgh `bnnoroamo, ldwovor, fotwooa ga gssukptbda tlgt sbkphbnbos tlo omdadkbm prdfhok
ua`or stu`y ga` ga gssukptbda tlgt mlgaeos dr ohbkbagtos tlo prdfhok fobae stu`bo`.7? Ovoa tlduel tlo ergplbmgh oxpdsbtbda dn stgeos dn prd`umtbda bs koatbdao` ba mdatokpdrgry wdrj gs tlo
‘Lgyojbga trbgaeho,‛ bt wgs nbrst prdpdso` fy Covdas (7<57, pp. 662”6=>).
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 60 dn =2
0.=. ‘Vdua`gfdutaoss‛ bs adt g kystorbdus mdamopt
Plo mdamopt dn ‘rdua`gfdutaoss‛ phgys g moatrgh rdho ba GFMP ga` bs g joy gspomt dn
Gustrbga mgpbtgh tlodry. Vdua`gfdutaoss bs usughhy gssdmbgto` td tlo gvorgeo porbd` dn
prd`umtbda, wlbml edos tlrduel uagvdb`gfho batorprotgtbda prdfhoks. Bt bs adt tlo sgko,
ldwovor, td greuo tlgt tlo ‘gvorgeo porbd` dn prd`umtbda‛ bs g `bnnbmuht tork gs bt bs td
tgjo tlo pdsbtbda tlgt prd`umtbda `dos adt tgjo tbko. Fut tlbs `dos adt koga tlo mdamopt
mgaadt fo kogabaenuhhy `bsmusso`. G strgbeltndrwgr` kogabae dn rdua`gfdutaoss mdkos
td surngmo fy gmjadwho`ebae, hbjo Jbrzaor (6979), tlgt bavostkoat bs ndrwgr`-hddjbae
ga`, gt tlo kgreba, gro batorost-soasbtbvo: loamo tlo wo`eo fotwooa kgrjot ga` agturgh
rgtos mgpturo` fy GFMP bs bkpdrtgat ba tlbs mdatoxt. Bavostkoat `ombsbdas gro `rbvoa fy
tlo prosoat vghuo dn tlo oxpomto` nroo-mgsl-nhdw dn g prdcomt. Pwd prdcomts wbtl oqugh
prosoat vghuo fut `bnnoroat tbko ldrbzda lgvo g `bnnoroat soasbtbvbty td mlgaeos ba tlo
batorost rgto uso` td `bsmduat tlo oxpomto` mgsl-nhdw. G ro`umtbda ba tlo `bsmduat rgto
bamrogsos tlo prosoat vghuo dn tlo hdaeor mgsl nhdw kdro tlga tlo bamrogso ba tlo sldrtor
mgsl nhdw. Plo kd`bnbo` `urgtbda bs tlo upnrdat nbagambgh roprosoatgtbda dn
‘rdua`gfdutaoss.‛ Plo kd`bnbo` `urgtbda roprosoats tlo sokb-ohgstbmbty dn tlo prosoat
vghuo gegbast tlo `bsmduat rgto. Ga` tlo kgmguhgy `urgtbda roprosoats tlo wobelto`
gvorgeo porbd` dn tlo mgsl-nhdw. Kd`bnbo` ga` kgmguhgy `urgtbda gro oqugh bn tlo rotura
dn tlo mgsl-nhdw bs mdatbaudushy mdkpdua`o .̀ @urgtbda, tloa, mgpturos prombsohy tlo twd
moatrgh mdamopts gssdmbgto` td rdua`gfdutaoss. Ploro bs ad aoo`, tloa, td gssdmbgto
‘rdua`gfdutaoss‛ wbtl g kystorbdus kogabae tlgt dahy Gustrbgas uso.
Ga oatroproaour tlgt bs ngmbae prdcomts wbtl `bnnoroat kd`bnbo` `urgtbda wbhh soo tlo
vghuo dn tlo kdro rdua`gfdut (b.o., kdro tbko-soasbtbvo) prdcomt bamrogso kdro tlga tlo
hoss rdua`gfdut prdcomt. Bt bs ovoa pdssbfho tlgt g prdcomt wbtl aoegtbvo prosoat vghuo
fomdkos prdnbtgfho gt tlo hdworo` `bsmduat rgto. @uo td tlbs mlgaeo ba rohgtbvo vghuo,
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 6? dn =2
bavostkoats gro ghhdmgto` batd kdro rdua`gfdut prdcomts. Ovoatughhy, wloa tlo moatrgh
fgaj rgbsos batorost rgtos, tlo kdro rdua`gfdut prdcomts gro adw tlo daos tlgt ngmo g
lbelor hdss ba vghuo. Plo uasustgbagfbhbty dn tlo kdro rdua`gfdut prdcomts fomdkos
ovb`oat wloa tlo kgrjot batorost rgtos kdvo tdwgr`s tlo Ubmjsohhbga vghuos. Plo
brrovorsbfbhbty dn bavostkoats ga` hgfdr g`custkoat mdsts kgjos tlo mdrromtbda dn tlo
uasustgbagfho bavostkoats g mdsthy prdmoss tlgt bs sooa gs tlo fust (@bxbt, 7227). 7>
?.
Mdatokpdrgry kd`bnbmgtbdas td GFMP
GFMP lgs mlgaeo` sbamo bts mdamoptbda ba tlo ogrhy twoatbotl moatury. Fosb`os tlo
kd`ora trogtkoat fy Egrrbsda (6997) ga` Ldrwbtz (6999) tloro gro twd mdatrbfutbdas
wdrtl td koatbda ba tlo mdatoxt dn tlbs pgpor, (7) tlo g``btbda dn rbsj ga` (6) tlo up`gto
dn tlo kdaotgry nrgkowdrj gssuko` fy tlo tlodry.
?.7. Vbsj
Rduae (6976) greuos tlgt tlo mgadabmgh vorsbda dn tlo GFMP gs roprosoato` ba
Egrrbsda‒s kd`oh bs bhh-subto` td dnnor g edd` nbt td tlo 699< nbagambgh mrbsbs. Plo ldusbae
kgrjot, Rduae greuos, mgaadt fo mduato` gs typbmgh rdua`gfdut ba`ustry. Gmmdr`bae td
tlo mgadabmgh vorsbda dn tlo tlodry, g fddk slduh` fo oxpomto` ba kdro rdua`gfdut
ba`ustrbos tlga ldusbae. Plbs ba btsohn `dos adt pdso g mlghhoaeo td tlo gfstrgmt dr
7> Plo ngmt tlgt hdaeor ga` kdro mgpbtgh batoasbvo prdcomts gro kdro soasbtbvo td mlgaeos ba tlo `bsmduat
rgto bs g wohh-ostgfhbslo` nbagambgh prbambpho. G tlodry tlgt `opbmts tlo onnomts dn kdaotgry pdhbmy da tlo
prosoat vghuo dn tlo mgsl-nhdw dn pdtoatbgh bavostkoats bs adt wdrjbae wbtl g kd`oh tlgt `osmrbfos ga ‘gs
bn‛ omdadky, fut g tlodry tlgt wdrjs da ldw bavostkoat `ombsbdas gro gmtughhy kg`o ba tlo kgrjot. Pdrocomt tlo basbelts dn GFMP bs td rocomt tlo rohgtbdaslbp fotwooa `bsmduat rgtos ga` prosoat vghuo dn mgsl-
nhdws gs ̀ osmrbfo` fy tlo kd`bnbo` ̀ urgtbda.
