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Research for Disaster Response and Preparedness
D k b h i 1953 O Ri J
Dr. Matsuki Hirotada: JICA ExpertDyke breach in 1953, Onga River, Japan
ASEM High‐level Meeting on Disaster Prevention and Relief in Response to Climate Change“Strengthening Asia‐Europe Cooperation for Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Development”
Grand Plaza Hotel, Hanoi ‐ Viet Nam, 18 November 2013
Build back better policy in Japan
Reconfirming DRR
Research of a river office
Research outputs for DRR(vulnerability reduction)(vulnerability reduction)(exposure reduction)(hazard reduction)(hazard reduction)
ConclusionConclusion
2
Osaka flood risk reduction (Yodo River Diversion 1896‐1910)
Kanzakigawa R.
Osaka had developed by flood risk reduction after repeat floods.
Kema
Nakatsugawa R.●
1594‐96 Uji River shifting1606‐11 Takase Channel excavation
Shinyodogawa R.Ohkawa R.
1606 11 Takase Channel excavation1684‐87 Aji Port construction1704 Yamato River diversion
● Osaka Castle1868 Yodo River Flood1868‐70 Kizu River shifting
1885 Yodo River Flood1896‐10 Yodo Floodway excavation
‐ Kema overfall weir‐ Kema lock gate‐ Dyke widening, heightening‐ Seta River overfall weir‐ Seta River widening/dredging‐ Uji River shifting
3
Tokyo urbanization progressed
Tokyo flood risk reduction (Ara River Diversion 1911‐1930)
1882
1919
37yeas
35years
Tokyo urbanization progressed due to the improvement of the safety level by the excavation of Ara River Floodway
Dykes and retarding area
1954
1996
35years
42years
Dykes and retarding area
1996Former retarding basin area has also been urbanized
Excavation of Ara River Floodway
1911 1930
4
Why flood among disasters?
forecastablity occurrence
Earthquakepredictable
after a time period We can
TsunamiStorm
Natural disasterpredictable(sometimes)
longer than a human life
We can research.
FloodNatural artificial many times in a working We can
DroughtLandslide
Natural‐artificial disaster
forecastablemany times in a working
age (15‐64)We can
prepare. *
FireFireBlackoutAccident
Artificial disaster unforeseeable frequentlyWe can alert.
* People can analyze floods in the past and forecast floods in the future.
Floods are calling for people to learn lessons and to transfer it to the next generationsFloods are calling for people to learn lessons and to transfer it to the next generations.People who could implement it could survive in the flood‐prone areas.
Flood risk management was developed in the history to build a resilient societyFlood risk management was developed in the history to build a resilient society.That’s why Japan survives on disaster‐prone islands in the Asia‐monsoon region.
5
Decrease of casualties
Number of dead and missing(Persons)10,000
(Persons)
1,000
Ty
ToSo To Ise
100
yphoon Kath
orren
tial Rain
outhern
Kii
oyam
aru Typ
ewan
Typhoo FfID
10
First flood Second
Third
Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth
Ninth flo
od
contro
l (7 years)
hleen
ns in
hoon
on
First P
riority Pfor S
ocial Infrastructure D
evelopment
1
1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
flood control(5 years)
g d
(Year)
lan
6
GDP
DRR investment effect
with disaster with DRR investment
without disaster
Disaster Event Effect of DRR investment
Enlarged view
with disaster without DRR investment
Stop of economic activity by direct damage
Stagnation of economic activity and the recovery delay due to lack of funds → con nua on of poverty trap
By disasters, increasing poverty and continued to be stuck Time
Stop of economic activity by direct damage⇒ Expansion of poverty
in an increase in poverty, widening inequality, from the trap of poverty
JICA DR2AD Model (DR2AD: Disaster Risk Reduction investment Accounts for Development)http://www.jica.go.jp/topics/news/2013/ku57pq00001ecfq5‐att/20130612_01_01.pdf 7
Build back better policy in Japan
Reconfirming DRR
Research of a river office
Research outputs for DRR(vulnerability reduction)(vulnerability reduction)(exposure reduction)(hazard reduction)(hazard reduction)
ConclusionConclusion
8
k h l d l l
Disaster Risk
Disaster risk: The potential disaster losses, in lives,health status, livelihoods, assets andservices, which could occur to a particular
it i t ifi dcommunity or a society over some specifiedfuture time period.
Vulnerability: The characteristics and circumstancesVulnerability: The characteristics and circumstancesof a community, system or asset that makeit susceptible to the damaging effects of ahazard
Construct of flood risk and its reductionRisk Sharing in Flood Managementhazard.
