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Research Report Writing with Gender Lens: Issues and Debates
Dr. Sudeshna Mukherjee, Ph.D.
Associate Professor, Centre for Women’s Studies
Bangalore University
Importance of Research Report
• A significant part of research work
• Research presentation depends on quality of report
• Clarity
• Presentation format
• Logical sequence
• Tables and Analysis
• Findings & conclusions
• Suggestions
Input
(Resour
ces)
Activities
(Interventio
ns)
Output
(Direct
Results from
Interventions)
Outcome
(Change in
participants
)
Impact
(change in
society)
Standard format of a Report
• Preliminary part
a) Acknowledgements/ Preface
b) Table of contents
c) List of Tables and Graphs
d) Executive summary
• Main Part
a) Introduction and Methodology
b) Review of Literature
c) Explanatory Chapter
d) Study Area
e) Results and discussions
f) Conclusions and suggestions
g) Supplementary part- Appendices, Interview schedules, additional information
7Cs of Communication
• Clarity –Language( grammarly)
• Correctness- accuracy
• Conciseness- Specific
• Consideration- Readers
• Completeness –Include all information
• Complementarity- Linkage
• Concreteness : -definite statements
Introduction
• About the topic
• Research Gap
• Problem Statement
• Objectives of the Study
• Methodology –Sampling, Data Collection
• Data Analysis
• Chapter Frame
• Limitations
• Contribution of the Study
How to apply Gender Lens:
• Selection of Topic : Could be gendered(e.g. Study of Increase in gender based violence
during COVID locked down) or Gender Neutral ( e.g. Problems of Migrant workers during COVID locked
down)
• Use of Gender perspectives in gender-neutral topics
• Following of Feminist Methodologies
• Use of gender- disaggregated data
• Avoiding of Sexist language and attitude while conducting field work
• Application of Gender-analysis Framework
Review of Literature
• Presentation in logical sequence
• Identification of gender neutral, sexist and gender sensitive literature
• Analysis of Findings with gender lens
• Developing a Theoretical framework
• Identification of variables
Using Feminist Methodology
• Recognition of lived experiences as legitimate sources of knowledge.
• Feminist methodologies attempt to eradicate sexist bias in research and find ways tocapture subaltern voices that are consistent with feminist ideals
• Expanding methodologies or using triangulation to include both quantitative andqualitative methods,
• Reducing the hierarchical power relationship between researchers and their participantsto facilitate trust and disclosure, and
• Recognizing and reflecting upon the emotionality of lives to make recommendations forhow to integrate feminist scholarship into their practice.
• It suggest for participatory action research for change.
In this way, productive, feminist methods attempt to “demystify” and “decolonize” research through
recognizing how traditional methods construct the Other and are cloaked in a false objectivity, and
subsequently to deconstruct these narratives in order to “talk more creatively about research with
particular groups and communities – women, the economically oppressed, ethnic minorities and
indigenous peoples.”
Gender Analysis
• Gender analysis is a type of socio-economic analysis that uncovers how genderrelations affect a development problem.
• Gender analysis frameworks provide a step-by-step methodology for conductinggender analysis.
• The gender analysis identifies the types of gender differences and inequalities thatmight otherwise be taken for granted
• such as how men and women have different access to and control over resources,carry out different social roles, and face different constraints and receive differentbenefits.
• Once highlighted, they can be addressed and alleviated by carefully designedprograms. It raises following questions. .
(1) How will gender relations affect the achievement of sustainable results;
(2) How will proposed results affect the relative status of men and women.