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 6> dn =2
uagpphbo` GFMP tlodry. Gs Mghhglga ga` Ldrwbtz (6979) oxphgba, GFMP bs fubht wbtl
b`ogh typos ga` gssukptbdas dn `bnnorbae eoaorghbty hovohs. Gt tlo kdkoat dn gpphybae
GFMP, hbjo wbtl gay tlodry, okpbrbmgh gssukptbdas pgrtbmuhgr td tlo mgso ua`or stu`y
aoo` td fo gppoa`o` td tlo tlodry. H. L (Ulbto, 699<f), ndr bastgamo, oxphgbas ldw tlo
oxmoss dn mro`bt wgs mlgaaoho` td tlo ldusbae kgrjot prd`umbae tlo fddk ba tlgt
pgrtbmuhgr kgrjot ga` adt ba dtlor ba`ustrbos. Ldwovor, Rduae bs rbelt ba pdbatbae dut
tlgt tlo mgadabmgh vorsbda dn tlo GFMP bs adt wohh subto` td `ogh wbtl rbsj oxpdsuro, g
`bstbamtbvo bssuo dn tlo 699< nbagambgh mrbsbs.
Ulbho Mdwoa (7225) dnnors g mrbtbmgh gssosskoat dn tlo GFMP fy greubae tlgt rbsj, adt
rdua`gfdutaoss, bs wlgt kgttors ba mdatokpdrgry omdadkbms, Rduae (6976) oxtoa`s
Egrrbsda‒s kd`oh td oxphbmbthy gmmduat ndr rbsj aoxt td rdua`gfdutaoss ga` gpphbos tlo
kd`bnbo` kd`oh td tlo 699< mrbsbs. Ebvoa tlgt GFMP gssukos tlgt prd`umtbda tgjos tbko,
ga` tlgt tbko bkphbos rbsj, Rduae‒s kd`oh kgjos oxphbmbt wlgt wgs ghrog`y bkphbmbt ba
Egrrbsda‒s kd`oh. Plbs ghhdws Rduae td wdrj wbtl mlgaeos ba rbsj oxpdsuro, ldh`bae
mdastgat dtlor pgrgkotors. Ba dtlor wdr`s, Egrrbsda‒s kd`oh bkphbmbthy gssukos ga
bavgrbgat rbsj wlbho Rduae‒s vorsbda ghhdws ndr rbsj td mlgaeo. Rduae‒s kd`oh ghhdws,
tloa, td sldw ldw kdaotgry pdhbmy ga` kgrjot roeuhgtbda mga gnnomt, ua`or mortgba
mda`btbdas, tlo hovoh dn rbsj oxpdsuro kdro tlga tlo gvorgeo porbd` dn prd`umtbda
dnnorbae g aow vgrbgtbda da tlo GFMP eoaorgh tloko.
?.6. Nbgt murroambos ga` batoragtbdagh fusbaoss mymhos
Plo `ovohdpkoat dn GFMP fy Lgyoj (72=7) ga` Kbsos (7276) wgs `dao ba tlo mdatoxt dn
g edh` stga`gr` roebko. Dfvbdushy, kdaotgry roebkos lgvo mlgaeo` sbeabnbmgathy sbamo
tloso wrbtbaes. H. L. Ulbto ga` ]oheba (6979) `bsmuss ldw tlo GFMP stdry mlgaeos wloa
nbgt murroambos rophgmo tlo edh` stga`gr`. Ba tlo drbebagh vorsbda dn GFMP, ga
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 65 dn =2
oxpgasbdagry kdaotgry pdhbmy mga ad t mdatbauo oa`hosshy gs tlo hdss dn rosorvos wbhh
mdastrgbat tlo moatrgh fgaj‒s pdhbmy. 75 H. L. Ulbto ga` ]oheba (6979, p. 7<) greuo tlgt tlo
‘daedbae oxpgasbda ad hdaeor mrogtos ga oxmoss geeroegto `okga` ndr dutput‛ fomguso
tlo ‘fuh`eo ba rogh dutput ng`os ga` edos aoegtbvo `uo td kghbavostkoat `urbae tlo
fddk.‛ Ovoa tlduel tlo trbeeor tlgt rosuhts ba g rovbsbda dn kdaotgry pdhbmy bs `bnnoroat
ua`or g edh` stga`gr` tlga ua`or nbgt murroamy, tloro bs stbhh g pdbat wloa kdaotgry
pdhbmy bs rovbso`. Ba tlo mgso dn edh` stga`gr` bt bs tlo hdss dn rosorvos: ba tlo mgso dn nbgt
murroambos bt bs pddr omdadkbm porndrkgamo ga` vdtors‒ prossuro. Bt mga fo greuo` tlgt
ba tlo hgttor g psymldhdebmgh ga` pdhbtbmgh ngmtdrs phgys g hgreor rdho, fut tlbs mlgaeos
ldw tlo prdfhok bs gssosso` fy pdhbmy kgjors, adt tlo agturo dn tlo ua`orhybae
prdfhok. Bt ghsd kgjos tlo turabae pdbat dn kdaotgry pdhbmy lgr`or td pro`bmt. Nbaghhy,
Ulbto ga` ]oheba ghsd pdbat dut tlgt fomguso tloro bs ad edh` mdavortbfbhbty gaykdro,
tloro bs ad `bstbamtbda td fo kg`o fotwooa prbkgry ga` somda`gry `onhgtbda. Plbs pdbat
mdaaomts td tlo AE@Y tgreotbae ga` prd`umtbvbty adrk gs ruhos td joop kdaotgry
oqubhbfrbuk ga` gegbast tlo mhgbk tlgt tlo GFMP bs ba ngvdr bn hbqub`gtbae gay omdadkbm
gmtbvbty, ga` adt dahy tldso tlgt mdasuko rgtlor tlga mrogto omdadkbm vghuo.
Mgmlgadsjy (6976g) ghsd dnnors g vorsbda dn tlo GFMP wbtl nbgt murroambos fut ndmusos
da `bnnoroat bssuos tlga Ulbto ga` ]oheba. Mgmlgadsjy frbaes batd tlo tlodry oxmlgaeo
rgtos fotwooa nbgt murroambos ga` greuos tlgt tlbs bs gadtlor trgaskbssbda komlgabsk td
fo g``o` td tlo mgadabmgh vorsbda dn tlo GFMP. Ulbho H. L. Ulbto ga` ]oheba (6979) `ogh
wbtl g mhdso omdadky, Mgmlgadsjy (6976g) ga` Jdhhgr (699<) dnnor ga dpoa omdadkbos
trogtkoat. Mgmlgadsjy ghsd `bsmussos ldw batoragtbdagh kdaotgry pdhbmy mga kbshog`
75 Plbs bs g rospdaso td Lukkoh (7252), wld greuos tlgt ua`or nbgt murroambos g moatrgh fgajs `dos adt
aoo` td stdp ga oxpgasbdagry pdhbmy gs ̀ osmrbfo` fy tlo GFMP.