Exposure: People, property, systems, or otherelements present in hazard zones that are
Risk Sharing in Flood Management(WMO 2009)
elements present in hazard zones that arethereby subject to potential losses.
Hazard: A dangerous phenomenon that may cause
In order to reduce disaster risk,
how to reduce vulnerability?g p y
loss of life, injury or other health impacts,property damage, loss of livelihoods andservices, social and economic disruption, or
how to reduce vulnerability?
How to reduce exposure?
environmental damage.How to reduce Hazard?
9(2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction)
Disaster Risk Management
Disaster risk management: The systematic process in order to lessen the adverse impactsf h d d h b l f d h h d fof hazards and the possibility of disaster through activities and measures for
prevention, mitigation and preparedness.
saster
Response: The provision of emergency servicesand public assistance during a disaster.
Dis
Response
Recovery: The restoration of facilities, livelihoodsand living conditions of communities.
Miti ti Th l i li it ti f thResponse
Preparedness
Mitigation: The lessening or limitation of theadverse impacts of disaster.
Preparedness: The knowledge and capacities toRecovery
Preparedness: The knowledge and capacities toeffectively anticipate, respond to, andrecover from, the impacts of likely disasters.
MitigationDisaster risk can be reduced as a result of
people’s effort in all of the disasterpeople s effort in all of the disasterresponse, recovery, mitigation andpreparedness.
(2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction) 10
saster
saster
Disaster Risk Reduction
Response Recovery Mitigation Preparedness
Di
Di
Vulnerability reduction
Rescue Relief Awareness rising Early warning*
Exposure Fl d fi hti Q i k i B ild b k
Build back betterpreduction
Flood fighting Quick repair Build backDaily rehabilitation
Hazard reduction
Dam operation Cause analysisReview of rulesDam upgradingreduction Dam upgrading
*Following the Tsunami Early Warning System after the East Japan Great Earthquake, p q ,
more than 96% of 460,000 residents lived in the tsunami affected area.
Over 3,000 students evacuated further to higher ground by their own decision, as educated.
However, the local economy was completely destroyed.
Can we say this “sustainable”? 11
Disaster Risk Reduction & Climate Change Adaptation
Vulnerability reduction through Community‐based Disaster Risk Mismanagementis quite effective for DRR.
I t li t h hIn response to climate change, however,disaster risk is getting more frequent and severe.
Preparedness process becomes more important than beforePreparedness process becomes more important than before.We should focus on exposure reduction and hazard reduction.
er er
Disast
Disast
Response Recovery Mitigation Preparedness
Vulnerability reduction
Rescue Relief Awareness rising Early warning*
Exposure reduction
Flood fighting Quick repair Build backBuild back betterDaily rehabilitation
H d R i f lHazard reduction
Dam operation Cause analysisReview of rulesDam upgrading
12
Build back better policy in Japan
Reconfirming DRR
Research of a river office
Research outputs for DRR(vulnerability reduction)(vulnerability reduction)(exposure reduction)(hazard reduction)(hazard reduction)
ConclusionConclusion
13
River office
MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism) is managing 7% of the total river length in Japan.
R ti f MLIT di t t
MLIT headquarters
Overview of river management in 9 regions
■河川延長比
直轄管理以外の区間 約93%
Ratio of MLIT direct management
Length
Others : about 93 %
■想定氾濫区域内人口
直轄管理以外の区間 約93%
直轄管理区間 約7%
Population
%
National Government: about 7 %
Regional Bureaus
Overview of river management in
約4,700万人(41%)
About 47 million people (41%)
14 rivers (Kyushu)■想定氾濫区域内資産
約888兆円
Assets
About 888 trillion JPY
River Offices
Manage rivers at the site
直轄管理区間
直轄管理区間以外
凡例LegendNational Government
Others Manage rivers at the site with 100 officials (Onga)
Research and maintain before flood events
※想定氾濫区域内人口は、第9回河川現況調査、想定氾濫区域内資産は、第8回河川現況調査結果より集計
※河川延長は、河川管理統計(H21.4.30現在)〈河川局水政課〉による
(As of April 30, 2009)
※ Population and properties in expected inundation area are calculated from results of current river situation survey No.9 and No.8※Length of river is taken from river management statistics by water policy office of River Department (as of 30 th of April 2009)
14
Purposes of a river office
The purposes of river administration are flood control, water utilization and environmentalprotection. The facilities are grouped into river channels, dykes and structures, flowingwater, and river spaces.