Commonly Referenced Gender Analysis Frameworks:
A. The Harvard Analytical Framework, also known as the Gender Roles Framework
B. Moser Gender Need Framework based on PGN and SGN
C. The Moser Gender Planning Framework
D. The Gender Analysis Matrix (GAM) by Rani Parker
E. The Women’s Empowerment Framework (WEP) developed by Sara Hlupekile
Longwe, a gender expert from Lusaka, Zambia
F. The Social Relations Approach created by Naila Kabeer
G. 4R Method
Gender need assessment
R= Reproductive P= Productive
R = Reproductive
P = Productive
CM = Community
managing
PGN = Practical gender
need
SGN = Strategic gender
need
PGN= Practical gender need SGN= Strategic gender need
Women’s role recognized Gender need met
Type of intervention R p CM PGN SGN
1.Employment policy
a) Skill training
Cooking X X
Dressmaking X X
Masonry/carpentry X X X(1)
b) Access to credit
Allocated to household X X
Allocated to women X X X(2)
Gender Analysis (Harvard Analysis)
Crop production No of days
crop( paddy) male female
Task-1 (sowing)
Task-2( weeding)
Task-3(applying fertilizer and pesticides)
Task-4 ( thrashing)
Tool-2The access and control profile,
which identifies the resources used to carry out the work
identified in the activity profile, and
access to and control over their
use, by gender
Access and Control Profile
ACCESS AND CONTROL PROFILE
Access Control
Women Men Women Men
Resources
Land
Equipment
Labour
Cash
Education/training
Other
Benefits
Outside income
Assets ownership
Basic needs (food,
clothing, shelter)
Education
Political power/prestige
Other
Analysis of Influencing Factors
Tool-3
The analysis of influencing factors, charts factors that influencegender differences in the above two profiles. Chart the past andpresent factors or determinants that are behind or influence thepatterns of activities, access and control identified in the first twotools. A number of inter-related areas should be considered underwhich various influencing factors might be found, including:
• Community norms and social hierarchies (e.g. family/community forms, cultural practices and religious beliefs)
• Demographic conditions
• Institutional structures and bureaucracies
• General economic situation (e.g. poverty levels, income distribution patterns, international terms of trade and infrastructure)
• Internal and external political events
• Legal parameters
• Training and education
• Attitude of community to development workers
INFLUENCING FACTORS
Influencing factor Impact Constraint
s
Opportunit
ies
1. Community
norms and
social
hierarchy
2. Demographic
factors
3. Institutional
factors
4. Economic
factors
5. Political
factors
6. Legal
parameters
7. Training
8. Attitude of
community to
development
workers
9. Other
Principles of Planning and Outlining A Gender Analysis
• Be as specific as possible based on relevance and usefulness
• Examine what has been done before
• Go through questions asked and method applied in data collection
• Ask for an inception report
• Include women and men’s, girls and boys’ perspectives and the relationbetween them. Also include the perspectives of a diverse selection ofwomen and men, girls and boys.
A common misunderstanding is that only the perspectives of women and girls need to be
described. When differences between women and men, girls and boys, are visible, gender
analysis becomes an informative tool. It is important to include a diverse group of women
and men, girls and boys based on factors such as ethnicity, class, functionality sexual
orientation etc. because there will be a great variety of perspectives within the gender
groups.
Interpretation of data
• Preparation of tables
• Identification of required tables
• Information based- comprehensive & Complete
• Analysis based
• Uni variable tables
• Cross cutting tables
Analysis of tables
Human Development Indicators – NFHS-4, 2015-2016 (In %)
Children under 5 Children
6-23
months
receiving
adequate
diet
Anaemia LiteracyHouses
with
sanitati
on
facility
Stunting WastingSevere
wasting
Under
Weight
Women
15-49
years
Men 15-
49 years
Children
6 -59
monthsFemale Male
Yadgir55.5
31.3 12.5 50.3 6.1 47.7 13.8 74 41 56.9 18.1
Raichur37.2
34.9 18.1 41.2 3.3 58.7 24.1 70.6 45.8 76.9 27.6
Mandya 18.6 23.2 9.5 20.3 13.3 46.2 13.9 55.2 71.8 86.2 56.8
Karnataka36.2
26.1 10.5 35.2 14.4 44.8 18.2 60.9 71.7 85.1 57.8
India38.4
21 7.5 35.8 9.6 53.1 22.7 58.6 68.4 85.7 48.4
Presentation of Analysis
• Logical Framework
• Brief background of the sample area
• Social & Economic Background-Sample
• Analysis of Main variables
• Relationship Across the variables- Reflections
• Conclusions & Suggestions
Bibliography
• Citations- APA, MLA, Chicago styles
• Books
• Deshpande R S (1994) Agricultural Development in India Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi.
• Reports
• Dept. of Women & Child Development(2018), Karnataka, Women Empowerment Policy, Government of Karnataka , Bengaluru.
• Research articles
• Deshpande R S (2004) ‘Farmers’ Suicides in Karnataka’ Economic & Political Weekly Vol. XVI No.4 PP 230-235.
• Websites:
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304068387_Feminist_Participatory_Action_Research
1. Feminism is a perspective, not a research method.
2. Feminists use a multiplicity of research methods.
3. Feminist research involves an ongoing criticism of non-feminist scholarship.
4. Feminist research is guided by feminist theory.
5. Feminist research may be transdisciplinary.
6. Feminist research aims to create social change.
7. Feminist research strives to represent human diversity.
8. Feminist research frequently includes the researcher asa person.
9. Feminist research frequently attempts to developspecial relations with the people studied (interactive
research).
10. Feminist research frequently defines a special relationwith the reader.
Thank you.
Take care and Stay safe
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