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 6< dn =2
moatrgh fgaj‒s kdaotgry pdhbmy gnnomtbae fdtl, tlo gvorgeo porbd` dn prd`umtbda ga` tlo
ghhdmgtbda dn rosdurmos fotwooa trg`gfho ga` ada-trg`gfho ba`ustrbos.
>. Ydtoatbgh mdatrbfutbdas dn tlo GFMP
Fosb`os tlo 699< nbagambgh mrbsbs, tloro gro tlroo dtlor grogs dn omdadkbms wloro GFMP
mga slo` hbelt3 tlo prdfhok dn g Ylbhhbps Murvo wbtl pdsbtbvo shdpo, tlo rdho dn oxmlgaeo
rgtos ba tlo batoragtbdagh fusbaoss mymhos ga` tlo rogh onnomts dn kdaotgry sldmjs dr
wlotlor dr adt E@Y bs troa` rovortbae dr g uabt rddt sorbos.
>.7. Ylbhhbps Murvo wbtl g Ydsbtbvo ]hdpo
Vgvbor (6979g, 697=) usos GFMP td fubh` da Nrbo`kga's (725>) b`og dn g Ylbhhbps Murvo
wbtl g pdsbtbvo shdpo. Gmmdr`bae td Nrbo`kga‒s homturo, g tlbr` stgeo ba tlo Ylbhhbps Murvo
rosogrml slduh` gmmduat ndr tlbs `bhokkg ga` `rgw da pdhbtbmgh folgvbdr ga` rosogrml
fobae `dao, gt tlgt kdkoat, fy smldhgrs hbjo Grrdw, Fumlgaga ga` Puhhdmj. Vgvborndhhdws g `bnnoroat pgtl fy bamdrpdrgtbae mgpbtgh tlodry batd tlo gaghysbs. Lbs greukoat
bs tlgt, fomguso mgpbtgh edd`s gro lotordeoaodus ga` mdsthy td roghhdmgto, ga
oxpgasbdagry kdaotgry pdhbmy prd`umos mgpbtgh hdssos tlgt aoegtbvohy gnnomts hgfdr
prd`umtbvbty. Ugeo stbmjbaoss ga` tlo hdss dn hgfdr prd`umtbvbty mga prd`umo g lbelor
rgto dn uaokphdykoat.
Plo g`vgatgeo dn Vgvbor‒s gpprdgml bs tlgt lbs rosuhts gro oa`deoadus td tlo `yagkbms
dn tlo Ylbhhbps Murvo ga` `dos adt aoo` td rosdrt td oxdeoadus oxphgagtbdas hbjo pdhbtbmgh
folgvbdr.
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo 62 dn =2
>.6. Batoragtbdagh fusbaoss mymhos
Gmmdr`bae td Mghvd ga` Kbsljba (699=) oxmlgaeo rgtos phgy ga bkpdrtgat rdho ba tlo
trgaskbssbda dn sldmjs td skghh dpoa omdadkbms. Ba tlo mgso dn g kdaotgry sldmj,
mdavoatbdagh tlodry sueeosts tlgt g nbxo` oxmlgaeo rgto wbhh gvdb` gnnomtbae tlo rohgtbvo
prbmo fotwooa trg`gfhos ga` ada-trg`gfhos, stdppbae tlo kdaotgry sldmj nrdk lgvbae
rogh onnomts. Ba mdatrgst, ba tlo mgso dn g rogh dr prd`umtbvbty sldmj, mdavoatbdagh tlodry
sueeosts tlgt g nhoxbfho oxmlgaeo rgto mga lohp rohgtbvo prbmos td g`cust bn aomossgry.
Ndhhdwbae tlbs hdebm, tlo dutput dn skghh dpoa omdadkbos wbtl g `bnnoroat oxmlgaeo rgto
roebko slduh` rogmt `bnnoroathy wloa ngmbae g sbkbhgr sldmj. Ldwovor, stu`bos nba` tlgt
tlbs bs adt ghwgys sd. Hgtba Gkorbmg, g roebda pgrtbmuhgrhy soasbtbvo td _.]. kdaotgry
pdhbmy, bs suml g mgso (Foaedg & ]gamloz-Vdfhos, 699=: Mghvd, Hob`orkga, & Vobalgrt,
722=: Mgadvg, 699?).
Ga batoragtbdagh gpphbmgtbda dn GFMP tlgt pgys gttoatbda td tlo mdsts gssdmbgto` wbtl tlo
kbsghhdmgtbda dn rosdurmos mga lohp td ua`orstga` wly skghh dpoa omdadkbos soo tlobr
dutput mymho hddjs sbkbhgr ovoa wloa usbae `bnnoroat oxmlgaeo rgto roebkos. Fdtl tlo
batorost rgto ga` tlo oxmlgaeo rgto mga fomdko trgaskbssbda komlgabsk dn rosdurmo
kbsghhdmgtbda (Mgmlgadsjy, 6976g). Mgmlgadsjy (6976f), ndr bastgamo, nba`s tlgt twd
mduatrbos wbtl `bnnoroat oxmlgaeo rgto roebkos, Mdhdkfbg ga` Ygagkg, woat tlrduel
sbkbhgr typo dn `bstdrtbdas gs pro`bmto` fy tlo GFMP gs g rogmtbda td _.]. kdaotgry
pdhbmy.
Ba g``btbda, Ldnnkgaa ga` ]mlagfh (6977) ga` Ldnnkgaa (6979, 6976) oxtoa` tlo GFMP
td tlo prdfhoks dn trgaskbssbda dn fusbaoss mymho nrdk g moator (Ourdpo) td g porbplory
(Ogstora Ourdpoga Mduatrbos), tlo noo`fgmj onnomts fotwooa mduatrbos prd`umo` fy
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo =9 dn =2
fudygat oxmoss dn hbqub`bty ba tlo batoragtbdagh kgrjots ga` onnomts dn gmmdkkd`gtbvo
kdaotgry pdhbmy gntor tlo 699< mrbsbs.