River channel management Facility management Flowing water management River environment management
b d h k d f d k d P idi f d f blObserving sediment, scours and vegetation development, to maintain channel capacity.
Checks and repairs of dykes, dams, water gates, pump stations with operation test.
Maintaining quantity and quality of the flowing water, for stable water use and sound river environment.
Providing safe and preferable river space/environment for people and wildlife.
15
River basin observation
Onga River Office and 6 branches are watching the river basin by 28 water level gauges, 30rainfall gauges, 20 monitor cameras and communications with residents.
MLIT Onga River Office
Tagawa BranchNogata Branch
River mouth Branch Nakama Branch
Miyata Branch
Iizuka Branch
y
Onga River Basin Fukuoka Japan
16
Onga River Basin, Fukuoka, Japan (Length = 61km, C.A. =1.026 km2, Population = 670,000)
http://www.qsr.mlit.go.jp/onga/prevents/realtime/onga_suii.html
River channel survey
River channels are maintained to ensure that the capacity for flood discharge does notdecrease. Changes in river environment such as sedimentation and scouring, growth oftrees are grasped.
Change in river may lead to decrease in flood control capacity
C
Maintained and administered for not lowering the flood control levelC
hannel cap
aci
Level for administration
Comprehending the changes by measuring river forms regularlyMaintenance
ty
Time 17
Dyke inspection
Dykes are made of soil and sand, piled up long ago. As quality and intensity are uneven,inspection and monitoring are conducted for early detection of any abnormalities.
2004 Ai i2004 Aira river Composition of dyke is complex
G tti b t hi I ti f l f d k Detection of abnormality and repairGrass cutting by a remote machine Inspection of looseness of dyke body
Detection of abnormality and repair
18
Flowing water inspection
•River discharge and water quality are monitored to confirm safe and stable water use and environmental conservation. When oil is found, it will be immediately removed from the river.
Preservation of water quality Measuring of flood flow velocity
Chikugo River at drought 2005
Dam water release to resupply water for the downward cannel.
Continuous monitoring and removal of oil
Discharge observation at ordinary times.
Flood discharge measurement for runoff analysis.
19
River zone management
MLIT regularly monitor the condition of river zone to keep it in good order for residents’safety and comfort. To protect the environment, MLIT organizes trash cleaning andextermination of alien species in coordination with local residents.
Patrol/ Monitoring Care of local area Picking up trash and waterweed scouring Safe use
Regular monitoring and CCTV observation to avoid
Space management with riparian residents and local
Clearing away trash and alien species removal.
Safety inspection to prevent water accidents
illegal river use.p
government.p p
20
I h Fl d Fi h i A fl d fi h i i d fi d h ibili f i i li i
Transaction with flood fighters
In the Flood Fighting Act, flood fighting is defined as the responsibility of municipalities.Municipalities organize flood fighting teams of residents in the local communities toprotect their lives. Residents are to engage in activities to prevent dyke breaches andminimize flood damage.minimize flood damage.
Flood fighting activities at flood time Drill at normal time
Gokase River, 2005,
Ushizu River, 2009 21
Build back better policy in Japan
Reconfirming DRR
Research of a river office
Research outputs for DRR(vulnerability reduction)(vulnerability reduction)(exposure reduction)(hazard reduction)(hazard reduction)
ConclusionConclusion
22
From research to communities
Honest activities for promotion of basic information are conducted in cooperation withresident groups such as NPOs to spread basic knowledge, to raise awareness of disasterprevention and to grow kindness for protection of river
Education for evacuation and environment conservationEvacuation mapping Studying meeting
prevention and to grow kindness for protection of river.
Community‐based flood Discussion with mass‐ Disaster/environment education for children inCommunity based flood hazard/inundation mapping
Discussion with massmedia and fire fighters
Disaster/environment education for children in cooperation with primary schools and local NPOs.
23
Challenge 1: Disseminate information swiftly and surely
Provide information on TV.
Construct ‘River warning light’Construct ‘River warning light’.
Digital terrestrial broadcast Tickers to provide flash reports
Send information by e‐mail.
Indicate degree of risks by water level.
Select information E‐mails are Information is you wish to receive and
register your E‐mail address
sent to you automatically
provided in the E‐mails
24
Challenge 2: Provide accessible, understandable information
Provide water level forecast information.
→By knowing the predicted water levels people can prepare for evacua on
Integrate information on disaster prevention.