>.=. Kdaotgry sldmjs wbtl ada-aoutrgh onnomts
Mgkpfohh ga` Kgajbw (72<5g, 72<5f) tgmjho tlo quostbda dn wly tlo onnomts da dutput
dn g sldmj td geeroegto `okga` (b.o. g kdaotgry sldmj) sdkotbkos tgjo qubto hdae td
vgabsl. Bn dutput bs ndrmo` gwgy nrdk troa` fomguso dn g kdaotgry sldmj, bt slduh`
prdkpthy rotura td troa`: ba stgtbstbmgh torks, tlo prdfhok bs wlotlor EY@ bs g troa`-
stgtbdagry dr g uabt rddt prdmoss. Mdmlrgao (6976), Muslkga (6976), @oHdae (6992,
6977), Ldssobajdumlgmj ga` Udhtors (697=), Jruekga (6992) ga` Kgajbw (6992g,
6992f) `bsmuss tlbs prdfhok ba tlo mdatoxt dn tlo 699< mrbsbs.
Yorrda ga` Ug`g (699?) dnnor ga ghtoragtbvo batorprotgtbda. Plobr greukoat bs adt tlgt
dutput tgjos tdd hdae td rotura td troa`, fut tlgt tloro bs g frogj ba tlo troa` dn _.]. E@Y
foebaabae ba 725=. Plbs sueeosts tlgt dutput tgjos ‘tdd hdae‛ td rotura td troa` fomguso
bt bs roturabae td g `bnnoroat pdbat. Yorrda ga` Ug`g (699?) dnnor stgtbstbmgh rogsdas dn
wly tloro bs frogj ba tlo troa` ba 725=, fut ebvo ad omdadkbm oxphgagtbda ndr wly tlbs
lgppoao`. 725= bs, ldwovor, ga bkpdrtgat dao. Gntor Abxda mhdsos tlo edh` wba`dw ba
7257, tlo mduatrbos ba tlo Erdup dn Poa geroo` td joop tlobr oxmlgaeo rgtos stgfho ga`
hot tlobr murroambos gpprombgto gegbast tlo _]@. Ba ogrhy 725=, tlbs gerookoat bs frdjoa
ga` mduatrbos hot tlobr murroambos nroohy nhdgt.
GFMP mga mdatrbfuto td ua`orstga` obtlor g shdw rotura td troa` dr g frogj ba tlo troa`.
Ba tlo ndrkor, tlo okplgsbs tlgt GFMP puts da mgpbtgh edd`s ga` lotordeoaobty ga` tlo
mdst dn rosdurmo roghhdmgtbda bkphbos tlgt gntor ga uasustgbagfho fddk tlo fur`oa dn
omdadkbm mdrromtbda mga shdw tlo rovorsbda dn E@Y td troa`. Omdadkbm pdhbmy ga` aow
roeuhgtbdas gntor g mrbsbs mga kgjo tlbaes wdrso, gs `urbae tlo Aow @ogh. Fut GFMP, fy
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo =7 dn =2
gssukbae mgpbtgh lotordeoaobty sots tlo stgeo td ua`orstga` wly rovort td troa` mga fo
shueebsl ga` adt gs gutdkgtbm gs tlo geeroegto `okga`-geeroegto supphy kd`oh sooks
td bkphy. Plbs bs g mgso dn sldrt-tork kdaoy ada-aoutrghbty, rosuhtbae ba rosdurmo
kbsghhdmgtbda ga` roghhdmgtbda. Ba tlo hgttor mgso, g mlgaeo ba troa` bkphbos g ada-aoutrgh
onnomt dn kdaotgry pdhbmy ovoa ba tlo hdae rua. Plo Gustrbga hbtorgturo bs mlgrgmtorbzo`
ndr tlo okplgsbs ba tlo ngmt tlgt kdaoy aoutrghbty bs ga gssukptbda tlgt `dos adt ldh` ba
tlo rogh wdrh`. 7< Ga grtbnbmbgh fddk tlgt gnnomts tlo `otorkbagats dn oqubhbfrbuk
(rosdurmos gro wgsto` dr pronoroamos mlgaeo ba g `bnnoroat wgy tlga kdaotgry pdhbmy
slduh` adt lgppoa) lgs ada aoutrgh onnomts ba tlo hdae-rua. Plo mdkpdsbtbda dn tlo
oqubhbfrbuk mga fo gnnomto`, ga` dao dn tldso mdkpdaoats mduh` fo tbko pronoroamo,
wlbml bs bkpdrtgat ba `otorkbabae tlo hdae-rua erdwtl rgto. Bt kbelt adt fo ga gmmb`oat
tlgt tlo mlgaeo ba troa` ndua` fy Yorrda ga` Ug`g (699?) gntor g kgcdr kdaotgry
bastbtutbdagh mlgaeo wgs ndhhdwo` fy g `omg`o dn lbel banhgtbda tlgt oa`o` ba ga
omdadkbm mrbsbs.
5. Mdamhusbdas
Uo lgvo sldwa tlgt tlo 699< nbagambgh mrbsbs lgs slgjoa tlo stgto dn kgmrdomdadkbms td
tlo pdbat tlgt sdko smldhgrs lgvo turao` td tlo damo-ndredttoa fusbaoss mymho tlodry dn
Kbsos ga` Lgyoj ndr gaswors. Ndr tlbs oatorprbso td fo prd`umtbvo, bt bs aomossgry td
jadw wlgt gspomts dn tlo tlodry lgvo fooa mdrromthy mgpturo`, wlgt lgs fooa
kbsgpphbo` dr kbsua`orstdd`, wlgt bkpdrtgat gspomts tlgt mga mdatrbfuto lgvo fooa
dvorhddjo`, ga` wlgt g`vgamokoats lgvo dmmurro` sbamo tlo `gys dn Kbsos ga` Lgyoj
tlgt kgjo tlo tlodry kdro mdkpgtbfho wbtl mdatokpdrgry omdadkbms. Uo `ohbaogto tlo
7< Ndr g ̀ bsmussbda ba kdaotgry ada-aoutrghbty ba tlo hdae rua soo Vgvbor (6979f).
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo =6 dn =2
trogtkoat dn GFMP `bstbaeubslbae fotwooa wlgt lgs fooa sgb` rbelt, wlgt lgs fooa sgb`
wrdae ga` wlgt lgs fooa dvorhddjo`.
Uo ghsd sueeost ldw tlo kd`ora trogtkoat dn tlo GFMP mga mdatrbfuto td `bnnoroat
mdatokpdrgry omdadkbm puzzhos, hbjo tlo Ylbhhbps Murvo wbtl g pdsbtbvo shdpo, dutput
mdkdvokoat ba skghh dpoa omdadkbos wbtl `bnnoroat oxmlgaeo rgto roebkos ga` tlo
prdfhok dn E@Y gs g troa`-rovortbae dr g uabt rddt sorbos. Mortgbahy nurtlor rosogrml ba
ghh tloso grogs bs aoo`o`. Uo tlbaj tlgt tlo trogtkoat ga` hgydut wo prosoat ba tlbs
pgpor sldws tlgt tloro gro egbas dn trg`o td fo egbao` fotwooa ‘Gustrbgas‛ ga` ‘ada-
Gustrbgas.‛ Plbs batohhomtugh grfbtrgeo lgs tlo pdtoatbgh td oxpga` sbeabnbmgathy tlo
oxphgagtdry pdwor dn kd`ora omdadkbms, ga` slduh` fo okfrgmo` fy ghh omdadkbsts,
ldwovor tloy sohn-b`oatbny.
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo == dn =2
<. Vonoroamos
Ga`orsda, F. K. (7202). Omdadkbms Ga` Plo Yufhbm Uohngro (72<9tl o`.). Ba`bgagpdhbs3Hbforty Nua`.
Foaedg, K., & ]gamloz-Vdfhos, F. (699=). Ndrobea @bromt Bavostkoat, Omdadkbm Nroo`dkga` Erdwtl3 Aow Ovb`oamo nrdk Hgtba Gkorbmg. Ourdpoga Cduragh dn YdhbtbmghOmdadky , 72 , ?62”?0?. `db379.797>/]975>-6><9(9=)99977-2
Fbskgas, N., & Kdueodt, M. (6992). Gustrbga Fusbaoss Mymho Plodry3 Okpbrbmgh Ovb`oamo.Plo Vovbow dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 66 (=), 607”6?5. `db379.7995/s777=<-992-99<0->
Fdrbd, M., & @bsygtgt, Y. (6977). Ehdfgh Bkfghgamos ga` tlo Nbagambgh Mrbsbs3 Hbaj dr adHbaj4 Fgsoh3 FB] Udrjbae Ygpors =0>.
Mgfghhord, V. C. (6979). Kgmrdomdadkbms gntor tlo Mrbsbs3 Pbko td @ogh wbtl tlo Yrotoaso-dn-Jadwho`eo ]ya`rdko. Cduragh dn Omdadkbm Yorspomtbvos, 60 (0), <?”796.`db379.76?5/cop.60.0.<?
Mgmlgadsjy, A. (6976g). Plo Kbsos-Lgyoj fusbaoss mymho tlodry, nbgt murroambos ga`dpoa omdadkbos. Plo Vovbow dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms. `db379.7995/s777=<-976-97<<-6
Mgmlgadsjy, A. (6976f). Plo Batoragtbdagh Onnomts dn Kdaotgry Ydhbmy ba tlo Mgpbtgh
]trumturo dn Yrd`umtbda3 Plo Mgsos dn Mdhdkfbg ga` Ygagkg (6996-6995). ]]VAOhomtrdabm Cduragh . `db379.67=2/ssra.6759?>>
Mgmlgadsjy, A. (6976m). Ubaaor‒s Murso ga` tlo Vgtbdagh Oxpomtgtbdas Mrbtbquo dn tloKbsos-Lgyoj Fusbaoss Mymho Plodry. ]]VA Ohomtrdabm Cduragh .`db379.67=2/ssra.696?>>>
Mgh`wohh, F. C. (697=). Dn Ydsbtbvbsk ga` tlo Lbstdry dn Omdadkbm Plduelt. ]dutloraOmdadkbm Cduragh , 52 (0), 5?=”5>5.
Mghhglga, E., & Egrrbsda, V. U. (699=). @dos tlo Gustrbga Fusbaoss Mymho Plodry LohpOxphgba tlo @dt-Mdk Fddk ga` Fust4 Plo Wugrtorhy Cduragh dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms,>(6), >5”2<.
Mghhglga, E., & Ldrwbtz, ]. E. (6979). Plo Vdho dn B`ogh Pypos ba Gustrbga Fusbaoss MymhoPlodry. G`vgamos ba Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 70 (6979), 69?”660. `db379.779</]7?62-67=0(6979)999997097=
Mghvd, E. G. (697=). Yuzzhbae Dvor tlo Gagtdky dn Mrbsos3 Hbqub`bty ga` to ^obh dnNbagamo. Votrbovo` nrdklttp3//www.mdhukfbg.o`u/~em66<>/`dmukoats/MghvdFDCpgporKgy697=VO^Cuao
6<697=.p`n
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo =0 dn =2
Mghvd, E. G., Hob`orkga, H., & Vobalgrt, M. (722=). Mgpbtgh Banhdws ga` Vogh OxmmlgaeoVgto Gpprombgtbda ba Hgtba Gkorbmg.]tgnn Ygpors , 09 (7).
Mghvd, E. G., & Kbsljba, N. ]. (699=). Plo Kbrgeo dn Oxmlgaeo Vgto Voebkos ndr OkorebaeKgrjot Mduatrbos. Cduragh dn Omdadkbm Yorspomtbvos, 75 (0), 22”77<.
Mgkpfohh, C. R., & Kgajbw, E. (72<5g). Gro Dutput Nhumtugtbdas Prgasbtdry4 Wugrtorhy Cduragh dn Omdadkbms, 796 (0), <?5”<<9.
Mgkpfohh, C. R., & Kgajbw, E. (72<5f). Yorkgaoat ga` Prgasbtdry Mdkpdaoats baKgmrdomdadkbm Nhumtugtbdas. Gkorbmga Omdadkbm Vovbow , 55 (6), 777”775.
Mgadvg, N. (699?). Plo Prgaskbssbda dn _] ]ldmjs td Hgtba Gkorbmg. Cduragh dn Gpphbo`Omdadkotrbms, 69 (6), 662”6?7. `db379.7996/cgo.<=5
Mgrbhhb, G. K., & @okpstor, E. K. (6997). Oxpomtgtbdas ba Gustrbga Fusbaoss Mymho Plodry3
Ga Gpphbmgtbda dn tlo Yrbsdaor‒s @bhokkg. Plo Vovbow dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 70 (0),=72”==9.
Mgrbhhb, G. K., & @okpstor, E. K. (699<). Bs tlo Gustrbga fusbaoss mymho tlodry stbhhrohovgat4 Plo Vovbow dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 67 (0), 657”6<7. `db379.7995/s777=<-99<-9900->
Mdmlrgao, C. (6976). Baovbtgfho ]hdw Vomdvory4 Plo Erukpy Omdadkbst . Votrbovo` nrdklttp3//cdlalmdmlrgao.fhdespdt.mdk/6976/9</baovbtgfho-shdw-romdvorbos.ltkh
Mdwoa, P. (7225). Vbsj ga` Fusbaoss Mymhos3 Aow ga` Dh` Gustrbga Yorspomtbvos. AowRdrj3 Vdutho`eo.
Muslkga, @. D. (6976). Kgajbw vs. @oHdae ga` Jruekga da tlo MOG‒s Vogh E@YNdromgsts ba Ogrhy 69923 Ulgt Kbelt g Pbko ]orbos Omdadkotrbmbga Lgvo ]gb`4 Omda Cduragh Ugtml , 2(=), =92”=02.