→By knowing the predicted water levels, people can prepare for evacua on
Improvement
On computers & Digital terrestrial radio broadcasts Through community wireless system25
Hold study sessions on prevention of water‐related disasters.Challenge 3: Make regular communication with residents
→By holding study sessions, residents can share common informa on that would be helpful when evacuating in case of emergencies.
Disseminate knowledge on disaster risk reduction by cooperating with NPOs
26
Build back better policy in Japan
Reconfirming DRR
Research of a river office
Research outputs for DRR(vulnerability reduction)(vulnerability reduction)(exposure reduction)(hazard reduction)(hazard reduction)
ConclusionConclusion
27
Post‐disaster restoration schemes (after Sendai Flood 2006)
A rain gauge station in Sendai River basin recorded 1,165mm in 5 days.
The post‐disaster restoration schemes has completed in 2012The post disaster restoration schemes has completed in 2012
under 5‐year budgetary support of the central government
to preventing repeat disasters and
to secure sustainable developmentDamage on to secure sustainable development.griver facilities
R t ti kPost‐disaster restoration schemes
2,800mm in 365 days Restoration work
by river offices
Post disaster restoration schemes support by the central government under “Build back better policy”
1,165mm in 5 days
in 365 days
1,700mm in 365 days
•Rapid repair of facilities•Prevention of repeat disasters
28
Post‐disaster restoration (Response process)
Observe rainfall and water level for emergency alerts.g y
Site inspection. Support for rescues. Support for searching.29
Post‐disaster restoration (Recovery process)
Access road opening. Emergency drainage by pumper trucks.
Quick repair of dyke breaches. Quick repair of bank erosions.30
Post‐disaster restoration (Mitigation process)
DDR discussions in communities.
Model experiment at a university.p y
31
Post‐disaster restoration (Preparedness = Pre‐disaster)
afterbefore
Sogi diversion.
afterbefore
Torai diversion.
ftb f afterbefore
Kusumoto dyke (16 km in total).
32
Build back better policy in Japan
Reconfirming DRR
Research of a river office
Research outputs for DRR(vulnerability reduction)(vulnerability reduction)(exposure reduction)(hazard reduction)(hazard reduction)
ConclusionConclusion
33
5000
Dam operation in Sendai Flood 2006 (Response)
3000
4000
5000
流入量(m3/s)
放流量(m3/s)
Dam Operation in flood time at Tsuruta dam
0
1000
2000
31
32
33 Lowered by 1.3mWater level in downstream (Miyanojo)
Tsuruta Dam
controlled discharge for evacuation and
28
29
30
31
(T Pm)
rescue
using full capacity of
24
25
26
27
Evacuation/Rescue
(T.P.m)
(水位) Peak time delayed by 4 hours
using full capacity of the reservoir
to lower the water level downstream
Observed Water Level
23
24
24:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
24:00
1:00
2:00
11:45 Call for SD Force from Satsuma town
標高
12:00 Call for SD Force from pref.Jul 23Jul 22
level downstream
by 1.3 m
and to delay the flood peak timeObserved Water Level
Water level without flood control operation (estimated)
11:00 Evacuation advice
11:45 Call for SD Force from Satsuma town
▽
flood peak time
by 4 hours
34
Dam upgrading under operation (Preparedness)
Tsuruta Dam
is now on upgrading
to enlarge the dischargeto enlarge the discharge control capacity
until 2015
d tiunder power generating operation.
http://www.wec.or.jp/image/130716_saiseigijutsu.pdf 35
Build back better policy in Japan
Reconfirming DRR
Research of a river office
Research outputs for DRR(vulnerability reduction)(vulnerability reduction)(exposure reduction)(hazard reduction)(hazard reduction)
ConclusionConclusion
36
Conclusions
Repeat floods are a mainstream of disasters.Mainstreaming of disaster is how to reduce flood risks.
For DRR and CCA it is important to reduce vulnerability exposure and hazardFor DRR and CCA, it is important to reduce vulnerability, exposure and hazard.
What we can do?h d i i l bili d iWe have good practices in vulnerability reduction.
Now we should focus on exposure and hazard reduction.To make progress of them, an office of each river should play a key role.
The river office should implement daily/monthly/yearly research.Do not say “luck of fund” but implement what it can do “within the fund”.y p
That is the best way to save cost for disaster risk reduction in total.
The government and the international society should discuss budget allocation.The government and the international society should discuss budget allocation.Provide research budget first to promote response and preparedness later.
That is the best way to ensure the society to develop sustainably.
Thank you very much for further discussion. 37
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