@oHdae, F. (6992). Yorkgaoat ga` Prgasbtdry Mdkpdaoats dn Vogh E@Y. Frg` @oHdae‒s]okb-@gbhy Cduragh . Votrbovo` nrdklttp3//`ohdae.typopg`.mdk/s c̀/6992/9=/porkgaoat-ga`-trgasbtdry-mdkpdaoats-dn-rogh-e`p.ltkh
@oHdae, F. (6977). Ros, Vomdvory ba tlo Erogt @oprossbda ]tgrto` wbtl Vddsovoht3]toploa Ubhhbgksda Pgjos td Lbs Ngbatbae Mduml @opgrtkoat. Frg` @oHdae‒s ]okb-@gbhy Cduragh . Votrbovo` nrdk lttp3//`ohdae.typopg`.mdk/s`c/6977/92/yos-romdvory-ba-tlo-erogt-`oprossbda-stgrto -̀wbtl-rddsovoht-stoploa-wbhhbgksda-tgjos-td-lbs-ngbatbae-mduml-`opgrtkoat.ltkh
@bgkda`, @. U., & Vgcga, V. E. (6992g). Bhhbqub`bty ga` Batorost Vgto Ydhbmy. Mgkfrb`eo3AFOV Udrjbae Ygpor ]orbos 7?725.
@bgkda`, @. U., & Vgcga, V. E. (6992f). Plo Mro`bt Mrbsbs3 Mdacomturos gfdut Mgusos ga`
Voko`bos. Gkorbmga Omdadkbm Vovbow , 22 (6), >9>”>79. `db379.76?5/gor.22.6.>9>
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo =? dn =2
@bxbt, G. J. (7227). Brrovorsbfho Bavostkoat wbtl Yrbmo Mobhbaes. Cduragh dn YdhbtbmghOmdadky , 22 (=), ?07”??5.
@dw`, J. (72<<). Gutdkgtbm ]tgfbhbzbae Komlgabsks _a`or Nroo Fgajbae. Mgtd Cduragh ,5 (=), >0=”>?2.
@dw`, J. (7226). Plo Oxporboamo dn Nroo Fgajbae . Hda`da ga` Aow Rdrj3 Vdutho`eo.
@dw`, J. (722=). Hgbssoz-Ngbro Fgajbae . (K. C. Vbzzd & H. L. Ulbto, O`s.) (722>tl o`.).Hda`da3 Vdutho`eo.
Ovgas, G. C., & Fgxoa`gho, P. (699<). Gustrbga Fusbaoss Mymho Plodry ba Hbelt dn VgtbdaghOxpomtgtbdas3 Plo Vdho dn Lotordeoaobty, tlo Kdaotgry Nddtprbat, ga` G`vorso]ohomtbda ba Kdaotgry Oxpgasbda. Plo Wugrtorhy Cduragh dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms,77 (6), <7”2=. ̀ db379.7995/s7677=-99<-29=0->
Ovgas, G. C., & Nrbo`kga, C. (6977). ‘]ogrml‛ vs. ‘Frdwso‛3 G Plodry dn Orrdr Erdua`o`da Vg`bmgh (adt Vgtbdagh) Beadrgamo. Mrbtbmgh Vovbow , 6=(7-6), 5=”790.`db379.79<9/9<27=<77.6977.?50057
Nrbo`kga, K. (72>0). Kdaotgry ]tu`bos dn tlo Agtbdagh Furogu. Ba Plo DptbkukWugatbty dn Kdaoy ga` Dtlor Ossgys (72>2tl o`.). Mlbmged3 G`hbao.
Nrbo`kga, K. (725>). Banhgtbda ga` _aokphdykoat. Ba Adfoh Kokdrbgh Homturo .
Nrbo`kga, K. (722=). Plo ‘Yhumjbae Kd`oh‛ dn Fusbaoss Nhumtugtbdas Vovbsbto`.Omdadkbm Baqubry , \\\B (Gprbh), 757”755.
Nrbo`kga, K., & ]mlwgrtz, G. C. (72>=). G Kdaotgry Lbstdry dn tlo _abto` ]tgtos, 7<>5-72>9 . Fusbaoss (^dh. ?, p. 799). Yrbamotda3 Yrbamotda _abvorsbty Yross.`db379.6=95/6?90009
Egrrbsda, V. U. (72<>). Nrdk Hgmlkgaa td Humgs3 Da Bastbtutbdas, Oxpomtgtbdas, ga`Oqubhbfrgtbae Poa`oambos. Ba B. K. Jbrzaor (O`.), ]ufcomtbvbsk, Batohhbebfbhbty ga`Omdadkbm _a`orstga`bae (pp. <5”797). Aow Rdrj ga` Hda`da3 Aow Rdrj _abvorsbtyYross ga` Kgmkbhhga Md.
Egrrbsda, V. U. (72<2). Plo Gustrbga tlodry dn tlo fusbaoss mymho ba tlo hbelt dn kd`orakgmrdomdadkbms. Plo Vovbow dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms, =(7), =”62.`db379.7995/FN97?=2???
Egrrbsda, V. U. (6997). Pbko ga` Kdaoy. Plo Kgmrdomdadkbms dn Mgpbtgh ]trumturo . (K. C.Vbzzd & H. L. Ulbto, O`s.) (6996a` o`.). Hda`da ga` Aow Rdrj3 Vdutho`eo.
Lgforhor, E. (72=5). Yrdsporbty ga` @oprossbda (720>tl o`.). Aow Rdrj3 _abto` Agtbdas.
Lgyoj, N. G. (72=7). Yrbmos ga` Yrd`umtbda (72>5tl o`.). Aow Rdrj3 Gueustus K. Johhoy.
Lgyoj, N. G. (72==). Kdaotgry Plodry ga` tlo Prg`o Mymho . (A. Jgh`dr & L. K. Mrddko,Prgas.). Aow Rdrj3 ]oatry Yross.
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo => dn =2
Lgyoj, N. G. (72=?). Plo Kgbatoagamo dn Mgpbtgh. Omdadkbmg, 6(5), 607”65>.
Lbees, V. (6992). Voebko _amortgbaty. Plo Ba`opoa`oat Vovbow , 7(0), ?>7”?29.
Ldnnkgaa, G. (6979). Ga Dvorbavostkoat Mymho ba Moatrgh ga` Ogstora Ourdpo4Kotrdomdadkbmg , >7(0), 577”5=0. `db379.7777/c.70>5-222\.6979.9079=.x
Ldnnkgaa, G. (6976). Sord-Batorost Vgto Ydhbmy ga` _abatoa`o` Mdasoquoamos baOkorebae Kgrjots. ]]VA Ohomtrdabm Cduragh . `db379.67=2/ssra.69??>29
Ldnnkgaa, G., & ]mlagfh, E. (6977). G ^bmbdus Mymho dn Kgabgs, Mrbsos ga` GsykkotrbmYdhbmy Vospdasos - Ga Dvorbavostkoat ^bow. Plo Udrh` Omdadky , =0(=), =<6”09=.`db379.7777/c.70>5-2597.6977.97==0.x
Ldrwbtz, ]. E. (6999). Kbmrdndua`gtbdas ga` Kgmrdomdadkbms3 Ga Gustrbga Yorspomtbvo (699=r` o`.). Hda`da ga` Aow Rdrj3 Vdutho`eo.
Ldssobajdumlgmj, K., & Udhtors, K. L. (697=). @d hgreo romossbdas ro`umo dutputporkgaoathy4 Omdadkbms Hottors, 767 (=), ?7>”?72.`db379.797>/c.omdahot.697=.79.976
Luko, K., & ]oatgamo, G. (6992). Plo ehdfgh mro`bt fddk3 Mlghhoaeos ndrkgmrdomdadkbms ga` pdhbmy. Cduragh dn Batoragtbdagh Kdaoy ga` Nbagamo , 6<(<),706>”70>7. `db379.797>/c.cbkdanba.6992.9<.992
Lukkoh, C. V. (7252). Yrdfhoks wbtl Gustrbga Fusbaoss Mymho Plodry. Vogsda Ygpors ,? (Ubator), 07”?=.
Covdas, U. ]. (7<57). Plo Plodry dn Ydhbtbmgh Omdadky (7<<<tl o`.). Hda`da ga` AowRdrj3 Kgmkbhhga ga` Md., Hbkbto`.
Joohor, C. Y. (6997). Okpbrbmgh Ovb`oamo da tlo Gustrbga Fusbaoss. Plo Vovbow dn GustrbgaOmdadkbms, 70 (0), ==7”=?7.
Jbrzaor, B. K. (6979). Ossgys da Mgpbtgh ga` Batorost . (Y. C. Fdottjo & N. ]gutot, O`s.).Ba`bgagpdhbs3 Hbforty Nua`.
Jdla, K. (6990). ^ghuo ga` Oxmlgaeo.Mgtd Cduragh
, 60
(=), =9=”==2.Jdhhgr, K. (699<). Yrd`umtbda ]trumturo ba tlo Mdatoxt dn Batoragtbdagh Prg`o. Plo
Wugrtorhy Cduragh dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 77 (7), 7<”06. ̀ db379.7995/s7677=-99<-2962-=
Jruekga, Y. (6992). Vddts dn ovbh (wdajbsl). Plo Mdasmboamo dn g Hbforgh . Votrbovo` nrdklttp3//jruekga.fhdes.aytbkos.mdk/6992/9=/9=/rddts-dn-ovbh-wdajbsl/4Tr;9
Hgh, @. (6979). Plo Erogt Mrgsl dn 699<3 Mgusos ga` Mdasoquoamos. Mgtd Cduragh , =9(6),6>?”655.
Hobcdalunvu ,̀ G. (6992). Dut dn tlo Mdrrb`dr3 Joyaos ga` tlo Mrbsbs. Mgkfrb`eo Cduragh dnOmdadkbms, ==(0), 507”5?5. `db379.792=/mco/fop966
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo =5 dn =2
Hostor, V. F., & Udhnn, C. ]. (697=). Plo Okpbrbmgh Vohovgamo dn tlo Kbsos-Lgyoj Plodry dntlo Prg`o Mymho. Plo Vovbow dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 6>(0), 0==”0>7.`db379.7995/s777=<-97=-966?-2
Humgs, V. O. (7256). Oxpomtgtbdas ga` tlo Aoutrghbty dn Kdaoy. Cduragh dn OmdadkbmPlodry , 0(6), 79=”760.
Hutlor, U. C., & Mdloa, K. (697=). Da tlo Okpbrbmgh Vohovgamo dn tlo Kbsos-LgyojPlodry dn tlo Prg`o Mymho. ]]VA Ohomtrdabm Cduragh . `db379.67=2/ssra.6=0?5?7
Kgajbw, E. (6992g). Pogk Dfgkg da tlo _abt Vddt Lypdtlosbs. Eroe Kgajbw‒s Fhde .Votrbovo` nrdk lttp3//eroekgajbw.fhdespdt.mdk/6992/9=/togk-dfgkg-da-uabt-rddt-lypdtlosbs.ltkh
Kgajbw, E. (6992f). Ugaag fot sdko dn tlgt Adfoh kdaoy4 Eroe Kgajbw‒s Fhde .Votrbovo` nrdk lttp3//eroekgajbw.fhdespdt.mdk/6992/9=/wgaag-fot-sdko-dn-
tlgt-adfoh-kdaoy.ltkh
KmJbaada, V. (6979). Volgfbhbtgtbae tlo _ahdvo` @dhhgr ]tga`gr`. Gsbga-YgmbnbmOmdadkbm Hbtorgturo, 60 (6), 7”7<. `db379.7777/c.70>5-<077.6979.976?<.x
Kohtzor, G. L. (6992). Vonhomtbdas da tlo Nbagambgh Mrbsbs.Mgtd Cduragh , 62 (7), 6?”=9.
Koaeor, M. (7<57). Yrbambphos dn Omdadkbms (6990tl o`.). Gufura3 Plo Hu`wbe vda KbsosBastbtuto.
Kbsos, H. vda. (7276). Plo Plodry dn Kdaoy ga` Mro`bt . (L. O. Fgtsda, Prgas.) (72<7st o`.).Ba`bgagpdhbs3 Hbforty Nua`.
Kbsos, H. vda. (720=). ‘Ohgstbm Oxpomtgtbdas‛ ga` tlo Gustrbga Plodry dn tlo Prg`o Mymho.Omdadkbmg, 79 (=2), 6?7”6?6.
Kbsos, H. vda. (7202). Lukga Gmtbda (722>tl o`.). Brvbaetda-da-Lu`sda3 Plo Ndua`gtbdandr Omdadkbm O`umgtbda. Votrbovo` nrdk lttp3//kbsos.dre/`dmukoat/=6?9
Kuhhbega, V. N. (6996). G Lgyojbga Gaghysbs dn tlo ]trumturo dn Yrd`umtbda. Wugrtorhy Cduragh dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms, ? (6), 75”==.
Kuhhbega, V. N. (699?). Plo Gustrbga Fusbaoss Mymho3 G ^omtdr Orrdr-mdrromtbda Kd`ohwbtl Mdkkormbgh ga` Ba`ustrbgh Hdgas. Cduragh dn Yrbvgto Oatorprbsor , 67 (7), ?7”27.
Kuhhbega, V. N. (699>). Ga Okpbrbmgh Oxgkbagtbda dn Gustrbga Fusbaoss Mymho Plodry. PloWugrtorhy Cduragh dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 2(6), >2”2=.
Kuhhbega, V. N. (697=). Aow ovb`oamo da tlo strumturo dn prd`umtbda3 Vogh ga` Gustrbgafusbaoss mymho tlodry ga` tlo nbagambgh bastgfbhbty lypdtlosbs. Cduragh dn OmdadkbmFolgvbdr & Dregabzgtbda , <>, >5”55. `db379.797>/c.cofd.6976.76.965
Dppors, ]. O. (6996). Plo Gustrbga Plodry dn Fusbaoss Mymhos3 Dh` Hossdas ndr Kd`oraOmdadkbm Ydhbmy4
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Ygeo =< dn =2
Yorrda, Y., & Ug`g, P. (699?). Proa` ga` Mymhos3 G Aow Gpprdgml ga` Oxphgagtbdas dn]dko Dh` Yuzzhos. Mdkputbae ba Omdadkbms ga` Nbagamo 699? , 6?6 .
Vgvbor, G. D. (6979g). Oa Fusmg `oh Yhoad Okphod. Ostu`bds `o Kgmrdomdadkëg Gustrëgmg yOmdadkëg Mdkpgrg`g (7st o`., p. =79). Kg`rb`, ]pgba3 _abýa O`btdrbgh.
Vgvbor, G. D. (6979f). Hg ad aoutrghb`g` `oh `baord oa oh hgred phgzd. _a `ofgto oatroMlbmged & ^boag.Mug`orads `o Omdadkëg , ?6 (7).
Vgvbor, G. D. (697=). @yagkbm Kdaotgry Plodry ga` tlo Ylbhhbps Murvo wbtl g Ydsbtbvo]hdpo. Wugrtorhy Cduragh dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 7>(6), 7>?”7<>.
Vgvbor, G. D., & Howba, Y. (6976). Plo ]ufprbko Mrbsbs. Wugrtorhy Cduragh dn GustrbgaOmdadkbms, 7? (7), 0?”50.
Voo`, H. U. (72<7). Erogt Kytls Erogt @oprossbda . Yufhbm Ydhbmy (699<tl o`.). Kgmjbagm
Moator ndr Yufhbm Ydhbmy.
Vdtlfgr`, K. A. (72>=). Gkorbmg‒s Erogt @oprossbda (6999tl o`.). Gufura3 Hu`wbe vdaKbsos Bastbtuto.
]ghtor, G. U. (697=). Vdfust Ydhbtbmgh Omdadky ga` tlo Hoa`or dn Hgst Vosdrt. ]]VAOhomtrdabm Cduragh . `db379.67=2/ssra.660>75>
]mlwgrtz, G. C. (6992). Drbebas dn tlo Nbagambgh Kgrjot Mrbsbs dn 699<. Mgtd Cduragh , 62 (7),72”6=.
]omlrost, H. C. (722=). Nroo Fgajbae. Plodry, Lbstdry, ga` g Hgbssoz-Ngbro Kd`oh (699<tlo`.). Gufura3 Plo Hu`wbe vda Kbsos Bastbtuto.
]omlrost, H. C. (7225). Gustrbga ga` Kdaotgrbst Fusbaoss Mymho Plodrbos3 ]ufstbtutos drMdkphokoats4 G`vgamos ba Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 0, 5”=7.
]oheba, E. G. (72<<). Plo Plodry dn Nroo Fgajbae . Hgalgk3 MGPD Bastbtuto ga` Vdwkga &Hbtthonboh`.
]oheba, E. G. (722>). Fgaj @oroeuhgtbda ga` Kdaotgry Dr`or (6996a` o`.). Aow Rdrj3
Vdutho`eo.]oheba, E. G. (7225). Hoss Plga Sord . Hda`da3 Plo Bastbtuto dn Omdadkbm Gnngbrs.
]oheba, E. G., Fomjwdrtl, @., & Fglg`br, F. (6977). Plo Yrd`umtbvbty Egp3 Yrd`umtbvbty]ureos gs g ]durmo dn Kdaotgry Oxmoss. _apufhbslo` pgpor.
]lgl, Y. C. (7225). Plo Plodry dn Fusbaoss Nhumtugtbdas3 Aow Joyaosbgas, Dh`Kdaotgrbsts, ga` Gustrbgas. G`vgamos ba Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 0, ==”>6.
]tbehor, E. C. (72>7). Plo Omdadkbms dn Bandrkgtbda. Plo Cduragh dn Ydhbtbmgh Omdadky ,
=(=), 67=”66?.
]ukaor, ]. (6976). Plo Mgso ndr Adkbagh E@Y Pgreotbae. Kormgtus Vosogrml .
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Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG
Pgyhdr, C. F. (6992). Eottbae Dnn Prgmj . ]tgandr`3 Lddvor Bastbtuto Yross.
Ulbto, H. L. (72<0). Nroo Fgajbae ba Frbtgba. Plodry, Oxporboamo ga` @ofgto, 7<99-7<0? (722?tl o`.). Hda`da3 Plo Bastbtuto dn Omdadkbm Gnngbrs.
Ulbto, H. L. (6995). Ulgt Pypo dn Banhgtbda Pgreot4 Mgtd Cduragh , 65 (6), 6<=”6<<.
Ulbto, H. L. (699<g). @b` Lgyoj ga` Vdffbas @oopoa tlo Erogt @oprossbda4 Cduragh dnKdaoy, Mro`bt ga` Fgajbae , 09 (0), 5?7”5><.
Ulbto, H. L. (699<f). Ldw @b` Uo Eot batd Plbs Nbagambgh Koss4 Ugslbaetda @.M.
Ulbto, H. L. (6977). G Edh` ]tga`gr` wbtl Nroo Fgajbae Uduh` Lgvo Vostrgbao` tloFddk ga` Fust. Mgtd Cduragh , =7(=), 025”?90.
Ulbto, H. L., & ]oheba, E. G. (6979). Plo Gustrbga tlodry dn tlo fusbaoss mymho ba g nbgt
kdaoy roebko.
Ulbto, U. V. (6992). Kd`ora Kgmrdomdadkbms Bs da tlo Urdae Prgmj. Nbagamo &@ovohdpkoat , @omokfor , 7?”7<.
Ubmjsohh, J. (7<2<). Batorost ga` Yrbmos (72>6a` o`.). Aow Rdrj3 ]oxtry Yross.
Ubmjsohh, J. (72=0). Homturos da Ydhbtbmgh Omdadky (7255tl o`.). Ngbrnboh`3 Gueustus K.Johhoy.
Rduae, G. P. (699?). Voghhdmgtbae hgfdr td babtbgto mlgaeos ba mgpbtgh strumturos3 Lgyojrovbsbto`. Omdadkbms Hottors, <2(=), 65?”6<6. `db379.797>/c.omdahot.699?.9?.9==
Rduae, G. P. (6976g). Gustrbga Fusbaoss Mymho Plodry3 G Kd`ora Gpprgbsgh. Ba Y. C.Fdottjo & M. C. Mdyao (O`s.), Dxndr` Lga`fddj dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms . Dxndr`3 Dxndr`_abvorsbty Yross.
Rduae, G. P. (6976f). Plo Pbko ]trumturo dn Yrd`umtbda Ba Plo _], 6996”6992. PloVovbow dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 6? (6), 55”26. ̀ db379.7995/s777=<-977-97?<-9
Sgadttb, E. C., & Mgmlgadsjy, A. (697=). Plo Opbstokdhdebmgh Bkphbmgtbdas dn Kgmlhup‒s
Batorprotgtbda dn Kbsos's Opbstokdhdey.]]VA Ohomtrdabm Cduragh
.`db379.67=2/ssra.6662?59
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